Fomine Coin of Burmese {showing the hed of unl Pieri che fie Ata dyna of Pegumim and eprely sxsuch Gi cena 2) Pho Beh Maem, EUNUCHS IN ANTIQUITY AND BEYOND Elitor Shaun Tougher Consribators ‘Réanan Abusch, Ruth Bardel, Vern L.Bullough, ‘Niels Gaul, Shelley Hales, J-L-Lightfoor, Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, Margaret Males, Georges Sidetis, Walter Stevenson, Shaun Tougher, Shib-shan Henry Tas, Richard Witt “The Classical Pres of Wales nnd Duckworthm Magee Males Sept Brae epi” Sed ain As pn iS Mi ore 55” tpi da Eade ihn Kg, one 24 FF Sat, Bed) {Da eiedn &Tam Acel ni,ASBS, 438 smn Tin Te dram ad ihrem iy sh prow ‘yal apple ee 22 82-0. Siemon. Taal” aes de poppe de inne nine 1, EB 18, ma. 1960 "Nowe de prvpogtphle etd ate Danie: 7, REB21, 1966 "Nowe de propogiphe et de late Basie 8, REB 22, 1965 "Nove de ropopuphi ede lane byantines RES 23, Ba tm Sega perente nun ee 990" ‘Angel incamate: ery nd mcs fom Grecia fom ro the iaupriweirauasrisine ea nag tintin eee 2 man em nc “2 eecemnenrpnat tees Srogentaecinaten ret: ous om peter mn nn ieutairran ema et wal Tn et hs 7 Fruchaf- nd Sviageacicse Mahedo Mita, oe ay es 198 u BUNUCHS IN THE LATE BYZANTINE EMPIRE © 1250-1400 idk Gout 1a ite of the inceaing inter in the function ad fie of eunuch 1 Byeantae sce oar perception of the role of exnuche doing the lest cnr of Bynum sl eles ae on Rodale Gillin few ‘amples which he iss wo suppor his ration tha ii probe that ther infuence on pli and goverment war impor as ier Guilntsaguments wofld. On the one hand, be arid that under the Plog’? Byrne ose bere mote and mote weer the Banister sep Latin ests sod searing Lata rds. In his conten of ween ale aration evenly tae ‘ur to be a ful rather than an advantage: the eunuch came to be ‘considered ‘inferior being * On the ober hand ullnd emphasized tha the emperors ofthe howe of Pabislogor had mach es rwon 10 fear being orehrown chan de predeceane ofthe nach ro ceveath eras a by now dyna thinking wa sory eased Insc, there wat 90 fare edo employ eunuch ara bate aeline ofeeambisourarinoert® “Tr in fa ie viene to chalenge Gulla ener dics under the Pibiologi,eunuchs were ler import than in ales ‘eras. However the recent eompleon of rich Tapp soppy Of the Palalogan period provider more concrete dt for ou xan Soa? Among the £ 3,000 Byentne eit inthe prompograny we encounter about ficen individ waivakeny Known co Rave tren eanachs ee Appendix fer an overview. Cerin there mee mote cunvchs ogee alee he imperil ou, aan be conde fem prs ke oe ofthe emperor) eunuds (ga evotgen) or and many eter eunuch (xl wiv Expy eigen) ~alcough we ate ‘ot gies any information abou hei speeder o Faction “Theta in pe ot brad mening inl aiid er, ‘fovea omler whore ccd on fren ston yaa 199a Niel Gent Here al meray ater sme ajosment cpl 0 the fi arco Guilnd arament hat we les lly o ind exci, 4 ditinguised prion doer no mcs ipl that the station of ‘mucin inl eae depiable to the Byramines On the conus, ‘Siderng the fundamen changes the Bynncinepermenalestes fad undespone bere the dye ofthe Macedonian dynasty and the Pakinlgan period, the deine of pola exch mr not rk wt 1 pray erpriing, The Komnenia invenson of 'axended fay (goerument’? the Lalo “ay-r-dey boul gorenment von ‘daring che days of he Nea exe” she Palslogan goverment. hat ofthe Nicean court on higher sal" aly thechangiag faction ae Increing imporace of estore women fom the cevenh cenery nwa al ths no logerdcourged the member afte imperil fami and ambisourhigh ocay fom aking prin poli as, but onthe comma, encouraged them osha he exes ofimpra power Under tae cinsmetnce seen ly nal thar hose igh king offes and igs one reve for eunuch wereby aow fl In exinencs ranted to dane rasns or let” of tempor Ts chapter wl rly conier the rg late Byrne eanachs, isc hk place in soi and the impel cour and, algae stfoureent-century aos rowan exacs oot SRE, tame tong cams terete coe ico aod af ur sage ad se omc of owe weed aera eres ieee ars Solara aie ialee aa ree eee ieee eb eee eee ey eee Sloe ieee eet Eine anareomemee eee Seti — Sag nn ames hn phoma coerce inchoate! 200 Ean in he ate Byars empire 1250-1400 ‘spe nin hitorigraphical sure (¢ A). None of them excep tens fot Tein, Ar wi” wh, Pac Kodi ‘pled seventh inthe eighty postions of hie it of precedence ~ wat of 4 paral high ake" We find futher evden in a Tapecntine Ihorocop,cepied forthe yar 1336 yan anonymous wit” Among, theaddesees, the autho placed each ina mile tk and cove to the noble women, atneving the flowing cde: emperny andees, gammaran and noares: prelates and dein cour fice and ott inander of the army; abbow (yégoved) snd eanachs, noble womens bbuinsmen and muchant: envoy: score simple folk aad people ofthe muskeplace For the momen, he ys the eunuch sal fee ‘pposiion. Bat afer whl dey wil expeince Beer testent, ele bing (cate), flows casing, premaly wid the emperor) snd sigament fom th imperial cure evepreut bx ev Booey ‘inan)™ In September ober and hulason se sppoea io occur in Norembex both eanchr and women ad wel oe nd sero in Jen. however hvou ne fore" Fal thee ae afew nes ina thineemh of furemntvceniry veracalar oom, Kalmar land Chris, which igh apg that cnc wee ll npn ina suit hier end obeyed the snes ceremonial an at ‘rues "They wale in they bowed dowa to earthy they lf te ‘ame moment, wa thei caso, in a oder scoring thei ranks (ey sre). “This obvious presce of eunuch 2 the foureenh-centry imperial cour is lent comvadiceed by thd almoer complete abuence from ‘he only deed eae cou ceremonial whi hs came down 1 fom the Pukolopan period, commonly koawn wader she same of Texto Kodinas Peo-Kodinos make, like Plein the ince canary lao? bo spel mention of fa, digsey odes ‘cred for eunuch ar iplying athe open-minded ati coward ‘hem at court Obvious intention an the ned to dating hem fom thei flowcouien who were ‘nal ten Had vaitoed. Tht swe can oaly specs whether some ofthe minot afi in ha lat of | precedence, parculiy some of those dy connected with penal “tvendece on the emperor orth Cpe, woe al tadonly held Iypeanache™ ‘Tecate of on bio of Heeli™ (Only inthe ~ arsine representative — ce of John (1249-1328) dd we lan the ress forthe cid aration, They are descibed by his nephew Nikephoro Gaagorr i = work wren i pie of this 201an Nal Gant nny mcd rch thf fbf ree nea severe del pe bt nmin se ‘siercaige aaoietecren isaac: nn ete ly el i we ee sels soe mieticehecs peices ated ees etl of cin cme, Gs at Sig Giceatlpeme int nes ccna sap neo ea pane oe SPN Eiri went ceepeing ds ecu wi were ar ee dal hae he i a ening ese Ge cca Sun phos ip of cor 1350, pe eocaatie eo in TG 2278) tae of ah yn tee Hawes a op ton a as as oe pele en ele oe eye rrr ee nay a ark pa on dey nt “Rech ert a ihe ose ter rectus Came ope eens REIDY ety wins ar le tal oe ee ee ay ep bee et ma en eth apt et cone copes Ferme eae tad bee ly see Serer igets acts haart aie ene ae oe ing ape og eee a cake iene eed Peres cumin ie octem por Ser eter oo ue Or das praes s api a pa ttc wet ein ot Se clad Wr bedanoare ene cee taete iegiial mecha a eg Eo: gps en op oe See eis a ay ae Pos Heese 2 coe kalpin me te liad Ste ing” Ou ey i Os Mecemed eo de gel mae Sree EO be moe Nea pp el en See cad dt ayo ym ‘chin he Basie empire 1250-1400 youth 2nd halt overame ie acetal (acy he wa the only ne ‘who saczeded in rablaing Another, qui imporant, conclson ‘the seems posle fom this pasage i that eunuch were no lenge ‘broughe up rally in the fade’ ofthe womens ques butt more eed atmosphere, and had consderaly doer contact with thewoda bend (On the other hand psudces api eunuch sem co be concealed under ater thin sures td Gregor, abi grudging obvi fle bled to defend his uncle gist the lage of cleninay, apne hove ‘who doabe tht eunuch Fl hero die. He dewey dot by "uming the apgarent commonly wed apis femioae eunuch to bis ‘uncles advantage if eanachs ate more womanie, yowurabenepon itis even moe eifcal for thm wo achieve slnes™ secodingy ie cle deserve even higher pase. Despite Gregor! tte, dh cl newark urunding he carted olden of ofr at enue and in church namely Genre Pepegpmenes sd Michal Kalen, docs not allow arto conch thar cache in Fea) hinds teary hats weddings Ieiscaraly soe wiht leony tht 2 eunuch wasn charge of mara awa he church of Hagia and we may imagine Phe choosing hs words athe cael Sal he merit the pot alled wo Tepgomeoo exch wie lows uso condo hate le fe quitecomforble withNak Gaal Eanach tthe imperial cours As farascunochs atthe imperial cour are concerned, they prise to have uid thet wellacoowledged funtion a mesenges (edie fon). Miche VII (1259-82) mt ‘ne of his eunuch to arr he tes spusscias Kaan, wo wat charged wi high wenn Te tra aio Michael who war the lam emperor t ear 8 eanach wich the command of an army. namely Androntoe Eonopoltes (AP, ‘Daring the Sse ci war, Andris Tf (1282-1528) repentely sent ‘Miche! Kalbenites to hie gandeon, Andrnios I (1326-41). In thse tem stations twat the conic who wie red om a eo breakdown, nor i companion Theoletosbbop of Padi: Tas ‘Micha = o athe Kenaasenad depiction of Michal” — contbutes ‘to and reinforces the common pric gun the weak and efeminat ‘Sharer of eunuch, Final Andros lx the monk Neophyros (Ger a) accompany Pach Atanas of Alerandss ona mariage ‘embany vo Cin on bel ofr 00, Michael X. "Thre scm tbe considerable hin ar spc elaionship beeen oF female member ofthe ipa family and eunuch. St Jobin of Henideis mare hi care a prvent inthe empestchanber And vale a novi ofthe cope spa hex Jon Kalen (arr i) as an obeeog ofthe eres and accordingly rewarded by ther Phialees (Are, ») was given piece of land by an otherwise tukaown spewfecn dg who ws the enperofe aunt. The ony mena (of eamche in Pede-Kedine’ lit of pecelence draws a connection beeneencimichs and the eprom drag the coronation ceremony che ‘cpr ene either on wo felstiver of the caver ind (owen Tht a edna dfn of enc Sinn 194 andthe ‘courte oMale in run) sth io mann tated ‘unlined yeh gan hisbodyFor dtl dare ms ‘yn pin of vow of eso mt cts mend acne anty ‘Rings 1999 ep. 1259 By the nd of he four cenay each st ‘deny no tpl fe ney ay srg he ee lc wat \mpod pen the in ns ing tonne Rome af the Nie coun ale ho wee tne fe caer in lingo cdma, cf Angld 1973, 274 81 1 Ringose 994 9-7 » Ging i Jom 3615. > Bauch commonly tert woes: ie hee, ey we sid so brunet cated tc pions Ringo 199%, 86:4 tal Tougher "7 and 1999, 94-8. On the et ante wena female ie tion Tae 1996 ae 23‘Nil Gand > Ga sne tee Katee p48, 24) and Pepagomens op 403.440) xh Pies deed one yor Klien (ened 30) doo ‘epgomenos arm [p37 357, Compare PLP #10571 nd #22357 ‘Fa pom Fp. 17 (38810 1 Pl poop. 357 (wr 190, (Tisai or comet aims th epaning oe freee enna Darts 170,136 2848 ee hey the eT wat ‘tay in charg of he tay of church or monary (Dats 170, 136; Kahane) 199, a 6824 dtc) lm Deru Sighiy ter lc Pte oie ed he nog ek (578 3 ys coop elit, whe boo tar aed pari be ace ‘fpoya yon red ow (5764-5 the ig and of ‘bepaach,beislepl pent (rt nal nen aking rote Cchorason agp) td he weg ona fred wee) Alcugh no ton tele peace pie, ay nl ‘ge een one wih quinoa lwo see Ringe 1996 on he variou medic” ncn of eunuch in Byanise sony Waa hae 49 © Kae Her 16412-6514, 19413-9510, 111816197. * Tougher 99, 93-100 Tiana rina sea wrt fake seuly was Michel Kalai « wuly dnd chance piel anal ‘Sie pubs in scorns wich 4 which he wa opp eo ‘tenance wih he (aoe) im of pial conmunian je Brann, ‘hone meant reer carat in eter ee is Alo 197 ‘Sik ahr biog on te pb ply ody ngage ed coon Ihe sipga? Alo lion scampi maya ue tbe imporance of Plc ply of body lng so in Beanie pl. °F Oa tiemporsce spinal stompin ethan wley Bp Mon 1981 4630s 1983, 90-10. pe Kod off 2613-2 © Kae ise 2225 16-2241. > Kamsnenor choles of wats met imply harms of hit ppt led on hs psig, lel the hast es enn, wee once ‘theme: Hwee te Ale Api (PLP #1180) apd Manoel Kin Duos (PEP 41720 were crn arid noch xm be Low ae Sh Gar (PL 93780, ‘ingore 1994, 96 ad 3130.4 © CE Tougher 998,92 » Go Beer 198 Kae Hue 2587-9. 2 Nicol 1996, 75-83, Nor dice the mie sape of thie chapter alow ny scan ofthe Anna thi mange may hve ha one decom of eae ine Crna ere 24 Bunch he ase Byes empire 1250-1400 > Fora cal oe cmp Bests 1986, 101-16, wth Apia snd ‘Sith 1991, 75-90. The daacsoneccl emmeataeding. Sethe pica eaten! dal de of hae snc wee pode inal sme ced te perl cou of Console ‘The Klima mance fr mp may eben wen nego reve inl VI, ck Beck 1971, 14-5, and Ben 1996 184 sak 1089: Howe, Appr nd S192, 13, ad Ago 1931 13-1 ‘gg seme cian Whe psc 0 fiat on he el thc nr bt hw ough eit 193 19, 12 a7) Aptos ha eanly popoed in = pape dled at he Cogs trata der Hes bine (Auge 901) date is ‘nd Bader ey abe Lala pd (he ese Thee Las ‘Bethe soc ofthe as) ° Gap 190, 727, rae ppc of ean nthe ant Gk ov thy sn appara ean contest we Caton eps dm ew whe Hodes ad lambs me sgl pcs ad hance thm a et, CE abo Seals 1996, 536 0 he pone sale pled ond hem, Bao 186,79 Although Manas, wing hi el wat nunc by ancient mde Mia 1967 132 and above 8), a de ofeach ‘root med ths eres promi frei of i ol cri, ‘Star nly Magna 1997, 163, ih acer enc Hage 197 1125 centage hat in the either snl cane fans ‘fda bance Miss det Zt espe Del Mal 96780 6-9 184 sof 110 (p92) an 16 (p20 ‘Seth Cupane 1995, 94 106. For tr cmmper of rfl cinlogialpliaon of te Byasne tomate td ear Di Alri) Peer 197, Magli 1904 and 989, {nd sees in Benton and Rs 193. Aon ali sring se 1 Ink wie ae for the Byrne Acid’ Nels verso. whee these sheila einige of Beane, Sith 199, 88 116 1757. 366-70 and coment) designs te emp son aed hae he oa, 2 conenpry pla, Sram 57. “2th Klima a Vl mance qed fom Cape (ol) 1995. Tunnel ve expt uch hoes he gg wold pith Chere by og hes tcp son ae CE Ringe 1994, 86-90 102-9 Al quotations oe the Coder Seapnme reno Laser 1538, 4 CE hein 991 218-22. © Thaw cl opeement aude Ang empon the phenomenon ofeach empty ee. ot Cll 1943, 15 tad Rehan sd Cormick 997, 179-60, crying Gland oan “see Touues conebason fo ht volume fer an sae the, sina sages asTES” Viana Npho pb mee Ane Blends iss Frit Ae) DEL 000” Ge Pac Ri hig, Sala IOP i Bde Melb, 2a, Ve O78 Da de 2 So one pein Det 1 527-1206 “deen Empran poe Gata 196 "Basie Nip Gores emma Pic 16 Bench in th te Bann emp 1250-1400 1965 ‘Lp canauc dan empize buns, REB 1 197-238 Rp 196716597 1951 “Erlrde dere de pspopaphic mins hf dea spice ane Deon ed dp ne (Bel fonemepe 2 4, 2124 Rep 196, 525-2 1957 Rekechenr into an ei ner ‘cayoe 2 1500 Bumchr a Stee and eigen dr pichich imi i, Segue Hada el) Test The Bin Sein, Lends Ha 1957 Bkinbee Hepp Gace, 3 oe, Bese 1909 Aan Bee Mapapapie Crea rae nae 9S Ip mn i tin 15-204 epee ly phi 978” Congr nd Slr, Cabri. 9 Di hcp pn ta de Bin 2 Ma Kasha A ed) TDI The Of Disa of Banton 3 vols, New Yo, Ox Kachin AB() snd Mame "997" "The ail modo he Bysine cua Mau) Beanie Gr Gun 16797 asian AP and Wharton pi, A. 1985" Chane Bane Clare in be Benth ond Toh Cova, * ek ag sade “STP “Tyee in inh lao pista derdopment, Veer BIS 1981 "Thee of wore it Byanioe wie, OB 31.1, 239-60 (+ Isnt 98), An) 1982 ‘Addendum to he le of wren Sn Benn airy, J08 321, 198-204 (ot. Itt Ayana (ie 138, at aio Thali AE 1980 Sele td sci in the ne Byzantine emp ie AS. Liou: “Thomas es) Crm Sn, New Bree TanberJA 1995 "Zeman de i Radon tee TDLe" "Tpentpomandy poneinov wan 1336 Nic Barve ere a7ie Ge ase ¥, "90 La pena de on fae (1250-152, Onde et lepet 1 Nesp Gp, aac 3.297315 19a “Tayie de Jem mapaie Heald ant, Rsv Hay as Macsidn 9 "Sn and winthood in she ely Pilg pv’ a Hache) Te Bp See 687, Maglon Bete "Bynes in Angle) The Bn Aime 5878. {9b "Toe Bpnane acne sf, Anal ) The Bete Ary BAN. 199 loner tone Roms the famewadf sc rind edd of Digs Ae nd Kamen, BGS 15, 183-28 1993. The pi of Mame! omen 114-1180, Combi 198 Inston agement nh Malerand DS ee) Ale (Heaenov Bela 6, 1997 ‘aca te Baie carer eo China nd Conran ncaa Mage) Bp Cn Cnr 18-83 Magic te 07" pte Cur Cabrio 29 126 Wabiegon, DC Mari Eel) 1900 Mamel hie cerin naitgNaple TDG? Dr Rome de Kmetin Menae, aa Ma ad Mls Ce). 1860-90 Ace dpm re ma ar Vi ale tl) W950) Mahe Caring 2 wel, Pai 190, Tabind. Theat Grt opin Loon Moni {981 The pil ine othe event cea, in Hackl (ed) The Dw Se O50. 1995. Met an Lee Sent 83-1118 Cambie Nol D4 1963 Te Bronco of Krebs Wain, D.C. 1993 The Las Cone of ramon 2d el, Coie 1996 The Ra Enger Cbg Neale, and Dan 940 Ln Lon Ve Sap Pai achat. Ber "Uncofoar dx ond ied Vida Pace ck (836) TDL Rec, Glib Satin nner Han de Palslo- ‘pom JO0D0, 15-201 Burin th late Byte emp «1250-1400 1968 gust Faint cna de Fp beta su bs premio hata (1258-135), ah. Ringe En ‘99 “Lvig inthe ade cn nd gender Brann Hee (el) Tita Soe Th omer Ba soa arin inca ad (ery Now Yd 5-10) nd S08 1996 "Emo cad wei. By23, 7595 1999 ‘Paling tee nc Seal of eal aod eons Clo Je (2) Bete end Devil Benno Aldebos. ns, Sema AM, "196" “Stal and oom cain he ances el in . Shing ‘The nel he cen el Laie, New York nd Cope, Scope. | THEE Tomi Contacon experts bari ir, 3 vols Sint {971 ine gchiche Gti Conon B20, 149-0, seamole “O93 Th nA, Te Np eo Va “A "PB Oi wna gw boxes ing of Ii se alo penke Eat Moc ims 1996 Fa of Patan, Wain, BC “Br raion oh with pi ac sh snl nin ams) omen Mn oud ama on ‘Benin ond Ny Yo 1-0 1999 Toupee te: seo Bynes nD Hay (na pe ne 1108 “Tapp “She Pupp Laden de iri Vs 1 Thess ek Now dine inode ence REB23, 89-99. 1976 Tif, Pie ns