Pennsy

lvani
a'
scol
oni
ali
ronmast
ersf
orgedi
ronandar
evol
uti
ont
hathad
bot
hindust
ri
alandpol
i
ticali
mpl
i
cat
ions.Thecol
oni
stsi
nNor
thAmer
icawant
edt
her
ightt
o
t
hepr
ofi
tsgai
nedf
rom t
hei
rmanuf
act
uri
ng.Howev
er,Engl
andwant
edal
loft
hecol
oni
es'
r
ichor
esandr
awmat
eri
alst
ofeedi
tsownf
act
ori
es,andal
sowant
edt
hecol
oni
est
obea
mar
ketf
ori
tsf
ini
shedgoods.Engl
andpassedl
egi
slat
ioni
n1750t
opr
ohi
bitcol
oni
stsf
rom
maki
ngf
ini
shedi
ronpr
oduct
s,butby1771,whenent
repr
eneurMar
kBi
rdest
abl
i
shedt
he
Hopewel
lbl
astf
urnacei
nPennsy
lvani
a,i
ronmaki
nghadbecomet
hebackboneofAmer
ican
i
ndust
ry.I
tal
sohadbecomeoneoft
hemaj
ori
ssuest
hatf
oment
edt
her
evol
uti
onar
ybr
eak
bet
weenEngl
andandt
heBr
it
ishcol
oni
es.Byt
het
imet
heWarofI
ndependencebr
okeouti
n
1776,
Bir
d,anger
edanddet
ermi
ned,
wasmanuf
act
uri
ngcannonsandshotatHopewel
ltobe
usedbyt
heCont
inent
alAr
my.
Af
tert
hewar
,Hopewel
l
,al
ongwi
thhundr
edsofot
her"
ir
onpl
ant
ati
ons,
"
cont
inuedt
ofor
mthenew nat
ion'
sindust
ri
alf
oundat
ionwel
lint
otheni
net
eent
hcent
ury
.
Ther
urall
andscapebecamedot
tedwi
tht
allst
onepy
rami
dst
hatbr
eat
hedf
lamesand
smoke,
char
coal
-f
uel
edi
ronf
urnacest
hatpr
oducedt
he
v
ersat
il
emet
alsocr
uci
alt
othenat
ion'
sgr
owt
h.Gener
ati
onsofi
ronmast
ers,
cr
aft
speopl
e,andwor
ker
spr
oducedgoodsdur
ingwarandpeace-
rangi
ngf
rom
cannonsandshott
odomest
ici
temssuchascast
-i
ronst
oves,pot
s,andsashwei
ght
sfor
wi
ndows.
Ther
egi
onar
oundHopewel
lhadev
ery
thi
ngneededf
ori
ronpr
oduct
ion:
aweal
thof
i
ronor
eneart
hesur
face,
li
mest
onef
orr
emov
ingi
mpur
it
iesf
rom t
hei
ron,
har
dwoodf
orest
s
t
osuppl
ythechar
coalusedf
orf
uel
,rushi
ngwat
ert
opowert
hebel
l
owst
hatpumpedbl
ast
s
ofai
rint
othef
urnacef
ir
es,andwor
ker
stosuppl
ythel
abor
.Byt
he1830'
s,Hopewel
lhad
dev
elopedar
eput
ati
onf
orpr nghi
oduci ghqual
i
tycast
-i
ronst
oves,f
orwhi
cht
her
ewasa
st
eadymar
ket
.AsPennsy
lvani
aaddedmor
eli
nkst
oit
str
anspor
tat
ionsy
stem ofr
oads,
canal
s,andr
ail
roads,i
tbecameeasi
ert
oshi
ppar
tsmadebyHopewel
lwor
ker
stosi
tesal
l
ov
ert
heeastcoast
.Ther
etheywer
eassembl
edi
ntost
ovesandsol
dfr
om RhodeI
slandt
o
Mar
yland ast
he"
Hopewel
lst
ove"
.Byt
het
imet
hel
astf
ir ned outatHopewel
esbur l
i
ronwor
ksi
n1883,
thecommuni
tyhadpr
oducedsome80,
000cast
-ir
onst
oves.
1.Thewor
d“i
mpl
i
cat
ions”i
npar
agr
aph1i
scl
osesti
nmeai
ngt
o..
.
A.si
gni
fi
cance
B.mot
ives
C.f
oundat
ions
D.pr
ogr
ess
E.i
mpl
i
cit
2.I
tcanbei
nfer
redt
hatt
hepur
poseoft
hel
egi
slat
ionpassedbyEngl
andi
n1750was
 t
o..
.
A.r
educet
hepr
iceofEngl
i
sh-
madei
rongoodssol
dint
hecol
oni
es
B.pr
eventt
heout
breakoft
heWarofi
ndependence
C.r
equi
recol
oni
stst
obuymanuf
act
ured
D.keept
hecol
oni
esf
rom est
abl
i
shi
ngnewmar
ket
sfort
hei
rrawmat
eri
als
E.di
scentov
ert
hegov
ernanceoft
hecol
ony
3.Theaut
horcompar
esi
ronf
urnacest
owhi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ng?
A.Cannons
B.Py
rami
ds
C.Pot
s
D.Wi
ndows
E.Pr
opr
iet
ors
4.Thewor
d“r
ushi
ng”i
npar
agr
aph3i
scl
osesti
nmeani
ngt
o..
.
A.r
eli
abl
e
B.f
resh
C.appeal
i
ng
D.r
api
d
E.gr
ant
ing
5.Pennsy
lvani
awasani
deall
ocat
ionf
ort
heHopewel
li
ronwor
ksf
oral
loft
hef
oll
owi
ng
r
easonEXCEPT.
..
A.Manywor
ker
swer
eav
ail
abl
eint
hear
ea
B.Thecent
erofoper
ati
onsoft
hear
mywasnear
by
C.Themet
alor
ewaseasyt
oacqui
re
D.Ther
ewasanabundanceofwood
6.Thepassagement
ions“
roads,canal
s.andr
ail
roadsi
npar
agr
aph3i
nor
dert
o
expl
aint
hat.
..
A.i
mpr
ovement
sint
ranspor
tat
ionbenef
it
edt
heHopewel
li
ronwor
ks
B.i
ronwasusedi
ntheconst
ruct
ionofv
ari
oust
ypesoft
ranspor
tat
ion
C.t
het
ranspor
tat
ionsy
stem ofPennsy
lvani
awassuper
iort
othatofot
herst
ate
D.Hopewel
lnev
erbecameamaj
ort
ranspor
tat
ioncent
er
E.Fundament
alConst
it
uti
onofPensy
lvani
adev
idedt
hecol
onyi
ntot
wopr
ovi
nces
7.Thewor
d“t
hey
”inpar
agr
aph3r
efer
sto.
..
A.l
i
nks
B.par
ts
C.wor
ker
s
D.si
tes
E.coast
s
 8.Thewor
d“some”i
npar
agr
aph3i
scl
osesti
nmeani
ngt
o..
.
A.onl
y
B.amaxi
mum of
C.appoxi
mat
ely
D.av
ari
etyof
E.af
ewof

Ofal lmoder ni nstrument s,t

hev ioli
ni sappar ent lyoneoft hesi mpl est.Itconsi stsin
essenceofahol l
ow,v arnishedwoodensoundbox,orr esonat or ,andal ongneck,cov ered
withaf i
nger boar d,al ongwhi chf ourst ri
ngsar est ret chedathi ght ension.Thebeaut yof
design,shape,and decor ati
on i s no acci dent:t he pr opor tions oft he i nstr
umentar e
determi nedal mostent ir
elybyacoust icalconsi der at ions.I tssi mpl icit
yofappear ancei s
decept ive.About70par tsar ei nvol v
edi nt heconst ructionofav i
olin.I tstoneandi t
s
outstandi ngr angeofex pressiv enessmakei tani dealsol oi nst r
ument .Nol essi mpor tant.
Howev er ,isi tsrol easanor chest r
alandchamberi nst rumenti ncombi nationwi ththel arger
anddeeper -soundi ngmember soft hesamef ami ly,t hev iolinsf ormt henucl eusoft he
moder nsy mphonyor chest ra.
Thev i
olinhasbeeni nex istencesi nceabout1550.I t
si mpor tanceasani nstrumenti n
i
tsownr ightdat esf rom t heear l
y1600' s, wheni tf irstbecamest andar dinI tali
anoper a
orchest ras.I tsst atur easanor chest r
ali nstrumentwasr aisedf urtherwheni n1626Loui sXI II
ofFr anceest ablishedathi scour ttheor chest raknownasLesv ingt -quat reviol
insduRoy
(TheKi ng' s24Vi olins) ,whichwast obecomewi delyf amousl at eri nt hecent ury.
Ini t
sear lyhi storyt hev iolinhadadul landr atherqui ett oner esul t
ingf rom thef act
thatthest r
ingswer et hickandwer eat t
achedt othebodyoft hei nst r
umentv eryloosely.
Duringt heei ght eent handni net eenthcent ur y,ex citingt echni calchangeswer einspi r
edby
such composer -vi
ol i
nist s as Vi valdiand Tar tini.Thei ri nst rument alcomposi tions
demandedaf uller,cl earer,andmor ebr i
l
liantt onet hatwaspr oducedbyusi ngt hinner
stri
ngsandaf arhi gherst ringt ension.Smal lchangeshadt obemadet ot hev iolin'
s
i
nternal st r
uct ureandt ot hef i
nger boardsot hatt heycoul dwi thst andt heex tr
ast r
ain.
Accor dingl y
,ahi gherst andar dofper formancewasachi eved,i nt ermsofbot hf acil
it
y
and int er pretat i
on.Lef t
-hand t echnique was consi der ablyel abor ated,and new f inger i
ng
patternsont hef inger boar dwer edev el
opedf orv eryhi ghnot es.

9.Thewor d“ standar d”inpar

agraph2i sclosesti
nmeaningto..
A.pr acti
cal
B.cust omar y
C.possi ble
D.unusual
E.speci al
10.“TheKi ng’s24 Vi ol
i
ns”isment i
oned in paragr
aph 2 t
oill
ustrat
ewhich oft
he
fol
lowing?
A.Howt hev i
olinbecamear enowedi nst
rument
B.Thecompet it
ioninthe1600’sbetweenFr enchandIt
ali
anorchest
ras
C.Thesuper i
or i
tyofFrenchvioli
ns
D.Whyt hev i
olinwasconsi der
edt heonl yinst
rumentsuit
abletobeplayedby
royalt
y.
E.Touset het ermsappl i
edatthattime
11.Whati st hemai ni deapr esent edinpar agr aph2
A.Thev ioli
nhasbeenmodi fi
edt of i
ti tsev olvingmusi cal f
unctions
B.Thev iolini spr obabl yt hebestknown and mostwi del
ydi str
ibuted musical
instrumenti nthewor l
d
C.Thev ioli
nhadr eachedt hehei ghtofi tspopul aritybyt hemiddleoft heeighteenth
cent ur y
D.Thet echni queofpl ayingt hev i
olinhasr emai nedessent i
all
yt hesamesi ncet he
1600’ s
E.Thecombi nat i
onbecamei nf actt ot hef irsttrueor chest r
a
12.Theaut horment ionsVi valdiandTar tiniinpar agr aph3asex ampl esofcomposer s
whosemusi c?
A.I nspi redmor epeopl et opl aythev iolin
B.Hadt obeadapt edtot hev ioli
n
C.Demandedmor esophi st i
catedv i
ol i
ns
D.Coul dbepl ay edonl ybyt heirstudent s
E.Showedt hei nfl
uencebyt i
meoft hei rfor mat ion
13.Thewor d“ they ”inpar agraph3r eferst o...
A.Vi val di andTar ti
ny
B.Thi nnerst ringsandhi gherst r
ingt ensi on
C.Smal l changes
D.I nternal st ruct ureandf inger boar d
E.I nstrument al composi tion
14.Thewor d“ str ain”i nparagraph3i scl osesti nmeani ngto. ..
A.st ruggl e
B.st rengt h
C.st rat egy
D.st ress
E.hassl e
15.Thewor d“ accor dingly”int helastpar agr aphi scl osestinmeani ngt o...
A.Howev er
B.Consequent l
y
C.Nev er thel ess
D.Ul timat ely
E.Nonet hel ess
16.Accordi ngt ot hepassage,ear lyv iolinswer edi fferentfrom moder nv i
oli
nsint hat
earl
yv iolins. ..
A.wer eheav ier
B.br okedownmor eeasi l
y
C.pr oducedsof tertones
D.wer eeasi ert opl ay
E.pl ayhi gherandmor emel odies
17.Accordi ngt ot hepassage,whi choft hef ollowi ngcont ributestoadul lsoundbei ng
producedbyav i
olin?
A.Al ongf i
nger boar d
B.Asmal lbody
C.Hi ghst ringt ension
D.Thi ckst ring
E.Bi gchi nrest
18.Whichoft hef ol l
owi ngtermsi sdef inedi nt hepassage?
A.Resonat or( li
ne2)
 B.Sol o(li
ne6)
C.Lef t
-handt echnique( l
ine23)
D.Finger i
ngpat t
er ns(li
ne24)
E.Instrument al(l
ine18)
19.Al
lofthef oll
owingar ement i
onedinthepassageascont ri
but
ingt
ot heabi
l
ityt
opl
ay
modernv ioli
nmusi cEXCEPT. ..
A.Mor ecompl i
catedt echniqueforthelefthand
B.Differentway st ouset hefinger
stopl ayveryhighnotes
C.Usear ar
ewoodf orthef i
ngerboardandneck
D.Mi noral t
erati
onst othest r
uctureoftheinstruments
E.Higherst andardofper for
mancei ntermsoff ecil
i
tyandint
erpr
etati
on