Geostatistics Course

KRIGING

Dr. Arifudin Idrus

Department of Geological Engineering
Gadjah Mada University
E-mail: arifidrus@ugm.ac.id
 KRIGING

Æ CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM

N
∑ Wj . σ ij− µ= σ oi i= 1, …, N
i= 1

LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER

N
∑ Wi= 1 UNBIASED CONDITION
i= 1
SIMULTANT equation N+1
™ KRIGING EQUATION IN MATRIX:

A.x=B
x = A-1 B

σ11 σ12 ….. σ1 n - W1 σoi

1
W2 σo2
A= σ21 σ22 ….. σ2 n - x= B=
1
Σn1 σn2 ….. σn n -1 Wn σon
1 1 ….. 1 0 µ 1

™ KRIGING VARIANCE
N
σk 2 = σo 2 µ− ∑ Wi . σ oi
i= 1

Sampel variance (sill) for point kriging

Blok variance for blok kriging
KRIGING :
¾ Using Statistical distance concept’
¾ Location and configuration of data is taken
into account
¾ ‘SCREENING EFFECT’ IS:

Sample situated close to block tend to reduce

the role of the samples which located far
behind the sample.
 “SCEENING EFFECT”
1
●

6●
7● 4● ●2
●
5
●
3

Sample configuration 1 to 7
Having the same distance to estimated block
1
‰ IDW : W1 ≈ W2 ≈ W3 ≈ …… W7 ≈
7
1
‰ KRIGING : W1 ≈ W2 ≈ W3 ≈ 4
1
W4 + W5 + W6 + W7 ≈ 4

W7 ≈ 0 Æ ‘SCREENED BY 4
Example:

GRID-1 Z2= 0.56%

Zo* 2
200m m
100
Xo
100m 20m
1 100
m
Z1= 0.25%
200m 3
Z3= 0.32%
2
GRID-2
100
100m X m
1 o 173m
10
0
m

FROM VARIOGRAM:
• γ(h) = 0.01 h untuk h ≤ 400m
• γ(h) = 4.0 untuk h > 400m
 sill
γ(h) 4.0

h
400

CALCULATE:
- WEIGHTS FOR EACH SAMPLES and Langrange multiplier
-KRIGING VARIANCE
- ESTIMATED GRADE AT POINT Xo
SOLUTION:

¾ STEP-1 : CALCULATE COVARIANCE: SAMPLES TO SAMPLES

σ(h) = SILL –γ(h)

For Grid-1
σ11 = σ22 = σ33 = SILL = 4.0
σ12 = σ21 = σ13 = σ31 = σ (h) = σ
(200m) = 4.0 -0.01 (200)
= 2.0
σ23 = σ32 = σ (20m) = 4.0 – 0.01 (20)
= 3.8

¾ STEP-2 : CALCULATE COVARIANCE: POINT (Xo) TO

SAMPLES
σ01 = σ02 = σ03 = σ (100m)

= 4.0 -0.01 (100) = 3.0

¾ STEP-3 : COMPLETE MATRIX ELEMENTS OF
KRIGING AND CALCULATE WEIGTHS

1 2 2 -1 W1 3
2 4 3.8 -1 W2 3
● = Æ Grid-1
2 3.8 4 -1 W3 3
1 1 1 0 µ 1

A ● X = B

W1 = 0.487 W2 = W3 = 0.256
µ = -0.026

¾ STEP-4 : CALCULATE KRIGING VARIANCE

3
σk 2= σo 2 µ− ∑ Wi σ oi
i= 1
= 4 - 0.026 – { 0.487(3) + 0.256 (3) + 0.256 (3)}
= 0.974
FOR Grid-2

1 2 .27 2.27 -1 W1 3
2.27 4 2.27 -1 W2 3
● =
2.27 2.27 4 -1 W3 3
1 1 1 0 µ 1

WEIGHTS : W1 = W2 = W3 = 0.333
µ = - 0.153
σk2= 0.847