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Application of Synchrophasor Data For Fault Detection During Power Swing
Application of Synchrophasor Data For Fault Detection During Power Swing
ID IM IN (1)
978-1-4673-0136-7/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE
Where, IM is the positive sequence current flowing through negligible during power swing and significantly high at the
line-1 at bus M and IN is the positive sequence current flowing time of fault. The rate of change in swing-center-voltage is
through line-1 at bus N. The magnitude of differential current significant during power swing and it is zero during the fault
ID is negligible during power swing and significantly high period. The differential current phasors during the swing is
for any fault in line-1. If the difference in positive sequence also negligible and significantly high throughout the fault
current magnitudes of both the ends of the line becomes more period. All three methods are able to identify the fault
than a threshold value then the proposed algorithm declares a correctly for this case.
fault in the line. The algorithm can able to detect both
disturbance is created by a three phase fault on Line-2 at point Fig. 2. Three-phase fault at 1.72 s at 50 km in line-1
F at 0.5 s which is cleared after 0.1 s by the opening of B. 3-phase fault at δ=130⁰ during fast swing
breakers B3 and B4. As a result, line-1 experiences a power A three-phase fault is simulated at 4.5 s at 70 km from
swing. To test the method different faults are simulated at
relay R1 in line-1 during a swing (at δ=130⁰) and the
different swing conditions in line-1 during power swing. Data
corresponding results are provided in Fig. 3.
are collected at a sampling frequency of 1 kHz. The
performance of the proposed method is compared with the
Superimp current (A)
general case. 5
0
4.36 4.38 4.4 4.42 4.44 4.46
Rate of change SCV (V/s)
2000
Communication Link
0
PMU 1 PMU 2
-2000
B1 Line1 B2
-4000
4.36 4.38 4.4 4.42 4.44 4.46
~ R1
15
Diff current (A)
Line2 10
B3 B4 5
M F N
0
Fig. 1. The 280 km Double circuit Transmission System 4.36 4.38 4.4 4.42 4.44 4.46
˜
10
Superimp current (A)
1
separation angle δ=100⁰. The results for the case are provided
0.5
in Fig. 6. It is observed from the figure that the superimposed
0
current component is significant at the time fault and able to
-0.5 detect the fault correctly. The rate of change in swing-center-
-1
4.15 4.2 4.25 4.3 4.35 4.4
voltage is zero for fault duration and identifies the fault
30 correctly. The difference in current phasors is negligible
during power swing and significantly high during the fault
Diff current (A)
20
period.
10
25
Superimposed current (A)
20
0
4.15 4.2 4.25 4.3 4.35 4.4
Time (s) 15
modeled with one axis flux decay dynamics and exciters are 50
Differential current (A)
30
relay considered at bus-9 of the line 9-6. For the purpose of 20
simulating power swing, a three-phase fault is assumed to 10
line 4-5. As a result, the distance relay at bus 9 in line 9-6 Fig. 6. Three-phase fault at 2.45 s at middle of the line 9-6.
B. Line-ground fault at δ=150⁰ during fast swing It is observed that the superimposed current component is
A line-ground fault is simulated at 3.97 s at middle of the less than 10 A, which is less than the index value of
line 9-6 at δ=150⁰ during a fast swing and the corresponding superimposed current during power swing in previous case as
results are provided in Fig. 7. The current will increase as the shown in Fig. 7. It clearly shows the problem in setting the
angle between two areas increases during power swing. It is threshold value for the superimposed current component
observed from the figure that the superimposed current is method to detect fault during power swing. The rate of change
significant during power swing and it is high for small in swing-center-voltage takes two cycles to conclude the fault.
duration at the instant of fault. This method may fail to detect On the other hand, the differential current is negligible during
the fault. The rate of change in SCV is zero throughout the power swing and significantly high though out the fault
fault period and able to detect the fault correctly. The period.
proposed method identifies the fault with few phasors of fault
data as evident from the result (of course communication V. CONCLUSION
delay has to be added to detection time). It is noticed that available fault detection methods for
distance relays have limitation during power swing.
Superimposed currnet (A)
20
-1
is found that the technique is accurate and can supplement the
-2 distance relay for fault detection during power swing. Of
-3 course such PMU data can be used as backup protection to the
-4
3.6 3.65 3.7 3.75 3.8 3.85 3.9 3.95 4 4.05 4.1
existing relaying schemes. The constraint for the method is the
40 latency compatibility with PMU data transfer.
30
20 APPENDIX
10 The parameters of the 400 kV system.
0
3.6 3.65 3.7 3.75 3.8 3.85 3.9 3.95 4 4.05 4.1
Equivalent Generator G:
Time (s) 600MVA, 22 kV, 50 Hz, inertia constant = 4.4 MW/MVA.
Fig. 7. Line-ground fault at 3.97 s at middle of the line 9-6. Xd = 1.81 p.u., X"d = 0.3 p.u., X"d = 0.23 p.u., T"do = 8 s.,
T"do = 0.03 s., Xq = 1.76 p.u., X"q = 0.25p.u., T"q0 = 0.03 s.,
C. 3-phase fault at δ=150⁰ during slow swing Ra = 0.003 p.u., Xp (Potier reactance) = 0.15 p.u.
A three-phase fault is simulated at 1.8 s at middle of the Transformer:
line 9-6 during a slow power swing of frequency 2 Hz at a 600MVA, 22/400 kV, 50 Hz, Δ /Υ, X = 0.163 p.u.,
separation angle δ=150⁰ and the corresponding results are Xcore = 0.33 p.u., Rcore = 0.0 p.u., Pcopper = 0.00177 p.u.
provided in Fig. 8. Transmission lines:
5 Line length (each) = 280 km
Superimposed current (A)
1000
0 ACKNOWLWDGEMENT
-1000 The authors are thankful to Department of Science and
-2000 Technology, New Delhi for sponsoring the project-
-3000
“Protecting power system using wide area measurements
1.7
30
1.72 1.74 1.76 1.78 1.8 1.82 1.84 1.86 1.88 1.9
(WAM)”, No. 100/IFD/631/2009-2010 through which the
research was conducted
Differential Current (A)
20
REFERENCES
10
[1] IEEE Power System Relaying Committee of the IEEE Power Eng. Soc.,
0
“Power swing and out-of-step considerations on transmission line,” Rep.
1.7 1.72 1.74 1.76 1.78 1.8 1.82 1.84 1.86 1.88 1.9
PSRC WG D6., Jul. 2005. [Online]. Available: http://www.pes-psrc.org
Time (s)