Torres Siebenlist Karen

Infintivo Presente Pasado Simple Gerundio Español

Be Is - Am - Are Was / Were Being Ser, estar
Have Has Had Having Tener
Do Do - Does Did Doing Hacer
Say Says Said Saying Decir
Get Gets Got Getting Obtener, conseguir
Make Makes Made Making Hacer
Go goes Went Going Ir
See Sees Saw Seing Ver, mirar, observar
Know Knows Knew Knowing Saber
Take Takes Took Taking Tomar
Think Thinks Thought Thinking Pensar
Come Comes Came Coming Venir
Give Gives Gave Giving Dar
Look Looks Looked Looking Ver, mirar, observar
Use Uses Used Using Usar
Find Finds Found Finding Encontrar, descubrir
Want Wants Wanted Wanting Querer
Tell Tells Told Telling Decir
Put Puts Put Putting Poner
Mean Means Meant Meaning Significar,querer decir
Become Becomes Became Becoming Convertir (a alguien)
Leave Leaves Left Leaving Dejar
Work Works Worked Working Trabajar
Need Neeks Needed Needing Necesitar
Feel Feels Felt Feeling Sentir
Seem Seems Seemed Seeming Parecer, aparentar
Ask Asks Asked Asking Preguntar
Show Shows Showed Showing Mostrar
Try Tries Tryed Trying Intentar
Call Calls Called Calling Llamar
Keep Keeps Kept Keeping Mantener (algo)
Provide Provides Provided Providing Proveer
Hold Holds Held Holding Sostener (algo)
Turn Turns Turned Turning Convertir (algo
Follow Follows Followed Following Seguir
Begin Begins Began Beginning Empezar
Bring Brings Brought Bringing Traer
Like Likes Liked Liking Gustar
Help Helps Helped Helping Ayudar
Start Stars Started Starting Empezar
Run Runs Ran Running Correr
Wirte Writes Wrote Writing Escribir
Set Sets Set Setting Poner
Move Moves Moved Moving Mover
Play Plays Played Playing Jugar
Play Plays Played Playing Tocar (algo)
Hear Hears Heard Hearing Escuchar
Include Includes Included Including Incluir
Believe Believes Believed Believing Creer
Allow Allows Allowed Allowing Permitir
Meet Meets Met Meeting Conocer
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

Lead Leads Led Leading Guiar

Live Lives Lived Living Vivir
Stand Stands Stood Standing Estar de pie , manterse
Happen Happens Happened Happening Pasar
Carry Carries Carried Carrying Llevar, cargar
Talk Talks Talked Talking Hablar
Appear Appears Appeared Appearing Aparecer
Produce Produces Produced Producing Producir
Sit Sits Sat Sitting Sentarse
Offer Offers Offered Offering Ofrecer
Consider Considers Considered Considering Considerar
Expect Expects Expected Expecting Esperar (algo)
Suggest Suggests Suggested Suggesting Sugerir
Let Lets Let Letting Dejar
Read Reads Read Reading Leer
Require Requieres Required Requiring Requerir
Continue Continues Continued Continuing Continuar
Lose Loses Lost Losing Perder
Add Adds Added Adding Añadir
Change Changes Changed Changing Cambiar
Fall Falls Fell Falling Caer
Remain Remains Remained Remaining Mantener (alguien)
Remember Remembers Remembered Remembering Recordar
Buy Buys Bought Buying Comprar
Speak Speaks Spoke Speaking Hablar
Can Could - Poder
Love Loves Loved Loving Amar
Walked Walks Walked Walking Caminar
Watch Watches Watched Watching Ver, mirar, observar
Smile Smiles Smiled Smiling Sonreir
Stop Stops Stopped Stoping Detener (algo o a alguien)
Send Sends Sent Sending Enviar
Receive Receives Received Receiving Recibir
Decide Decides Decided Deciding Decidir
Win Wins Won Winning Ganar
Understand Understands Understood Understanding Entender
Describe describes Described Describing Describir
Develop develops Developed Developing Desarrollar
Agree agrees Agreed Agreeing Estar de acuerdo
Open opens Opened Opening Abrir
Reach reaches Reached Reaching Alcanzar
Wait waits Waited Waiting Esperar (a alguien)
Answer answers Answered Answering Responder
Laugh laughs Laughed Laughing Reirse
Build Builds Built Building Construir
Stare Stares Stared Staring Ver, mirar, observar
Reply Replies Replied Replying Responder
Mind Minds Minded Minding Preocuparse, dar importancia
Nod Nods Nodded Nodding Asentir (con la cabeza)
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

VERBO TO BE: Significa SER O ESTAR

Positive(+) Negative (-) Questions (?) Short answers

+ -
I am from Argentina. I am not Swiss. Am I I am I ’m not
I´m from Argentina I’m not Swiss. am not
Yo soy de Argentina. Yo no soy Suizo.
You are Argentine. You are not Egypt. Are you you are you aren’t
You’re Argentine. You aren’t Egypt. are not
Tu eres Argentino. Tu no eres egipcio.
He is from Argentina. He is not happy. he he he
He’s from Argentina. He isn’t happy.
El es de Argentina. El no es feliz. isn’t
She is from Argentina. She is not hungry. she she she is not
She’s from Argentina. She isn’t hungry. Is Late? Yes, is No,
Ella es de Argentina. Ella no tiene hambre. French?
It is late. It is not Friday today. it it it
It’s late. It isn’t Friday today.
Es tarde. Hoy no es viernes.
We are married. We are not from Chile. we we we
We’re married. We aren’t from Chile.
Nosotros estamos casados. Nosotros no somos de Chile. aren’t
They are teachers. They are not from Chile. Are they they are they are not
They´re teachers. They aren’t from Chile.
Ellos son maestros. Ellos no son de Chile.

Lo usamos:

 Estructura: SUJETO+VERBO+ADJETIVO+SUSTANTIVO

 Cuando describimos a alguien o algo. Ejemplo: He´s big.

 Para hablar sobre la edad. Ejemplo: I’m twenty.
 En conversaciones cotidianas y en escritura informal usamos contracciones: ´re not/aren´t – 's not/isn´t – ´m
not.
 En la escritura formal usamos formularios completos: are not- is not – am not
 En preguntas ponemos am, is, are ANTES DE I, you, he, she, it, we, they. Ejemplo: Are you Karen?
 En respuestas cortas positivas usamos formas completas.
Are you German? SI: Yes, I am. NO: Yes, I'm.
 En respuestas cortas negativas usamos formas completas o contracciones.
Are we early? SI: No, we are not./No, we aren't.
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

DETERMINANTES POSESIVOS: Indican A QUIEN le pertenecen algo.

Sujeto Posssessive Adjetive Traduccion Ejemplo

I My Mi/Mis I'm a twin.
My twin sister lives in Zagreb.
You Your Tu/Tus You're not in this class today.
Your class is in room 401.
He His Su/Sus/De él He's from a big family.
His brothers live in Singapore.
She Her Su/Sus/De élla She's a good friend.
Her name is Hannah.
It Its Su/Sus/De esto It's a typical French village
It's famous for its food.
We Our Vuestras/os We're fluent in Chinese.
Our father is from Shanghai.
They Their Su/Sus/De ellos They're my half sisters.
Their names are Kana and Keiko

Aclaraciones:

 Usamos un determinante posesivo para decir que algo o alguien pertenece a una persona, un lugar o una
cosa.
 El determinante posesivo siempre viene antes de un sustantivo o una frase nominal.
 Usamos his para decir que algo o alguien pertenece a un hombre/niño. Ejemplo:
SI: John loves his daughter. NO: John loves her
 Usamos her para decir que algo o alguien pertenece a una mujer/niña. Ejemplo:
SI: Amari and her husband are here. NO: Amari end his husband are here
 Usamos its para decir que algo o alguien pertenece a una cosa.
SI: The city is famous for its universities. NO: Fhe eity is famous for their universities.
 Los determinantes posesivos tienen una forma para singular y plural.
SI: Our friend / Our friends NO: Ours friends.

POSESIVOS ´S: Significa de

 Ejemplos:
 Sam is my father's boss.
 They are my children's cars.
 Bob and Paula are my parents' friends.
 Petra and Bill's new house is big.
 Usamos los posesivos ´s para decir que algo o alguien pertenece a una persona, un lugar o una cosa. El
posesivo ´s siempre viene después del sustantivo.
 Con sustantivos plurales regulares usamos ' NO 's. Ejemplo:
SI: They're my parents' friends. NO: They're my parent's friends.
 Si hay más de un tema, ponemos los 's en el apellido. Ejemplo:
SI: Sara and Ricardo's daughter NO: Sara's end Ricardo's daughter.
John's office. is big (=the office that belongs to John) John's in the office. (=is)
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

PRESENTE SIMPLE POSITIVO:

Sujeto Verbo
I cook
You
She, He, It cooks At weekends.
We cook
They

Reglas de ortografía SOLO PARA SHE, HE, IT:

 Verbos que terminan en -ch, -sh, -s, -sh, -z, y -x se les agrega es al final.
Watch – Watches Miss – Misses
Wash – Washes Go – Goes
Relax – Relaxes Do – Does
 Verbos que terminan en consonante –y, se la quita y agrega en su lugar –ies.
Study - Studies

Aclaraciones:

 Utilizamos el presente simple para hablar sobre hábitos o rutinas. Ejemplo: He goes to work every day.
 También lo usamos para hablar sobre un hecho o algo que creemos que es cierto durante mucho tiempo.
Ejemplo: Penguins eat fish. She lives in Bonn.

ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA EN ORACIONES POSITIVAS: Los usamos con el presente simple para decir con
qué frecuencia hacemos algo.

100% 0%
always usually often sometimes hardly ever never

1 I always go to bed before ten o'clock.

2 Do you usualy have toast for breakfast?
3 We're sometimes tired in the afternoon.
4 They hardly ever go to the cinema.

 Usualmente ponemos el adverbio después del verbo to be y antes de todos los demás verbos. Ejemplo:
Silvia is often at home on Saturdays.
Andy never goes to work on Sundays.
 Usualy y sometimes pueden aparecer al principio o al final de las oraciones. Ejemplo:
Sometimes listen to music at work.
Winters are very cold here, usually.
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

PRESENTE SIMPLE NEGATIVO:

I don´t
You
She, He, It does´t like tea.
We don´t
They

 Formamos el presente simple negativo con do/does + no + infinitivo sin to.

 A menudo usamos contracciones:
don't (= do not) - doesn't (= does not).
 Para la tercera persona que he/she/it, forma, no agregamos -es al verbo como en el presente simple
positivo. Ejemplo:
SI: She doesn't sleep in a bed. NO: She does't sleeps in a bed.

ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA EN ORACIONES NEGATIVAS:

1 We don't often watch a film in the evening .

2 He doesn't always have breakfast.
3 They dan't usually go out on Fridays.
4 She hardly ever takes photo

 Los adverbios de frecuencia van entre don't/doesn't y el verbo.

 No usamos un verbo negativo con hardly ever or never. Ejemplo:
SI: You hardly ever write. NO: You don't hardly ever write
It never rains in the summer. NO: It doesn't never rain in the summer.
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

PREGUNTAS YES/NO CON VERBO TO BE.

 En presente simple en preguntas con to be usamos am/is/are + el sujeto.

 En respuestas cortas positivas, NO usamos contracciones. SI: Yes, he is. NO: Yes, he’s

To be Pregunta Respuesta corta

Am I friendly to other people? Yes, you are. /No, you’re not.
Are you a tidy person? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
Is she,he, it rich? Yes, she/he/it is. / No, she/he/it isn’t.
Are we Free tomorrow? Yes, we are. / No, we aren’t.
they musicians? Yes, they are. / No, they ’aren’t.

PREGUNTAS YES/NO CON OTROS VERBOS.

Do/Does Pregunta Respuesta corta

Do I read book? Yes, I do./ No, I don’t.
Do you like your job? Yes, you do./ No, you don’t.
Does she,he, it get up early? Yes, she/he/it do. / No, she/he/it doesn’t.
Do we usually go home early? Yes, we do. / No, we don’t .
they work long hours? Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.

 En presente simple en preguntas con Do/Does + el sujeto+ infinitivo sin to

 En respuestas cortas positivas usamos do/don’t o does/doesn’t ; NO usamos el verbo principal.
Do you like taking photos? SI: Yes, I do./ No, I don’t. NO: Yes, I like/No, I don’t like.

PREGUNTAS CON WH CON VERBO TO BE.

Formamos de forma similar a las preguntas yes/no, pero comenzamos con una palabra de pregunta.

Palabra Interrogativa To be Sujeto

Who - ¿Quién? are you ?
What - ¿Qué/Cual? are you doing?
Which - ¿Qué/Cual? is our priority?
Where - ¿Donde? are you from?
When - ¿Cuando? is your brithday?
Why - ¿Porque? is she happy?
How - ¿Cómo? are you sad?
PREGUNTAS CON WH CON OTROS VERBOS.
Utilizamos diferentes palabras de pregunta para preguntar sobre diferentes tipos de información.

Palabra Interrogativa Do/Does Sujeto

Who - ¿Quién? do you live?
What - ¿Qué/Cual? do you do in your free time?
Which - ¿Qué/Cual? do you perfer?Night or day?
Where - ¿Donde? do you live?
When - ¿Cuando? does the lesson start?
Why - ¿Porque? is she happy?
How - ¿Cómo? does she she go to work?
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

THERE IS/ THERE ARE: Usamos there is con sustantivos singulares y there are con sustantivos plurales.

Positive (+) Negative (-) Questions (¿?) Short answers

There’s an airport. There isn’t an airport. Is there a train station? Yes, there is./No, there isn’t.
There are some restaurants. There aren’t any museums. Are there any shops? Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.
There are lots of tres. There aren’t a lot of tres.
 A menudo usamos contracciones positivas y negativas:
SI: There is – there’s / There is not – There isn’t / There are not – There aren’t NO: There’re
 Usamos there is/ there are para decir que algo o alguien existe en alguna parte.
There's a chemist on woodstock Road. / There are twenty-four rooms in the hotel.
 Usamos there is/ there are la primera vez que hablamos de algo y is / they la próxima vez.
There's a nice hotel in the town. It's very comfortable.
There are lots of shops here, but they are all ciosed today
 Usamos a menudo there is/ there are para describir lugares. Ej: . In my town there are a lot of restaurants
 En la lista de cosas que usamos there is si la primera palabra es singular y there are si la primera palabra es
plural .
In my city there are lots of restaurants, a campsite and an old church.
In the hotel there is a swimming pool, a hairaresser's and ninety-five bedrooms.
 En oraciones positivas usualmente usamos some/algunos o un number/número antes de los sustantivos
plurales.
There are some glasses on the table. - There are twenty students in the room.
 Usualmente usamos any antes de sustantivos plurales en oraciones y preguntas negativas.
There aren't any chairs. (=There are no chairs.) - Are there any tables?
 También usamos many antes de sustantivos plurales en oraciones negativas cuando queremos decir que
hay menos de lo que quisiéramos o esperáramos.
There aren't many tables, (= There are some tables, but not enough or not as many as l expected.)

Articles a/an, the, -:

 La primera vez que hablamos de una person/thing - persona / cosa, usamos a o an.
Ej: Jan lives in an old house in a vilage near Hull.
 Usamos a antes de un sonido de consonantes. Ej: a shelf, a university - un estante, una universidad.
 usamos an antes de que suene la vocal. Ej: an airport, an hour - un aeropuerto, una hora
 La primera vez que hablamos de personas o cosas usando un sustantivo plural, no usamos un artículo.
Ej: Jo knows people all over Europe. - I like penguins.
 También usamos a / an (singular) y ningún artículo (plural) para hablar sobre trabajos, o para hablar sobre
qué son las cosas.
Ej: She's an engineer. Is that a new tablet?
Alex and lan are journalists. Those are beautiful earrings!
 Usamos a en algunas frases. Ej: a lot of, once a week.
 No usamos ningún artículo.
 Para nombres, ciudades, calles y la mayoría de los países.
Ej: My name's David. I'm from Bath. I think this is Bond Street. We tive in Veriezuela. (but the USA, the UK).
 Con días, horarios y comidas. Ej: I'm free on Friday at nine o'clock. I have lunch at one o'clock.
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

the:

1 My friend's house is in the city centre.

2 Lima is the capital of Peru.
3 Sheena is from the USA.
4 We have dinner at seven o'clock in the evening. We use the to say 'you know which oneis)

 Usamos the para decir 'you know which one(s) I mean' / 'sabes a cuál/cuales me refiero'. Esto puede:
porque ya hemos hablado sobre it / them - eso / ellos.
Ej: Jan lives in an old nouse in a village near Hull. The house was built in 1485. The village is near a lake.
porque lo dejamos claro en la oración.
Ej: the shops on my street, the woman who answered the pone.
cuando solo hay una. Ej: the moon, the Burj Khalifa, the city centre, the capital of Australia, the Nile.
también utilizamos la parte del día. Ej: in the morning, in the afternoon (but at night)
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

CAN, CAN’T, COULD, COULDN’T.

Can y can’t,.

 Usamos can y can’t para hablar sobre la habilidad y la posibilidad en el presente.

Positivo (+):
He can play tennis very well. (he knows how to do this).
People can buy clothes on the internet. (it's possible to do this.)
Negativo (-):
we can't speak Russian. (we don't know how to do this.)
You can't drive in the city centre. (it's not possible to do this.)
Preguntas (¿?):
A Can your children ride bicycles? B Yes, they can. They cycle to school every day.
A Can i take a train to Muscar? B No, you can't. There aren't any trains in Oman.
Could y couldn’t:

 Utilizamos could y couldn’t para hablar sobre la habilidad y la posibilidad en el pasado.

Positivo (+):
I could read when i was four years old. ( knew how to do this)
People could buy things from machines in 1890. (it was possible to do this).
Negativo (-):
When I was four years old, I couldn't swim. (I didn't know how to do this).
In the 1880s, people couldn't fly to different countries. (it was not possible to do this)
Preguntas (¿?):
A Could you write when you were eight years old? B Yes, I could i could also play the violin.
A Could you buy food online in 1993? B NO, you couldn't. But you Could in 1997.

 Después de can/could usamos el infinitivo sin to.

SI: You can't buy hot drinks online NO: You can’t to buy hot drinks online.
 No usamos "do / does" add -s en tercera persona del singular.
SI: She can play the piano NO: She cans plays.
 No utilizamos do / does para hacer los formularios de preguntas.
SI: Can you pork in the city centre? NO: Do you can park in the city centre?
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

PRESENTE CONTINUO. Formamos el presente continuo con sujeto + TO BE + verbo + -ing.

Positivo (+) Negativo (-) Yes/No Questions¿? Respuesta corta.

I’m I’m not Am I Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
You’re You aren’t Are you Yes, you are. /No, you’re not.

She, He, It’s She, He, It isn’t working Is she, he, it Yes, she/he/it is. / No, she/he/it isn’t.
reading?
today.
Yes, we/they are. / No, we/they
We/They’re We/They aren’t Are we/they
aren’t.

Preguntas Wh:

 Para hacer una pregunta Wh, agregamos una palabra Wh antes de am / is / are.
Ej: Where are you going? Who are they talking to?

Reglas de ortografía

 La mayoría de los verbos agregan -ing. Ej: wear - wearing

 Para los verbos que terminan en -e, dejamos caer -e y agregamos –ing. Ej: live - living.
 Para los verbos que terminan con una vocal + una consonante, duplicamos la consonante final y sumamos
-ing. No duplicamos x o y. Ej: get – getting begin – beginning pay - paying

¿Presente continuo o presente simple?:

Presente continuo Presente simple

I’m wearing jaket today. I often wear a jaket.
You aren’t wearing shoes. You never wear shoes at home.
He’s working from home this week. He doesn’t usually work from home.
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

PASADO SIMPLE DE TO BE: WAS Y WERW.

Was and wasn't (was not) son las formas pasadas de is y isn't.
Were and weren't (were not) son las formas pasadas de are y aren't.

Yes/No Questions¿? Respuestas cortas

Positivo (+) Negativo(-)

I I Yes, I No, I
He was wasn’t Was he Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t
at at
She she Yes, she No, she
home
It it home? Yes, it No, it
We we Yes, we No, we
You were weren’t Were you Yes, you were. No, you weren’t
They they Yes, they No, they
 A menudo usamos was / were con expresiones de tiempos pasados. Ej: last week, in 2003, 500 years ago,
yesterday.
I was at work two hours ago. It wasn't very hot yesterday.

Preguntas Wh-.

 Para hacer una pregunta Wh usamos una palabra de pregunta Wh antes was / were.
 El orden de las palabras es el mismo que para las preguntas yes / no.

What was your last job? Why was she in Spain last week? When were they born?

VERBOS REGULARES SIMPLES DEL PASADO:

 Añadimos -ed al infinitivo para formar el pasado simple de la mayoría de los verbos regulares.
Ej: post - posted play- płayed
 El pasado simple es el mismo para todas las personas.

Positive (+)
I – You - She, He, It – We - They worked yesterday
 Usamos el pasado simple para hablar sobre acciones / estados terminados en el pasado. Ej: She finished
work at 7 p.m.
 Cuando usamos el pasado simple, a menudo decimos cuándo ocurrió la acción. Ej: last winter, in 1999, ten
minutes ago, for three days.
I returned your book yesterday afternoon. They moved to Egypt in 2005

Reglas de ortografía:

 Para los verbos que terminan en -e, agregamos –d. move - moved / live – lived
 Para los verbos que terminan en consonante +-y eliminamos -y y agregamos -ied.
Marry - miarried / study – studied
 Para los verbos que terminan en una vocal + una consonante, duplicamos la consonante y agregamos –
ed. Ej: stop - stopped
 Para los verbos de dos sílabas, solo duplicamos la consonante cuando se resalta la última sílaba. perfer /
perferred (but answer – answered)
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

VERBOS SIMPLES IRREGULARES DEL PASADO.

No se forman agregando -ed al infinitivo. Todos toman formas diferentes. No hay reglas generales para la
formación de verbos irregulares.

Regular
Walk - Walked Plan - Planneed Move - Moved
Irregular
Go – Went Eat - Ate Write - Wrote

El pasado simple es el mismo para todas las personas tanto para verbos regulares como irregulares.

Positivo (+)
I / He/ She/ It/ We/ You/ They went to the park yesterday.

Usamos el pasado simple para hablar sobre acciones terminadas en los estados pasados. Ej:
He left the house an hour ago. I had Salsa iessons last year.

PASADO SIMPLES NEGATIVO.

Para hacer el pasado simple negativo usamos didn't + infinitivo sin to.

Positivo (+) Negativo (-)

I felt sad when I left home. / Me sentí triste cuando me
fui de casa.
She walked at the age of nine months. / Ella caminó a la
edad de nueve meses
The match started at 7 p.m. / El partido comenzó a las 7
p.m.
We went to work yesterday. / Fuimos a trabajar ayer.
They had a happy life. /Tenían una vida feliz.
I didn't feel sad when i left home. / No me sentí triste
cuando me fui de casa.
She didn't walk at the age of nine months. / Ella no
caminaba a la edad de nueve meses.
The match didn't start at 7 p.m. / El partido no comenzó a
las 7 p.m
We didn't go to work yesterday. / No fuimos a trabajar
ayer.
They didn't have a happy life. / No tenían una vida feliz.

 Usualmente usamos el formulario contratado (didn't), pero a veces usamos el formulario completo (did not)
por escrito formal.
 El negativo se forma de la misma manera para los verbos regulares e irregulares.
SI: I didn’t eat yesterday. NO: I didn’t ate yesterday.
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

PREGUNTAS SIMPLES PASADAS Y RESPUESTAS CORTAS.

Pregustas Yes/No.

 Formamos preguntas pasadas simples yes/no con Did+subject + infinitive sin to.
 Cuando respondemos preguntas de yes/no, usualmente usamos respuestas breves con el auxiliar did o
didn´’t. No usamos el verbo completo.
Did you swim in the sea? SI: Yes, i did. NO: Yes, I swam.
Did he visit the whole island? SI: No, he didn't. NO: No, he dlidn't visit.
 También podemos responder una pregunta de yes/no con solo yes/no.
Did you go on a tour? Yes.
Did you see the temple? No.

Pregustas Wh-.

 Formamos wh- preguntas con una palabra de pregunta y did + subject + infinitive sin to.
What did you do there? I went sightsecing
When did she get back? At about three o'clock,
How many museums did we visit? Nine.
What time did he leave? At about ten thirty.
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

SHOULD AND SHOULDN’T. (Debería / no deberíamos)

 Usamos should para hablar sobre cosas que creemos que son buenas correctas y para dar consejos, no
deberíamos hablar sobre cosas que son una mala idea (lo que no se debe hacer).
 Después de should/ shouldn’t usamos el infinitivo sin to.
SI: You should sieep eight hours a night. NO: He shoulds see a doctor.
 No agregamos -s en tercera persona del singular.
SI: He should see a doctor NO: He shoulds see a doctor.
 No usamos do / does para hacer los formularios de preguntas.
SI: Should I eat more fruit? NO: Do I should tat ore fruit?

HAVE AND DON’T HAVE.

 Usamos have to para hablar sobre reglas breves. (es necesario).

 No tiene que significar que hay una opción. (no es necesario.)
 Después de have to/ have don’t hay que usar la forma infinitiva del verbo.
I don't have to work on Saturdays.
 La tercera persona de he/ she/ it se forma de have to a has to. EJ: She has to wear a uniform at work.
 La forma negativa de has to es doesn’t has to. EJ: He doesn't have to work long hours.
 Usamos do / does para hacer los formularios de preguntas. EJ: Where does he have to go?
 No usamos contracciones con have to.
SI: I have to call my boss. NO: I’ve to call my boss.
SI: She has to go now. NO: She's to Go now.

HAVE O SHOULD.

 Have to es más fuerte que should.

We have to leave now or we will miss the flight / Tenemos que irnos ahora o perderemos el vuelo.
We should leave now because we have to get up early tomorrow. / Deberíamos irnos ahora porque
tenemos que levantarnos temprano mañana.
 Shouldn’t y don’t have to y son significados muy diferentes.
You shouldn't smoke. It's bad for your health. / No deberías fumar. Es malo para tu salud. (Es mala idea)
You don't have to bring any food to the party. /No tienes que traer comida a la fiesta. (Puede hacerlo si lo
desea, pero no es necesario).
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES E INCONTABLES

 Los sustantivos contables son cosas que se pueden contar, por lo que pueden ser en singular o en plural.
Usamos a o an con ellos. Ej: a lemon – two lemons an olive – lots of olives.
 Los sustantivos incontables son cosas que normalmente no se pueden contar. No usamos a ni a con ellos y
nunca son plurales. Ej: SI: rice NO: a rice – SI: lost of bread NO: lost of breads
 Algunos sustantivos pueden ser contables o incontables, pero el significado es diferente.
We don’t hace time/No tenemos tiempo. (Time we measure using a clock/ Medimos el tiempo usando un
reloj).
We went there four time last week/ Fuimos allí cuatro veces la semana pasada. (We can cout each visit/
Podemos contar cada visita).

SOME/ANY.

Contable Incontable
+ I’d like a pear. some jam.
some pears.
- I don’t want an olive. any bread.
any olives.
¿? Do you have an lemon? any honey?
any lemons?
 Usamos a/an con sustantivos contables singulares. Ej. a lemon.
 Usamos some con sustantivos contables en plural o sustantivos incontables en oraciones positivas. Some
pears, some jam.
 Usamos any con sustantivos contables en plural o sustantivos incontables en oraciones y preguntas
negativas. Ej. any olives - any bread.
 También usamos some en preguntas para pedir cosas u ofrecer algo.

Contable Incontable
Would you like some noodles? some coffe?
Can I have some eggs? some cake?
 Las bebidas suelen ser incontables. Decimos I’D LIKE SOME TEA (me gustaría un poco de té). Pero a
menudo decimos té como una forma rápida de decir una taza de té.
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

CUANTIFICADORES – MUCH/MANY/A LOT OF.

 En las oraciones positivas, usualmente usamos a lot of/ lots of para los sustantivos contables e incontables
para hablar de una gran cantidad.
 Usamos quite a lot of para hablar de una cantidad de media. Ej: SI: He has quite a lot of clothes. NO: He
has quite lots of clothes.
 En oraciones negativas usualmente usamos much con sustantivos incontables y many con sustantivos
contables en plural. Ej: I don’t have much coffee. (=I only have a small quantity) – They don’t have many
lemons. (= They have some, but not a lot)
 También podemos usar a lot of o lots of en oraciones negativas para sustantivos contables e incontables.
Ej: I don’t have a lot of/lots of time. – We don’t have a lot of/lots of tomatoes.

Contable Incontable
How many A lot/lots. There are a lot/lots of books. How many A lot/lots. I drink a lot/lots of milk.
books are Quite a lot. There are quite a lot of books. milk do Quite a lot. I drink quite a lot of milk.
there? Not a many. There are not a many books. you drink? Not a much. I drink not a many milk.
None. There are none books. None. I drink none milk.

 Usamos none en una respuesta corta, pero decimos no con un sustantivo en una oración completa. A
menudo usamos no en oraciones con there is / there are.
Ej: SI: There’s no milk. – There isn’t any milk. NO: There’s none milk.
SI: There aren’t any potatoes. NO: There are none.
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

ADJETIVOS COMPARATIVOS.

 Usamos adjetivos comparativos para comparar una persona, una cosa, grupo o situación con otro.
 Para la mayoría de los adjetivos de una sílaba y algunos adjetivos de dos sílabas, agregamos -er (o-r si el
adjetivo termina en -e). Ej: cool – cooler / small – smaller / nice – nicer /safe – safer.
 Para la mayoría de los adjetivos de una sílaba que terminan en una vocal + una consonante, duplicamos la
consonante y agregamos -er. Ej: big – bigger / wet – wetter / fat – fatter /hot – hotter.
 Para la mayoría de los adjetivos de una y dos sílabas que terminan en -y, eliminamos la -y y agregamos -ier.
Ej: dry – drier / suny – sunnier / foggy – foggier /cloudy –cloudier.
 Para la mayoría de los adjetivos con dos o más sílabas que no terminan en –y, usamos more antes del
adjetivo. Ej: comfortable – more comfortable / interesting – more interesting.

Comparativos irregulares.
Good – better / bas – worse / far – further o farther / many – more / little – less.

En inglés formal usamos pronombre personal + verbo auxiliar después de tan. Ej. tan I am/was/do/did/have -
lo que soy / era / hago / tuve / tuve, pero en inglés informal usamos a menudo un pronombre de objeto, ej:
tan me/you/him/her/it/us/them - que yo / tú / él / ella / nosotros / ellos.

I’m older than she is – I’m oler than her.

I was faster that they were – I was faster than them.
My wife has a healtheir lifestyle tan I do – My wife has a healtheir lifestyle than me.

ADJETIVOS SUPERLATIVOS.

 Usamos la forma superlativa para comparar una persona o cosa con todo el grupo o categoría a la que
pertenece. Usualmente usamos –THE antes de superlativo + sustantivo.
 The beaches on the north coast are the most beautifut on the island.
 Para la mayoría de los adjetivos de una sílaba, agregamos-est (o -st si el adjetivo termina en -e).
Ej: cold – conder - coldest / safe – safer – safest.
Para la mayoría de los adjetivos de una sílaba que terminan en una vocal + una consonante, doblamos la
consonante final y agregamos –est.
Ej: wet – wetter – wettest / hot – hotter - hottest
 Para los adjetivos de una y dos sílabas que terminan en -y, eliminamos -y y agregamos -iest.
Ej: dry – drier – driest / easy– easier - easiest
 Para la mayoría de los adjetivos con dos o más sílabas que no terminan en -y, usamos la -most antes de los
adjetivos.
Ej: famous – more famous – most famous.
comfortable – more comfortable – most comfortable.
 Algunos superlativos son irregulares:
Good – better – best / Bad – worse – worst / Far – further o farther – furthest o fartherst /
Much o many – more – most / Little – less- least.
 Después de superlativos usamos a menudo -in antes de un lugar o un grupo.
Ej: I'm the happiest woman in the world. / He's the funniest person in the office.
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

GOING TO.(voy a)

Usamos Solíamos to be+ going to + infinitivo sin –to para hablar de planes e intenciones futuros. A menudo
usamos going to con expresiones de tiempo futuro. Ej. tomorow, next week, tonight, next year, etc.

Positivo (+) Negativo (-) Yes/No Questions¿? Respuesta corta.

I’m I’m not Am I Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
going to
You’re You aren’t Are you going to Yes, you are. /No, you’re not.
-drive.
-drive?
She, He, It’s She, He, It isn’t -cycle. Is she, he, it Yes, she/he/it is. / No, she/he/it isn’t.
-cycle?
We/They’re We/They aren’t Are we/they Yes, we/they are. / No, we/they aren’t.

Wh- questions
A What are you going to do this year? B I'm going to visit my friends in Kenya,
A Why's she going to seil her bicycle? B Because she's going to buy a car.
A How are we going to celebrate your birthday? B We're going to have a party.

INFINITIVO DE PROPÓSITO.

 Usamos to + infinitivo para expresar proposito (para decir por qué hacer algo, por qué vamos a hacer algo
o por qué hicimos algo). Ej: We went to the island to see the birds.
Fuimos a la isla a ver los pájaros.
 También podemos responder una pregunta –Why, con un infinnirivo de proposito.
A Why do you cycle to work? B To keep fit.
A Why did she go to Paris? B TO study art.
A Why are you looking at that website? B To get some information about geacaching.
 Tambien podemos usar –because para rsponder una pregunta –Why.
A Why is he running? B To catch the bus./Because he wants to catch the bus.
A Why did you open the window? B To get some fresh air./Because I wanted some fresh air
 El infinitivo con -to no cambia de forma. Siempre permanece igual.
Ej: Why did you go to Scotland? SI: To visit my nephew. NO To visited my nephew.
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

PRESENTE SIMPLE PERFECTO.

 Formamos el presente perfecto simple con have / has y el participio pasado.

Positivo (+) Negativo (-)
I/ You/We/They have/’ve been. have not/haven’t been.
He/She/It has/’s has not/hasn’t
 Los verbos regulares tienen participios de pasado que son iguales a sus formas de pasado simple.
Ej: We danced all night. – She's danced all over the world.
She played in a band four years ago. – I haven't played in a band.
 Los verbos irregulares tienen participios pasados irregulares. A veces, los participios pasados de los verbos
irregulares son los mismos que los pasados simples.
Ej: He lost the match last week. – She's lost all her photos.
They had dance lessons last year. – We've had singing lessons.
 A veces, el participio pasado es diferente de la forma del pasado siemple.
Ej: I spoke to the manager yesterday. – I’ve spoken to the manager.
She did some exercise this morning. – They've done lots of exercise.
 El presente perfecto conecta el pasado con el presente. Usamos el presente perfecto simple para hablar
sobre experiencias y eventos pasados
Cuando no sabemos cuándo sucedió el evento o no es importante cuando sucedió.
Nos interesa más lo que pasó que cuando pasó.
I haven't been to a musicat, but I've beon to a play
 No decimos cuándo ocurrió la acción con el presente perfecto.
SI: I've been to Paris. NO: I've been to Paris last yeer.
 El verbo has tiene dos participios pasados: been y gone.
Jacob's been to Aigeria (= He went and now he is back)
Jacob's gone to Algeria. (= He went and has not come back yet)
 Torres Siebenlist Karen

PREGUNTAS EN PRESENTE PERFECTO – PRESENTE PERFECTO Y PASADO SIMPLE.

 Para hacer preguntas yes/no, usamos Have / Has + sujeto + participio pasado.

Questions (¿?) Short answers

Have I/ You/We/They Yes, I/ you/we/they have.
eaten? No, I/ you/we/they haven’t.
Has He/She/It Yes, he/she/it has.
No, he/she/it hasn’t.
Presente perfecto y pasado simple.

Ejemplos:
1 Have you ever seen a silent film? No, I haven't. 4 I drove a Porsche last summer
2 Did you see The Artist fast weekend? No, I didn't. 5 She's been to Rio many times. .
3 I've never driven a Ferrari. 6 She went to Rio in 2013.

 Usamos el presente perfecto para decir que algo pasó antes pero no sabemos ni decimos cuándo. A
menudo lo usamos con…
En las preguntas; siempre significa en cualquier momento de tu vida. Va entre el sujeto y el verbo
principal. Ej: Has he ever written a novel? Yes, he has./No, he hasn't.
Nunca hablar de experiencias que no sucedieron. Significa en ningún momento en tu ife y va después de
have / has y antes del verbo principal. Ej: I haven't acted in a play - I've never acted in a play.
 También usamos el presente perfecto para hablar sobre la cantidad de veces que hemos hecho algo.
Ej: They've had dinner at my house once.
 Usamos el pasado simple, no el presente perfecto …
Para decir que algo sucedió antes y sabemos la hora. Ej: Last May, we went to see a wonderful concert.
Con expresiones de tiempo terminado. Ej: last week, yesterday, etc.
SI: I watched lots of horror films when I was a teenager.
NO: I’ve seen lots of horror filims when I was a teenoger.
 A menudo comenzamos con el presente perfecto y luego cambiamos al pasado simple para dar más
detalles.
A Have you ever stayed in an expensive hotel? B Yes, I stayed at the Shangri-La last September.
A Did you enjoy it? B Yes, I did. It was amazing!