ce cecceercece HENRY Rousso The Vichy Syndrome History and Memory in France since 1944 ‘Translated by Arthur Goldbammer HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS combi, Manacheee ono, EgandContents hi 99 yt Fn oe Coat eee ‘Abbeviaione emg een inne tokio TheNeit onan nearer Pat Eolti of he Schome 2. Uafnihed Meuring (196-1954) 15 din Po rein 2 Repesons (1954-1975) 60 ‘wy copes Cee en Dt 4. TheBnken Mir 7-is7e) 38 townie 4. Oheon ater 974 wa Manny "38 paw, +. Sbesion ter spp The Wo of Pos 368 “hynny nd 94 esa i eb Part I. Tansmsson ofthe Syndrome eseee rare rate 6 Vesorof Memory 289 ‘Steoespesei "1 ise Memory 272 Fame abe adn tse Ft i Condon 197 tne se ae Arpendc ts Chotology of vers? 309 sates Pe Appendix: French Fn and Woot War ll jx8 oe iblogphy 325 Nous 336 Acknowisdgmens 369 Inde 37tri InTRopucTION: THE NEUROSIS ‘Then for os en wh oes lh en ruageu) teste pei alone egy Telethon icy he yen, cy ite hed seme: Nera ey Sets ora dw ne ely spa Bide cuposuti cnn on soson te plage» nogieiveg seietoibaa eeepc 5 at arpa ore oe amie a anon ics elig wot Sc oat Setrber arin ot pre amg ae ‘i est cant bes Tan Sends Eve aaah ay ced eof of ce St elt ae cca re set rsa och ig oe Sai depod oops a eo a sete Treated sg aed ming mee he ta acy sons oe my ye tiny nk ‘pe Dehn af enn fea Sy nnd fen nn celina s ing os weenie pep i Sb Ualesce nar or ea Siren rrarasee wvbadag ar ecdy amet ae ifaw tan ik pal tas ‘Sem Mg re uch eee op Actes he pely pe ined peelSer rene de dense mon cn wih ‘wee thre string rom be ance Fy es fe ty may Felco tod telecunly Yong ob well, wee lang ‘Panes de Orde Not Phalarae a he Bick Ord he {aoa wel kn era by Ch ad Bala wich or ‘er ancn spores egal anlar wh ome ee Givi zone yn ater eh “The il of Merny “aos bj acts lpg ay ci of bet. For {ne yex erie et ben aki 6 eigen aeons of maar” A ne nce oad oem ht sy ‘Senor sere ceai ite nye okng hep. Te ‘ian ar eqery ben sd, mow meni Oy ee ‘oa Menor asi penneton, seg prea er ‘iow, wera tconwtr sneod by Rsester a chly ‘Sol deel eamtacio sn sr x sore apr Soe {iba dare faa wf. Manor pr ee: Se a Sn we ete de a {Pou poll pic rc, erm, nega Silo ot ha “clerie menor” mig terme fea tame Seinngnatnorsany tn noe fens wake or ‘ofdlporae tl hertgunens menor By cota Sonat ue anv for orem pore Frater fer corer ft» nde for he ‘ican af cso Mesoyar ns inesonnlgoar or sied epi ea an eae Memory ib ern, ‘wise ain pec is ouride har or ‘Ye he ddan berwen Stary snd eory = caracere smilie een ery teed mv sui lb ‘tia dice oferpon ad eempedby te cao ofc “Epoay hag, ose po lange ston ‘Eivacmen of oncaeid cet core i. sce sl ur nese pata Fc Toe tt ot Sart of wat Ness ead “ory ory iyo agian Tid Rep tnd 2a oo ig Tay no sch conn pose te dinegtion “pe ae and othe ane aon tebe, oe SESE Soares ef ionatee and oon ee 1 eT nel ay te wane of nna inc ‘Bt dren Ws and he ep of ea ie TEREST ie om of mall ee ave cated ary ‘Thuy ores dieu dco cy” ee ce on einen SOY ie Sy eevee Se kee moms 2 et cul Sel eb re. Se tea mpd mes So Serena whim tontre omy Nee oe temo wal ne bon ela on “hse ed fn ag opp og er bii ee Beaty hry Sic or Sota sy oom nd oe of ‘isto whose parpose refi the epreetain ofthe pas on Erste ss con win spc ot enn Fy vowed aha Nowe andi collage hve cle see ie ae a os ey mining ce ae of ATURE perenne eno SoS thatthe menor of er ou cera ny ee ome at Steeda hic none t nbe ‘SESEE Sect mena soba a ietrebr mae vl rhaw nue e EES rare ns Graney ef Shan Sackett ges etme hne ones eee RCTs Wd wr cana ede oe ‘tna ic bec ar eb tg See ‘too ee hat events wae a eosin with eso sacl enfant cid es Toes‘Ast hve ef he ot asin, mot censor and most vid ‘err he nore fat each ew ie a el upon Dedecsion the Dror Asi onthe Feeh Reson, Vey om ‘he Dress te Alon ron Vi nd om Mana ‘tthe pt hve theres became compen a tee ba mes of secnanytmprsnce’ a evecere pproch tt i tha aow pig de (eis sh rsns red in any wos} cll spre fen of pre Soc mans ar ft fa ang ir soca |erwpa ach noe of own omarion. ke exo wil pot, [share the sume meres 8s forme prdsan ar = person deported N's conanraon rp. Thee may se be toate Breet tc ‘pop menos sd what mp be alld he “dainty thn ncalleive frames of te put thar may eve ce ve fl sats ee, or exami (hing of Cae Se Cora men There ma io be sin bv oft oe dhe "almrit” seman har bur moment, dss (ates and brs bros ta, the ter band ato pet ‘memory, abc 9 repre and htt py yo lever maraasan fhe rue ofthe peel Fa dy ‘ea a, ven ei ve, emo et racing a are Ehheee "Tet se wens a ext inthe wing of inary. Whar pofson or ante, th aoc ways pode eon Fie pce estan a rsonde i te byway clesve tenor: on he one hand hte np ober cise, intend hy "fe dominant mens wich ay sbeoneouy hep pn ‘ine and wear of ene om hoe ban, eum {er ol manay” ascent porta he sine pope ef he pat my afer vrei. xr 2 ‘Arava eho of he Resto, Veh a he Ags ‘war chor aby beeneanivena Now thy ger as the prose of oping exon en hast tarp ale, atin het a ey en ba te te of pogo ‘3 Senn «gn the conor not p cet were fees, or Fasc rch nes wt show ‘Roda hve wan one Bate moe Si tan te wi vee Why Vic? Keroro Pounce when ese it igh ana. che ‘Pal ysercars nce on whch nr geerstins ta ej he oetlcers, anaoveic, and nies i ened oem Semen somo Save happened inthe Seve eh ‘pet to sear of he Ostpatin Ir feo Sen nect™ ‘Sytem oe waren oreo oe hve spe othe ‘en et thar wt ily one tee nd nee once dpe. "Why hove memere ofthe Ocrpation (1940-194) 0d | aig snd cannes Te fe eos cote te | ht Tec fed i hve yeas wa oe of npc ‘burn The ent seady der by te erento he 930, {Cah ad nenpced may defend oa ham 0 fe ‘ser scepadon oy fren tose Meropalan Pace wis ‘Slo inespunte son edhe pie grew Vichy nd Ue Gale ve fr aot a ie componn coon Wi nce, wa apd ts pea ia 944 bv cone afer the Liber isthe frm of te sved prion or pr of tae leet we colored wi the Nox, Fl, ane oe tbe Ale srr fio in rpgnas at lo began tfc he robla feo- roi, plea nd mer! eoesructon Such weno fs ney ea seeming eee to empath tee wrenching Spucranarihete Steyn | ‘Sige pcre In pete the rnc hana ine grap one totem ih and moun wht bd lta in one eae efor hy fund thes cangh up in ys ante was der Vi, td wan Vic he pole et bean ke te meso the dl, td wa row he ure a te malonyl the become Pe eee had br, Furman te fal f France iso andere impel wera eh appeared to a oo snd edt te puso ew wek he cous nee cubed log th ‘Ss pta and lc elve.The noel channel tase Sed daiboon wie teal eto Autborty meme Yo be.‘epost somewhere been Pr and Hordes ashing fhe eid ever en seni he ir of je mode ea “The vey ame gies to te eine at sede the Tied ‘ep and docile cp de ce fan sete ois sleeper cere a aa Srtrenc Sate oppo roa ab ppl SErRiee cei s Set nae tee {Selvin cans Vy on 20 uly tp wet pee ‘shea a then cmb 1 pos, Etat frat aso te rgmnng sont progr of otra mento ad ‘deoadon pe ou othr com as fe es oie erage ity a balla co somehow fll ‘hea tena onde opene p beets oe eh |p You zy and htc d ender te wate ofthe {etping fre The prope of Pe eo a nd ad ‘Suk Comm bt Semen Poa rig word and he Sis ees fe Opens aj wo vas ates of gunstl emus woud lng steer he ter se ‘tis enlaer cl ae ey wold a hd ore | No out cial ferro Vy mm bores ma rae mabe oie sonfes at cid eres 990 sod ‘pects make Vy the very srrype of he gure ‘ro rami Aes tb 1990 thee had bes Cat oe ‘hel wee pied dang chad Nasi, ven tin ct own trio oh bee tha ef scan oe Se Popa Pont th Conan Te on oxo ete oppo Inge adi commen sh npn eee Pedy om te eFe be Mach ce en the ‘illo sla of epson agh te we of ‘eam some who cage sls ovis ae ee Bren Ilys Une came beat dnwn een te Csaba sad ‘Re Reso propiag dren bene hgh cy ier nis sir vin sed ces hat sme vm ep sal Ol barpveainerddiflennc sinning fom fe Recary ‘edhe Drea Al remand dng the Ccopesn he uel ‘aspen ssn, orientation tov xia pops mein 940 and 14 wag eke, ‘pei ces sre ee Sid ‘Jpn wen tod concer fica amino aw el ses wae ltt by Nas ut by Pech nese ton ‘Artes esi aaa tein Hr eens of phe egelwih ce we oe te Vy ee at [Rit pcr om teeta of psn ot Hor the ive woes frm of revenge spat he opr Ee Not “dng saree er olor, an te tun al ore ie eb fi Rance Nevin, sees of ‘vtrcsing he oie ar ls ent tne St reste pati orto 0 een hate Somme wet teal dso tc oe esa sSlco et de clever cl waeTo some he we of be {Sm mayen cng Pec was ing compro ‘hac wok en Sp ype or in Gee aig on fe be Tavera Ygocv sm ng Geany andy Yr Prce {Tes county sepedn a denocrie tn repienpuenary (oan abu it re er he Conner ‘re ough la nt mre nd aia ae “Te lyr ane clooney ops ihe penne oe epi mermenl ce ‘pecs ocleng manera fw rel Ee, Win Samia ogame evan Aa cis feces ieee oeo fremtan mete verted S000 brad sd 30) (eli Sed te cape Te rns goermeal apo ‘Soahe wh gute le py of te Geman ede depo ‘ln ef 7ecs0 end td fore Jem fore shan 5 ee ‘Som le Tey abo worked te sel #3008 moras ‘Gerry onion nd wad nein gi ence nl hr opens fein: Ales, Vb | Enron tt ot ely pone ral he Sm orn nd deers tome t b | Stich locman inate wee ined ot by tel | Staaten or malay coc bat by real seus in whit | Septet te ia pte pe/ llth ed ther ho led Jena ue he rue waged by Fe Pech an resance forse Body ce well Rovghy soe poe wee ed ‘rth wale eerste by te Prrsenl Gover ‘oe fane 944 (D-Dmy tor on ple GcspeanOF 50) oe ‘amined by acy sd rion sours 4 paces ene ‘a or cya 5 prin grade nate at) on and fii sg pre n pon team» ed then bog era ard bor fra ened ped of i ai ros7 pone were Say ad gtge soe wee scully eee I aon te pref the rf, whee ‘uly saroogh or equi n sls fae omy fed foetuses eats and manne, oe coat inp wel rome yoo dato tite hee 0 BE “thie ct mut eed he ouansf de easing fe ein een Alen a yet bere tl wa sod Tree Pane ery ‘beled naps of he Ocipsion we by no tas rma veal ci wae ta ol wa tor et he ‘ten niin econ feck hrc hc ws aye | Sen thetaroreo al wth aftr orn fonin ware er fy gos heme hen be end cl na "one hes on i i ett ent trate a Seravhec Sree ree Heat agrscamemesincis ieee ate ae Se Sen coe eens Ee ¢ Seeetise cocy emcees ce epee rien an an teat eimidcimenl at smeeleae series mrkmety cree iene anne “Tae Neurone sic of cogent slo ware Bat a fo i os ‘Sent Gut pee te feck noon 001 ne #0 takes cer sDeseeloy ty hal fot, we bole ‘Sonera less siper nena oe re hr Sette moi ea cop tnd cy wi empl owe st eel ona et Seth nn Ei mp fom snr os ‘SE Un wine new mcrlgen ind brea mre Sisco shea metacafe he ord engulf a profane Toe Aer ‘picnic ge oa a tt he See” wa det pono ware ae" Tay ae be Amoi, Macho, Geman, Rai Sparano Boop he Pech dog te wa ee ce Sina wil by ofthe menses tee cee ‘Sernton campy the emai of eth 3 oa weapon Bre chou ty coclopy sod sprite valence sclyoude el hc eter mesh plan rade, Sh cian of th marke ad te convene of pepe Siskeowe sng prt te ge nee a ‘Ete ngs eu ae od Wart pee oe word ‘clans. Tae bith credo nin bin ae Sohal dision had he ceumenes oo apr ol ee | Seni Sefecs nde) vead eh iene mae ‘Stearn spe of he ose "agony yo Vy? Why ot for xa ink ame Le of goer tot he erento Try of event The eae oh ene ihe ‘Teor pret ne pars orl peso te ny hae ‘varie eon Serie! date Conan mene ft ar och ws eg ove an ee bo) oma em nr gg pie Penne thn bw raed er ‘Np worknr yet sh theo man preacy be ino nb dnt oh Vio tp, lapel a esl {Tmt prnny inthe deste ht he propio Feme ke} ‘ect ntcvling temo Sar tnoge's gener on | ‘Sci ouapetom dewey ano doa ast hw || | | he ve ie i pg id ey pied (eopacaataae ‘ate ke the wacom i dan dry, wht is known Colecive memory erst fal isis manfvaton a ea ‘hr maysby nich eeve i preenee, Th Vichy doe co oes dhe er of ype whey the wa of Be Oe pont pal tet msm om nl dns ‘ie Fancy eves uel a pla soda dcr Snce ‘iseed ofthe wr moron ht acm ar br erensted sad ‘A tonlgil ering of ee prs brig in fc fouesage po of eaten. Sener gg4 ard 2954 Fans had "da dicey wih he aerate ws pars aed any ‘ihe Nouming phate nina covaaicios had tana ‘Stl inpacto what ane sherwar. From 9740 2972 eb (foot Vy became lee serene expe fat eco ‘Sorinthe pono sget-rgee The Fcc apparel tad epee ‘mori ei war wh he sdf waa eames damn? ‘Spe “etncalin® Th sem, fat ned se the Leon ‘fathoms othe pg bed ite insures ‘nsalon Umey it proces hat ough 0 ane dt portance oe Vay tine andi impart on Pech sxe, ‘digs mos weve spect cna be consasoe of =no isc af many the Reiter wwe penne mame! by ‘Eom ase pu ie al rope ofp paras sth aid the aul fighting and owe exer ar coded {heap in cetain ses and poopy toch asthe Gaol and Commuted wih fly cabot op and, ‘hetdenieton oi "Resins" wih tena ms whol ‘Sars te of oe rae veri fhe mh Beween 197 abd 297 carly conse ach wat sha sce thee wa bce. Thi wa the hd phe of ‘ich sonaed here rer ofthe egree Int ht ‘Braet ouh pte cooing tidy phe fee. ‘ton cnmettned od oot head Gy the renwal of Jovi or and on he ote; by he importers of (he Ontpatn sented Foch poll dba ‘The in pat of te bok th aenge to act contous of nu Wat bowel em ppchosnalas inp 2 eae ISS ae enplonary schona No stenge le ade sot out Uacern lepers an laren « Pech ese (Tico! Gene eel me saa ped fm ar ‘tron ple ie Arar age feet al anaes (Shenae tpi ofs eet eas howeveriosgast ‘ey bein ih nod tows ane whey of syne fy inrngang te coe a es ‘atjed£dcie lta te hoy ef he seone: commen ‘noe fim, and iopahy Indy tors hora roach {a ehinp coor commemorates eave of te apacat {are tocomnrc ali manor fhe ps bea ia oes anf hive had eave impacto te formation of « ‘oon foe colton aa hecgeaphy Dace ‘Snead ei Seks te primary vec of enon, "Roly fer sonyng ths vero meron en ying she foe rl fhe ned ope hep (rte i xe (htm yas othe eps, to wha mp be ale "EI nemac’eroppned othe nsened mencry of gous and ali pers of irre Tas yen the oli [pth lore aceasta snd operstal val of he pat that 2 piog ob thn idl Te gueien be were ech ‘oplof rn pe and oaoolsuenced by he repeats Ei en! "Bde hs he pg sui i a om in he pret nd onthe ttmpson ht uch sural ca be wo ie ‘eral histo intended be pees. So ae mo in te bate said he at ad the bee Ad eve Hl esac | ew edwihin ch Line ny power no bet sone: of de yome fae dectbingPart I Evolution ofthe SyndromeUnenusiep Mouasine (1944-1954) [Reins died oo mane per: heron spd Reo ‘con, Fight, ha igh ee decade hollowed heed | SF cceaton war x cpr of mug, ne hat ‘ole ot ny he nal wana evi Se lle or ‘Sounded the wan a sed ser 198, bt ale +more ‘Sec an eee cosigo ets wih rnin Sie The "eau meno” ot woud pen ems i ts por, wie ck He, eof Seng Tayo rane ad ale | Anabjet nd opie view of te posta: ptod catonacly “The Liberation: A Seeen Memory ‘When te ighmae filly ede Fane experince joy pro Toon ar mary of hn tas ay ng on hap i {aeatons, Aria spl cared ct 98), te Libereon Fapqq aod te Ara 940 eed Ks ad cdo he i feos impart vento eat erty Yea ee ees Ute by sand 9 pron othe pol)! Despi al e aben “gen pene wa thd paramount glance ‘hein of be Pench Leal howe dams (nd ee forte defen sol have raked es he case precedes he el Invetepe, mene he hah of epee inch he Pine or neat chance of an eet alowed oe ie ‘il import, as sepa te Nery of ac. “Th at any ety the ay x poss ison gh view these poles aa weve the et igg at op4s wee of cal Inga, act enn thames at esse for antherEvoLurioN oF te SyNonoME ot) bathe prod when mtospacve ins of the Ocupton fie began to tke shape, Becrae a he end Lin he operas Sone of the war and bres ri) pols fer sega 0 Plt an arbialet heap to te a advantage, cole mem Sy a al fe event sly eralied arama seal eo ‘Shc iene nda ese ht a tn Pepa bs | SeLathmse lainey teem Soe eerie areas | Seater ae peace tend x Tin tse fo seman op 29 Ava 4, Coe de Gan cee eng hohe ey er eins nce he ener eur lot oppor Sly and et ty ofthe wa Yea Tie on be Fond og mas. «anes nh oof Pace, i the yo a tad bee ten 25 Ago aed the oe! els Geral de al ot in “or loved nd see ‘BS na eed Neer bv chy ow oe esac or tne AE ae, wher Bed ‘Sern Seamer atone Eom eral eran ‘Seesaw Seas eps of Goals ST Tone foetal nage iad o 90 ns ney rmsd arate whale: Ad el spe cles tne son war on oi asta aes esc ne ori tha rode Gaal tar a exc ron iad ere Slr en arash a eactPenh ee, Parshall op. i rev, "Pane tus cd ty wha le le ‘ilo of eves tbe sede ey and Slot Tt {eon war wee phe On he sede 25 ‘eta Cos Bac key te member he Coch Nationa dla na) ih he care ye Ce i Psi de Litas, eet reo hat the leacer oe Franc tomaly oc de Rebbe robe co. Dd acted eon ei Unrmsnen Mourne i “The Repu hasnrer cede. ie Beane ing Fane, | [Mate ah Cooma of Ness! Lvov by ng cid iy war an nll a wi wy am he pre Sve he orca te Rope Wy hoa prea “Thi eocane was of eau pa: In memoirs blithe ater the ‘ean in iar tae since nee or aby her mene ofa ent how whee de Cle iended to ny 09 he aon | ine Hl de Vie tey had wished "othe ote to vo any os of ebunerandng® Nevers, Gauls ate Hones te way nwo Vey wav snap enone in pareetiees > ‘Ons Apel rou, Fag Das eit Dge wee teed the utr of avers esreced amy e Gaulle conned ia mich these vei thine tempi rhe petty othe Nas ecto: ane ung deride of wh ek oe done epee ‘ape ogi ty te war orgin sme ty yeep ine . ‘Sra ines cg aan tbe ned 3 {cw We hve pas ery artery sw OY cole ‘acral enflen an conte, ofcourse, ih repel nase, four Somes ttn hve never dt ue qu oe ny enw" jr agen Comhaghetwo was ning nt tien lsn payne secon por See tee “esipal sch eo pnd Tn Se donee =n ee eee | ‘et partipming wae ot yt oe, De Gauls sateen was ako [rssempe to ome intel divsose trea cl er ti ised fac tee Clscy Tel he "ato" France farsi stages woul ve nora comtae once eS ly wat dened: OF course the Genel i ot wa dey he ‘tbe of cont between supports and adver of Ni, bes lettin obcued te spect nal eases ofthat ‘ones Fey cantata visor ening the vicar 1918 whan joy wae analeyed, without ay Rn of comlor o¢ 9 ore‘Tischer lately elcome view conte what sal cal te “Gault resisancise cho Tis myc id aor wo ch deo the Rszane and ety st he ssn) ein restane, 2 pegl bole’ ee | fie agicont i Gaal tou nemediae th a pale eal pri, moved, or cance lade. [was on 18 Je ‘9 tht de Gl brand happen othe rnc eto, cli be pops of Face worse cS ines Tas ape wa tebe rapetpoted one ar ore compe snd incnsten rete tf tbe Occupation. unavowed objective wa 9 pee iter bpetion ofthe pst i ip ofthe agen needs of he prevent. Yet Gaulle by hint could not cope with he demand of evortg the mula eeder wile we ae ine proving aneorty poled spe of emplox eve ta a been expen by ml. Teor ot peopie in vey erent wap The Gra meh ws Taso at id pot take Bld unl ck ter anderen shen or ony sor time ‘Patou wesinane Sgersoen were ming fom de Gaulle Dx | sie yd the a pre pads ne, ‘promi place nthe pli! veee, The hry of rane ot 154401947 bs Gen xl by any ad do ot wih re shiner. ules tw sy hatte ene ge wig of Fea oles, nding he wan ight prs, ws tray doe. ‘edna years aes th colli fhe Vien cose doe to apaling “hs invochle om" To ge see pele Sle 4 dpe and sears mee mae eligible or elect {o puller becuse they had vot fo gant “ll powers” wo ‘anal Pein ead petted in eV seine of a, 63, ‘or more ha abd bonged to he padamertary coe o& Hh 12 esa eee cae fo the Radial aly of parte an 2 {fom the S10 (Sos Ie the daly prs commarie, tal, fd eae papers scoured forte tha bl he ilation, Sh the eae of commit dls had quadeaped compared ‘wah rent Spee Fal «ample hound dato dected ‘ole ding th Fourth Republic shews tat ved hd been ‘ote wi ermations fhe Restos o Free Fance® “The cactay pola ede, tie ranks peal eeplensed, ‘woud beneath eae fens of he Rear, wh, dep ts rue eg fon, besa + quasseed symbol Member Src a» cnt pr eb lpn Te esicue wasted i e she ple clogs of he dy TEiheoctud woot Bre le wa parapet fan the ight {Sino tie Resnnce ne pstheon of repbbesn vals the Tove dope own version ofthe “essen myth” wick (Ged om he Guin yesenn ar ipcrporated oll pa “Gin novonents Kev of al were the Communis, hob Jong wee deutngthrsves arse "party Of 750 fl thot ead yee Ceo 5 sh ange ata (one ign of whose psec can be men in she way fore ras ave hep op penal at for moe ts ey dare yong ng dew el nara {etn payee san out on ne stamp. ae est portrar esi wines wee ae te ame en WoT Flix iy rnin bce he wot, eu of wht he ad | [Haye an soe vole in opposing the German The Re args the camponin of he pests of Fans pa tne [itbncn sparen efit on he owe eve yo pes of te Hh ppion at wp ‘kee ge pty hoe many een othe ope dish, eee oS ites etn eh ie ‘en ow sets of plea pereiaton e dvi ry {ee Cae pean many wa 9 ey ree in Foch ‘bis care uy anasto (rer paren hat bad bern Eleheined af set beeen tot Egg wee pcb Ire perc popaar tay chan were he coi oun eres” ‘nove veo i evident i thi pasa. The owas cen cling {othe amurng nage of 3 ring Far, ba he dere «re ‘ur to noealey and the wih fore be exceptions dan Ean ofthe Ocapaton sod ithe way nt cs sf he Renee Tie conatcion beam evident ihe are Inthe summer of 945, teal gan Pan ofthe Resta" ‘Te ump of be eipny see asia enya taperimee wih insional change, someting of which both be Gault he acon seataner moves deemed ech ina di ‘een wap, bata conaarson of he wdional parc whichi Evotvrion oF me SewoKone, ad gun rent oe gle asin the oscpyng fore 0 {and ote en ep the itn henge. "This ambience beeen a enarionl comin the ie \ or the French pope edn mautnce eouped wih fl to ‘cpt the asta he ora pola lew cafe {arf hell icoae ve the past a atenping dee [Relate ocean canel compen and nies Cnet estan a connp tat sees fot sly sho henomsnon wih poll sod mltay pes bu sl chen fal ein ht psenon and ster shred yaa nab ff peopl Wer mae stp pee eh |e sean ear cate Be Toca el Party a recat deere yee ie Sots iecopens Sense peerine cent Tren wept th nae acc citer re me ee soepsnicns rae as Daa iimiplemnssomdain maeamte Si leer cameleon ea mide Seeelemnrn.s eer Sieettn sic ang satan coke at ashere es asec cond ly sty meee Pe epaay neha Ra en Siecle onreaar sate Soceaare fet ata paneer ie sonmeme ae Se epesat ea eterna are SRE octane Soares ee rs me Shitandaaronieiterient Wontar vanessa Unrisien Moureine ‘Ae ns oniy loin what wa inet a i wa, 2 gee rnc fae te ute Il pve ce dep étsnn, whic row ever decoer ah Liberate ceded if he pas tna book bli orca ee ei Ren ne i [eee yen, Jean Cavos, one of ee Br to jin the Resin, ‘end btine yin of whl enero renee her Te dg ofthe enue wee ately elo bu sha hich abe poste he ken of wht rs nde # le ian No we acndsying fom if Rena a Mau ‘Sh sie ae ung ee or he eh ede en tas was eoeviea fer big seed» eigen on of Nel arice rr abot lit eal Neen ote eos What abut rhalcomay a he nme ‘Magy ecpnmatin tton ene rom anther pr of he pli! perm, Chaves Rist» pl calmodcnte bu ery an iain poke fot many hab comm ‘ens we than eatin ny 9038 Jy 9945 Be en pd ye an ene teeter ee acest pner Speci sonra Seth th a ane antec Dry Matt apiets tse Seu ac bat ‘hs purge ths made needy utp, broad proved icjealib we rey spionar err la | Shh war wha Eo mei wel stow wiht] Sle paca wali fo ad plo oe oa fen “he dina wa Bt nea el thew es ide we fee sheer nmy vers persistent its vas ao Fo a and he mow ise A wee he Conia ‘ge had ana adoeet nal rbreqoor: menor of he Oe bitoni mary ways show conc spplaed te ald one A Pos domes ump bya fe tnd nerd pray, tis ow ion war oe vee han oe pled to ae BET depaory mwas legal fr tap at soon Bei hd ben surly xed fi fac the ner wa ne tot ep) ott ed ovis" ilary in soe Frac were olisg ple bensGiven thee opting mand he repre of nel den sion, tei oil lations fe ensane soul fal Bae ‘ol War eta hous presen had clined aay sclion ands ill ie and et alle o cher saied tae aig rence a he sap The memory of he weckes ad Found mae enkadinet ns sey sdied sche! he ‘ent roa: he Atte Po es forsaly don the Ptcipal menage bequest byte univers a that cone Was ‘Soethtpoke o he eer a me Ew of phy! er tog and then of meal spa nde, pt old une a8 pany and er eying shore fare petri. Te co hf vaues were Tove of ie pie sen vig bucled nde, ond erro hing mood by ane xtrade snd baring bern se 0 aunt on than" Aer tata see, wc had poe it telly uncotened anal £9, he French wee ned st mousey [is ey the count sare off (itsceyen at ene ish vilage gees though Fare have eve eter eed loo th neon or matlab oor noon ‘eviaymacked ys sng ateeach yar: Nove, Arie The nd of Weel Wie sgh forth no sme oupouing of pict Ofte enone French Sead ony 2 hil bad ed weapon endo ol ashe Donbetaens, exes, se ey ad cepesonen or had fen visu vo ira cmb atc ort cloier,Tdon fore ofemmomorason were "propio och Semen Hence the ato tained {Bec nce abot wat andi teases On Ju 1948 {he fnmce of Prt Rey, Lon Bom owt Delany Abe Sseru, Jour ash Benen, and thouun of other Acne ‘areanes epestng the goverment, sowed inthe Soe of nantes» manuent © Gears Manel, ho had been ee Caeedby the lies Eneed or tees fhe oe were oes She die’ Grp Mande sure by th ene of ance 7 Jey apy Tho eter reid nanle and ele, hey Fee have bz ot mens but Gena an eed of ‘ips cara ture toy posi are" dy ole example, Moneys, -he deed of ‘Word Wir ae extenly ise Mot of te rod thot ‘is at ei sel mora‘tevin of here war" wih he an of killed ewe, and age sae te ge atu atte prominent He a of oe led tren tpg nd oped Mise va bunds of caer wer foe eebihing (C sits vera ey a alls eh vl refer so ht cane wi he "ncdpe “TEE depos oo who bere fe snc fy “he pone of wat wot cal 0 dingy Sel fo te“ od dea tere “deo omen erm fhe Rect and hr he qoron mnt ace envoy» eee bel aging oy vr the pie sisenne of STO servi. [forte wets of the ute (wher exe or ply ma ee), meen ies on ee corral ence ere ‘eisobedinone (7, Teer Sou many lbaon ofthe Liberton ot sets te oot tha ae wa ncpate of anne sienna nner) fh ree hese ef era est Inthe aun o gq, when te Conmani Pay honored ei Tinea he cdandstewst.n ener Pst Pe Fy and in Chars. The ay stan meget ak pe (ofthe pag Arms Day cron "ie hopagee the tle {augcs9t cob tro ho forfour ears ane efi ibtEance swell onthe ery rl te find one ‘Nitra owt bocce pet tae Nasal Font wa Coe it mat orgie) Of conte shrew ad een bing “oud Pee nce! neon the Fe French of London ad ‘ier beso Como eer Mase Thre ova c Ingthe ac Sl, he yeu agen were aay et ree ax moni Sel devs orb par FGatca nde en 39a Yt “TJ 945. die ped over hich of ee won weld be BET the tea, he enon ede ts ‘Ee repute lomain alana suppor by the Communi ‘Cais ey, hes by Legos Hen Ben, eed ye 28 a er wt open ec i pti olsar4 othe enh pn” he bape, Sore eter clan sates at Ee [Namal der Mors” weels duc wate ho, ote oe an Jean Molin Orr ebony tthe cleated the sie Unrimses Mowrnne ery of he satu oe of aye anton ne wa hat Be ste do th Poplar Ft Tee Pibenion wile ot 2 Ape Dry, fe Gal vee ee em coiled hn new, lb ey TERMI ene le Dp setae! iy PEG Wales om aie ples wat semper BP Nvenber tus. Even teen of # May 3945, he dy “Bermny cite, ly ate, arg te fo le pln” Op mister Da, bone te goer ASD deceit he cour ate Pench ct ul fe soto he eames solder who Ind Toh {leer nse Franc, one ana ae wo WO de ‘opin one mun sn one wea bos coats a thn {ESP dopey ve poner shor whe emp pes. Seni ees es deni Eee famosa oe may ap eaters pera e “icine eon sel clout sa sae Step tod Ee wha reed Wa el oes lors db ee aro hay of 94 pecs tei rnc pd lipid ie =) ra & sway dpm te mee oo ed ‘elemmenetone Ther of iin om the Nac cone ‘tion campo wast eres ge etlced tom mer. The ‘Slcrinmed arr shou he ange bd opened te wim isa ime tg Dect 194g sae of Aon Roger Vln ectbte Be thernon ob ett apo lace ai ne 10 Sees of ee Cn Sf nd nS ay | Apher dpi en of Mane “Fremont shy revere Ap when the Es tetons of cap suivr se ia Paria Many expe od ‘here soph the se contin athe pones of wae ‘lee Wormers wo war evolved nthe roe feat ‘ena es beeen expen an ei ‘When he Gish woe lac ‘toon ugh proton warmed een |S.sor cmpleng eae fel hey wold able ‘eure home ae eve srl ie Cha we hae kan ‘Uinta aot Onay ae was chen, bu he tel adn {whch bad maved es Abweh offer dicing tbe Ocpaton- "The ‘si sf ls nna," Emanuel Mounier ensly ered InSipemoer #945 "Why sme of hom at ven Sapured Tet ‘upline eomt for ate hot oly wih ofr 32 ‘Tih spol co eae and quit Many ofthe ene a f ‘espe wo sive ely ecu tey hoped bear wines what they ad endured, rey wee et wi cn oa repent StaLanthersned operand ont proved bebe voaree Stach iene ed aodrtansng wae at stl 2954 at ane abiaeds Joan & Ie Deport (sy "0 Commer ‘tee Deportan) and two ake hey Jee fr enor rtcndlelethove jv who had expel ie gence (ception spl the memory af he eet act ip enbeote i i “The Liberation tos represen en imran sage brn se i fee tbe ci shares of he Visysedrme which aly {ook the ple of absence ad alee | Been the date eosin a bior-—the ci wa andthe aeporatan- snd the most her chapter fee wat apres laon Th tion pr et an algun ated cored oe | Reteann ani lt ings of a ire snd arson ‘out te porvar pre. Ot! conmeneratons reste symbole | thaoaly pal coped the memory ofthe wae My iat lice were pote. Memory ote wa vould theeae ele leg ould ths ofl rework, whi ha pained ssptanee | only athe ost of dioring he ales. At the same ine, pre Inemore sh aes ocd te lrmaton of mote acre "o fat ee ithe Communi, for inane, emphnized the dandeine rug hs the nase wa tn the cs wer eget remonou cies {thee view he rtance ihe wee te ews of 195 and he (Comme, whens Mt ax ete of Bese he tar ‘wh seared the Prana 872. "Te Gals vew seed tary specs and epblan lepi- « nay The estas hs ha bee eo be ae Bushey ad ‘Te ve mor than hs dary sole. Te vestanee” fr its ot fad gered France at + whale fom te Prabc of Joss PPRscand the pole. Ths remtngot hon eapened «wie eee nef or nt eye pared ated m8? ‘eee retro sxe 0 feel sing ies asl ‘Soc Some weekly ong: "De acl utr! tec (ira Toe tne ea ore Te ie of lob rere seve re Mi” ste he novest Marui Dua ‘Bolu in angus fr ber arta o earn fom Dachau” 5A ae spin sy co scove tat he Galle we Bic algene the segment of he poe tac eae loyal = ‘al Pnin thee Fed Ropers bas dates he peabogeds Tier wo, tigen by a0 aeacy dod ig of he tae, (mad os flewnplog "Reirocawmgeny maitre of “Mh was god in Vichy leiaie romped om (Bon war aut Germany Mr no ean x eal part (Gales "ena rane? aed wit he 6 onder, eel) Scene of theresa"? Te ew meh capone ql ‘Earanyone cold eae may beth bo ew eon were stay Ihdaae no the ann, bt hare was sora of ania, “The Cold Gil War Byes moved au, The hol sequence hat had bein sn sonia ough vay and clade Liberata nly cse one in 47-The begining of he cld wae ied te taro pba cole Sorage lo tial tion nd peo le were Segue forthe “usbags ext ead. Meith ‘Minunl of Commoner om tbe goverment on 14 May ‘St sor thar mpage of the Reina party re ecomensqucky became te dosnt force a Fench ole ‘antiga open masa aed tel Ta he coment or Osean ook oa ac Ie came ‘he Libera ged woad vse revere feeble ele. tes opon che pl pars dew a te fhe dy (le The main ad endured ook pod of moar ewesee 194 and a9¢7 Now de pransone bith of inal dons ‘thar mong ee was ample ‘te govermee ater orem ied phwiy Fase wi- ened te oa fc stint dee he tet {he Vey tnd one Ben pened permanently duce he yarn reaonaces ad bred he page 2 ‘ped esa eran See or oe cance ‘esr ben paler Le Docent neon Mi ‘Buln pian; Qustons aul, te per of he amd nl pron el Plane, nate yt {ight who was ee sn ndepedet dep saa nd wo otnenclowderof te sertlved er Repo diane, ‘hh enpent in wln set ow Mats former ences A ‘Boos ar famgaer achieved 4 cena sigh sono, oma the cher estan hd moe tan od ral Te so hi e-card! wi he pain el th fi te af Ren sliavns Ers de Pre 3 fe rene fet of pl pbcton wath fica ncn oe Acton Fropie, Aiport d a FravnIn xp Nal ai awe? inl nda bona of outro wo ad ght ‘erase Malvina fen up ere gaa ‘sie ars by tome ofthe ng te of Scie Fa Sichan Aled Fee dace od Med Jann slong wh ch eng yong etm Fg Bren, ee aa eae e195 4 now soncpt mt forme ih pined lntne sah rao spled th rer hah 8 et hat ne en lingo’), Te iene ra ‘The word raat la plot conn med Secty thesia, spec nose endows elepay ‘aye only nthe Ba dae fe wo, Te Resse el ee ‘Ror vagy Sneha enlisting ack ‘onda he pe Ve cht ght oot» ool ‘Sted poste alain he eth pac wale ne tine densncng he eis pepted y hae ropa oe ig: And was ot de Chena ho hed Eo propre at ‘aca emote ie fhe Rese! LUssonsneo Mouanxe Mit Dae pt way nthe et if Ea de Pari evo alms ee enter let the re entangle ote eb ily te Rest Sib Sth ss undeaton of hema bath heaton ‘Shuts sng sega» Renan sierra, Der went SRS cap in aigmsr area goes cone d= ese, ened as ines, he de Vi 0 Tener dee fly Ima overs, whch eed ‘eMac mach el Alpe he esse of Be, Shahin Commi an ea my (ketie oe dein «ong erty (Sowa vane oe sib eas a rai lige (Feta Wend and Graves snd sto ibe Fe lary, ‘edo, Fy Dace Sarge ha nce 1a woamed ote TD lige rs ov cl wn and 2 le Penh ad ‘Nr tabu eo hate and ne worm en Ta (Sure aero spate by amis of iy. ound teem ‘ine unis Domingue Gave ko fad sted cn Fea a ‘Sle pes pe fea mgt earn te cdl Sug of he Oech wa alleged to be 8 Eien sso “Tease wensve thang dey bce en ht ya het aso te psod 194 ‘sees ther ho renee ‘essa’ tnd “Calibers cathe rey to raft EME ot Sabot ined eu ae ethno, ony or SESS id nee ran we {Di web se menor of claborson nw hy we ‘pute ust ad demons laure cba oy ‘Mopac Vy pb and ane clara) athe Rests, Eat ey cep fa ao whatomer ee fra ‘Sud ul ete wee shit aang t eae Fech airloe ‘saeco: She pa of be Osan Raper Nim ‘Saleen fe omode es eet as hops ie Th wh oe ‘Sitpovebednton and emeng con apd c e ieo oly ue Broo, Ln naga he cof ave ‘Sy Fane ena tes ask cxpreiot. ‘Ivbaranderand sree ahegen co at ey ‘Boul eo ane bared conser bt hat hey el so ve ior dae Sechenova bra ran ste, cat yb ted wea, Te igi of fe 190 nf he ae int of 44a now aes esp bloc ach ein ‘Baretta, wih we ea Vic Gals Cala ‘titon-hee bln onary Nether vot hdl he tse tei ty bicep elezetasoe ‘sl isp he acer bee ur eel a we at ‘zens end anh dn et he et ian al py wht ew ry meee tee” "Isa ih wing withoot nostalgia posible? asked Rava Gra ev ih ll ae rope Nim and hi husard ean ‘wel set be no, Thes evn of hier ea be Sena ute (ST ywerog ang oat the tage of te ag, One wey oF “zoe, iy ha be ea wit whether oda sea ot ‘ky lets, Berl eed corner to fore te fa™ [Neveveyoe on te gt wert a fe Yerbe Ocepton cee ouneevluionates as well ss mationas, and preset Ioomed hod tek the prises ig and the Galt RF ‘eg spent fe moder Hight oe he nose rem isa oppose othe py the btwn of one cl wat for smother atl wing. Cote ose example. An else 3 ‘enue of Denne dary fom Motina fied wih be Popular Demers Pty, ounce «confit ato ith the Order of Our Lady of Mec) fo te puro a aig vis of the pe "Tero" In oq he pub betaling pp ens ‘id Lt Cramer mgr a estat "Rese the Reoance what Gseaion eo eign whet bras ee Sy aod arte mage my what nese ee te me Hlkeion of sable epic the tps gang unde: Commis [Esler Fubar Darengs denounced the ute fo fs eer, lec of principle ad injure He sed ter fo the members of France lie who were sual compromised by the Macca end ‘shundoned by she Gener" No doubt ena ng fs Ov ve areca vou ro rae al ower to Rein on oy 1940 Te many nes Catol, apps to ve vocambed 1 he Fld rempeaon ely co Glare afer the war tat be had bee eae Sec «stewdpuyetleg am ith dv ‘Sonal he fre proped xpunging te terms "Vie" and "Shboror™ bom oe French roby, bese ule Bs eee iar wos of ancy and of he deception Ghoegh td ta ar ded heen 0 many anaes “fr sina nth Vichy ar no tal I 2946 Deans eed fund th Aosanos de Repesorans do Pele ee exo te membership ded ayo and depts dead Fell fx otic, anaeg whom were soe forex rice Bt. 1c Git Ober tos mural less after ee ‘Sey wan tte) wel enero Epes the defn Freres Fl Ear ond Bere Bene Pani, Mach {out tbe soso waged Banga of 00, refrac the ‘Songeteo 848 Spsiers ale at champoned be en of a sy and deeded he cone the “hone and ener ui Fer” eel rete Vichy minis who ged wee ete ‘teh Engatd” while condemtng collaborators and cials who TG pred ar meer of the Rectance” What wa 8 wat hat ‘he anc wore far reba of pred oil ade {Sanyal wo be naan in vr of th The Reb ‘ve Vichy had been ootig ore thin 2 eatin of the Ted Repco ition, oteqoene ofthe paraienay Vore tae Jay spun be ew rin Heaney bad recede marly age Se depuis eta, and mayors of the Tied Republic by deciing them sli. #948 ay mesber of he ‘nen Ce Nan et pert 4 - “Arak on sans thi gs werent ony vera. Sse foe sme enter ofthe Fancast Petans (07) athe FF Stes speed in ome cane with god eso, of ating eons ‘mextton dng the Leadon and were proved fo tee Ieged stn nthe fal of 1946 sod ala nling #0 eae ‘oat or Geman psonas ese ii mong thse pict in ‘irsocald sla of a Que de Rana (he are of» lc) Nas ober Lblng he formet lender ofthe Surcou! magus gers) ”Evocortow orm Srmonone ee sooiteramats mths re insaccrceeee eee emia Saatauriaomanoemee snare aden rees Seubert icra ‘ule aon of te Pah tary Reon, ecu we ined Sain eee ee Sgaesceestaeeneeas Howe Migniehememire ieeastimuaenenamans iemdenenmeseremere pees pas mec eres chginanrpaces oa koreoe Comtushemamirios Secon eens a {sawn Ror nike ee eed nh mor of and ( See eee hist hoc Fors went ee po he re tle vcs of pre Sone he Deans eine tobe Incite by Can tll he tere Cae Ry 8 ‘ine sce of de Gr, payne nt ol ie cht we (sph de “The Generale Archer “he “Rly af nas eave « mae of worse oe td Souda exe hohe a ee oe Ueerncm MoveNone she means ft pt Ba mpd «choice Benen, ss SEGRE ile ices te Ver comer ere "Oa xe Api 350 Colon ny pulsed an anil be wel oto nr ghnieatanime ahaa Sao enmcnees| (holed ee gach he Mahal msi pe hive FendRgjpon Tse fw enced sted eed is ped of aay 4 idesagil eeing seg wis neti nt abate soca expend het wat nv at eed enor Bannerer on 6 Rag eq Gt Senn who ook nm de ur enh en ele we ‘seam roach ae te Pie we sedge te Resmi spate for he Ron amp nr pevethin om eng te rise, on ote el ae wr of Fs ese nde command) Pe Dvn ner iow ae Cll Ps ne pd iy line of te Rese fe founder of he Ray Cote SaetDnne (Neue Dane Conan Rete Never be ‘atsepanee ori inp wth he 7 nay {Say hescompud Feraed Grny reps of he Com | ing eae tie ana’ “py begon bling ese wes abort dade sc a er wide vend and Rey Beane he hey Reta ho nll ga tat combined le fe ‘tap thie or out mace pop yew ‘3 demon ph of pas pasion wo, omy mn an ‘Sbor psu cur ond ean? ‘uy i ha pqy wa on ft oandas ofthe Pe sets Go uy cbr mer of he par ae ‘andthe pred eed tential eee (Gol cipvonas™ He ac ws pblaed aaa dh ‘etme aoe er be nJane 295th RF weld ease ‘Siggunuve sian fe at at are th py hd ed i opt mel aon Oooe 10 Ba ‘saet a suring tot il ose oa at Ry Jah stie bd come he ee of Mahl Pe.fac nd grote htt de Ga sep teed SSrveatoe nee 19 a face le sng! tebe Ge MinkelirGuleuddearowadea ‘steam chown fore darren ofthe Goa ‘sno, any tad ppc be touche y pate in ne 940, ewer, te te Remy hed ence she pone of hag erp ‘moyen nel a 2 tor ia 140 sia enor had tone ae ‘eh iS ea eee ged umbloumdea” fin Be sb dt aed mo pst. ‘oye and wha es ve vce of Coe We. ‘Bn Ruy nd mer All Rupa wh ad seed ity of elt un Yay and wav an adn eect Ergin ve ved Ry ade ns rete Peat vostance ee ther gs Auk ‘hind that Pen had sce game t Dc ga Sic epee he iyi et ons November t9ct ln Mach 130, ater Doane, ‘Meine sy rho Rly rn gee ‘hom he acoso know we prude the oo ke 3 Publis deourcg be “ene” ih bere sa Foes pedal thas ond eb abe fa sre Tr wot be «mae vo sew Rem overnite ccs india cena A Rémy hel ene ‘na beeing fled he empl de Cau ial Aker aig te gree vat tye Cone ded fot xqut stn to meno ent of Re oo eel ase eo in Jae 2948 he elt "he gener oe Erg Wa. rep awe yh ell a ol ae od ere ira ch gpa my, ‘ei cnriton dan sry Seoul hee ie hice fora be dang oe, be weld ae hes ema Sei ec nS ee ei Mn ected ota clare ‘eee ape danas judg of ema, Te eater thea ieam ma a fon et] whe Land sven irre tar oe ere ch seo Gener opt nce 9h re Pia te pneu wena cee nt ameter ne rea dagace (oppor tosow ran ‘Treaty ete tec pan! Ee hn oth Sa a ne word ot Boa “La ae eget PE he sin bad changed conden ane te ice | secs nie pac tones general me men of > SEV Sap lr nop he soonu e foe ame neva NEUSE ne ean ts cundone ston pods ot fe hen ecto alee nt allbrton ae ES Hiy cant eder consent ele (Sigeaen bl pene See eo es et Hy ey SESSCEMtChal ly hanged mind bow Vi ea, ‘cn cane fy a ses a ors poet ans wa Ye always ia TSeISCima we snare Chase de Gale ie nn en He Stale de ptssan' tetera he Fou epic te neo the OF enya ean layed on ‘jocuri eng ose niga in & pan SST geen tae won tthe moe lage Fee nt ejn in see ine by Rei el aes “fs de Gute homees sing spl. 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