Review of research in supportive psychotherapy:

An update
Conte, Hope R . American Journal of Psychotherapy ; New York  Vol. 48, Iss. 4,  (Fall 1994): 494-504.

Enlace de documentos de ProQuest

RESUMEN (ABSTRACT)
 
A review of controlled studies of supportive psychotherapy for medically and psychiatrically ill patients is
presented. There has not been a concomitant increase in either their quantity or quality.

RESUMEN
 
Supportive psychotherapy techniques are widely practiced not only for hospitalized or chronically ill psychiatric
patients, but also, on a relatively short-term basis, for patients in acute crisis situations. It has also been found
effective for patients with medical illnesses to help them develop more effective coping mechanisms, thereby
providing a more favorable long-term course of illness. In spite of the growing practice of this approach to therapy,
it is apparent that to date neither the number nor the quality of controlled studies of supportive psychotherapy has
increased substantially since empirical studies of this form of treatment were reviewed in 1986. However, with its
growing acceptance in the field as a body of specific goals, strategies and techniques that can be taught, perhaps
we may now expect to see an increase in better designed and controlled studies that utilize objective and
measurable assessment techniques, and that include a follow-up of sufficient length to enable valid statements to
be made concerning efficacy.

TEXTO COMPLETO
 
Supportive psychotherapy is probably the most common form of psychotherapy used for patients in acute crisis
situations and for those with more chronic psychopathology who show severe and persistent ego deficits and
defects. It has been used, for example, with patients diagnosed as severe narcissistic and borderline personality
disorders, schizophrenia, and major affective disorders.(1,2) It is also widely used as adjunctive therapy to
standard medical treatment for medically ill patients.
However, there still remains some confusion over what supportive psychotherapy is and is not. Some authors view
the psychotherapies on a continuum from dynamic, insight-oriented to supportive and conceive of supportive
psychotherapy as fundamentally a modified version or subset of psychoanalytic concepts.(3,4) Others take a more
atheoretical position and view supportive psychotherapy not so much as a modality of treatment in its own right,
but rather, as specific techniques and interventions that are present to a greater or lesser extent in any
psychotherapeutic endeavor.(5,6)
In clinical practice, such theoretical distinctions are largely irrelevant. Actual psychotherapies are almost always a
mixture of psychodynamic, insight-oriented and supportive interventions, even though their primary focus and
goals may differ.(2,3,5) That is, supportive therapy generally focuses on symptom relief and overt behavior change
through support of the patients' adaptive mechanisms and environmental resources. The development of
transference is eschewed, and emphasis is not placed on modifying personality or resolving unconscious
conflicts. In contrast, insight-oriented therapy, through the development of transference, its interpretation and
resolution, is designed to resolve intrapsychic conflict, which in turn is expected to facilitate character change.

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However, this difference in focus and goals does not prevent therapists, in practice, from switching in and out of
both modes as necessary.
Supportive psychotherapy lacks both an agreed-upon definition and a fundamental theory. Nevertheless, in recent
years its strategies and techniques, though present to a greater or lesser extent in any psychotherapeutic
endeavor, have become better delineated.(5,6) These include, in addition to the major effort of the therapist to
support the patient through the central relationship itself, focusing on conscious material, openly acknowledging
and accepting the patient's adaptive repertoire, encouraging positive behaviors, suggestion, persuasion,
ventilation, advice giving, limit setting, reality testing, reassurance, and serving as a model for
identification.(1,2,6,7) This last characteristic, that of the clinician's "realness," is particularly important inasmuch
as it serves to prevent transference distortions. It presupposes a communication style that is friendly, yet does not
provide friendship and differs from normal social conversation in that the clinician's communications always have
a therapeutic focus.
In a previous review(8) it was noted that there was a paucity of controlled studies of supportive psychotherapy,
and it was posited that as this approach to therapy became better specified, these would increase in number and
quality. The present review explores whether, in fact, this has occurred. Because the emphasis is on controlled
studies, only a representative sample of anecdotal or case reports will be mentioned. The controlled studies,
however, represent the total number uncovered in an extensive 10-year review of the literature.
SUPPORTIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR MEDICALLY ILL PATIENTS
Most published research dealing with psychotherapy for medically ill patients has involved a supportive approach
and consists of a mix of clinical reports, anecdotes, or case studies, with only a few controlled empirical studies.(9)
Case studies abound that describe supportive therapy for the management and rehabilitation of patients with such
medical problems as diabetes,(10) coronary artery disease,(11) acute leukemia,(12) ulcerative colitis,(13) herpes
simplex viral infection,(14) and even alexia without agraphia.(15) Short-term supportive psychotherapy combined
with anti-depressant medication has also been recommended for the large number of hospitalized cancer patients
who are likely to meet criteria for major depression or adjustment disorder with depressed mood.(16)
CONTROLLED STUDIES
In contrast to these descriptive studies, there have been few controlled studies. For example, there are reports on
two studies in which traditional medical treatment was compared with supportive psychotherapy combined with
medical treatment. In one, a control group of 51 irritable bowel syndrome patients received standard medical
treatment (bulk-forming agents and, when appropriate, anticholinergic drugs, antacids, and mild tranquilizers)
while another group of 50 patients received, in addition to the medical treatment, 10 hours of psychotherapy aimed
at modifying maladaptive behavior and finding new solutions to problems.(17) Although both groups improved
somatically and mentally during treatment, the group receiving psychotherapy showed greater changes on all
outcome measures. Follow-up at 15 months indicated a reduction by two-thirds on the measure of abdominal pain
by the psychotherapy group, while no change was noted in the control group. This study did, however, have enough
methodological flaws to render its findings equivocal. Outcome measures were based on subjective ratings, raters
were not blind to each subject's treatment condition, the two groups were not comparable initially in terms of
either somatic symptoms or levels of anxiety, and non-specific treatment factors (i.e., expectancy, attention) were
not adequately controlled in the control group.
In another controlled clinical trial of patients with irritable bowel syndrome, 30 patients were allocated to receive
treatment with hypnotherapy or placebo medication plus supportive psychotherapy.(18) After three months all
patients in the hypnotherapy group improved "dramatically" but only two patients receiving placebo plus
psychotherapy improved. The technique of hypnosis is described, but no mention is made about what constituted
the supportive psychotherapy or how long each session lasted.
A better designed and controlled study of medically ill patients was conducted by Sjodin.(19) One hundred three
outpatients with chronic peptic ulcer disease were randomly assigned to two treatment conditions: patients who
received only medical treatment (N = 53) and those who received the same medical treatment plus supportive

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psychotherapy, consisting of 10 hour-long sessions over three months (N = 50). The therapy emphasized means of
coping with stress and emotional problems and was aimed at altering maladaptive behavior and finding new
solutions to the problems identified. Evaluation by independent raters and self-ratings by the patients themselves
indicated that after the first three months both groups improved in mental and somatic symptoms to a similar
degree. Follow-up at 15 months, however, indicated significant differences in favor of the supportive
psychotherapy group, which maintained the improvement while the control group deteriorated.
Obviously, additional controlled studies with better designs, objective outcome measures, and adequate long-term
follow-up are needed for any definitive assessment of the efficacy of adding supportive psychotherapy to standard
medical treatment. In light of the current escalating costs of health care and the recognition by health
maintenance organizations and health insurers that psychological care of the physically ill can have social and
economic benefits, these studies may be expected to increase both in number and in quality.
SUPPORTIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS
In 1986 it was reported that there were relatively few controlled studies that explored a supportive
psychotherapeutic approach for psychiatric patients.(8) Published studies still tend to be largely clinical or
descriptive. Wallerstein,(3) for example, gives the final accounting of the one major study that compared
supportive psychotherapy with other dynamic therapies. He describes in detail the treatment and subsequent lives
of a cohort of 42 patients who participated in the Psychotherapy Research Project of the Menninger
Foundation,(20) one-half of whom were treated in psychoanalysis and one-half who received equally long-term
exploratory or supportive psychoanalytic psychotherapies.
Wallerstein's(3) conclusions were as follows: (1) results obtained using supportive techniques were far more
impressive than had originally been anticipated, while the results of psychoanalytic treatments were less
impressive than had been predicted; (2) all treatments tended to become more supportive over time; and (3) in all
treatments, a substantial part of the changes was due to supportive rather than expressive intervention.
Although this study was a step forward towards clarifying which patients should receive which dynamic therapy, it
was committed to being naturalistic and did not, therefore, have a control group and did not randomly allocate
patients to conditions. Also, raters were not blind to the hypotheses or to the therapists conducting the
treatments. For these reasons, as well as because of the marked blurring of the distinctions between techniques
used in analysis, exploratory and supportive therapy, the conclusions have been considered controversial.(7)
CONTROLLED STUDIES
More recently, there has been a growing body of controlled studies investigating supportive psychotherapy that
provide considerable empirical support for this active, problem-focused and structured therapeutic approach.
SCHIZOPHRENIA
The NIMH collaborative study of "average prognosis," nonchronic schizophrenics is a case in point.(21,22) This
study investigated the relative benefit of exploratory, insight-oriented psychotherapy (EIO) compared to a control
treatment of reality-adaptive supportive therapy (RAS), both being provided by experienced therapists against a
backdrop of good hospital and psychopharmacological management. Both therapies are well described, the former
being given three hours weekly for two years and the latter once a week for the same time period.
Results demonstrated a complex interaction between type of therapy and domain of psychopathology. The group
receiving EIO showed positive, but modest, effects on ego functioning and cognition. The RAS group had a clearly
better two-year outcome in the areas of recidivism and role performance, in spite of the fact that the EIO patients
had three times as much therapy. This has important cost-benefit implications, inasmuch as a treatment that can
better keep patients out of the hospital and employed "very quickly pays for itself by cutting into the enormous
costs associated with the lack of productivity characteristic of most schizophrenic patients."(22) (p. 582).
The most recently reported controlled investigation of the efficacy of supportive psychotherapy for schizophrenia
examined changes, following discharge, in the coping style of 33 patients randomly assigned to clinic-based
supportive therapy or family therapy.(23) Both groups had weekly sessions for three months, biweekly sessions for
the next six months, and were followed for two years. Supportive therapy in this particular study was somewhat

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different than described previously. It involved case management, maintenance of medication, crisis intervention
when necessary and education concerning schizophrenia. Family treatment involved patients and their parents in
a behaviorally oriented home-based problem-solving therapy consisting of education about schizophrenia and
communications-skills training.
Significant changes in coping style were seen only for patients in individual supportive treatment. Nevertheless,
the differences between the two groups cannot be unequivocally attributed to differential effects of the treatment
modalities for the reason that, although randomly assigned, the patients in supportive psychotherapy were at an
initially lower level of coping skills. As this was not taken into account statistically, the findings could be
confounded by the supportive psychotherapy group's greater possibility for positive change.
DEPRESSION
Even fewer controlled studies have been reported on supportive psychotherapy in the treatment of depression.
Thompson and Gallagher(24) randomly assigned 30 elderly outpatients ranging in age from 60 to 81 years to one
of three treatments: (1) behavior therapy, aimed at increasing the frequency of positive experiences in the person's
daily life; (2) cognitive therapy, focused on the acquisition of psychological and behavioral skills to help people
cope with stressful situations; and (3) supportive therapy that included some use of insight to help patients
understand the role of past and present relationships in the development of their depression, but with minimal
focus on treating specific skills to cope with stressful events. Each group received 16 sessions of individual
therapy over a three-month period and was followed for one year.
Improvement was comparable in all three conditions from pre-to post-evaluation. However, six weeks after therapy
patients in the cognitive and behavioral treatments maintained gains better than those in the supportive condition.
This trend became more pronounced as the follow-up period progressed. At one year, only one of nine patients in
each of the former two conditions was diagnosed as depressed in contrast to five of the nine patients in
supportive therapy. The authors attribute these results to the emphasis in the former two conditions on the
development of concrete, practical skills for living and for dealing with stressful events, whereas the focus on
developing these skills in the group receiving supportive psychotherapy was minimal. Minimizing the development
of skills designed to help patients deal adequately with stressful events or intolerable situations removes a
hallmark of supportive psychotherapy and renders this approach to treatment in this study atypical and
undoubtedly less effective. In order to determine whether a differential treatment effect in long-term maintenance
exists, treatments have to be administered in a characteristic fashion to sample sizes certainly greater than nine.
ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS
A relatively recent study by DeLeo(25) investigated the efficacy of supportive psychotherapy compared to
pharmacotherapy and placebo for the treatment of adjustment disorders with depressed mood or with mixed
emotional features (DSM-III). Seventy outpatients were recruited successively and randomly assigned to one of the
following four treatments: viloxazine (VLX), an atypical antidepressant; S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a methyl
donor with antidepressant properties; lormetazepam (LMZ), a benzodiazepine; or psychoanalytically-oriented
supportive psychotherapy, twice weekly. A group of 15 additional patients received a placebo tablet twice a day.
Each group was managed by an independent psychiatrist who was unaware of the comparative nature of the
study. Before and after the trials, which lasted four weeks, all patients (N = 85) completed the Zung Self-Rating
Depression Scale and had a clinical evaluation.
Results at final evaluation indicated that patients in all groups improved on self-reported depression, although
those in the SAM group showed significantly greater improvement than did those in the other treatments. Next
greatest improvement was shown by patients in the placebo group. As the psychiatrists who managed the trials
were heterogeneous in their methods of clinical assessment, it was not possible to compare the treatments
adequately from this viewpoint. A future investigation with a tighter design would help to clarify some puzzling
findings raised by this study, such as the superiority of placebo to psychotherapy and two drug therapies.
EATING DISORDERS
After being assigned to one of four prognostic groups, 80 consecutive admissions to the inpatient Eating Disorder

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Unit at the Maudsley Hospital in London were allocated in a stratified random fashion to individual supportive
psychotherapy or to family therapy.(26) The groups were divided as follows: (1) anorexia nervosa patients with age
of onset 18 years or under and duration less than three years; (2) those with age of onset 18 years or under and
duration of more than three years; (3) those whose age of onset was after 18 years of age; and (4) patients with
bulimia nervosa. Each therapist was required to provide, under supervision, both therapeutic modalities. Over a
one-year period patients had approximately 16 sessions of individual supportive psychotherapy, which was
essentially symptom-focused and "made use of a broad range of therapeutic interventions" that were not specified.
There was a "certain amount" of interpretive work, but the transference relationship was not explored or
interpreted. Family therapy techniques varied somewhat depending on the age of the patient and were expressly
designed to meet the specific needs of the trial patients. There was an average of 11 sessions over the one-year
period, and they nearly always involved the whole household of the patient.
Overall outcome, assessed as "good," "intermediate," or "poor" in terms of average body weight, resumption of
menstruation, and absence of bulimic symptoms, was clearly superior for family therapy patients with early onset
and short duration of illness. There were no differences in terms of these outcome criteria for young patients
whose illness had existed for more than three years or for those patients with bulimia. A trend, which was not
statistically significant, was noted for patients with late onset to fare better in supportive psychotherapy.
Controlled trials of psychological treatment are always faced with methodological problems; however, the design
of this investigation avoided some of the most prevalent ones.(27) Randomized allocation to the two therapies,
having each therapist undertake both forms of treatment, and the fact that patient dropouts were almost equally
divided between the therapies lend support to the major finding of the study; i.e., that family therapy is superior to
individual supportive therapy at the end of one year of follow-up for young patients with an early onset and short
duration of eating disorder. The basic problem here is that these therapies are not clearly defined, nor are the
findings generalizable.
OPIATE ADDITION
Woody and his colleagues(28) report on a study designed to determine whether the addition of psychotherapy
provided by clinicians to counseling services would provide extra benefits to opiate-dependent patients stabilized
on methadone. One hundred ten such outpatients were randomly assigned to weekly manual-guided drug
counseling alone or to counseling plus six months of either manual-guided supportive-expressive psychotherapy,
using an early version of Luborsky's treatment manual,(4) or manual-guided cognitive-behavioral therapy. This
latter form of therapy was based on an adaptation for opiate addicts of Beck et al.'s treatment manual.(29) Based
on standardized psychological tests, independent observer ratings, and records of licit and illicit drug use obtained
at baseline and at seven-month follow-up, all three treatment groups showed significant improvement on many of
the outcome measures.
Although the differences between the psychotherapy groups were not large, the supportive-expressive group
exhibited the most significant changes. These patients' gains were especially prominent in the areas of psychiatric
symptoms and employment. The cognitive-behavior patients did particularly well with such problems as illegal
income derived from drugs and number of days spent in drug-related criminal activity. Speculating about how the
addition of psychotherapy permitted a reduction in drug use without the necessity to elevate the methadone dose,
the authors suggest that a central factor was that for the patients in the therapy groups, therapy was "a bonus"
inasmuch as these patients spent 35% more time with a helping person. While never considering it reasonable that
therapists could replace counselors, they do believe that greater gains came to be made through the development
of a supportive relationship between patient and therapist.
DISCUSSION
It is recognized that there is still no formal theory upon which supportive psychotherapy is based. It is also
apparent, however, that it is not some vague alternative to exploratory, insight-oriented therapies, but an approach
to treatment that is indicated for particular categories of patients as well as for patients with heterogeneous
characteristics at a given stage of treatment.

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What is paradoxical is that while the goals, strategies, and techniques of supportive psychotherapy have become
better defined over the last few years, this widely prescribed form of therapy has not received greater emphasis in
training programs. Such programs should include as an independent element in their curricula the concepts
involved in supportive psychotherapy. Clinicians should be apprised of the large number of patients for whom this
form of therapy is indicated as well as of the multitude of techniques that are applicable. In addition, senior
clinicians should conduct this modality of therapy, demonstrate their work, and supervise the process of
supportive psychotherapy as carefully as they do exploratory insight-oriented therapy.(5) Practitioners need to be
more explicit about the treatment they are providing if they are to conduct more sophisticated and systematic
research on its efficacy and comparability with other forms of treatment.
Descriptions in the literature of supportive psychotherapy leave little doubt about its goals and identifying
characteristics. Nevertheless, reports of empirical studies are often so vague as to leave the reader wondering
what was actually delivered in terms of treatment. In Whorwell's study of treatment for irritable bowel
syndrome,(18) for example, no mention at all is made of what constituted the supportive psychotherapy
component. Even such a well designed investigation as Dare et al.'s(26) study of patients with eating disorders
failed to specify what was included in their "broad range of therapeutic interventions." This lack of clarity in the
descriptions of the therapy provided precludes valid comparisons of and conclusions about supportive
psychotherapy versus other therapeutic modalities. It also undermines the generalizability of findings. In addition
to proper delineation of therapy, greater attention needs to be paid to the collection of data in such a manner that
the degree to which treatment is provided in accordance with formal specifications can be determined.
SUMMARY
Supportive psychotherapy techniques are widely practiced not only for hospitalized or chronically ill psychiatric
patients, but also, on a relatively short-term basis, for patients in acute crisis situations. It has also been found
effective for patients with medical illnesses to help them develop more effective coping mechanisms, thereby
providing a more favorable long-term course of illness.
In spite of the growing practice of this approach to therapy, it is apparent that to date neither the number nor the
quality of controlled studies of supportive psychotherapy has increased substantially since empirical studies of
this form of treatment were reviewed in 1986.(8) However, with its growing acceptance in the field as a body of
specific goals, strategies and techniques that can be taught, perhaps we may now expect to see an increase in
better designed and controlled studies that utilize objective and measurable assessment techniques, and that
include a follow-up of sufficient length to enable valid statements to be made concerning efficacy.
REFERENCES
1. Werman, D. S. (1988). On the mode of therapeutic action on psychoanalytic supportive psychotherapy. In A.
Rothstein (Ed.), How does treatment help? On the modes of therapeutic action of psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
Madison, CT: Internation Universities Press, pp. 157-167.
2. Rockland, L. H. (1992). Supportive therapy for borderline patients: A psychodynamic approach. New York:
Guilford Press.
3. Wallerstein, R. S. (1986). Forty-two lives in treatment: A study of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. New York:
Guilford Press.
4. Luborsky, L. (1984). Principles of psychoanalytic psychotherapy: A manual for supportive-expressive treatment.
New York: Basic Books.
5. Winston, A., Pinsker, H., &McCullough, L. (1986). A review of supportive psychotherapy. Hospital and Community
Psychiatry, 37, 1105-1114.
6. Pinsker, H., Rosenthal, R., &McCullough, L. (1991). Dynamic supportive psychotherapy. In P. Crits-Cristoph and J.
P. Barber (Eds), Handbook of short-term dynamic psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books, pp. 220-247.
7. Perry, S., Frances, A., Klar, H., et al. (1983). Selection criteria for individual dynamic psychotherapies. Psychiatric
Quarterly, 55, 3-16.
8. Conte, H. R., &Plutchik, R. (1986). Controlled research in supportive psychotherapy. Psychiatry Annals, 16, 530-

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533.
9. Backman, M. E. (1989). The psychology of the physically ill patient: A clinician's guide: New York: Plenum.
10. Berlin, R. M., &Wise, T. N. (1980). Severe vomiting in a diabetic woman: Psychological considerations. General
Hospital Psychiatry, 4, 313-317.
11. Razin, A. M. (1982). Psychosocial intervention in coronary artery disease: A review. Psychosomatic Medicine,
44, 363-387.
12. Foerster, K. (1984). Supportive psychotherapy combined with autogenous training in acute leukemia patients
under isolation therapy. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 41, 100-105.
13. Freyberger, H., Kunsebeck, H-W., Lempa, W., et al. (1985). Psychotherapeutic interventions in alexithymic
patients with special regard to ulcerative colitis and Crohn patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 44, 72-
81.
14. Surman, O. S., &Crumpacker, C. (1987). Psychological aspects of herpes simplex viral infection: Report of six
cases. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 30, 125-131.
15. O'Brien, K. P., &Prigatano, G. P. (1991). Supportive psychotherapy for a patient exhibiting alexia without
agraphia. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 6, 44-55.
16. Massie, M. J., &Holland, J. C. (1990). Depression and the cancer patient. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51
(Suppl), 12-19.
17. Svedlund, J. (1983) Psychotherapy in irritable bowel syndrome: A controlled outcome study. Acta Psychiatrica
Scandinavia, 67, (Suppl. 306), 7-86.
18. Whorwell, P. J. (1987). Hypnotherapy in the irritable bowel syndrome. Stress Medicine, 3, 5-7.
19. Sjodin, I., Svedlund, J., Otlosson, J-O., et al. (1986). Controlled study of psychotherapy in chronic peptic ulcer
disease. Psychosomatics, 27, 187-197.
20. Kernberg, O. F., Burstein, E. D., Coyne, L., et al. (1978). Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis: Final report of the
Menninger Foundation's Psychotherapy research project. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 36, 3-275.
21. Stanton, A. H., Gunderson, J. G., Knapp, P. H.. et al. (1984). Effects of psychotherapy in schizophrenia: I. Design
and implementation of a controlled study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10, 520-563.
22. Dunderson, J. G., Frank, A. F., Katz, H. M., et al. (1984). Effects of psychotherapy in schizophrenia: II
Comparative outcome of two forms of treatment. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10, 564-598.
23. Rea, M. M., Strachan, A. M., Goldstein. M. J., et al. (1991). Changes in coping style following individual and
family treatment for schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 642-647.
24. Thompson. L. W., &Gallagher, D. (1985). Depression and its treatment. Aging. 48, 14-18.
25. DeLeo, D. (1989). Treatment of adjustment disorders: A comparative evaluation. Psychological Reports, 64, 51-
54.
26. Dare, C., Eisler, I., Russell, G. F. M., et al. (1990). The clinical and theoretical impact of a controlled trial of family
therapy in anorexia nervosa. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 16, 39-57.
27. Russell, G. F. M., Szmukler, G. I., Dare, C., et al. (1987). An evaluation of family therapy in anorexia nervosa and
bulimia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 1047-1056.
28. Woody, G. E., Luborsky, L., McLellan, T., et al. (1983). Psychotherapy for opiate addicts: Does it help? Archives
of General Psychiatry, 40, 639-645.
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York: Guilford Press.
Hope R. Conte, Ph.D., Professor of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefoiore Medical Center.

DETALLES

Materia: Therapy; Social research; Psychology

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MeSH: Adjustment Disorders -- psychology, Aged, Depressive Disorder -- psychology, Eating
Disorders -- psychology, Humans, Middle Aged, Schizophrenic Psychology,
Substance-Related Disorders -- psychology, Adjustment Disorders -- therapy
(principal), Depressive Disorder -- therapy (principal), Eating Disorders -- therapy
(principal), Schizophrenia -- therapy (principal), Substance-Related Disorders --
therapy (principal)

Título: Review of research in supportive psychotherapy: An update

Autor: Conte, Hope R

Título de publicación: American Journal of Psychotherapy; New York

Tomo: 48

Número: 4

Páginas: 494-504

Número de páginas: 0

Año de publicación: 1994

Fecha de publicación: Fall 1994

Editorial: American Journal of Psychotherapy

Lugar de publicación: New York

País de publicación: United States, New York

Materia de publicación: Medical Sciences--Psychiatry And Neurology

ISSN: 00029564

CODEN: AJPTAR

Tipo de fuente: Scholarly Journals

Idioma de la publicación: English

Tipo de documento: PERIODICAL

Número de acceso: 7872413, 02168781

ID del documento de 213179184

ProQuest:

URL del documento: https://search.proquest.com/docview/213179184?accountid=13250

Copyright: Copyright American Journal of Psychotherapy Fall 1994

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