PROJECT 100 MW SOLAR PLANT IN THENAMPATTI, TAMIL NADU Title EARTHING CALCULATION

CLIENT TIRUNVELI SOLAR PROJECT PVT. LTD Rays Doc No RPIPL-TN-EE-DOC-SEC-001

OWNERS
FICHTNER CONSULTING ENGINEERS (INDIA) PVT. LTD.
ENGINEER Revision R0
EPC RAYS POWER INFRA PVT LTD Date 9-Nov-21
DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR 110/33kV PSS EARTH MAT
A. NOMENCLATURE Symbol Unit
1 Soil resistivity ρ Ohm - Meter
2 Surface layer (crushed rock resistivity) ρs Ohm - Meter
3 Symmetrical fault current in substation lf A
4 Total area enclosed by ground grid A m²
5 Surface layer de-rating factor Cs
6 Diameter of grid conductor d m
7 Spacing between parallel conductors D m
8 Attainable touch voltage Em V
9 Attainable step voltage Es V
10 Tolerable Step Voltage for human with 50Kg Body Weight Estep50 V
11 Tolerable Touch Voltage for human with 50Kg Body Weight Etouch50 V
12 Depth of ground grid conductors h m
13 Surface layer thickness hs m
14 Maximum grid current that flows between ground grid and surrounding IG A
15 Corrective weighting factor that emphasizes the effects of grid depth Kh
16 Correction factor for grid geometry Ki
17 Corrective weighting factor that adjusts for the effects of inner conductors Kii
18 Spacing factor for mesh voltage Km
19 Spacing factor for step voltage Ks
20 Total length of grid conductor Lc m
21 Effective length of Lc + LR for mesh voltage LM m
22 Periphery length of the earthing equivalent area LP m
23 Total length of ground rods LR m Input
24 Length of ground rod at each location Lr m Result
25 Effective length of Lc + LR for step voltage LS m
26 Total effective length of grounding system conductor, including grid LT m
27 Maximum length of grid conductor in x direction L = Lx m
28 Maximum length of grid conductor in y direction W = Ly m
29 Geometric factor composed of factors na, nb, nc and nd n
30 Number of electrodes placed in area Nr
31 Resistance of grounding system Rg Ohm
32 Duration of shock for determining allowable body current ts s
B. INPUT PARAMETERS Symbol Unit Value Comments
1 Symmetrical fault current in substation lf A 31500
2 Fault current in substation for conductor sizing lG A 31500
Split factor Sf 0.65
3 Earth Fault current considerded for Step & Touch potential ls A 20475
4 Duration of fault current for sizing of conductor tc s 1
5 Duration of fault current for step and touch potential ts s 0.5
6 Surface layer resistivity of Crushed Rock ρs Ohm - Meter 3000
7 Surface layer thickness hs m 0.1
8 Average soil resistivity Considered for Design ρ Ohm - Meter 495
9 Depth of ground grid conductors h m 1
10 Number of Electrodes Nr 120
11 Length of ground rod at each location Lr m 2.5
12 Length of switchyard considered for earthing L1 m 60
14 Width of switchyard considered for earthing W1 m 49
16 Number of conductor along Length NW1 12
18 Number of conductor along Width NL1 10
20 Grid conductor periphery length LP 218
21 Conductor Choosen (Diameter)/equivalent Diameter in case of Flat conductor mm 14 M.S Flat (50X12)
22 Diameter of Conductor/equivalent Diameter in case of Flat conductor d m 0.0014
23 Spacing between Parallel Conductors D m 5
24 Total length of ground rods LR m 300

C. SIZING OF EARTHING CONDUCTOR

1 Type conductor M.S
2 Reference temperature for material constants Tr °C 20
3 Thermal co-efficient of resistivity at reference temperature αr °C 4.23E-03
4 Fusing temperature of conductor Tm °C 620
5 Design ambient temperature Ta °C 50
6 K0 = ( 1 / ar ) - Tr K0 °C 216
7 Resistivity of conductor at reference temperature rr micro Ohm-Cm 15
8 Specific heat of material SH Cal/gm/°C 0.114
9 Density of material SW gm/cc 7.86
10 Thermal capacity per unit volume (4.184 x SH x SW) TCAP J/cm³/°C 3.28
11 Current for sizing of earth mat conductor I kA 31.5
12 Soil resistivity considered for corrosion ρ Ohm - Meter 495
409.412984332
Amm2= I x√(tc
As per CBIP x α x ron
"manual x 10000 / TCAP)/
Substation" publication number 223, corrosion allowance is recommended as per following rule
* In case of conductor to be laid in soil having soil resistivity greater than Ohm - Meter 100 No allowance
* In case of conductor to be laid in soil having soil resistivity from Ohm - Meter 25 to 100 15% allowance
* In case of conductor to be laid in soil having soil resistivity lower than Ohm - Meter 25 30% allowance
Considering soil resistivity for conductor sizing as Ohm - Meter 495
Amm² with corrosion=1.3x Amm² mm² 532.236879632
Area of selected conductor mm² 153.86
Hence Conductor Cross Section is Sufficient.
 Calculation for Tolerable Touch and Step Potential
The reduction factor (de-rating factor) Cs can be approximated by the equation
Cs =1 - 0.09(1 - ρ / ρs)/(2hs + 0.09) 0.74086206897
Following equation can be used to compute the Tolerable Touch and Step Voltages
Respectively
Etouch=(1000 + 1.5Cs x ρs) x 0.116 / √ts 710.967584212
Estep=(1000 + 6Cs x ρs) x 0.116 / √ts 2351.72401714

D. MAIN MAT CONFIGURATION

The equivalent length of earthmat area L1 60
The equivalent width of earthmat area W1 49
Number of conductor along the widthwise NW1 12
Number of conductor along the lengthwise NL1 10
Number of electrodes Nr 120
Length of individual electrodes Lr 2.5

Lc = ( L1 x NW1 + W1 x NL1 ) + ( L2 x NW2 + W2 x NL2 ) Lc 1210

LT=Lc + ( Nr x Lr ) LT 1510
Total area of earthmat A m² 2940

E. DETERMINATION OF GRID RESISTANCE

Rg =ρ x [ 1/LT + 1/√(20A)x [1 + 1 / {1 + h x√(20/A))}]] Rg 4.25496703 <1 Ohm

RESISTANCE DUE TO EARTH ELECTRODE

Soil Restivity of Solar Field ρ Ω-m 495
No. of Ground Electrode N Nos 120
Length of Each Electrode L Cm 2.5
Diameter of pipe/rod D Cm 1.4

F. Calculation of Resistance
Resistance of a pipe or Rod Electrode, (Re)=(100*ρ*ln(4L/D))/2*3.14*L = Ω 6198.8908529
Overall Resistance due to no. of Electrode, RE =
Resistance of Single rod or pipe Electrode/Nos. of Rod/Pipe Electrode Re/N Ω 51.657423774
G. DETERMINATION OF GRID RESISTANCE
1/R=1/Rg + 1/RE
Rg = 4.25496703
RE 51.657423774
1/R 0.2543777492
R = Ω 3.9311614448

H. CALCULATION OF ATTAINABLE STEP AND TOUCH VOLTAGE

For grid with ground rods Kii 1
Kh = √(1 + h / h0) Kh 1.41421356237
Where h0 m 1
Geometric Factor
n = na x nb x nc x nd n 11.1293625678
na=2 x LC/LP na 11.1009174312
 nb=√(LP/4√A) nb 1.00256241313
For Square and Rectangular Grid nc 1
For Square and Rectangular Grid nd 1
KM=1/2 π{ln[(Dx²/16hd)+(Dx+2h)²/8Dxd-h/4d]+Kii/Kh.ln{8/π(2n-1)} kM 0.95578040443
KI=0.644+0.148*n KI 2.29114566004
LM=LC+[ 1.55 + 1.22{Lr / √(Lx² +Ly² )}]*LR LM 1686.81161495
Ks=1/ π [1/2.h + 1/ (Dx + h) + (1/Dx) (1 - 0.5 n-2)] Ks 0.27589475908
Ls=(0.75x LC +0.85 x LR) Ls 1162.5
EM=(ρ x Km x Ki x IG)/LM EM V 13157.4991095
ES=(ρ x KS x Ki x IG)/LS ES V 5511.02395616

I. SAFETY CHECK
For the safe earthing design, attainable step & touch voltaes should be less than the Attainable Tolerable
tolerable values respectively
Touch voltage in V 13157.50 710.967584212
Step voltage in V 5511.02 2351.72401714
The Attainable Touch as well as Step Voltages is below the Tolerable Limit. Hence the Design is SAFE.