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Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers

1-1-1962

A comparison of Raven's Progressive Matrices with the Wechsler

Adult Intelligence Scale.
Andrew J. Kizik
University of Windsor

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd

Recommended Citation
Kizik, Andrew J., "A comparison of Raven's Progressive Matrices with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale." (1962). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 6308.
https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/6308

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 OOPlUWrBNNB PR0GRE66IVE MATRICES

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 UMI Number: EC52487

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 A B B T B A tT

The {mzRose <*f tW# pressât resm reh w # to And the reW oasM p

*Npt*me«*i iWb*k]aüKV#Mi lüMqfRMMdhP* ]Wù#tr&%** #md1@is Tüt*el**lexTjA4loI* ZkdhdüUüEsaae* ISakls

tW AB). TWs #W y extended the W #s% ##m ia Qd# area hy em ployh# the eom-

piete, la&llwKp ##*wa;*MMWb#l# form a e* The experimw tal aamidba oanalat##

of 40 male mtv@ r#% stWenW raagb# ta age & # » 18. ë years to M . I years, #Mh a

madhm age o f Sl« 6 years.

The o*Np%%t&*#f*s»«t1**ti*#M;a t l* %&*&*#«** iwmdlW* BKAJK) nmgadiümmIkMf

to moderate, la gsoeiml, thsea results were low er than osmpurahle atudiaa in dda

tWXNk. 11 xaaGdkaWotkiba $&«»]«#*** <# intelliganoe, the liwak «dfti&BoarizaiiadktvaiiponsaKr

of the BW rtoes, the laok of a ooaatmat tte e lim it, asd A s langthy adm inlstratien

(MMdkMl oftlks TKVWB iNNKMiaoam odfil** %ssa*mu# iad*imo#»d toiKqdbHa th is foot.

The la * qf#& constant tim e lim it fo r A s MaWoss provided the basis fo r

a soW diary analysis im th is sW%. The oamher of correct Kama m the M airioaa

waua recKxrded fooriMwdb s*d*i#cdk«Lt intervals. Traapiaoa tim e lim it# m w *

than aalsNBted and the W a l aeoaaa Ana dbtahmd were corrected W th the WAIS. The

resultiag correlations were higher than those obtahmd m the m ain atndy alAongh the

différence m&st*et atgaiOeant w ith the smsH namber o f oawewina*!.

la a aeaond aahaidiasy m m lysis, the Progressive MStrieea and WAIS

scores were co rre la W w ith the aaWacta* Sshnol and (kliag a A b ility Test scores

(SCAT), For the most part, SCAT scores tended to cw relate higher than the

M atrices scorns w ith the WAffi,

iii

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 PREFACE

Thi# aWdy bagam as a result of the auAor^s personal

indkwreat ta Ü*e Paxqgraawaiva l&Eadhrtoea, adbdlel* waua awanrbxg as a

p syo W lw Warm at T hlstletom Hospital, TMstletowa, O ntario.

The author wiahaa to eapraaa Ms gmWMl appredatioa

to Rev. R* C, Fehr, CSB, PfcuD., under whose d ire e tlm tWa study was

uodartaham and whose paüent and o rille a l guldanea was so hslpfal in its

emoutlon. He is also indebted to Brother Reger Philip, FSC, Ph. D .,

and Rev. L. A. MoCann, CSB, S .T.D ., fo r A e ir many valuaMe sugges­

tions during the task of w riting the fMal m anuscript.

iv

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 EVWa&E 0)P CONTENTS

Pag#
PREFACE Iv

1ÜGIT OIF TABIJBU;

Chapter
Ï IBTITBMOIDTOCTmQN .
Bao&gMwmd o f Related Reaeareh 2
4

II METmDOLOGY AND PROCEDURE 6

IBkqpmdaMKBbid Rample 6
IRagMdlMNBMNbPla Ikwabmmtemba 6
Eaperlm m W Procédure 11

m ]Pi%E:R:c*r]&A/iiK]a* AjeoD jiRWLiJsraxB cor low R H /i* 13

Mein Anedyei# 13
8upphMaen#LnrAd*dy#e* 1#

XV DIBCtmeGOMCWriUBgDMM; 13

BWAaAaWyeW , 34
Bupp&emeatexy Analyses 37

V 9UNm&AKYJUMD(%%NCLWBB%WB 30

BIBLIOGBAPRY . 32

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 ]UB%r()FTAIWUB8

Table Pxge

j* iRioagp», j&teiKD, I#**; @W#oM&*aaDeviation fkwr VaiMbm* *&*uMH*aef

lQtelltg®aee m the Weehsler Adult Welhgenoe Seal© . , 14

a* TTlw) I*emM«ite*e <Nfl9*We4db; RMM*qg Eaueh Item oft*»#

M ettle## . . . . . . . . 16

4 ]P*w*%i#eia XT Correletkn# Ik **# ** t l * I?r%q;)N»#*dbP#]kmet;dk;e*;iengl the

TRRMdkdkKP jldkdt hxtelljgeooe Satie . . . . 3L8

j| ]Rfwo*pe, Meen, and Stmmwlejrd I)«nri*tic*i of iRke&e (jpemt on Each Badtof

the Pr#gr###lve MeWoe# . . , . 19

6 Cwreletiem# Between the Ptogreeelve M etrloe# W iA the WeehMer

Adult MeWgeme# Seal© fo r D l% rm t CeW df Poiots on the
MeWeee . . , . . . BO

? Benge, Mean, PweentDe, end Bkmdard Deviation of the Sohool and

(ZoülaqgaiiAJbility TTMt (kMMNi** . . , . . 3ÜL

8 Pearson r C o rre la tte CoMEotonta Between the Progrès#**©

M atrices and the Sohoel College A h fli^ Test . . BB

9 Pearson r Corm lation# Bet#© # the School and College A b ility

Test Total Boor© and Ae W eoWer Adult Welligeoee Scale , BB

ASSOMPTION UHNERSriY U BR AR Ï

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 Cm PTER I

W TBO DU CnO N

tests have proven Aemeelves to be one of the most valu-

aMe ipanEtetlve teols that peytWogy has developed. Despite the vast amomt of

woadt dene in A le E#M, As te rn "*steH%eaoe" has never been tmlgsMy or saEs-

Aoterüy deOned, proWdy dbete A s teot that It te n # a tm ite ry {bencmiencHi.

QoDterd (1#M ) lis ts 40 dAGsrent teeters attrHmteble to M ell% ence. Beosuse of

Ate oomplesAy of teotors w e test oewet measure every aspect of teteIl% m oe.

As a result, difterw t tests have been devteed to aoownt fo r the many e w trib u t-

teg teotors.

Oae of As prtexe owsems fo r As olteteal psyoW ogist is the oompari-

son of difterent lnteil% m ee tests, Correlatteas beteew two tests are often cited

as evidenee A st they measure approsAmatete the same a rm of behavior. UsuaUy

an adequately stendardteed testrumeut te used as a oriteriou to judge other tests.

G uertin, FTask and Babin (1066) point out Ast the Wechsler Smles

are now the w ell-scoeïted standard of intell%enoe évaluation fo r adults. As many

tests of varied omnpssltion are correlated w ith thorn, it becomes clear that the

Wechsler Scales occupy a central positicHt in evaluaftcm o i Ae teotor o i general

InteU lgm m . Thus As owrdattems between As Weohster Scales and other tests

argue w ell te r the v a lid !# of the test.

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 2

lu 1955, the W eoW er-BeÜeme underwent a em sideiable révision

sod axMMs term iMia;«#ein*le*#sdt<:sil4M* tbs» iMfesObslsKP/Ldxi&]bite1ligywnw>e gkxal**(W%l%ei)L

With the SKbnsod dTIfiis asis f&am QMwrnxlhsmelbMm ttixaadbwKp «dfitbsdWbsiitNosBqpiurloi;

Ae WAIS to e # e r meaeeree of iatoîl% ettce. One such ste iy was the eemparieea

edit**»t(A%8t*)]Bb*v<*fePregreeeiveAWrtoes* ItMMr&cs» stwHssilbyJuliaC. Hall

(l# 7 h Kasper # # % Levtesm # # % and Ustosr, Am B, M e rrls and Wendland

#9dO)lbame *##*% only partial j&Mos&sixf igbsNse t*»sts. 11b* xxrwHsi* rsNwwkM&igkdds to

ÜMS* stadias tgr using A s 4*axn|p&st*iih%nns «d[%»et:ktsid*.

:)a%*Ng3P0#Hxd4*f:Bk*lat*wl aessaroh

The ItrgqgiMssadbpelWistad&aiMS, as dk#vh*edlsy Bevm (1S48X Is aieon-

verbal test of a sidbjewBt's ixpsysssdk eapaei# to term emnparlams, t** (#*&*** tor

analogy, i*%M&to «tsmsle;» i&logteal msAod of thtektng, rsgsrdlsaa of provimaly

aoqpslmsd Wtemathm, The s^W*ethaatoapprehendthe relationshipImtsMMai

geometrte Egarés swmdt&MdgoaiiWMl then complete each system «dP]pe]sdWk%u#]pn»-

seated.

IMB&egrist the stodies ewmMlstis# the» ]MBstidb)eeLisltl&labs WSohsler

Scales have hem dene w ith children* Hawea (1M9) has dsWcped a 8 i-lte m

Scale ter A e testing of children. This term is prim arily composed of the easi­

est problems ta A e stsmdwpd term odftl** Matrices and is called the Colwed Pro­

gressive Matrices ((%%:*).

(lois&pari:* tl*s WhdbsaWNPhdelligenoe Beale te r C hildrm (WBC) and

$bs43I9dias:oeasseimg !hu*ra%aeoGk Mmptta #*1 Wiscbsars (HNM,) dkbainsMi atxMnMr-

la ttm o f .91 wMle Stacey and C arleto* (%9#8) tem d a cmredattoa o f. 62. B arrett

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 3

<19S3) «howed the WB€ to ooxroMte , 73 w iA A@ S tented Seal# of Ae MMrteea,

]Pi1k%pted#* #w*viNn&of Ü*» WAI8#ev#%*l oxNBXfWtXMdWhforiSbadWk** iMur# done

with Ae T%R*BÊw;&iMr-]aodOa;vi*e and Owe MatMoaa, Lanrra IWk%par'I>h&i&i*o*l IfaWx»-

]B&aiaeo»j{jUNHr> foimdik ixoedUdvB (xxrrelatimi b*Cw»#albo4h te*a*k. Levtee eadXbote»

(1964) teund a oorretette# of * #3 betwooa the M atrtew and a short term of the

Teteolwtloap-IBodÜbivia*, W!A the TraqdbeaBat&a (dP8*a !*R#ofkal#Hr, llOMami (%*66) a&MMW*l

ÜM» l&fsdBp&Mka to «NWTPahMbe ,66 wtA tike W stelar^ Bellevue IhawdkaiateOMBo Boid*,

Uateg aW termal s# l# o ts, Stemy and GlH (1966) ohteteed eorrolstions o f, 68,

,66, end ,61 betwoea the Itetrteaa aooam and W -B. Fall Scale, Vmdbal, and Per­

formance IQ*s, te gm em l. Acme atadtea tedteate a moderate, positive relathm-

A lp betweaa the M atrices and Ae Wechsler-BeUevme*

Julia (I, Hall (llNMj TMWI the Erst to attempt a cKMOPelatlaa twatwMii the

Matrtees aad A e WAB, U sitg an ^ -e v e n method <d selectton, A e devised a

30-item form o f A e M atrices, The eapartmamtal sample was oompoaed of 89

nsmroAes, of whom 86 took partial terms of Ae WAB, The oorretetteaa between

Matrtees scores and WAB wa##ed FuB Scale, Verbal, and Portermamoe scores

were . 78, . 68, and , 71 respectively. Corrslattens betwmm Ae m btests ranged

from .4M, (Block Design) to ,|Mt (Digit % *n).

Katqpar (1968), nateg 56 mantel patteafa, tewod Ae M atrices to co rre -

W e .80 wiA As Vooatedary test of As WAB, W lA an aged population, nstog the

CPM and As WAB, lavteaon (1969) found co rre la tlw s of . 56, . 49, and . 66 fo r

As FnB Scale, Verbal Scale and Partermanee Seale asores.

U rm er, A m B, M o rt# and W mdlmd (1960) admtetetarad the M atrices

and WAB (Pertermanee Scale prcwated) to 80 norm al sebjects and 80 brain-damaged

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 m bjeets. F or the norm al group, the M atrices was fouod to correlate ,47, .48,

aad ,4# vdbBbA e Ptd&l&wdk;, ITeodbel (kaJk*, *%*! Pertermanee Scale ewams»*. ITcor

labe tKrrüba-iÊiaxiaipBdligiMOwgR, cerrelatlcos (>f ,40, .(Mi, «UBwî .<# TW4Mpe*pu:&dIkxr these

same sm les.

IPuacpKWiMkef Ae ?% ***& PswsiN&adb

As cam be seen, pravtoas im p e ra tiv e studies between Ae M atrices

and Ae WAB have used sn# partW form s cf Asae tests, levteaca (1089) conducted

A*» on# ies*M&M#kiud9g Aw* complete TMKAJtB. :aky#m*in*%t Iw* used Ast CHMM fa his iwtudty.

SNswegrjosl OMM(IWMN*) sswwdtlw* complete 1R%wel;slear-]&id]bwvww* Iwut thaqr aJkwDtuwed the

Colored MxCbdass, IBhwatww, no reaear# lets used the com;dete WAB smd the oom-

pdkwte MhtrlkwwsL It is, therMore, the purpose of this p**s*at stu # to End the corre­

lation ooefdcteot between the l»%i%gxms*M;*vqi ]N(atadke(M; and Ae WAB using the complete

forms of boA hwd*.

/W ]pa*s**t, tlsKtNWi&x*» two meAods of admlnisterteg A * Progressive

M atrices, Raven (1048) feeds As* Ae be# results are achieved without a Ana lim it.

The Matrloes may alec 1h*#4*dk*dbais(*kr*Ml as a s%ws#Mltasdisitl#]* *0-%niaute Ane lim it

and Vermcn (1040) M s set up morms fo r AS# p a rtW A r term . BcA of these meAods

have certeln disadvantages. Oullterd (1984) XNM), h* %endsw*ngjkRMwdhpddoMs

te r tbe<dBCsctai4sf speed cemdittens on intelligence fas* pertermanee#, ikwalstl**

«gMMMS4K*dWWk*uilMdb##a*sawyun**sd%eBsiibetofslae*insistedtoiiubslligeocNB. On

the cdksx lksaa. Slater (1048), 8Wpley(1040)^ Westhy (1888), and Burke (liN i8) Mve

noted that when the MsdbritWKS i* admhilstered whho# ittdbs&e lim it, Ae imcmetitNsDMi

t*> cluster at Ae upper end of the scslsL

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 5

gAu* a # 00ond»?y part of this eaqpgMptawNof the time fbariÜbelS'# perform­

ance OB Ae MeWoe# wül 1% iwted. From these data, t*%Kw»lim it* iwill 1»*

fkxr oawlKaet o f# :* Matrtoe# A at irill 1b*i*t pgpedUhpt lEheTRKAJB «KMBwmxk

Ai eOMpoi*# xai&wbqdkBof tide study w ill t** «gxowwrwed w iA th#;lBdbo<aaiMl

(CkxBogp* AJbility TTowet* (BWCWIIP). IFb*;**»***» ibwAdomtgiwBd to predict «i]p#*a*m** «#>-

*eqeW p#rten m«o# Ih related xMdbgwal subjects, aaaqyoop GW*8) andKlughand m arly

(l*B9)%*Gn»dbm#eo*apaKaNhma*Bdh*;i*a#MM*&aK%AT#md sohool grade*. Bowever,

there have %***& no *#%*l**«<)o%ip*l#da:*g SCAT wlA ofhac mmmores of intelligenoe.

]h&mmnaary, ipo«M**jMdbtwon*N*i3&edi*l*h*h** ooanMdawtbNwtNfiQ:* Matrices

w4A As WAB and the SCAT ass im wm #ete. R Is Ae mate purpose c f tWs study to

sstesd A e re m a r# to Ass# areas te osdar to w derstm d better the reteA m A ips

between the#* itemtkk

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 ( a o A ir R B R ii

anMMBQDCKXXrrjUÜDfSMXZKDORB

Eiqp*#m#KW Hampla

Tb# *:qp#arin&a*xA#l amai;** consisted <Wf44 mate UnlvarsRy studi**#,

iR%Kd**&#Hp (is **, ]p,:kW& aqN%r*$#aw* aaidk*# t«**d teiNxwp )d|*b#Qr oxküte

41*8:* ikuB#]*»#, RTA 8wi M&dsftB***, ]88jjK*%M;#li:2, #y«dkBW*B*k(WlS*BS^)fkM;BM!;d%EidaHkM*xdk

m s dlEormoeg te favour of mate#, Oa A e other hand, mo dMteremee were found

in atedükte bgr XRggtee eaad Cid*te;uw»)B, EBbfter* (iiNBdytxwadtiOaptemxuail Martin

Reoemee of Ate texA of eemmrrumo» # urn# decided to me# male euhfecte eoly, The

<mdb*#kOt#SM**Kl *miqgeihpom &*,#;;#*&#* l*> at*,* ]MB#àP#o4l%k:&moNflem #@» of

Amw Aé WAB tevours Aee# w lA verbal #11% , «h|ecte wtth temgukfo problème

wmr# xwa* uaadh

Phyehometrte teetrum W e

The I»rogr#MMdhm# aadbrle**

The IfogpMMMdm* a:afadbGe#i#;o*w*l#t#<xf<10 ;MNMN*pt%*kI%y ppeawNatedjWwwmsL

Eteoli jWhMoa &# md@#d#paor 'mtdhçte" fkmm *dblofkj& p *rt hwa ïb#Mm removed, The a**»-

je e t muet mmmtee Aemmtrte m d decide wMeh of the piece# pictured below 1# the

oe*%#w*#*w*t0 4MNmw&e*ath*<&Md*Pb 3%mWh*hk*m«u**mqde$em8e*iu*l*h*r#iUM*fhM»

8at#h lettered from to is, 1Qh*»]p9NWk8*oBmeik:t*ia:npiu*K#Ml tw* thiWkeoNDwwteomthe em#

hhtewie* the begtemteg help# tN»4anidt* itbi# etedect be #**:** jWWexokoew dBBteuR cnee

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 which follow . Thus emoh p rd h W n to Ae scsale to re a lly Ae "m oA er" o r ’’source"

of am o rg m to # sysWn of AoeghL hmee Ae name ’’Progressive M atrices'’.

The Mhtrtoes was ttovtoed fey J. C. M ven to Eaglemd, and pWbltohW

as Eaven’s Progressive MMrtoes Test to 1 # # , Raven (1969 b, p. 166) baeed his

te st on Ae Aemrtos of C arl Bpearmam, who tongbt that, to order to act ItoeEigently

to any aAxatton, a # rs m mqutoW , on A # one hand, Ae neAWwary toform ation,

and, <%uAs» odsir %***&, t:#* tdkdUkMdaal capacity to SMprAemd tX* situatton axs* to

draw totorenoe# tomn what bo perceived. To meaaure the latter, meantoglese

Epa*»# tMkolWllbei&ran*:*;#*! ha #*d&ia smaartabat xiipoarsma'a porcoptton ofhbe relatioos

IbetawMBAaan owuldlbaiawad totwwMWM* his present eapaci# ftop hAalloctual i&ctivtty,

]M***%hwN# of any W amaatton hwabrnf aoquirad In Ae pasL

]Ch*idbqgAe hdorim, 1940 to 1941* Eaven (lUMWta) etoabltohed iwmaa

for gmaqilhwattoiK, The alandatdWtton to baaed cm9,933; chUkirtm between the

a # s four and fourtem ; 881 U niversity atademto between 17 and 91; 3,868 M ilitto -

rnwaa lwt*m*n 90 aaad &6; m id 3 ,lli clviltommnpl©ye©s betw®enl6 aad65. Raven

gives no A rA er descripttom of the autosot's IwkedkgaccMaadiithewr Asm that they were

a ll English.

S im ilar norma A tboee o f Raven have been tound to atudtos dona to

Argentina by Rim oldi (1948) and to Urugimy by RImoildi and M arta G. Nieto (1959).

to A s United States, Ctoeen and Ewert (1955) found that Bavento norma were too

low. However, later studies ea rrW ont by Tuddenham, Davis, Davison, and

tototodtor 0968) and Spemuszo and WHktoa (1958) have shown Raven's norms to

bis applhmble to /LBowxrieianiaabdlist****

Beteat reUabOlty nxeaaarea of the Matrices have Mown a dtottoct lack

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 8

of om ourrm ee. Foolds (1M9) foiimd the re lia b ility to vary between . 93 fo r ages

under 30 to . 83 fo r ages of 50 and over. Desai (195%) fwmd a re te s l-re lia b ü i#

o f. 737 with a signifteaat rise in the mean score on retest*

W iA Ae Matrices the number o f problems correctly solved repre­

sents the subject's total score. Scores can then be converted to percentiles at

different age levels fo r comparative purposes. Haven (1948) does not believe A a t

Ae scores should be converted to "Welligemee #s###s#s", Walton (1955) attempted

to intercM nge T erm aa-M errlll IQ scores and Matrices scores. He found Aat

M atrices scores emmet be converted Into IQ 's since the fm c tim they measnre

dbes not develop uniform ly thim ig^ childhood,

to addlHon to rejecting A e lQ omcept, Eaven 0959) states that fo r

people of aH ages Ae usual distrtouticn of test scores dee# not conform to a

Gaussian curve but is negatively shewed, to contradictton to Raven, Hotcutt

(1949), in a study done w iA Zulu subjects, found a pronounced positive shewing.

Notcntt states Ads shewing of scores is due to the nature of the test rather tM n to

thwagns:;* Ibsstokl.

Il&e TVedtsAsr fltbtWtlBdballfgONacotlBosüLe (VR/WS)

wechsler (1959, p. 7) deftoes totelligenee as the aggregate o r global

capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to thtok ratisnally, and to deal

effectively w iA his eavirenmeat. I t is "aggregate" o r '% l#m l" because it is com­

posed of elmnents o r a b ilitie s which, though net entirely independent, are qualita-

tive ly differentiated, to order to measure this aggregate of a b ilitie s , the WAB

mnploys a Verbal and Performance Beale consisting of 11 subtests. The Verbal

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 #

Scale includes A s M low ing aobtests: (1) M om m üm ; # ) Comprehenslm;

# ) A riAm etlC î (4) Sim Ewdtles; # D ig it Spin; (6) VcceW ary* The P erform -

ance Scale cmmi#@ c f A c mAteeta, (1) D ig it Symbol; # ) Plotare Completion;

(3) Block De«%n; (4) PWmw Arrangement; # Object Assembly.

The raw scores on Aeae mAtecta are converted into scaled scores,

i.e ., ncrmaliaed standard scorns wfAameam of tea and a Mandard é&viaUm of

Area, These standard scores are A m summed to yield fu ll Scale, Verbal, fuod

Performance Scores.

to order te #teto tQ scores, Wechsler (1944) developed A e Deviation

XQ. The crigtoal IQ ooacegt tovolvcd Ae ratto cf mental age (MA) te chrcnologi-

cal age (€A ). It was Amd Aat wlAadoR subjects, Ac MA loses its meaning.

The method need to Ae cempntaAm cf the Deviation IQ was to set the mean at

100 and Ae standard devtaAm at i§ tor each age group, Thus, fo r any age group.

As distrAm tton cf IQ 's has a mmm cf 100 end a stmdard deviation cf 15. W echsler

0994, p. 20) classified Ae IQ 's tote the grcupa shown to Tabic 1;

toteUigcnce C lassifications fo r Ae W ech#er Adult totelligence Scale

IQ Claseificafica Per Cant Inolnded

190 and above VeryStxperier #,#

1*0-1## A varier 6.7
110-11# Bright Normal 16.1
1*0-109 Average 90.0
*0-9# D ull Nermal 16.1
79-79 Bcrdmdtoe 6.7
69 and below Mental Detoctlvc to#

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 10

Thm WAB is a m vW w of Form lo f Aa W eoMler-Belevu© tot#E%@noe

Seale. WeWbmler ( 1 * 4 ) based Me iwtendardlaaAm ee a natlcaawMe sample o f

1700 adults, prorated aeeordkg to the 1440 U, S. Censes. The samp#e was

# ia tifie d aeewdtog to ths M low h# seven variable#: age, sea, géographie région,

m Àaa-reral resbWnse, rase (wUte vs. noa-wMte), oeeapafion, and edueatieo.

Qaertia (UN**) ftwkls t&sKt Ae overall d*#### i:t<*exd*ot inilm TKABikiao*

very large. CMy A e voeabalary sabtest Is e a tlrsly new, lia n ^ Bayley (1959)

dates that the tests themselves have been ehanged p rim a rily in the direction of

adding more ceiling and thas toereasing Ae range in scores o f some o f the sub-

tests, Also, am biguities boA In test items and to their scoring have been removed,

to a review of comparative stodies between the WAB and W -B, Gmertto, Babin,

Frank and ladd (194%) rep ort Aat it appears that scores are slightly higher on

the Wechsler-Bellevae. The general agreement is that the WAB is an overall

improvemexto o f a good tnstrumeoL

Cooperative School and CcBsge A M lity Tests (SCAT)

The Cooperative School and CoUqge AMlity Tests are intended to measure

tour of the schod-leamed sMUs wMch research has shown to be closely related

to academic success. Each stobjeet is tested tor aM lliy to Ae foUowix^ tasks:

(1) senteaee-eempletien; (%) numertoal ecmpetaticn; (4) veeahnlaryi (4) problmn

solving. Parts 1 and 4 are ceaverted into a Verbal Score; Parts %and 4 yield a

Qnantitattve Score,

The Total Score ®B the test is obtained by converston of the total mumWr

cf guestlcus answered ocrrecCy m a ll tour parts (110 gnsMtoms) to a score scale

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 11

sim ito f to A e part score scales, Davis (1959) points oat that the Total Score

has a sl% ht "verbal loadtog" bacauae Aero are ten more verbal gaeetkms than

q m m tM tiv # g e s t io n s ,

Tbe audtors c f SCAT, M elville and Ctover (195S), make no d ire #

x*AM *Boe9obd*Ubpm *sb#pM dertocam dderW M drbwd»a*:aewM U*aef

"school-learned a b ilitie s ". They claim that SCAT measures specific toveloped

abilities rather Aan p^chological tm its . Fowler (1959) feels that SCAT w ill

probably be need In maeh the same way as the ACE tests have been used: i, e ,,

fo r identwying the oveiacMever and the underachiever, fo r eowneelimg A e itodiv

vldusl stodent and fo r com part* the a b ilitie s of different groups of students.

Experimental Freeedore

The mato purpose of A te reaearch Is a correlational study betweeo

the Progressive Matrtees and Ae WAB in their complete form s. To insure

rapport fo r the aA nixtisbm tte cf the tests, Ae sshfects were told the purpose cf

theistuxhr bvdBs:** hxMb*: tiw»lb*si#, 1111 subjects were tuwrnpodiWhst Ae findings

would l»e kaqpt ia s(adbrt*«d;i*amdak&ssa»e.

The Matrtees was administered in group sessions, the number of

mtojecto varying from two to fiv e . The same set of stmndard instrueticus as

stated in Ae Manual were used fo r each testing session. No tim e lim it was

Imposed, The WAB was individually administered to each suhject in its entirety,

follow ing As procedure in the WAB manaaL BoA tests were administered by

Ae w riter.

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 u

*&#CK**d#ury

Ih&jpk 1. gmdbH*ldM*L*3rxiz*&lvT*l# w*u; attempted to estimât# the tx»#*

posmlWe m rW a tlm betwem th# MmWoem and the WAB had a tim e lim it been

imposed. The eewea of Ae la st #0 eobjects from Ae mate aaalysis were used.

The mmmixmr maMtsdl<Bgu;l&*(ul%le<*k*j# p*o#prow*#at *(>-#**{*00*1 te**ani&l#L

TCI**#** (W a wem* Awm charted and & iNxie gMMaWWaiik) see hwawmany itiwme «ww&h

subje# had ecdved fo r any given tim e iaterval. Each sabjeeit was ranked aeoord-

ing to IdL* WAB and Matrtoea score. Special attention a*#xpiv#m to mAJects wlA

high JtlaladhxeaiiscMKroMa, especially dm#** vfhotx>okl**:g*»6t to complete the test.

Using the #m&d#»ot*e WAB score a# a oriterlon it sa# possfble to find what

latlone mj([ia%*ave iMXm obtained had certain time lim its been Imposed.

P a rti, la A le part e( the study eerrelatkms were computed between

the subject’s SCAT «NSMMse #e*d his Matrices and RVtXBmaüdfe*. SCAT data on

seven W the subjects were enavaUaWe, redaehxg Ae total mxmber of siAJects in

Uxia am&lyxiia to &%.

statistical Analysis

A ll correlations were ealenlated by means of Ae Pearson Rroduot-

Moment method. Foreemparattve ;M#r*M»s*Mi the eerrelations v#em* transformed

to z scores using the Tables found in McNmnar <1966, p. 994). The standard

error af As dtBerenae between Ae two s 's was Asn ealmdated to find the s ig a ifi-

eanee cf A e dtOerenee between Ae correlation eeeffWsmts, The eerrespendenoe

c f Ae distrtbnt&ea c f seeres to the normal carve was determined by the ehi-sqmare

m eA id described GcHford (1 *0 , p. *40).

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 (G E A P T Z B IB

The prtmmry a te ef Ae preaW «teây was to eatoad the toveatlgatim

ef PSpqpMwwdm* MùKbdgNW* :%y emnpartog A# ecmpWe farm cftXA# hwdk

W lA Ae omnplete foma ef Ae WAB. A A e preeent ehapter, Ae mate aaalysis

is dteded into Are# seettoas. The f ir # aeefim w ill deal w lA Ae results of the

WAB; Ae eeeemd w iA Ae remdts of Ae Makrteee. The Adrd seotion w ill stody

tike (NR:iM&liddk*a#ijh;uimd tw**»e*a tlane ibexd».

Two mxEwKhBiwry «uadgpse* make iq) Ae remainder odftl* dka;;ke%\ The

firs t part of Aeee is oommemed w iA the eorrelaticais ohtateed hetwew the M # ri-

OMN* and tike WAXBteadkaxrtlke infiaenoe of it ikhme Ite lL TPIee aoemxd part w ill he it

oosaparieom of the eorreW tew ebtatoed betweea the SCAT eeoree and tte h W ri-

eee and WAB eeeree.

Mata Analyeie

Wechsler A d rtt Sofde te in ite

Ilka fa ll Shkele»#9 of tike saMeoA mmged fk%m: ]W6h» 1*& w lA a mean

of 117. #% anda etaedard devtafion of 0.90. The shape of the FuH Seale ÎQ d istri-

hafioo appmdmahee A at of a normal m m e ae Ind&oated hy the oM-eqaare value cf

S. *6 WlA # df; (#0 ;> .*<)). TmWe Itikidiokiteetake VmdkifilBa*,; of Aesddeot#,

rarglag fk#=a *# lbs 130, isoHpe ikWkihfiarlkAlker tl*n tike Full ghaalelQtsi. Performanee

lQ*s were lowest w iA a range of 94 té W t* Range, meane, and etamkrd devlatioas

19

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 14
TaW e#

Range, Mean, and Standard Dartatbm fo r Varteua Meaanrea of m w% once

on @M»VPawdkadkKr jLdbfbk]b%baIl$g#n&(N»l@oaLla

MBA8BRB8 RANGE MEAN 8.D .

Fall Beala IQ 10* - 1»# 117.** 0,90

V eA allQ (w; - la * 1*0, as 7.90

PeiAmnanoa IQ *41 - 1*7 110.a& 7.70

F all Seale Score iiHi - %;? laa,** 11.50

Veabal Seale Score 117 . 1*8 ao.io 0,07

Pertomanoe Seale Score 4*8 ^ 71 aa *a 5.00

Verbal Safeteata:
Wormmficm ik* - ar *,01

C om prAm alm L8 18 **.0 7 3.10

ArRbmeUe 1 0 -1 8 11*.4M) *.00

SlmllarWea 11* - IM ia.% *,7 *

MgRSpan a - irr i*,aa 2.35

Voeahxdary 4W8 - TT a#,*o 7.30

Fwrtormanee Addeate:

D% lt Symbol 4%. a? *9.07 9 0*

Pietare C om plet!» luk - *0 10.67 *.10

Blorts Design 110 - 4MF *9.70 0.0*

PW nre Arrangement ILS - IW *7,ai 0.0*

C b|e# Assembly *1 41 3*.*a 0.00

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 15

to r Ae mAteete end scaled sccres were alec m kuW ed mxd can be tonnd in

TaMa I« Am enalyate o f A la Table todkmtea a reatrteted rm%#e c f intelllgemce.

to torm n o f W eclwler's imtoll%emm cW eKtoatton#, 80 per cent of Ae atodemta

iawtedibaape to ll In Ae "aaqpawdto:" aaal "&gp$*!*:Max*in **&e#pa:daMe.

Pragreaatoe Matrtoea BaanBa

IPrtqgxNxaadhna llkdaMb»eaxi*a*NPe#*:pa:qpedtjGM;m& 4* lb» a * w iA aawaamcf

*& .?* iwk* a #Mkwadhkr*l4&iMrh&*&oii(;f 3, *8 , TPto» dtodbdORddx* aXtovaedik ]oa#püim& a&aw-

img elAoegh A e mean, t**e medtoa, IWl* eaad A e mode, i&3, amaratieqp*!.

«aM-equaup# imalanal# (Wfdke a&aqp*»afAe chkakpilaxtlanidbaMeaMi %ibeampmaaiawdbe

barely A a t of a norm al m rve; A e eW-aqnare value being I* 88 w lA 3 d f,. 20>p>. 10.

Am Ram analyato o f Ae 00 problems m Ae Matrtoea slmws A a t 21 of

Ae item# (38 per eant) were aetoed by a ll Ae subjects. Table 3 shows Ae percent-

age c f anhjecta iNMWKhxg 4N&C&hWna (a&iBhe IwatrikNMk

Wwma Table 3 It ts evident A a t Aa three most dtdtonlt item s m Ae

IWatdkNta wsope I&igp lE%i, #u*d C%j|, sNdbMwllky 13 pewp em t, IWl par cent, and 4* per

cent of Ae m bject# respective#. Am # Anastoet (1334, p. 156) atatea A a t item s

IMUMtadlby 80 per M fllre sed^ects are considered most discrim im ative. VftA

A fa c rito rim , on# item s C jg (43 per cm t), t> n (88 per emit), D jg (33 per cent),

and (53 per cent) could he Jndged aa bWng a d e # # e ly discrim inative.

to the prenant at»## the mem score is somewhat b%W r than A a t c f

XMPsnfteea sW ies w iA college atmdants. W IA 78 jmadxMP college atndeet a (7*Aamel**s,

tour males), Bolin 0333) te n d a mean o f 43.15 and a Mandard d e v ia tte of 7.12.

Levine #aed]too*e 0984), nWng 60 mdergradustes (80 males, 3*0 tomales), jBomd a

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 16

mean of 50.8 and a étendard d e vte ti» of 6.6. WMle Aa mean score in Ae preaant

a te # la somewW Wgher Ann in Ae sW ies c iW , Aeae latter conteined no inform a-

Aon about the tim e spent cm the testa.

Table#

The Perosntage of Stejects Faaaing Each Rem of the Progreaalva

IMBBtrikM:#

FaroWage Passing
No.

S eta AAC. a m
1 100 100 98 100 98
9 100 100 100 98 98
3 100 100 100 100 100
4 100 98 98 9$ 88
8 98 98 100 ItM) 87
6 100 90 98 98 78
7 100 88 100 88 88
8 100 87 78 98 88
9 100 98 * 87 80
10 98 100 78 98 88
11 100 88 70 88 88
18 80 90 48 88 18

The diaoovery of an mmess of "easy" item s on the M atrices is not

iksiqpisk Sim ilar findings hw*v*&lh#Man]ps*ka:i**d tgr jhdla (3. ]SidigL9*7), ]Ri*v#s& (1948)

and Lerine and Isco© (1 # # ), to Seogeria (1986) study, he reported that item s Ey

and Eg were the meat d ifito n it. The preaomt a te # Ailed to support his results,

since E ll and I t g proved to be A e moat dlfBoult items here, to an item aaalysis

by Julia C. HaE (1987), wMch need a 80-item femm of Ae M atrices, E%g was found

to be the one solved by Aa toast number of sttojects. TMs Itodlog la consistent w ith

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 17

A® present ftodiags.

Cwmtotkms Between the M atrices and the Wechsler Adult

]&*&all#ipaoM*a amle

AS Table 4 Indicates, c c rre la tic w between Ae M atrices and the WAB

ranged frm n very lew to moderate in A ie stedy. The M atrices was found to corre -

ladba ,4W vdth As, Full SkaalsilKa, .» * iri8& â* Tfexdbai %), and .* * w lG itl* Periorm -

imwse W iA A e adktiMSta, 19»# imMPshKWciuu nm#padlhpom ,4k6 (E)lg# igpuun) to

.07 AufarmaAmh

DlgR %aa (,45) and Bleok Design (,4(Q oomdated Mgheat w iA Ae

Matrices, E has hem mmEmed p re v te s ly that the M atrices is a test of "cle a r

reaaming" a b ili# . W iA A ls in m W , W echsler (IM S , p. 131) has poWed out that

Digit Span meaaures Ae a W ll# to attend and omeeatrate m the task at hand.

Mock Design appears te ha sim ilar to Ae M airice#,for each test cm -

tains j&pattuMP* to Ike oam plsl*!. jteM»omMn#g he TPtxehmleapiplSlw;, i»,ia3]h (akis t*Hit

gives the higdmst measur# cf Ae nm-verhal organlaatim factor. TMs factor is

also expressed to the M atrices wMA requires the subject to understand the p rin ­

ciples wMch make up Ae complete pattexu to order to complete it.

Ths low oorrslattoas betwem Voeabutory (. 11) and tofcm m tim (. 57)

are not sigmifimmt, end understm riably so. BoA depœd on verim l ability and in ­

form ation acquired to Ae past. The M atrtees, on the oA er hand, is a non-verbal

test of reaecntog, todepm deri cf previously acquired toformatton, Low correlations

betwem Ptotere Arrangemamt (. Of), CcmpAbenston (. 14), and D ig it gymbol (. IS)

seem te be due te a msasaremmt cf diftorm t mentel functions.

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 18

T a b la i

P ears» r Cerrelattom# Between (be Progressive MaWeee and

Ae Wedbsler Adult WelUgmee 8w le

TESTS I

IKWJBB 1PUÜ Seal* %Q .4 8 **

WAB Verbal IQ 88*

WAB Performanee IQ .8 * *

WAB Pull Seal© Seer© (Raw Seer©®) .4 1 **

1*%l%Biy,*r*NkiiB(M#le a@*pe (Raw Sew*®) ,8 8 *

IRAIS PaadBBMüMMMBe Skoal# l&eeape (Bew (kma**) ,8 1 *

VNWBi&aWwaba*

DWtSpau .4 8 **

Block Dealga **^

AritXaaetle .8 8 *

(% © # Assembly .*&

SlmUarRlee .88

PtoAraCqmpWttoa ,88

Dtgltaytobel .18

Compreheaetoa .14

Vaoabulary .11

P tctee Arraagemeat .0 *

Werma#©* .07
algnlfieant at .< * lannal
* * sipiifieant at * 01 level

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 1*

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A" '" ' " '-"^ g r,rjT -^ ^ -:m ,. „— ....... TT,. ,,,
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# # & § # a #mAl####m #»## # *Êm## Mmm# iw fc a jto â & y 9 # m m ié ^ ##N *P f,m

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 %0

yiêM s axw## tW w m l& W beat wltb # # Mm&rloea. VmrWu# other tim e lim it# ,

# ro W the 70 per eemt level, were the# m m pW to fltod the owrreWüm coe ffi-

e W t cqwM he reieed a t# higher. After try h * im m eomhWtkme of différent

tamw*0*r4MMdk#e*iW^e*#ihemkl(hhktheikdhM*hq[lhmd&#%B**hMMMithelNM*oozTehk-

tim Iketwewme Pull SeeJbe iQ eeemee imditihe iWB#t%ikM*ee*N*mM*i laet - Area xn&mt#*#;

Set B - fw r mhmtee* Sel C - I I mimutea; Set D « 14 mteutesf Sai E - 00 mhmtee.

W ith tMe aet e( time lim it# the predieted w rre W im eoefUeieet wm#

. 00, 77*#, A# eerrW etk* m m OS peiut# elthowgh thi# iacrem eat is mot a ig n ifi-

c®Ht. However, T A Ie 0 dot# show a daW te tread M that a ll e o rre le tk*# rose

iM&a&ik litMKMdWmwe lim it wee

ThbWO

C orrel&tim # Between the Progressive MaWWes W ith the Weehsler

Adult W elHgmoe Seale for Differeet C u to ff Point# on the Metrioe#

96 (%*xypleti:*p a #&et . .
WttWhk m rrfifiiMi Tim# Time lim it# ilhk iwmautiwil
lUbBait# ]* Cl Ik XG

SOper eeet S 3 7 0 34 *42

* * per seat S 4 # 10 30 ,3 7 * *
Wpmrmsa s 4 10 13 33 .3 3 » *
Sh per seel 4 3 IS 17 31 ,3 1 *
SWeeted Lim it# s 4 u 14 30 .33**

# - shpHAeent et +<%* level

. #%aif%eent#t .(& lemel

P a rts " CmmMdawthmai;BCWtlT, iRWUBk a**d lakdariosM;

This pert of the study we# a o m n # ri*m hetwem the SCAT test seoros

and the Mstriee# end W A# eoeree. Table 7 ooetain# the result# of the SCAT testing.

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 M
ft slta M be noted the T eitad, QoemtUe, and Total eeoree on # e SCAT ere

aet # m o % oompaxable. To ooœpuœ #«m , the eoeree have hew pfeeed into

peromtUee mooording to the Wblee found te MelirUlo end Caver (19S5). Tteee

peroeetile rmttege on the SCAT ewrdborete the résulta or the WAhS oooeemteg

#** «aqpetdkmr eadWWar iwf iBhe iMdkdsNOte in thieetedbr.

TWWe?

Range, Mean, PeroentUe, end Standard D evtetim of the School and

(Zolletpe AdbOttf "Taw#* thaexiae

Teats Range Mean Pereentile S.D,

SCAT Verbal s7e*sss SSS.Sl 31 11.48

SCATQnantUe W l-S S S SIS,37 73 3,37

SCAT Total SSl-SSO 303,00 70 3.37

GorrelaMons Betwem the Matrteea and the Sàat. Table $ ehowe a moderately

% h o o rre la tto between SCAT Qtemtlle and the M atrices hot a very low eorrela-

ttem W th SCAT Verbal end the M htrtew. % le eeggeeted that the lew correlation

between SCAT Verhel end the ite trio e a may be due to the tect tlm t verbal a b ility

is depend@ot tteon M orm atloa p te e d in the i^ s t. A rithm etic problems, on the

other tend, require reaaonteg a b ility M m ilar to that needed to solve #@ M atrices

item s and is reOeeted te the h%b@r W rr@ l##w,

WAXB. laT h A h ,*, theeomdaWenia .tW

between SCAT and the W 1 Seale %Qand. 72 between SCAT and the Verbal IQ ,, both

o f which are high and sigaificant. The correlation between SCAT and the Performance

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 IQ is ,33 wM A is low and *#tisUoaHy inalgalAomnL As TmWe # indicates,

com latteos betwom the SCAT and the WAIS aahtaata ranged from ,73 (Vocabn-

la%y)te -.oegwgKsyndkd),

Table 8

Pearaon t Correlatkm Cce&eiwt# Between the l^rogressiv©

Matpies# and the School and Collage AMlby Test

Testa t

iWGAT feib al .13

SCAT QaamWle .5 1 **
EMGATT IO*U ,31
* 8*gnü%eaata*,<*hmd
Stgntfleamtat,(% Isnmel

TddeS
Pearson r C orreW iw s Between the Sehool and College A b ility
Test Total Score and the W ecM ler Adnlt ktelllgemoe Seale

Tests r

7KABB Pull Seale IQ .8 5 **

WAB Verbal IQ .7 3 * *
WABPexaemeneelQ .33
VKAJB ektbteate - TToqthdatgr .7 3 * *
- ArlthmeWe .8 4 **
- Wormatten .4 5 **
.4 0 »
" PietareArwagement 33*
- BWCaritiaa .37 *
- Ch#eet AaasmWy 35*
- Digit Spaa 35
" PW areCem pletim .13
~ BleekDeeign .13
. Digitgymbel -.0 5
* M gnm uw tat.O S level
» * S igam eantat.d& level

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 CHAPTER IV

XHBGUSmON OP RESULTS

The p rw w t %e##mMh w w ccwem W prlm m r% w ith the reWlmmMp

hetwem the Pregteseive MeW m# and # e Weehsler A didl XateRigence 8m%# whm

the emmpl#e form s of W th tests were used. T m euheidWy eeelyees were else

m derW s*. Per the fir# » Ae Matrieee wee given witheut a tim e lim it, althoegb

the ammnt ef tim e fa r rneh set of the M alrlm s was reewded. An attem pt was

thm made te estimate Be Wgbeet m rre la tim hetwem Be Matrieee and the WAIS

w te a tim e lim it wee hepeeed. The eemed m bsW ary analysis was emcenmd

with Aadteg the eerrelatim s hetwem the Sehoel and CeUege A b ility Tests and the

MeWeee and the WAB*

Compared w ith previous studies, Be eerreW m s found between the

Matrieee and Be WAB were low. On B e oBer hand, modereWy Mgh co rre la tim s

were Bmd hetwem the SCAT and oerW n wAtests of the WAB and M atrieee.

H ie the aha of the prsMst ehapter to diamaa these fW inga te the light

of previms atndtea. The eerreWtena hetwem the Mstrieea and Be WAB eompoae

them ainanalyaiaandw iHheem aideradflrat.

A time lim it m Be Matrieea would have affmted the results of Be test

and Be reaching mrmdaMoaa* The wmdte of the tim e analysis w ill he considered

in the Hrst part éf Be snhetdtery amùlyaiat the senmd part diamaem the m rrW a-

Hens fom d between B e SCAT a id B e M atrices and B e WAXS.

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 34

Main AnalysiB

Th# MaWoea was found to oorxolato . 48 w tB the Pall Scale IQ, . 38

wltfe the Verbal IQ, and. 33 w iB the Pwformanee IQ . Thaae correlatiafts are

low er than Bos© prevBnaly wportad in oB er studies, fn lia C. Hall (tS i? ),

using a 3 0 -it*n form sf the Mabioea fsmd the MatrBa# to ooaralato ,73 wlB

F u ll Seal*, 138 W B Be Verbal Seale, and . 71 w iB Be PmBemauee Smle.

ü n a e r, Aœ B. M o rris and Wendland (10601, using a p a rtia l form of the WAIS,

found oomrelatlms of .47, .43, and .48 fo r the Pull Seale, Vwbal Scale, and

PerBrmanoe Seale scores.

XI appears that one of the principal reasons fo r the low er co rre la tim s

in B e preseat study is a maThed restriction in the range of the subject’ s intelli­

gence, The standard devtetim of Be MatrBes in Be present study was 3,88,

Eysenck ( iW , p. US) rsperts that the standard derisBmi of Raven’s standardisa-

tim popnlaBm was 9*77. WRh the WAB, the standard deviation of the F u ll Scale

IQ was 8 .90 compared w lB the standard deviatim of 18,00 that W ecbsler (1 # 8 ) has

estBRshed. Thus, in #ds study, the cm npiB tion of the ocrielation oeeffleieat in­

volved a curtailment of boB variables tending to depress the resulting coeHicient.

Permulaa exist fo r cw rectteg doB le curtailment, but simce McNemar (1985, p. ISO)

reports them as unsabsBetory, no eorrecthms were made.

A w ther factor # » t may contribute to the low oorpolatkms Is the lack of

a time lim it on Be Matrices^ Eyeeueh (1953, p. 37) iudioates B a t speed of mental

fm ottoning is ow of Be prime determinants of tntsReetual ahllRy* Vet in this study

SpeedwaaweAingasaumeoutrofledvariahle. A sBieut*# perfermagee in this

researBw asoAenam easureofldaw illingneaatosearBforanansw er. His

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 35

score, tte i, depeoded to a great extent on Ms persistence as w ell as Ms to t^ -

lecteal aW l% . Whm no tteae lim it is imposed on a test, a re la tive ly, du ll persw

m ight succeed on one of Be more d ltflc ttlt item s sim ply because he was more

pe rsistm t. By the same token, a mom intelligent person m ight fa il B a t p a rti­

cular Bern, should he be unwilling to enpemd the Intsllecteal e ffo rt needed to

solve Be problem.

In B is com ectW , it should be pointed out that JuRa C, H all (1557)

found Be highest oorrelatimnbetween the M atrices and Be WAB. Using a 30-item

form WiB a 30-minmte tim e lim it, she found a corrolathm o f, 73, It appears that

the principal reason a Mgh corm laHou emerged was tM s constant tim e factor.

The present research fbimd Bat the mean Verbal IQ, 130.55, is ten

p(dotshjgherthanBem eanPwBrm anoeIQ, 110,36, The mean difference be­

tween Verbal and PeiBrmanoe IQ’s on the gtaodardWag:populatlQn was apprmd-

maiely aero, TMs iudioates B at the positive and nsgaWve différences were, on

Be whole, equal and symmetrically diMributed. Acoording to Wecbsler (1558)

p. 150) adiffsrenoecf ten points wiH be encountered in less Ban 33 cases in 100.

However, he also points out that the Intelligence level of the subjects was an im ­

portant factor in determ ining boB the directica and degree of difference found.

Thus, subjects of «wperior intelligence generally did better <mVerbal subtests.

From Weehsler’s standardisation sample, then, it would be expec-

ted that the Verbal IQ’s be then the Performance IQ’s. This was the

Anding in the present study. However, it was not aspected that suOh a Mgh pro-

portten of Be subjects. L e. 86 per cent of the populaBm tested, would have

higher Verbal scores than Ferformanoe scores. I t should also be noted that the

58818

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 26

WAXS takes a re la tive ly long tim e to adm inister. la its standard presm tatlon the

Perfonm aoe subtetes are placed at the end of the test when the subject is most

lik e ly to be tired* Tim## are poss&l© reasœ s fo r the discrepancy between the

eoore# of the present #tw^ and B et of WawAeler*

As m wtionW p re vtoisly, Stocey and G ill (1565) conducted the only

comparative study with the Matrieee using Be complete WecMler-BeUevue. In

th e ir tevemWgaMm, the Matrieee wee also fmmd to correlate higher w ith the Ver­

bal Scale, . 55, Bern w ith the Perfonmmee Seale, . 51. %n sumnmry, when the

settee WAM or W-B ie edminletered in oe# eeeeion, subjw ts may be too tire d

to Amctten a t maximum efficiency w ith the Perfermanee Seale because of its

ptedthm on the test and, therefore, th e ir true score is not revealed. TMs is a

possBle reaeen fo r Be depressiw in the co rre la tim oeeffleient between that scale

end Be M atrices.

A ftirB e r reaeen fo r the low corre la tim s between the M atrices and

the WAB is teund in the d iffe rw ce between the tests themegivee. The WAB is

onmpoeed of 11 afferent eddeete. The MeWeee, on the oBer hand, attempt# to

eetimate WeH%ence through a single meaeurwmmd of perfermanee. Wecbsler

(1555) has pointed out B at 1er all teste, curtate tedivbhmle may fa il to perform

w ell sim ply beeanee Bey are not preffeient te doing Be test o r type of teek used.

The Prêgreeeive Mafrteee is no exeeptien, Mentten was made e a rlie r of the la<^

of discrim teatlve power of Be M atrices. The WAB, m Be oBer hand, does die-

crim teate amemg a mxperten gronP* Peoanee the Matrieee does not adequately

dieerimteate among a college poputetten, cerrulattene between B is test and the

WAB would naturally be affected.

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 27

Supplementery Anmlyme#

Pmrt 1: Tim e L im it 8 tu #

% was found B at the foEowlng tim e lim its produced the best correte-

ti<m betwem M I Scale IQ scores and the M strio## eoore: 8 # A - three mimAee;

8e tB - foarm iaetee; SetC - U m teatee* SetD - Idm teateai 8etE -

20 mbmtès. W ith tM s set o f Wme lim its the predicted o o rre W m ooefBeisnt rose

22 pol#8 to • 6 # ,a lB m # B is gate is mot sigmtficamt. For a tm m l& U m coWTloiemt

to be s ^ ific a n tly different teem . 42 at Be , 05 level, w iB the nwnber M mtses

used here. B e eorrelatlea weeld have to imoreaee approxim ately 24 peimta. te

ether words, a cerrelaffon o f ,77 would have been needed to be a% niffoantly d if­

férent at Be . 05 level. However, there is a daftntte tread in that aH correlations

mm wham a lib e ra l tim e lim it was Imposed.

It shouM be noted Bat ff these time lim its were impceed in a stW y

the same corretetim s would probahXy not be found. Impostug a tim e lim it on the

actnal performance wmdd introdnee Wber factors not included in B is sta tistica l

analysis. The results, however, suggest Bat these time lim its provide a better

esHmatim of the suhjeets’ WAB IQ. % shmdd be noted also that a tim e lim it

would tend to dim inish the effect of Be persistence B cto r discussed in the fir s t

part of B is chapter,

B art 2 ; Q orrM atlw a - SCAT, WAIS and M atrices

The ÿrcgreastve M atrices was found to correlate, 12 w iB SCAT

V e rb al;,21 w tB6CATQ uaatileand,21w lBthe8CATTetalBeores. Thelow

eorreW im betwesn the Matrices and Be SCAT VeB al Score may be due to the

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 3$

dfffmrmoee te B e tests theanselves. The SCAT Verbal Scon» te a mmmcm of the

vccaW ary B e subject has aequteed te Be past. The Matrteea, cm the cB er hand,

meaeere# reaeeateg aWUty ragardleaa of wW t Be awhject haa previm tsly learned.

The SCAT QeaaMle Score correlated much higher w iB B e Bftdrices

Baa the Verbal Seere. The soluffm of aritteaeffc problems involves a Mgh degree

of reaacateg a h il% . W hile depeadeat upon teform atim gained te Be past, the

subset m u# apply the prtectetes he has learned to Be praaeot problem. This

applicatim of prtectele is a Amettea s im ila r to that employed te the ite tric e s and

may aeoomt fo r the higher w rre la tte n .

W iB the WAIS, the SCAT Total Score eorrelated as follow s: .66 w iB

the F u ll Scale IQ, . 73 M B Be Verbal IQ , and. 33 w iB the Performance IQ. The

SCAT Total Score Is composed of itm ns measuring verbal ahllily and arithm etic

a b ility . Five of the subtests <a B e WAIS Verbal Scale meaimre verbal a b ility

and the sixB meamres arithm eW a b ility . Thus, the Mgh eorrelattema between

WAIS Verbal and B e SCAT are not surprteteg since boB tests are measuring sim i-

te r fm ctim e.

te mmmwy, Be mate analysis of the present study found the M atrices

to oorratete .43 M B the F ttll Scale IQ; , 33 M B Be Verbal IQ, and .33 M B the

Performance IQ. These c c rre la tiw s were low er than comparable studies te B is

area. These low er co rre la tlw s seemed to be due to a re strictio n te the rarge of

intelligence the lack of dtecrbnim Bve power of Be M atrices, the teek o f a constant

tim e lim it and the Im gB y adm teistratim parted sMthe WAIS.

te a eubsidtery analysis it wee Bund B at the follow ing tim e lim its pro­

duced the best conrelaticn between FuH Seale IQ and Be M atrices: 8 # A - B ree

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 w

mteute#; Sel B - fe«r mlmd##; Set C - 11 m W ta#; S it D - 14 m teutesi Set E -

20 minutes* W ith B is set o f tim e lim its the eorretettm i roee £rem .42 te .85.

This shewed # deffsit# trm d eltheegh Be differnaee m s met sigmifiesmt w ith the

sm all «umber ef esse# used.

te a eeeoud suhsidteiy am lysis the PregresWve Matrices ww Aamd

teeo rretete.U w iB S C A T V eA al* *51w m sC A TQ us«tiI#e«d.21w iB 8C A T

TeW . B m hB eW A K X teTTetalS eersoorrM m ted.ddw m tbeFullS eslelQ ;

. 72 w ith the Verbal IQ, #md . 22 with Be Berformamee IQ. eerreXatteue in

both tests seemed te be Bm te a meammemeot e£ s im ila r mental Asm tim s.

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 CHAPTER V

8UMMAHT AHD CONCLWKH«l

Pwvtotts tev##MgsWr« have made ernnparatlw a W iw between the

Pregreeetv# K atrtew end Be WeeWter Adult WeWgeeee Beale, te geoeial. the

m rm ieM m s ehtateed teem Berne etedlee muged teem teW y h%h te modemte.

However, müy partiel term# of Be teat# were need tetheee teveet%mtteee. The

preaeet reaeereh Adlewed that of the pa# but dfftered teem Be previous tevesti-

gathma in B at both tests were admteWered te th e ir omnplete form s.

Two m W dtery analyaee were tooluded to the presm t research.

F irs t, Be tim e fo r each aet of the Mateteea was reoorded te r the purpose o f e sti­

m a # # the maadmam posstele correlaBm e that m ight result when a tim e lim it is

impoeed w Be test. The aeeemd W hsMtery analysis tevWigated the oorretettema

faued betweem the Bchcol and College A b il% Teats and Be M atrices and the WAXS.

The WAte aeowea, to the prom ut research, todioated a restricted

mngeof totedligemee. te term # W Wechsler’a tetell%emee classiHcations, 80 per

OS# of the atadaata tested were to the "superim r" and normal" eategoriea.

The Verbal scores of Be subjects sxeeeded the Performaaee scores to 88 per cent

of B # cases tested.

Am teem analyaia of the MeWees scores showed an excess of easy

teems. The mem m ere, tothapmeaeatatndy, is s l# # y h%her thm B a t pre­

vious atedtoa w ith eoRege studsats. However, these previous studies contained no

$0

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 SI

M orm aticn about the tim e # e n t on the test.

As opposed to previwm Andtoge, oorWettoee between the Metrteee

end the WAB were lew. One of the prtocipel reeeone ter the low correlmtioos

wmethereetrtotedrmmgeof t%de#geneeduetoavery homogeneooegreoptogef

theexperhnenteleemp&e. teeddtelm ,thele#;ofdteertm toettrepew erofthe

hWrteee m&wddedly effeeted the exte# of the oormW hm# fmmd, 8W e the

MetrWee wee e#nW #tered wffhadt e tim e Itm tt, Be mb@e#mnt Matrieee seores

endoorreWtomewereWKeotedbyapereieteoeetoetor. Theadmiaietxatkmof

the WAB In one eeeeim eeemed to depreea the Pextemnanee eoore, a toot wWeh

he lp i to explain the low e o rre la tim ooe#oiemte between the Matrieee and the

B e rte rm m # aomm# m B e WAB.

Wdeota stowed oowidem ble v a ria b ility in lengB of tim e epeat on

BeM eW eee. The thneetndyindieatea that if Be enggeeted time lim ita ware

a&pted a greater m rto M li^r in remdte wW d ooeur. This would tend to raise

the o e ili# in Be Matriaea, thus eeWng the low -eellteg gewMem emeomtered in

Be past, S in # B e tim e lim it# are lito ra l, most td tto subfeots would be able to

Adah and @#h eeWeet would hare an eqmal amount of tim e to #m plete the teat.

The Total denre of Be SCAT was found to # r*e la te modemtely

Mghly WiB B e Verbal goal# of Be WAIS ahoMng marked s im ila rité s between

the two tests. By Be same tehan, a moderate oorrelathm was fom d betwew the

SCAT Qwmtile aoere and B e MaWeae, wMeh aaema to indieate that theae tests

are measuring sim ilar Amo###,

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 BBLXOGBAPHY

Am eW L Arne, PawWoatoml Teettem. Hew Mammiltei, 1564.

Barta#. 1* 8, The reWknShlp of the Pr#r###to# IW rtoe# (1586) and Be

€oluœt»te MaWtey Scale to Be Weclasler 1 W ell% #M» Scale. J.conemlt.
PaM toL. 1566, # 654-596,

Bagday, Hhmay. The waehalar A d # Wa*%aaa# Beale (WAIS), te O. iC. Buroe

#d*)k P ffB M W al # i 7ininMiw # T a a B e e K B # Ia a d P a A , NawJeraeyt
O m A i*P m a » ,m 5 ,6 4 N 6 6 .

B olin, B. y , A eamparlaaa of Bavm’e Progreseive MaWcea (1566) w iB the

A ,e .E . IhiyaW egleal EaamW Aaa and the 0#a Gamma MeaW AMltey
Twt# ^LSm W K ÎaB aW t. 15% 560.

Bm to, H, R. Bavea’a PregraaaW Matrieee! a review and critical ewdwtixm.

g u m e L a m M " '1566* # 1 5 5 .6 6 6 .

Daria, P .B . Ceopemtte# M atolaad Canege AWl#y Taata (8CATX teO. K.Baroa

« 4 .1 . mgMaadPaak,N4W'iaraay:

Deaal, M. M. The te#t-r#em t re lia b ilh y of B e Pregreaatee M atrieee Test.

W L P a M W .. 1566. 66* 46-66.

D em i, M. M. The rdW km eh# ef B e WeWWaler-Bellwn# VeB al Beale and the

Pregraaate# hWrieaa Teat. J.^QpaalttPf Y # f r 1566, 60.

Eyaaoek, H. 6. lin a » e lo its,.o f.PmepamUte. Leaden: Kegaa Faid, 1966.

Z y # w k , H .J . UaeaandAhuaaaef Pay»to:«y Bdinhargh! Pmgnin, 1566.

Fowler, H .M . CeeparativeBehoelaed College AW liiy Taata 4BCAT). to

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Hew Jaraay* Gryphm %eaa, 1985, 465*466.

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Matrices (1597). 3W6, 165-148.

Gnertto, w* H. The waekaW A d # Edalltgamea Beale (WAIB). to O. E, Baroa

(E d.) M&Maa;#16aaaaMmaa6a % aAae)u mgNaadPark, HawJeaaey;
OryphonPraaa, 1565, 660-661.

65

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 63

O w r#n ,W . H ., H, , Besmwh M B Be WB %nWU-

3m #6m W *m O -19»6, 1636, & 3 3 7 -W ,

G # r B ^ W .H ,,M B ,A .L , P W a K Q .n ,, & L # d d ,C .E . » # # # # & M B B e

V W W ar W eH tom # 8wto# te r AdulB* 1633-60, P E e ^ L W L , 1663.
M , 1 -%

GuOterd, J. P. P#v^Wm#Mc maBaAm. (tad #d. ) Hew Ytedu MeGmw-HEl, 1636.

<3kdIAwd, y . P. PEnA ^ W g l to Ih M W cev and Ed* * # # . (3%d ed. )

lB #Y o% toM aQ m w -m m ,lW #,

0#te% B J, P. Th# atoW w # of totoUaoL 1936b, jgg, 367-863.

HdUf A lto C . Cato*totto«ef»m odfftodtonnofB6vm toPMgr###to#ltototoeB

^633)il#iB#7W totoirAd#toW % % «ito#3o3% *, f.OMumdLPmMW.. 1637.
&»

U gaitoi, C. & teveis, c@Bmy# H. A oompmrto# ef ^ m ftrd -B in e t suad Col­

ored Bavm Ptoweeeto# M atrices l.Q ’s fo r cM M rm M B lew seetoeeometoto
stoW . J.eeneu^Pp r M 1633, iff, 663-663.

Jedmem, ERwBeBZ. # x dBWmcem smd vKFtoWiity to Be perterm snw of re -

torded ohOdrm em Exvem, Btoe*, and A rB sr Tests. 1638,
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Bssper, 6. Pregreestoe MsWee# (1663) m é emetkmsl dtotorbseee. d.cm m dt.

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gmdes as predicW s ef c#B #e acbievmmwt. E dm .#sm toL Memmxd.. 1936,
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P W B M #, J. eB k P rn e W .. 1636, ^ 833-8%.

MoNcniur, Q. P > T ^ l« tta a « .tW le . l aid e d. >■ Nev y<nfc; WUoy. 19BS.

A S S o m io H U 1 V E R S ÏÏÏ m im

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 34

M artin, A . W. & W W her#, J .E . Haven’s Colored Pregresetoo M atrices and the

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graaaiva Mateteea wed two taata ef ganaW teWllgaoaa for 179 setewamal
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