Table 23.1 Types of movement. Design application Parameter Typical movement Shallow foundations Allowable bearing capacity 25mm for building Deep foundations Shaft friction LOmm for shaft friction to be mobilised Retaining walls Active and passive earth 0.1% H for K, to be mobilised in dense sands Pressure cosffcient 1% Hfor K, ta be mobilised in dence sands Reinforced soil walle Frictional and dilatancy to transfer load to 2oil reinforcement Pavements Rut depth based on ctnain erizerion related to number of repetitions Embankment Sel weight zetslement Drainage Toul settlement 25 to 50mm for geogrids 50 to 109mm for geotextiles 20mm rut depths in major roads — paved 100 men rut dente in rine haul roads (0.1% height of embankemere| Varies with crossfal. 100 to 500 mm 23.14 Tolerable displacement for slopes and walls © The literature is generally vague on tolerable movements, Table 23.14 Movements just before 2 slide (data from Skempton and Hutchinson, 1969). Tipe of system Total movement (em) Small to large walls Medium to large landslides 20-40 40-130 Movements 299 Table 23.10 Tolerable strains for reinforced slopes and embankments (Duncan and Wright, 2005). Reinforced Considerations | Tolerabie ‘application swat, 23(%) Reinforced soil 10 walls Reinforced Embankments on firm foundation 10 slopes Reinforced ‘On non sensitive clay, moderate crest deformation tolerable 10 embankments On non sensitive clay. moderate crest deformation not tolerable 546 ‘On highy sensitive clays 2323.3 Immediate to total settlements ‘The settlement estimates are usually based on the settlement parameters from the oedometer test. ‘This is mainly for consolidation settlements, but may also be applied to elastic settlements for overconsolidated soils. «© Forstif elastic soils, a factor of safety of 2.5 is assumed. Secondary settlement is neglected in this table. Saturated soil is assumed. Table 23.3 Immediate, consolidation and total setdement ratio estimates (after Burland et al.. 1978). Tipe of oi Immediate setement, Consalidaten “Total setlement—Ratio (undrained) p, settlement p. Pr=fut Pe Pel Or Sofeyielding O11 Pag Poa Vp =10-15% Sui clastic 0.6 Pe 0 Poet Pont 23-67% 0407 > 70% for deep layers of overconsolidated clays. © puyor > 25% for decreasing thickness of layer and increasing non homogeneity and anisotropy. 23.5. Typical self weight settlements The self weight settlements occur for all placed fills — even if well compacted. The self weight settlement of general fills is assumed to occur over 10 years, although refuse fills take over 30 years to stabilise. Depth of fill H. 296 Movements ‘Table 23.5 Typical potertial sef weight settlements (Goodger and Leach, 1990). Compacton ‘Mates Self weight sedlement Wall compacted ‘Well graded cand and gravel Os%H Shale, chalk and rack file os%H Chay 05%H Mived refuse 30%H ‘Well controlled domestic refuse placed in ayers 10% H. Medium compacted —_—Rockfill LOKH Lighty compacted ‘Cay and chalk L3H ‘Chay placed in deep layers 10-20% Compacted by scrapers Opencatt backfill 06-0g%H Nominally compacted Opencatt backfill 1akH Uncompacted Sand 35%H ‘Cay fil (pumped) 120% H Poorly compacted Chalk LowH23.6 Limiting movements for structures ¢ The maximum allowable movement depends on the type of structure. Table 23.6 Typical Limiting settlements for structures. Type of stuctre ‘Maxum allowcble Reference vertical movement Isolated foundations on clays 65mm ‘Skemptan and Isolated foundations on sands 40mm Macdoralé (1958) Rates eye 65t0 100mm Rafts on sands 40 t0 65mm Buildings with brick walls Wabis, 1981 © UH=25 Tsmm = UHEIS 100mm Buildings with brick walls reinforced wien 150mm reinforced concrete or reinforced brick Framed struceures 100mm Solid reinforced concrete foundation: of 300mm smokestacks, sos towers Bridges 50mm Bozozuk, 1978 ‘Ac bate of embankments on sof ground ‘= Ral 100mm «Road 200mm © Movements at the base of an embankment is not equivalent to movement at the running surface, which can be 10% or less of that movement. High embankments provide a greater differential between the movements at the top and base, although high embankments now experience greater self weight settlement. ‘* Irrespective of the magnitude of the movements, often the angular distortion may dictate the acceptable movements. Cracks may hecome visible at values significantly below these values shown. These cracks may be aesthetic and can affect the market value of the property although the function of the building may not be compromised.