GEOSTATISTICS

ORE BODY COMPLEXITY

VARIABLE ESTIMATION METHODS

KRIGING

Dr. Arifudin Idrus

Department of Geological Engineering
Gadjah Mada University
E-mail address: arifidrus@ugm.ac.id
 ORE BODY AND
GEOSTATICS
A. Factors should be noted:
1. Geology
2. Geometry (tonnage, dilution, etc)
3. Cut off grade
4. Edge definition (dilution of orebody)
5. Mining unit (local, global)

B. ORE BODY CLASSIFICATION

1. ORE BODY A (Low Coefficients of Variation, CV)
a. Type 1 : Simple Geometry and Simple Grade Distribution
b. Type 2 : Simple Geometry and Complex Grade Distribution
2. ORE BODY B : (Low Coefficients of Variation, CV)
Complex Geometry and Simple Grade Distribution
3. ORE BODY C : (Hight Coefficients of Variation, CV)
Complex Geometry and Complex Grade Distribution
 Low
re
Mo cult
fi
Dif

PROPORTION OF ORE MINERAL TE Y C Y&

R
M A B OD MET
S TI E O
O R X G E A DE
EE L E X GR N
RAD MP E
CO MPL BUT
IO
G CO STR
I
>>
Y B Y& DI CV
R
B O D ME T
ss E O
Le cult OR X GE DE
fi LE GRA N
Di f M P IO
CO PLE BUT
Y A TRY SIM STRI <<
D E D I CV SD
E BO OM 2 CV =
E
OR LE G
P X
SIM 1 <
<<
Hight

CV

Hight HOMOGENITY Low

 CV of DEPOSITS
• Deposits Type Coefficient of Ore Type CV
Variation
Placer Deposits 6 High Gold, Tertiary placer, USA 5,10
Gold, Black Bar, Loraiine 2,81
Gold, Princess Royal Reef, Aust 2,22
Kalgoorlie Vein 2–3 Medium
Gold, Crown Reef, Aust 1,63
System (drlling 1m) Tungsten, Alaska 1,58
Uranium, Yeelirrie, USA 1,19
Mt Charlotte 1,2 Medium Zinc, Frisco, Mexico 0,85
Nickel, Kambalda, Aust 0,74
Copper 0,70
Nickel/Copper 0,7 – 1,0 Low
Manganese 0,58
Lead, Frisco, Mexico 0,57
Iron Ore 0,27
Bauxite 0,22
 ult
c
Low iffi
D
o re
- Uncertainty of Estimation Technique M
PROPORTION OF ORE MINERAL

- Dependence of Estimation Technique on

Geological Interpretation

- Prediction of Impact of Metallurgical

Treatment Method

- Prediction of Impact of Mining Method

- Achieving Representative Samples

ult
c
ffi - Risk Exposure
Di
Hight

s s
Le
Hight HOMOGENITY Low
 Of C
Va oe
ria ffic
tio ien
n t
Low
In
V cr
e

it
as

m
PROPORTION OF ORE MINERAL
in

Li
g

ce
VSn

en
id
nf
SSn

Co
Ni
PC Pb – Zn U
E = Evaporite
it C = Coal
B Lim Fe = Bedded iron ore

nce P = Phosphate

i de
B = Bauxite
P nf Pb Zn = Stratiform Lead-Zinc
Co Ni = Stratiform Nickel
F• SSn = Stratifrom Tin
PC = Porphyry Coppers
C VSn = Tin Vein
Hight

V = Gold, Silver Veins

E U = Uranium (Mary Kathleen)

Hight HOMOGENITY Low

 ESTIMATION METHODS
METHODS DEGREE OF COMMENTS USE
SMOOTHING

POLYGONS Very Low Use Point Values Archaen Orebodies

(Classical) With Cutting

ID3 Very Low Good Approx to Archaen Orebodies

Polygons With Cutting

ID2 Medium Porphyry Coppers

Style

ID1 Very Hight Very Erratic Dissemi-

nated Orebodies

GEOSTATIS- Theoritically Difficult to Apply

TICS Optimal At Feasibility
 ( C)
E S
ODI

Low
E B
OR
S ( B)
O DS LT
E H U
PROPORTION OF ORE MINERAL
DI T I C
ME DIFF PPLY
O
EB
OR A L A IE
S
) C Y
GL BLE T
A I O D
S( 2 S T N EBO
D
E
I pe T I S I SI O R IVE
R
O
EB 1 T
y
S TA REA MPO S
AL
L
T EN
S
O pe E O INC T I E IN D S EX G
T y G N O US
H O T IN
IF OF E T C UT
LM
CS G
STI A T IN
o rk A TI S I C UT
S C
W ll ST S G
W e A L L A S IN
SS
IC C RE
A
A C
CL ED IN
IT SD
LIM G CV =
T IN
rk T
Wo CU X
ll
We
Hight

Hight HOMOGENITY Low

 PARAMETER FOR OREBODY
ASSESSMENT
• 1. The drilling Density Factor
a. The amount of data gathered
b. The time taken to gather data
c. The physical limitations assosiated with locating,
controlling, and drilling holes
• 2. Sampling
a. Statistical Component :
numbers of sample from population
b. Geological Component :
relationship : mineralised structure, spacing, & orientation
c. Physical Component :
physical process, medium, efficiency
d. Chemical component :
purpose and precision
e. Bulk density
• 3. Orebody Definition
a. Structured orebodies
b. Unstructured orebodies
• 4. Mining
a. Orebody outline
b. Cut-off grade and mining unit
c. Shape dilution
• 5. Data Analysis
a. Distribution analysis
b. Spatial data analysis
• 6. Ore Reserve Calculation Method
a. Global and local estimates
b. Non-Smoothed or smoothed estimates
• 7. Production Rate
• 8. Others
a. Metallurgical recovery
b. Financial
c. Environmental
d. Company Policy, etc
 1. N N P (Nearest Neighbour
Poligon)
Z2
NNP (distance function) = Dminimum (d1, d2 … d n )
Z3

Z1 d 2 = 12
d 1 = 10 z* = Z1
d 3 = 14

z*

d 4 = 12 Key Word

d 5 = 18 NEAREST DISTANCE
Z4

Z5
2. I D W (Inverse Distance Weight)
n
Z2
IDW (distance func) = z*(h) = ∑ Z i . ωi
i=1
Z3

Z1 d 2 = 12
d 1 = 10
d 3 = 14 1 / di
z*
ωi =
n
∑ 1 / di
d 4 = 12 i=1

ωi = weighting factor
d 5 = 18
Z4
Key Word

Weighting factor of 1/d nearest

Z5
variables, having biggest influence
 3. KRIGING (position, direction,
orientation; configuration)
n
Z2
KRIGING (Spatial function) = Z* = ∑ Z i . ωi
i=1
Z3
ω = weighting factor
Z1 d 2 = 12
d 1 = 10 CONSEPT :
d 3 = 14

z* • Z* – Z minimum, B L U E

d 4 = 12
Var [Z* - Z] minimum

d 5 = 18 • Var [Z* - Z] =
Z4

Var [Z*] + Var [Z] – 2.Covar [Z*,Z]

Z5
 n n n
• Var [Z*] = Var [ ∑ Z i . ω]i = ∑ ∑ ω i . ωj . Cov { Z i. Z j }
i=1 i=1 j=1

• Var [Z] = σ 2

n
• Covar [Z*. Z] = ∑ ω i. Cov { Z i . Z* }
i=1

So, variance calculated as :

n n n
Var [Z* - Z] = σ 2 + ∑ ∑ ω i . ω j. Cov { Z i. Z j } – 2. ∑ ω i . Cov { Z i . Z* }
i=1j=1 i=1

MINIMUM VARIANCE DIFFERENTIAL Var [Z* - Z] = 0

HELP TOOL LAGRANGE function

 • KRIGING VARIANCE

n n n n
σ2= σ2 + ∑ ∑
K
ω i. ω j. Cov { Z i. Z j } – 2. ∑ ω i. Cov { Z i . Z* } + 2.µ ( ∑ ω i - 1 )
i=1 j=1 i=1 i=1

• MINIMUM KRIGING VARIANCE

=0
δ(σ K )
2 n
= 2. ∑ ω j. Cov { Z n. Z j } – 2. Cov {Z n. Z*} + 2. µ = 0
ωn j=1
n
∑ ωi= 1
δ(σ K2) n
i=1

µ = 2. ∑ ω - 2
i=1
 KRIGING EQUATION
n
1. ∑
j=1
ωj . Cov {Z i . Z j } + µ = Cov {Z . Z} with ∀ =i 1,2,3,…..,n

n n
2. ∑ ωi = 1 3. σ k
2
= σ 2
- ∑ ω i. Cov {Z i . Z*} + µ
i=1 i=1

IN FORM OF MATRICES :

γ (Z 1. Z1 ) γ (Z 1 . Z 2 ) ………….. γ (Z 1 . Z n ) ω1 γ (Z 1 . Z*)

γ (Z 2. Z 1 ) γ (Z 2 . Z 2 ) ………….. γ (Z 2 . Z n ) ω2 γ (Z 2 . Z*)

…………… …………………………………………………. …. = …………….

γ (Z n . Z 1 ) γ (Z n . Z 2 ) ………….. γ (Z n . Z n) …. …………….

1 1 0 µ 1
Point Kriging Block Kriging
PROBLEM SET: Point Kriging
Sample Distance from
No. x y v 65 E , 137 N 2 6
1 5
1 225 61 139 477 4,5 0
2 437 63 140 696 3,6
3 367 64 129 227 8,1
4 52 68 128 646 9,5
5 259 71 140 606 6,7 3
6 436 73 141 791 8,9 4 7
7 366 75 128 783 13,5

Variogram Model : γ (h) = 10. e - 0,3 h

Co = 0 a = 10 m C 1 = 10
RESULTS OF KRIGING

696 791

477 806
Z*=?

227

646
783
1. NNP

The nearest distance is Point no.2, h=3,6

So, Z* = 696

2. IDW

Assuming all points are used in the calculation

So :
(1/4,5)*477 + (1/3,6)*699 + (1/8,1)*227 + …… + (1/13,5)*783
Z* =
(1/4,5 + 1/3,6 + 1/8,1 + 1/9,5 + 1/6,7 + 1/8,9 + 1/13,5)

Z* = 488,8734
3. KRIGING
γ (1,1) = γ (h=0) = 10. e - 0,3 (0) = 10,00
γ (3,6) = γ (h=15,00) = 10. e - 0,3 (15,00) = 0,11
γ (4,0) = γ (h=9,49) = 10. e - 0,3 (9,49) = 0,58

10,00 5,11 0,44 0,20 0,49 0,26 0,05 1,00 ω1 2,61

5,11 10,00 0,36 0,20 0,91 0,49 0,06 1,00 ω2 3,39

0,44 0,36 10,00 2,90 0,20 0,11 0,36 1,00 ω3 0,89

0,20 0,20 2,90 10,00 0,24 0,15 1,22 1,00 ω4 0,58

0,49 0,91 0,20 0,24 10,00 5,11 0,22 1,00 ω5 = 1,34

0,26 0,49 0,11 0,15 5,11 10,00 0,19 1,00 ω6 0,68

0,05 0,06 0,36 1,22 0,22 0,19 10,00 1,00 ω7 0,18

1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,00 µ 1,00

ω1= 0,173 ω2= 0,318 ω3 = 0,129 ω4= 0,086

ω5= 0,151 ω6= 0,057 ω 7 = 0,086 µ = 0,907
KRIGING ESTIMATION

7
Grade Z* = ∑ ωi . Zi
i=1

= (0,173)(477) + (0,318)(696) + (0,129)(227) + (0,086)(646) +

(0,151)(606) + (0,057)(791)(0,086)(783)

= 592,7 ppm

7
Variance Z* = σ 2
-∑ ω i. Cov {Z i .Z*}
i=1

= 10 – (0,173)(2,61) – (0,318)(3,39) – (0,129)(0,89) – (0,086)(0,58) –

(0,151)(1,34) – (0,057)(0,68) – (0,086)(0,18) + 0,907

= 8,96 ppm 2

Estimation results : NNP, Z* = 696

IDW, Z* = 488,8734
KRIGING, Z* = 592,7
 SOFTWARE KRIGING
• 1. GEOSTAT
a. Pengerjaan Tahap demi Tahap
- pembentukan format pemrograman (xxxx.inp)
- pemasukan data base sesuai format program (xxxx.ie)
- pembacaan hasil program (xxxx.io)

b. Hasil akhir (penaksiran titik atau blok) secara manual

- penggambaran dan penentuan blok kriging
- penentuan nilai taksiran kriging dan variansi kriging

• 2. GS dan GSLIB
+
Seluruh tahapan dikerjakan dengan program
 KONTUR TAKSIRAN KADAR KONTUR TAKSIRAN KADAR
JACKKNIFE ORDINARY KRIGING
ORDINARY KRIGING
3120
3120
0 0,44 0,009
0,064 0,589 0,009

3100
3100
0,672 0,022 0,019 0,027 0,663 0,663 0,1711
0,0413 0,023 0,019 0,021 0,408 0,408 0,1751

3080
3080
0,218 0,028
0 0,1804 0,3894 0,09
0,1884 0,0424
0,021 0,1797 0,2819 0,107
Y (Ft)

Y (Ft)
3060
3060
0,66 0,016 0 0,7373 0
0,409 0,013 0,0021 0,4716 0,0743

3040
3040
0,056 0,032 0 0 0 0 0,068
0,039 0,03 0,109 0,066 0,066 0,0105 0,121

3020 0,5
0,013 0,013 0,013 0,036 0,679 0,676 0,026 0,4 3020
0,3 0,014 0,014 0,014 0,034 0,419 0,416 0,019
0,2 0,3
3000 0,1 0,2
0960 0980 01.000 01.020 01.040 01.060 01.080 01.100 3000 0,1
0
960 980 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100
X ( Ft) 0
X (Ft)
 KONTUR TAKSIRAN KADAR KONTUR TAKSIRAN KADAR
WEIGHTED JACKKNIFE ORDINARY KRIGING JACKKNIFE ORDINARY KRIGING
3120 3120
0 0,437 0,008 0 0,44 0,009

3100 3100
0,579 0,022 0,019 0,026 0,571 0,571 0,1876 0,672 0,022 0,019 0,027 0,663 0,663 0,1711

3080 3080
0,2296 0,026
0 0,1948 0,3696 0,097 0,218 0,028
0 0,1804 0,3894 0,09
Y (Ft )

Y (Ft)
3060 3060
0,57 0,014 0 0,6072 0,0054 0,66 0,016 0 0,7373 0

3040 3040
0,051 0,032 0 0 0 0,019 0,095 0,056 0,032 0 0 0 0 0,068

3020 3020 0,5

0,016 0,016 0,016 0,035 0,586 0,583 0,022 0,4 0,013 0,013 0,013 0,036 0,679 0,676 0,026 0,4
0,3 0,3
0,2 0,2
3000 0,1 3000 0,1
960 980 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 0960 0980 01.000 01.020 01.040 01.060 01.080 01.100
0 0
X ( Ft ) X ( Ft)