Nolte eV ENTE for A First Course in NUMERICAL ANALYSIS With C++ eR AUN We Wit©Copyright 2008 Prof. S.A.Bhatti All rights reserved, No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, OF transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Author or Publisher. First Edition: July 2003 Second Edition: April, 2011 Quantity: 1100 Price: Rs. 360/= (Rupees Three Hundred Sixty Only) Published by: Muhammad Azhar (Shaharyar Publishers) Printed at: Ali Ejaz Printers, Rattigun Road, LahoreDedicated to all my students, past and present, both at home and abroad. iiiPREFACE ‘This manual presents complete solutions to approximately all the end-of-chapter Dblems that appear in the text, A First Course in Numerical Analysis (Fifth edition). problems emphasize principles of Numerical Analysis and provide practice in ilizing concepts mentioned in the text. ‘The solution manual will give the instructor a basis for assisting the students and iging their progress. A problem can be solved in several ways. So, some instructors y tackle problems differently than Thave, or utilize an alternate solution method, they at liberty to do so. However, I have provided solutions that my students found to be lerstandable. Most of the problems have been class-tested and where feasible, the solutions Ihave been verified by the computer programs given in the text. A problem can be solved in several ways. The text has been carefully checked but still some errors may exist. I ‘would be glad to be informed about any such error. All'misprints or omissions in the text ‘as well as in the Solution Manual will be rectified in the subsequent editions. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Ghulam Shabir who swiftly and skillfully computerized the manuscript. In fact, he has been performing this type of work for me for over 15 years. Last but not the least, I thanks my family for the encouragement and unfailing cooperation I have received during the writing of this manual. Professor S.A. Bhatti Islamabad April 2011Pe ee teh, ee QDATART Falqaddo-to-bas ods ils yloramixorqge of enoituloe stelqmoo 2inseorg lsunssn eit -noitibe Ai) aizylsnA lesiremu ai sanioD seit A dxai od? ai twegge tedt eenold ai scitzerq sbivory bas eizyanA laciiadwil to eelqioaing ssieadgmns emsidorq -txo1 onli ni benoitnam 2iqsoaco gnixili baw eimobute oct gniseizee 102 zizad 6 rotowneni att vig Iiw leunsen noinioe ott gofounteni saroe .02 -2¢ew leave ni bovioe of neo maldor A .eeargorg aisds 0 ‘yor bodiom noituloz siamsiie te ssifitu to oved 1 audi ylinarsttib emaidorg obost y, svidsbnsteaba: anolsilog ot ,cidianst ovodw bas botest-zeplo goed ovat emoldong edt to KOM m los od nso mrcldony A rat adi ni novig emmgonq iemqmoa adi yd beitinoy aed os 1 xe vant nome amor Ilite 1ud bedood> yilitenso mood asd txa at{T .ayaw fotovoe i 91 al ai enoizaioo 10 aininqeimn WA rome dave yas uods baad ad Ot balg od blo , -doitibs insupoedue od ai boilisaer od live leunaM aoiwlo?.ads-ni ex Ilgw » bas Yifliwe ow ridesi2 melud aM 0 mined sisi ym zeorgxs of daiw I Jhow to oqy} vit goumotrog need ead od Jodt AT Iqireunams adit basixotuqmos yllwiitixe : t -21B9¢ C1 Yav0 Tor aan 107 -Silishay. boa inamogewoons axl wo) ytimst-ym-ednadts 1 ze0s ad) Yon nid 20-1 ” Jaunsm zids to gaitiew act gniwub bsvisosr oved J cioitgisqoo. ited .A.2 r02estond bsdemualal LI0E ting. aHChapter 5: Chapter 6: Chapter 7: Chapter 8: Chapter 9: CONTENTS. Error Analysis Finite Differences Interpolation Numerical Differentiation Numerical Integration Ordinary Differential Equations Non-Linear Equations Linear System of Equations Eigen-values and Eigen-vectors (see Appendix) vii Page No. 1-32 33-71 72-126 127-160 161-230 231-294 295-368 369-510&TnaTuoo eons iC stint Ty, noltslogwtal <€ astqer- soilaitasrsfiG lastamuy — :b sige) soltergaial Ieghompys . :2 asiqad envitenp’ IsitnaisNiG waniinO . :2-aaiqarl anoieuph msatt-novi 2S ssiqedt) enciisupa Yo matey? we9nit 38 vaiged (xtbnaggé ae) e1glvey magi bas asuley-nsgial .... ;@-sigail’)Error Analysis hapter 1: JU (a) Let x; = 187.2 and x, = 93.5 bet Xi t x2 = 187.2 + 93.5 = 280.7 Let e and e» be errors in x; and x3 respectively. els 4x10" les|sdx107 r Absolute error, AE < |e, shx107+4x107 =01 AE Relative error, RE = -—> |2| 5 280.7 < 0.000356 = 3.56 x 10% (b) Let x; = 0.281 and x2 = 3.7148 Let their product be P. P=x,°% = 0.281 « 3.7148 = 1.0438588 Let e} and ep be the errors in xy and x2 respectively. les|s-4x107 ; |ea|s4x10*2 gt 3 ald) + 4 0281 * 3.7148 |*!° $0,0017928 = 1.7928x 107 AE = REx|P| = 0.007928 x 1.0438588 = 0.00187 = 1.87 x 107 (©) Let x=28.315 Let Z= Vx = ¥28315 = 5.3212 Let e be the error in x. lels4x107 4 mn x 1x10 s odes 8.829 x 10° = 0.0088 x 107 AE = REx/2Z| = 0.0088 x 10° x 5.3212 = 0.000047 = 0.047 x 107 (@) Let x; = 6.2342 X2 = 0.82137 x3 = 27.268 of Let ¢), ¢2 and es be errors in x,, x2 and x5 respectively. els 4x10 lea|s4x10%les|sdx10° Let z= |e. y x, 3 6.2342 x 0.82137 27.2 = 0.43334 : } KS e, ©. wl { ofa + y104 Jx10# pxto? Bee ae heen st 6.2342 0.82137 27.268 fo? ce 1 ) bio? < (2 xd x 10 fooe * Oignia7 * 27.268)" 4™ S (0.0160406 + 0.0121748 + 0.036673) xhx 10° = 0.016222 x 107 AE = REx (Z| = 0.016222 x 10° x 0.43334 = 7.029 x 10° (© Let x; =23, x2 = 4.18 and x; = 3.24. Let Z, = %2-% =4.18-3.24 =0.94 Let), ep and es be errors in x1, x2 and x3 respectively. le|sx107 leals 4x10 Jes] s4x107 AE of Z; $ |ea|+Hes| s4x107+ $x107 =001RE ofZ, < AE (Z,) 4 < $2} = 0.01064 ZemxZ =2.3 x 0.94 = 2.162 RE of the product, Z < [2] +nec e x 3 995 + 0.01064 = 0.03238 AE of Z=RE (Z) x |Z| = 0.03238 x 2.162 = 0.070006 = 7.0006 x 107 Let x; = 1.338, x2 =2.038 and xs = 4.577. Let ¢1, €2 and es be errors in x;, x2 and xs respectively. le] s4x10°7 lea] s 4x10 les|s 4x10? Let Z; = x; - x; = 1.338-2.038 = -0.7 AE of Z; < |e,| + |e,| shx10 +4x107 10° = 0.001 ale - = 0.001429 = 1.429 x 107Error in Z; , leals 4x10" RE inZ, < ea |Z 1x104 s 257— = 0.07143 Let = % = O21 = as77 0.15294 wl x3, 4x10 $ 0.001429 + 2pm S 0.001429 + 0.001539 = 0.001539 AE (Z) = RE (Z) x |2| RE (Z) < RE(Z,)+ = 0.001539 x 0.15294 = 0.0002354 = 0.2354 x 10° (Let x, =8.24 125.33 Z= x) += 13.57 Let e1, € and ez bethe errors in x,, x, and Z. les 4x107 leals4x107 eel < lel + lea) s |4x107|+|4x107| = 1x10 [AE] - puo? . a re | Jsld* = 0.07 x10 5Error Bound: Z + AE 13.5741 107 (13.56, 13.58) (i) x, = 124.53 X, = 124,52 im Xo = 124.53 - 124.52=0.01 Let ¢, and e, be errors in x, and x, respectively. leis dx107 lea]s 4x10? | AE s|e,|+|e,| | < | }x10"]+]410>| = 1x10? AE! ; n= AE = 151g — 100x102 =1 Error Bound: Z + AE 0.0141 x 107 (iii) Let x, = 4.27 x, = 3.13 Product: Z = x; +x, = 4.27%3.13 = 13.36 leds 4x107 lea]s4x107 keels }x10? ©, er}, [&2 eh Tea RE s1y107| |1x107 2 2 = + 427 3.13) < |0.12x107 16x107| = 0.28 «107 AE = REXZ = 0.28 x 107 x 13.36 = 3.74 x 107 Error Bound: Z= +3.74* 107 (iv) Let x, = 9.48, x, = 0.513 and x, = 6.72 ee Ky ks = Xs = 9,48 x 0.513 —6.72 4.86 —6.72 = -1.86 o Errors: ley|shx107 lesls 4x10" less 4107 ey) fezt 4 ves ffl] te 1,107] |4x107 ges aero 9.48 2 1.02 «10% + 4107 = 1.52 107 w i} AE = RExZ 1,52 « 1077 x (1.86) = —2.82 x 107 Error Bound: Z= +(-2.82 x 10°’)() Let x, = 0.25, x, = 2.84 und x, = 0.64 = 1.109 RE < [ | |. <2 xi} [x2] fxs Lion Legge]! {ters +x10 4x10 4x10 2 abe ‘Ad 0.25 2.84 0.64 {]2%107| +] 0.172102] 4J0.78x10-} 2.95 x10~* AE = RExZ = 2.95 x 10x 1.109 = 3.27 x 10% Error Bound: Z AE = 1.109 +3.27 x 10% wi) 1.73 ~2.16 + 0.08 + 1.00 — 223 — 0.97 + 3.02 Let xX, — x2 + y+ xy — Ky x6+ x, = 2203 felsdxt07 keals 4x10? les]s 4x10? leals4x107 kes|s-}x107les] s.4x107 len] s 4x10? AE «{ $107 4 $x107 +|5x107)+ $x107 is du0>| + 5107 + pao? } = 35x10" re~ “2 - = -0.01x 10" Error Bound: Z = —220.3+ 0.01 x 10" 2 Give x= 1.0 and y=2.5 Let ¢ and ¢» be errors in x and y respectively. lel =[e.]s4x107 (a) Z=x+y=10425 = 3.5 AEs [e,|+{e9| s}xi07 + 4x107 =0.1 () p= * y = 42-04 Let e; and e2 be the errors in x and y respectively. lex =lea]s4x107 nes [al fl pelo ix107 pfs othe s }x107 (+35)s 4x10" x 33 = 007 AE=REx|D| = 0.07 x 0.4 = 0.028 (©) Z=x+xy+y = (1.0) + (1.0) (2.5) + (2.5)? = 9.15 n=2 lei] =leo]s 4x10" resi [al+{ fet} Axio! [tx10 L107 dxio s2x 25-+ i 4 +2x 2 $0.1 + (0.05 + 0,02) + 0.04 = 0.21 AE =RE x |Z) = 0.21 9.75 = 2.0475 Q3 x=10; y=6 les 1.0; |e,| < 05 i») =i Range: xt AE Let X stand for the true value. x-AE SX (25-02) (4.5-0.4) > (2.3) (4.1) = 9.43 So, the product lies in the range: 9.43 < Product 2 13.23 i) Quotient = 4 = 33 =0.56 RES fl ul "ly 0.2) , 0.4] <3 < 0.08 + 0.089 = 0,169 AE = RE x Quotient = 0.169 x 0.56 = 0.095 Range: Quotient + AE 0.56 — 0.095 < Quotient < 0.56 + 0.095 0.465 < Quotient < 0.655 (b) x,=2.52; x, =1.78 le:|s4x107 = 0,005 leals4x107 =0.005 Maximum area <(x,+ €,)(x,+e,) < (2.52 + |0.005)) (1.78 + |0.005)) < (2.52 + 0.005) (1.78 + 0.005) < (2.525) (1.785) = 4.5071 Minimum area 2 (x,- e,)(x,-e,) > Qi-[er)) G2 —|er[) > (2.52 ~ 0.005) (1.78 - 0.005) > 2.525 x 1.775) = 4.4641 124.4641 < Area <4.5071 ‘Meaningfully rounded area of the rectangle is, Area = 4,50 om. Alternate solution x,=2.52; x,=1.78 Area, A= X,+ X, = 4.4856 fei|s 4x10"; fey|s4x107 reel dyige ok 2B DOE = arms x10? AE=RExZ = 4,793 x 10° x 4.4856 = 0.00215 Range: A+ AE 4.4856 + 0.0215 4.4856 — 0.0215 < A $ 4.4856 + 0.215 4.46 |? é a Se © 1 = 4x 0.005 + 0.00005015 = 0.0020 + 0.00005015 = 0.0020502& AE = REx = 0.0020502 x 0.01414 = 0,000029 Range: a+ AE A-AESASat+AE 0.01414 — 0,000029 < A < 0.01414 ~ 0.000029 0.014111 < A <0.0141609 Meaningful answer of a, correct to 3 dp is 0.014. ) For theory part, read section 1.6 of the text. @ x?-24.13x+14=0. Let the two roots of this equation be x, and x, and x, be the smaller root. a=1; b= -24.13; c= 14 s Bigger root, x, : ~b+ vb? — 4ac 2a _ 2413+ (E2413) — 4x14 2x1 _ 24.13-+V576:6569_ 2 % = 24.0718 Smaller root, x,: saps 124.0718 = 0.0582 (ii) x?-55x+1=0. a=1; b= -55; c=1 Bigger root, x,: 21_ ~b+vb? —4ac 2a 55+-V(-55P -4x1x1 . 2x1 55+3025-4_ ae = 54.9818 Smaller root, x; : x, c id 1 =1 14 1x54.9818 = 0.0182 iii) x?- 1000.01x +10=0. Here, a=1; b= - 1000.01; ¢=10 Bigger root, x, : =bive= mec 2a 2 1000.01 + (1000.01) -4x1x10 2x1 _ 1000.01+ /999980 2 = 1000.00 Smaller root, x, : x at we ” Tx1000 ame ens 1000 (iv) x?~ 1000.001x + 1=0. 22a=1; b= —10000.001; ¢=1 Bigger root, x, -b+ Vb? —4ac E 2a ‘Z 10000.001 + /(-10000.001)? - 4 2 = 10000 Smaller root, x, : ce a ae «ees ee 1x10000 10000 (vy) x?=111.11x+ 1.2121 =0. 3 b= 111M; c= 1.2121 0.0001 RE Bigger root, x, : wal -b+ Vb? —4ac i= ac 2a @ 1111+ f( 111.) = 4x1%1.2121 2 Ld 14 ¥12345.4321- 4.8484 3 — LL11+ ¥111.088 2 = 111.099 Smaller root, x, c a, 1.2121 1*111.099 (b) @ In(x + 1)- In@x) = 0.0108 23“e2}-¥(2 (i) cos(2x) (ii) (Ve +1 ox)x (2) _ vx? +1 -x Vetei x a vx? +1 +x (iv) & (v) Do yourself. Qa) f(x)=cosx ; f(0)=1 f'(x)= -sin x; f'(0)=0 £x)= —cos x; f0)= -1 f"(x)= sinx; £"(0)=0 £™(x)= cosx; f= 1 Substituting values in the MacLaurin’s Series: £()= £00) +x0"0) + ¥ PO)+ X £0) ZO ¢ AD Fee ORAS £X0) +S. T Cady Sestr(0) 2 3 ‘ = Texx04 xt xo Ext 4 ee se 4 POH Required polynomial is: Tae iiiei-s > = Bt gat 12d Now, x=15 Z re (15)! £(15)=1-+=4 +f? (15) 2 24 = 1-1.125+0,2109 24= 0.086 (b) fQX)=In(l +x, —- F@)=0 rit, rO=1 x 1 tae “a fe) aa f= —2 f"@)= 2} Fr O@=2 Gen? Substituting values in the MacLaurin’s Series: £@)=£@ +x" += x £0) 2 =0+xx14+ 2 xH1 ’ 2 To find In(1.2) In(1.2) = In(1 + 0.2) So, x=0.2. £(0.2)=0.2- Oa 4 =0.2-0.02 = 0.18 3 x - RESTO 3 3 2000 Ifwe take n=6,n!=6! = 720 which is less than 2000, Ifwe take n=7, n! =7! get an accuracy of 3 dp, (i) For upper bound, put x= 1, £ (x)= f'(x)= e* £(1)= £'(@)=2.718 lei|sdx10" RES F(x) des 2718 2710" x78 = s}x10" = 0.0005 AE = RE x | f (1)| = 0.0005 x 2.718 = 0.001359 = 1.359 x10” Range: f (1) + AE 2.718 — 0.001359 < f(1)<2.718 +.0.001359 26 = 5040 which is greater than 2000, So, 7 terms are needed to2.716641 < f(1)< 2.71939 Meaningful answer, correct to 2 dp, is 2.72. ne @ £6)> FAM; osxe1. i (ii) Remainder term, R(x) = 4 42 Ae -. fisted act -1)a " ee ee (n+1) (+1)! (iii) For x=1, a (n+1) (n+1)! 2 or, (nt+1)(n+1)!2 2 x 10% = 200000 For n=6, 7(7)! For n=7, 8(8)! This is safer to have 7 terms for getting an accuracy of 5 dp. R() Q. 10 (a) Using Taylor series, f (x)= £0+x)= £ (0) + xf") + x £'0)+ Xr @+000" f(x) Bae: £(0) =1 roy--taeyt, “O25 fe) = +3 a+xy?; £0) = 3 27f@= Bary? poy -88 8 8 105 16 Third Degree Polynomial: oF 105 f= 1+x)?; £6 (Q)= @) (+x) 75 Oya f(x) = £(0) + xf") + x £0). + x £"(0) Using x = 0.1, we get: 1 3 5 f(0.1)=1-— «01 +2% 0.1)? -2 x O21) 1-1-5 x01 +5 x Oy SIs ay | =1-0.05 +0.00375 —0.0003125 = 0.9534 4 | Truncated error | < afro) 7-log 5 28Forx=1 log(2n+1)— (2n+1) log 1 > 7—log 5 log(2n+1)-(2n+1) x 0>7-log5 >7-0.69 = 631 log(2n+1) > 6.31 2n+1 > 10°" 2n> 10%! -1 = 10° n> Lxtoe = 1000000 - 509900 terms. 2 3 1 Forx= = ant log(2n+1) - (2n+1) log ; > 631 log(2n+1) + (2n+1) log 2 > 6.31 log(2n+1)+0.3(2n+]1) 763 Solving it, we found that about 15 terms would be Tequired. Q. 11 double SolExp(double x) { double expo. term; int i=1; expo=term+1; while (fabs(term) > — le — 6) { term=term*x/i; expo=expotterm i++; } return expo; } Q.12 (a) #include #include #include void main(void) { clrser( ); 29double inc=1, result; int i=0; result=I/ine; while(i!=100) { inc=inc+2; result=result-1/inc; ine=inc+2; result=result+1/ine; i+; } result=result*4; cout<<“\nRESULT="< #include #include void main(void) { clrser( ); double varl=1, var2=2, result; int i=0; result=1/(varl*var2); while(i!=100) { 4: varl=varl+4; var2=var2+4; result=result+(1/(varl*var2)); it; } result=result* 8; cout<<“RESULT="< 30.#include #inelude long double result=1,p=2,term,term,temp,x; int w=0; long double factor(long double); void main( ) clrser( ); cout<<“\n\n\n\n\n\n\n PLEASE INSERT THE VALUE OF X cin>>x; do { term=pow(x.p)/factor(p); result=result-term; p=pt2; term=pow(x.p)/factor(p); result=result-term; p=pt2; wht; } while(term>0.000001), cout<<“\n\n\n\n\n\n\n THE RESULT IS ”<< result; cout<<“\n\nn\n\n\n\n C FUNCTION IS "<< cos(x); getch(); long double factor(long double a); { iffa!=0) { temp=a; while(a>1) { a} : temp=temp*a; } else temp=1; eee ). 13 Both parts can be solved with the help of computer program given inthe text .14 Do yourself. 31Q.15 Sometimes the loss of significance error can be avoided by rearranging terms the function or \using a known identity from a trigonometry or algebra, Find an equivalent formula for the following: functions that javoids a loss significance: Q.16 (@) ) € (@ Let £,@+1)= £, (a) for large x. Ans: (229) or art x x VHT =x for large x. cos? (x)~sin?(x) forx= = Ans: cos (2x) tose) forx=n 2 AQ) = ((x*-3x?) 3x)=1, B(x) = (x-3) (x +3)-1, and C=(x-1). Use four digit rounding arithmetic and compute A (2.72), B (2.72) and (2.72). In the computation of A(x), we assume that (2.72) = 7.398 (2.72) = 20,12, Use four digit rounding arithmetic and compute A (0,975), B (0.975) C (0.975). In the computation of A (x), assume that (0,975)? = 0.9506 an (0.975)*= 0.9268. * A(2.72) = ((2.72)' + 3(2.72)) —1 = ((20.12 - 3(7.398)) + 8.16) = (20.12 - 22.19) + 8.16) -1 = (2.07 +8.16)-1 09-1 = 5.09 B(2.72) =((2.72-3) 2.72 +3)2.72-1 = ((- 0.28) 2,72 +3) +2.72 -1 =(-0.7616 +3) 2.72 -1 = (22.38.16) 2.72 -1 =6.87-1 = 5.087 C2.72) =(2.72-1) = (1.72)° = 5.088 32hapter 2: Finite Differences .1 (a) Difference Table f(x) =x*-x-1 Ist 2nd 3rd 4th Sth -3 81+3 | > -6 -2 | 16+2-1=17 epics St +> -16 > -36 -1 1+1-1=1 ecg =. OG > -2 > -12 0 ° 0-0-1=-1 > 2 > m4 > 0 2-12 > @ 1 I--1=-1 > > 4M > > % > 6 2 | 16-2-1=13 > 8 > 7m > 6 > 6 ee 3. | 81-3-1=77 > m0 > 4M > 174 > & 4 | 256-4-1=251 > 194 > 368 5__| 625-5-1=619 From the last two columns, it is obvious that the above difference table is based on an exact polynomial of degree four. (b) Difference Table x | f@)=20 +207 +2x-1 Ist 2nd 3rd 4th =1 =3 > 2 a 0 -1 + 4 > 6 ++ 1 5 ae i > ° hi gate = 2 a > B > 0 > # > R 3 7 > 40 > 0 a oe, > 2 4 167 + 2 > 0 > > 2 5 309 > 64 > 0 > 206 + 2 6 sis 16 > 282 Ef 197. From the last two columns, it is obvious that the given function represents an exact polynomial of degree three. 33(©) Difference Table x_| f(x) =2x?-3x+4 Ist 2nd 3rd 4th =1 5.00 > 025 -05 5.25 > -1.50 > -1.25 1s 0 4.00 > 0 >in 0 > -125 LS 0.5 2.75 > . 1.50 > 025 1.0 3.00 (@) Difference Table x f(x) =2* Ast 2nd 3rd 4th Sth 6th ) 0 1 4-29 | 1 2 pgnas | > 2 > 1 q 2 4 ee 2 > 1 : > 4 > 2 dg HE ‘ 3 8 > 4 os 2 > 1 > 8 > 4 +8 4 16 See's Sy > 16 > 8 5 32 32.716 > 3 6 64 It should not be so, because the given function is not an exact polynomial. (©) Difference Table (x) 2nd 3rd 0.8415 => 0.0497 1 0.8912 > -0.0089 => > 0.0003 12 0.9320 => -0,0092 os > 0.0316 > —0,0006 13 0.9636 > -0,0098 => > 0.0218 > +0,0001 14 0.9854 > -0.0097 > —> 0.0121 > -0,0003 LS 0.9975 > -0.0100 —> 0.0021 1.6 0.9996 34(f) Difference Table x | fq) =20+3x+1 Ast 2nd 3rd 4th 0.1 1.302 > 0.314 02 1.616 > 24 > 0338 12 03 1,954 > 36 ren 8 > 0374 12 0.4 2.328 > 48 > 0.422 0.5 2.750 It is obvious that the fourth-order column is zero and the third-order column is constant. Hence, the difference table is generated from an exact polynomial with degree three. (g) Difference Table x | =30 +4041 Ist 2nd 3rd 4th Sth 0 1 =. a. 1 8 > % > 38 18 2 41 > 4 > 9 bie gat 18 > 9 3 118 > 6 +o ae so ee 18 4 257 > 8 > 29 5 476 All entries in the third-order difference fourth-order difference column are zero. exact polynomial with degree three. 35 column are constant and the entries in the Hence, the difference table is based on anQ.2(a) Difference Table x fx) Ist 2nd 3rd 1.0 -38 15 2.0 25 3.0 35 4.0 45 5.0 After a little modification in 4th-order difference column, we get: 4 16 25 ~24 -17e-16 4 | | i | { 14) -4(4) 64) - 44) 144) { 1 il 1 t 6) =H) &) =a) Ke) .e=4 ‘Working background, we find that the function in error is £(3.0); Correct valu of (3.0) = ~ 92-4 = ~96, 36(b) Difference Table x f(x) Ist 2nd 3rd 4th 1 7 =. 3 2 10 > 4 > 1 ae, Sa 3 17 a 9 Rs ® ae 4 33 5 63 >, $36 op ae 6 121 Se + 54 > Symmetry Se 1 185 8 287 > 136 pes 9 423 Bagh gy Rev Oe ao ee. ie 10 598 ai 4 ee n 817 ‘The obvious pattern in the fourth-order difference column: 19) -40) 69) - 40) 10) { 4 { 4 t Me) -4(e) 6(€) - Me) (e) end Working background, we find that the function in error is {(6) = 121. ‘The correct function, (6) = 121-9 = 112. The error is due to transposition of digits, i.e., from 112 to 121. 37(©) Difference Table x ‘f() Ist 2nd 0 1.0000 > 1002 1 1.1002 > 9 > 1011 2 1.2013 1.3045 => 1295 8 1.8881 There is no obvious pattern. So, we use third-order difference column, Hence, error = 9.0010 — _ 9.99925. The fitiction in error is (4) = 1.4105. The correct value of f(4) = 1.4105 —(— 0.00025) = 1.4108, Q.3 (a) Difference Table x f(x) Ast 2nd ard 4th 1 7 > 5s 2 2 2 +4 ot ae 24 0 3 21 > 4 > 0 4 34 10The obvious pattern in the fourth-order difference column: € -4e +66 -4e € \(e) -Me) + &(€) 5M) Ke) -2 +8 -12 8 -2 — 1¢2) — 4-2) 6(-2) 4-2) 1-2) We reduce that the error, € = -2, and it is caused by the function, {(6) = 70. Correct value, {(6) = 70 - (-2) = 72. (b) Difference Table = 2(x) [st 2nd 3rd. 4th 1 0.500 > 20 2 0.520 - 0 Sa Ss 0 3 0.540 ch 0 Ne Ta os 20 4 0.560 > -7 > s 0.579 > 36 > 10 > 28 6 0.589 > > -57 7 => > 8 2 0.655 > 1 > 19 10 0.674 € -4e 6e -4e € \(e) -4(e) LO} -4(€) \(e) -7 36 -S7 38 =7Modifying entries in the fourth-order difference column, we get: -9 36 -54 36 -9 1-9) -4(-9) 6(-9) — 4-9) 1-9) Hence, the error, € = —9, i.e, — 0.009, The error is in the funetion, £(6) = 0.589. The correct value, £(6) = 0.589 — (— 0.009) = 0.598, It is due to transposition in the last two digits of the function, Q.4 (i) Difference Table x y@) Ast 2nd 3rd 4th 1.0 1.00 > 13, 11 113 wg 12 1.35 > 36 > > -26 13 1.76 Sor > 58 ey 14 1s 16 If there would have been more data entries, the fourth-order differences would have more entries. Assuming: [3] -36 58 -39 {J —1(9) —4(9) + 6(9) - 49) 109) The error, ¢ = 9, i.c., 0.09. The correct value, {(1.3) = 1.76 - 0.09 = 1.67. Alternative Answer: From the third difference column, there is no particular pattern for error detection. Therefore, we use € = 2 = 0.11. (1.3) = 1.76-0.11 = 1.65. 40(ii) Difference Table x (x) Ast 2nd 3rd 1.0 4.00 PB 12 ‘There is no obvious pattern, we use the following: Largest value in the column Corresponding error coefficient aa = -0.05 Error = For x= 1.3, Z(1.3)= 7.15 -(- 0.05) = 7.2. . 5 (a) Difference Table f Aft at at Att f x@l) -1 =>) x7) x6) > -4 6 > 3 ee | 9 > = > x6) 9 >} x2) > 6) x) > 7 >| x2) x(5) 5 0-(-5)=5 5-(-)=6 41x-(2)=0; 9-x=3; 6-x=7; x-9=-2; x-7=-2; 2=%F x=6 em x= -249=7 x= -2+755 (b) Difference Table f Ist 2nd 3rd 4th_| Full Table x 0 2 > 5 z, > -3 5 a 2 > > 2 7. > -3 ee ae 7 ob. x > 3 > -1 x > 0 6 > x > -1 ‘ 5 (©) Difference Table Functional values: 1, 1, 13,73, 241. Ist 2nd 3rd 4th | Full Table x 1 x >, 0 1 > BR 1 > x > x 12 x > x > 28} 43 > 60 > 0 > 6 x > 108 3 > x > 168 241 241 42.6 (a) Difference Table f(x) Ist 2nd 3rd 151 > -34 4th 0 1.17 = 1 151 2 3 4 5 6 13.41 € = t +36 1 = —xE) ot -\e) From the third-order difference column: -18 34 -54 18 | { | | 1(-18) —3(-18) 3(-18) — 1-18) “€= 18, ie, €= —0.18 Correct value, f(x) = 2.35 —(- 0.18) 2.35 + 0.18 = 2.53 43(b) Difference Table x, f(x) Ist 2nd 3rd 3.60 | 0.112046 > 8158 3.61 | 0.120204 > -R > 3.62 | 0.128350 + 3.63 | 0.136462 3.64 | 0.144600 tp 3.65 | 0.152702 Bs 3.66 | 0.160788 pi 3.67 | 0.168857 > zo 8051 3.68 | 0.176908 There is no obvious pattern from the fourth-order difference column. ". Error, « = 82 = 0.000082 Corrected function = f(3.64) = 0.144600 — 0.000082 = 0.144518, (©) Difference Table x f(x) Ist 2nd 3rd 4th 0.0 | 10.30 > 40 01 | 10.70 > -6 eS 4 > -6 02 | 11.04 > -R > 0 o 03 | 11.26 0.4 0s 0.6 0.7 08 0.9‘We can easily find an obvious pattern in the fourth-difference column. Let us find the error: 29 36 -54 36 -9 { 1 | { { -91) - 9-4) -9@) - 9-4) 91) t | | i | (1) e(-4) €(6) <(-4) (1) 1. €,-9, Le, € = — 0.09 ‘This error is committed in the function, {(0.5) = 11.01. ‘The correct value of the function (0.5) = 11.01 - (— 0,009) = 11.02. Q.7 (a) From the difference table for the function given below, find the values of a, P and c, so that A‘ f(a) = V‘ f(b) = 5'f(c) = - 0.0428: x f(x) A a x At 0 0.3679 3679 i 0.7358 — 1840 6 0.9999, ‘Af f(a) =A‘ (1) = — 0.0428 ‘V‘ f(b) = V'£(5) = — 0.0428 8tf() = 8°13) = — 0.0428 From the above information, we find that a=1 b=5 e=3 45(b) Difference Table x | f@)=x@-1) @-2) Ist 2nd 3rd 4th -02 - 0.528 a4 0.297 -O1 — 0.231 > 0,066 => 0231 > — 0.006 0 0 > -0.060 > 0 ty OATH > 0.006 0.1 0.171 > 0.054 > 0.117 0.2 0.288 The fourth-order difference is 0, but the third-order difference column is constant. It tells that the table may be constructed from an exact polynomial of degree three. (©) Difference Table f(x) A Ae a“ at Ae 0.0000 >| -104 — 0.0104 > 2 >| -102 > -1 — 0.0206 > 1 es 4 >| -101 > 3 > 6 — 0.0307 > 4 > -2 > +97 > 1 ~ 0.0404 > 5 =| 9% — 0.0496 i) Sum of the entries in the 2nd difference column: LA’ = 0.0012 Difference between the last and the first entries in the preceding (i.c., first) column is: ~0,0092 — (— 0.0104) = 0.0012 (verified) Sum of the third-order difference column: DA’ = 0.0003 Difference between the last and the first entries in the preceding (j.c., second) column is: 0.0005 — ( — 0.0002) = 0.0003 (verified) 46}) (i) Difference Table = CORNY Sa Aes 2nd 3rd 4th Sth x3=-2 15 mF > -14 x2=-1 1 = 14 et 0 2 x= 0 1 > 2 ea a 2 psa Beet x= 1 3 ad 14 gS oe = 16 > 36 geht u=2 19 > 50 jet ae > 66 > 60 me3 85 ++, 410 ae x= 4 261 From the difference table, we obtain the following results: Af = 165 VE,=0; 51,=66 2 Sf, = 50, 4 f= 110, A? fy = 60, Vf, = 36, and 8 f= 24, Gi) Do yourself. (e) Difference Table x | fj Ast 2nd 3rd 4th ma=-2 | -14 > 14 x= 0 0 ee 0 > 14 > 96 my =2 14 => hi96 0 > wh ae a n=4 124 > 12 > 320 n=6 426 From the difference table, we obtain the following results: The entry 110 isfor 5f,, Afo and Vi. 2 47The entry 302 is for 5 f,, Af, and Vf. 2 The entry 192 is for A’ fy , 8'f, and Vf, Q.8 (a) Difference Table x f(x) Ist 2nd 3rd 4th Sth 0 0 > 2 1 2 > 16 > «18 > 36 2 20 > 52 > 4 > 7 > 60 > =45 a 90 > am > -21 > 182 > 39 > 25 4 272 > 151 > 204 > 333 > mm > -450 5 605 > 394 > =246 > nT > 93 > 450 6 1332 > 31 > 204 > lB > 201 > -225 7 2450 > ae cht > 1710 > = 180 > 4 8 4160 > ™ ge > 2482 > 204 9 6642 > 976 > 3458 10 10100 From the fifth-difference column: i -Se We =10(e) Se -e Me) ~S(e) 10(€) -10(€) S(e) ~Ke) -45 225 -450 450 -225 45 1-45) -5(-45) 10(- 45) -10(- 45) 5(-45) -1(- 40) en 45 The function in error is, {(5) = 605. Corrected function value is, f(5) = 605 — (— 45) = 650. If we reconstruct the difference table with the corrected functional value (5) = 651 it will be observed that the table is constructed from an exact polynomial of fourt degree, 48(b) Difference Table x f@) Ast 2nd 3rd 4th 10 2.1544 > 690 lu 2.2240 > 42 > 654 12 2.2894 > > 619 13 2.3513 > -80 > 608 > 56 14 2.4124 > -67 > us > 62 15 > -5 > -78 536 16 2.5198 > -21 > 515 > 17 2.5713 > -2 > 494 18 2.6207 There is no obvious pattern in the third- or fourth-order difference column. So, we may calculate the error from the fourth-order difference in the following way: z. = LB = 19.7, which is 0.00197. ‘The function in error is, (14) = 2.4121. The correct value is, (14) = 2.4121 — 0.00197 = 2.4101, (©) Difference Table x f{x) Ist 2nd 3rd 4th 1 10 : > 2 2 2 » 1 > 3 2 3 15, > 6 4 2 > 0 > il > 2 5 2 6 1 8Since, there is no obvious pattern in the third and fourth-order. difference columns, we may select fourth-order difference column to find the error. 12 ee ‘The function in error is, f(5) = 32. Correct value is, (5) = 32-12 = 20. (@) (i) Difference Table ge |i te) Ist 2nd 3rd 4th 0.0 | —9.800 > 0.739 0.1 9.061 > -19 > 0.720 > 46 0.2 — 8.341 03 04 a 583 05 +> S30 06 134 0.7 a 6 08 | -o899 - 589 oe 2 + 2.635 = 140 0.9 1.736 + 729 Sprenceaisee 1.0 5.100 at Pec! There is no obvious pattern in either the third-order or the fourth-order difference columns, Perhaps with a little bit head-scratching, we cuine up with the following clue: 103 ~ —1(103) =353 = -4(103) 583 ~ 6(103) -391 = ~4(103) 134 ~ — 1(103) So, we find error, & = 0.103. It is generated from the function, (0.4) = — 6.671-0.103 = —6.774, 50.i) Difference Table x fix) Ist 2nd 3rd 4th 0.1 0.905 = - 86 02 0.819 03 04 0.5 0.6 07 08 0.449 ey 6 > -42 09 0.407 Constructing third-difference column, we may get a clue to the error: €. -3e 3e -« | { | | \e) 3) EO} -\(e) 6 -20 18 -6 | { { { 16) -36) 36) -16 We may deduce that the error € = 6, i.e. 0,006 and is generated from the function, (0.4) = 0.677. So, the corrected value of £(0.4) = 0.677 — 0.006 = 0.671. 51(€) Difference Table x f(x) Ist 2nd 3rd 0.0 0.000 > 2 0.1 0.012 * 48 > 60 > nR 02 0.072 er > > 180 =o. ae 03 0.252 > 240 4 04 0s 0.6 0.7 0.8 8.832 s 0.9 13.932 ay 10 21.000 > 9492 Ll 30.492 > 12420 12 42.912 Fourth-order and fifth-order difference columns show ‘that the difference table constructed from an exact polynomial of degree four. However, in this case, the error is found from the fifth-difference column and is below: Me) —5(e) 10(€) ~ 10(€) Se) Ke) 1630) — - (630) 10(630) — - 10(630) 5(630) - 1(630) © = 0.630 It is generated from the function, f(0.7) = 5.922. The correct value of the function is, (0.7) = 5.922 - 0.630 = 5.292, 52A= E65 (b) A=EV Vim fife =f,- E“f, =(1-E")f v =1-E" ‘Also, 1 - E* v yee or A= EV ©@ B=A-V = Av = vA ye ee ste (ee ) = B-2+E7 = (B-)=0- Bo) = A-V 33Alternate Solution 8 f= 5(6f) “*4) = 5f. a ed 2 Stet |, |i i kaa) (ep (fre — f) - (fe - fr-1) = Af,— Vi, 8'f, = (A-V)F Dropping f,, we get, 8? = A-V, approved. Wench, (ii) $= E?-E? = B46@-1)= Et, ‘Squaring both sides, we get: 8 = AE" =A(AE"] =A[(E-1)E"] =A[E-E'-E"'} =A[]-E"] 8 = av Alternative Solution 87 f= (6 f) “afi airs i tae = fie -fi-fitfi mite oh +f =£ Rai } 22 «= @)AVA, = 4 (Vii) = A(fi~fi-1) = Afi Afi = [fies — fi] - [fi- fia] = fis — 28 + fi wii) From (i) and (ii), it is clear that LHS = RHS (iii) 5? f, = VA LHS : 87 fy = frei - 26 + fet @) RHS : V(Af,) = V(fer — ff) = Vii — Vir = (frei ~ fi) - (fr - f-1) = fi — 2 + fi LHS = RHS a) E=1+po+& RHS : (1+ p5+ Ski = f+ poi the f = Ath (st. + 6f,.) +4866 = t+ [ (Oy tara} (Fg fy) /49(4 +13) fi+d thin -f+ fifa) +5 [ 66,1 + 8f : 2 it vo ptea fd | (44S) (sata) f+h ia fa) +} Gin —fi-fit fa) +4 (fin fia) +4 in 261+ fi) 0 0 0 f+dttia- fa thin fa] = §+4@fa1-2f) =4m-6 = fin ae 55LHS is as: Efi = fie LHS = RHS @wn1+e RHS : y?f\= n(n fi) [4 Z | 2 W ce =dxd fin ++ 8+ fu) = dif + 26+ 84) hie = Rie: pS] = thers = fi+45f) = egale,: -1,4] = tase, 343] = 64 tay tu4)-( foh = td ff fi- f+ fii] W fi +hhie = 2ff + fia] 4d 14g + fie — 26, + fi] Tffis +26 + 61] So, LHS=RHS 56) E=1+8VE LHS: Ef = fia » (i) RHS : (i+ae!)s = = fit fin fi = fie oo Gi) So, LHS=RHS (—) V=E'A LHS: Vf, = fi-fia = fi- E*fi = (1-E")fi=1- 27 RHS: EAf, = Afia = fi-fin So, LHS = RHS (b) 2H5 = A+V 4 as a(t[e.y #,]) af + Of = [feet +(¢ i, ) (Fopy-try)* (Caaf = fin fi + fifi LHS: 2pdf = fie — fi = @ RHS: (A+ V)fi = Afi+ Vfi = fi—£, +f, + fia = fie — fi lla) LHS = RHS 57@ HB = 5+) LHS: (Sf) = of, it) ig sie he oh mak 1 allt, ef tit jee HLtaga Moss) 3 ~ FG fa) J (le +f-f-f) Mfr - 8) + fp) = Fla+ vb = RHS @ Eta ysts 2 Ls: eg =f 4 RHS: (W438) f = wit at, el de alg eta) +3 leat] 1 af i 4th thy] [4] rok 2 4 So, LHS=RHS 58 -@ «- Gi)L 922 yal ®E n-38 or LHS: E?§ = fy ett) RHS : (1-48) f 0 ==) a 1 nie = oii) So, LHS = RHS @ LHS: A+¥V Using shift operator: Since A=E-1 and V=1-E™, so, A+V=E-I+1-E" 1 =E-1+1-4 Tie = =E-E7 sent). On simplification, we get, _ EE-)__E-1 E-1 EE-1) - i-=gf-E' E So, LHS = RHS “5dQ.10 (a) Find Ayp, A” yq and A? y, in the following cases: @ year? Ayn =(n+1)—n? = 2n+1 Ayn = A(Ayn) = An +1) = 2An+A-1 =2(n+1-n)+0=2 4°yn = A(A? yn) = 42 = 0 Gi) yn = n +3n? Ayn = A(n’ +3n*) = An? +3An? = [+ 1) =n} +3[(n+ 1 - n'y = w+ 3n?+3n+1—W+3n?+6n+3—342 =3n+9n+4 A? yn = A(Ayn) = AGn?+9n+4) =3An?+9An+4 =3[(n+1)P-n}+9[@+1)-nJ+0 A (constant) = 0 =3(a?+2n+1—W?)+9(H+1- a) =6n+3+9 = 6n+12 = 6(n+2) A? yn= A(A?y,) = A(6n +12) = 6An+A12 6(A+1-nA)+0=6 (il) yn = n-n? + 17-1 Ayn = An?— An?+17An-Al = [+ 1) =n] [n+ 17-09} +170 0+ 1-1) -0 = [0+ 3n? + 3n +1 — w]— [92+ 2n +1 2 ]417 =3n'+3n+1-2n-1+17 =3n?+n+17 A? yn = A(Aya) =AGn?+n+17) =3An’ + An+A-17) =3[(a+1P =n} +[n+1-n] +0 60=3(W?+2nt+1-W?)+1 =6n+3+1 = 6n+4 A yn = A(A? yn) = An +4) = 6An+ A4 6(a +1-n)+0 = 6 (iv) Yn = n(n—1) (n-2) (n-3) (2-4) = n(n? —3n+ 2) (n?-7n + 12) = (n° — 3n? + 2n) (? - 7n + 12) = n° —7n* + 12n? - 3n‘ + 21n? —36n? + 2n’ - 14n? + 24n =n’ — 10n‘ + 35n’ - $0n*+24n Ay, =An’— 10An*+35An?— 50An* + 24An = [(n+ 1) =n] - 10[(n + 1) =n] + 35[(n + 1)? — n°) - S0[(n + 1)°- n°] +24[n+1- A] = [54+ Sn’ + 10n? + 10n? + 5n+ 1 — a?) —[u*+ 4n? + 6n? + 4n +1 - 4] [w?+3n?+3n+1- 1°) +24 = 5n‘+10n? + 10n? + Sn + 1 —40n? — 60n? — 40n— 10 + 105n? + 105 +35-100n = Sn‘ +30n? + 55n? —30n A? yn = A(Ayn) = A(Sn*— 30n° + 5Sn* — 30n) = SAn*—30An° + 55An?—30An = 5[(n + 1)—n"] -30{(n+ 1) — n°) + 55{(n + 1) =n") -30[n +1 -0] = 5[u‘+ 4n? + 6n? + 4n+1—n‘]—30[n?+ 3+ 3n+ 1-47] +55[u?+2n+1— 47]-30 =20n? + 30n? + 20n + 5—90n* — 90n — 30 + 110n + 55n-30 =20n? — 60n* + 40n = 20n(n - 3n + 2) = 20n(n - 1) (n-2) ‘Ayn = A(20n? — 60n? + 40n) =20An? - 60An” + 40An = 20{(n + 1)? =n] - 60[(n + 1° -n] + 40[M+ 1-H] =20[¥?+ 3n?+3n+1— w]-60[n?+2n+1- a7] +40 61= 60n? + 60n + 20 ~ 120n- 60 + 40 = 60n?— 60n = 60n(n- 1) (b) Given y, = 3°(A + Bn) Yne2 — Gynt + 9yn = 0 Now Yor = Eyn = E[3"(A + Bn) =3"'[A+Ban+ 1] You = Eynei = 3°"! [(A + B(n + 1)] =3™7(A + Bin +2)] Substituting (i), (iii) and (iv) in (ii), we get, LHS = Yn:2— 6Yn+1 + 9Y¥n =3"A + Bin + 2)]- 6-3" [A + Ban + 1)] +9 -3°[A + Bint 1)] = 20? Ato"? Bp +3" 2+ 2-B- 6-37" A— 6"? Ba 6 +9-3°-A +9°3"°Bn +9-3" =3"-3?-A+3"-3?-Bn+3"-3?-2-B-6-3"-3°A-6-3"-3-Bn =6:3°-3-B+9-3?+A+9+3"- Bn = 3"{9A + 9Bn + 18B - 18A - 18Bn - 18B + 9A + 9Bn} = 3"{18A + 18Bn + 18B - 18B— 18A - 18Bn} =3"x0 =0=RHS. Hence proved. (©) If f(x) = sin(mx), prove that Af = -2f Af(x) = A sin(rx) = sin n(x + 1) - sinnx = sin (nx +x) — sinnx = sin mx cos m + cosmx sinn — sinnx = sin mx (-1) + 0 -sinnx = —sin mx—sinnx = -2sinm 2f(x) Af = -2f Hence proved. 62(a) Given that f(x) = x at Now, (25) = 2 3 x (+a)? =A -2At- x = (A? - 243) x° =A'x? -20°x? =A- Ax? 20? - x? = Al + 8-2] 247 (+ ivoxy = A[x?+ 3x2 + 3x +1 —x2]- 20? [2+ 3x? + 3x + 1 - 2 =ABx + 3x+ 1]-2A- ABx? + 3x +1] = 3Ax? + 3Ax + A> 1-2A[3Ax" + 34x +4 * 1) = 3]Gc+ IP x] + 3x4 1 2] 04 2G? + 6x 433K" +3x+3-3+0} 23(x2 + 2x + 1-2) +3-20- AG? + 3x41) =6x+3+3-2A-(6x+6) = 6x + 6 -2A(6x + 6) = 6x + 6—12A(x +1) = 6x +6-12Ax—A: 12 = 6x +6-12x+1-x)-0 =6x+6-12 = 6x-6 =6(x-1) Alternate solution (25}0 = £7 (A? fx) = BE? X*) = E7 (a(x?) ¥ = B7(Al(@& +1)- x) = B7(A[xo+ 3x? +3x+1-¥°) = E7GAx? + 3Ax + Al) = E7 G(x + IP?) +30 +1) +0) 63= EM [3x7 + 2x41 47) 4+3(x++1~-x)] = E7(6x +6) = E7[6(x+1)] = 6([x-2] + 1) =6x-12+6 = 6(x- 1) E*f(x) E?x3 Since 4” f,= f,,. -2f,,, +f, and E?f, = f,,,, we get di) = &+2)°-Ax+1)> +x? (+2)? =X 46x? +12x +8 - 24? - 6x? -6x-248? (x+2)° = OX46 6X41) (x+2)) (x42)? fe) fest Eel = Testa = ag i) Aj |= = “ (*) Boot Bs Be Bout = fon 8, — fe 8.1 ~ fy Bethy Be (Note the step.) Ba Boat = So4A+fa- fA, Bn Bnet Gi) Put f,=1,s0 Af,=0. (iii) A(log f,) = log fas — log fy, -nfe(iv) A(fn@n) = fo Agn + gn * fa @) By definition: A(fn Bn) = fart Bnet — fn Bn But ABn = Sn+1 — Ba and Batt = Bn + ABn A(fa Bn) = fr+i(Bn + ABn) — fn Bn = fne1 Ba + fart Ba — fn Bn = (fat — fn) Gn + fat A Bn = Bnd fy + fet Bo Since Af, = frei fn frei = fn + Afn (fa G0) = (fat Afn) Bnei — fn Bn = fnGati + Af Sori — fn Bn = (Bnei — Bn) fa + Bari Afn = fy Aga + Sori Afn av, = Vi - Vi Rationalising LHS, we get (AEE 1 Vin +¥i ‘a fia =f, a Af, "Tra Hd ea ale O@ Vxt=Vvx) =VExt- «= 1) = V[xt—x! + 4x? — 6x? + 4x-1] = V[4x? — 6x? + 4x - 1] = 4Vx) - 6Vx? + 4Vx-V-1 = 4[e - (&- 13] - 6? -& - 17] + 4k -&- +0 = 4[x2—x2 + 3x2 - 3x + 1)]- 6[47-x? + 2x1] + [4 4+ 1) = 12x?- 12x +4-12x+6+4 = 12x? - 24x + 14 65(i) Af = a?x* =A (Ax‘) = alex’ + 1)*—x'] = A[x! + 4x? + 6x7 + 4x + 1 — x4] = A[4x? + 6x? + 4x + 1] = 4ax? + 6Ax? + 4Ax +A+1 = Ape + 2x? + 3x + 1-x3] + 6[x? + 2x +1 -x7] + 4k + Px] =4[3x? + 3x +1] + 6[2x + 1] +4 = 12x? + 12x+4+ 12x +6+4 = 12x? + 24x +14 Actually the problem was, If f(x) = x‘, then A“f(x) = 24 ©. B(x) = A7(A7E(x)) = A7(12x? + 24x + 14) = A(A(12x? + 24x + 14) = A(24x +36) =24Ax +36A°1 = 24[(x + 1)—x] +0 =24 (@) — xA(xA- 1)? = xA[xAx? -x’] = xA[k{(x + 1)?-x?} -x?] = xA[x{x?+ 2x +1- x7} -x7] = xA(2x?+x-x?} = xA[x? + x] = x{Ax? + Ax} = x{[Q&+ 1-7] + [+ 1)-x]} =x{x? x+1— 27+ 441-2} = x(2x +2] = 2x[x +1] 66QU@@ Af = fanfi Viier = fi —fi 6h =F Fed sen Colisalg are = fin f So, Afi= Vf = 8f, 1 ; iy) APA = AGA) = Alfa - ft) = Afi: — Afi = (fea — fies) - fs - 8) = fisa—2fini + fi V fia = V(Viiea) = V(fiv2 — fist) = Viva — Vin = (fica ~ fist) ~ (fist ~ f) = fi 2st + fi fj, = 5(6fi1) =A(t ~f) =8f ,-8f og Fag = (tay -topg) (Coed ta) = (fy2-fin) ~ Gar“) = fia -2fin + So, A°f= Vfis = Ff... Gi) 1) = xt Atf(x) = A? x! ‘This question is the same as Q.10 (f) )ii). 67(iv) f(x) = 2° Af(x) = A2**! ~~ 2* =2(2—4) =2*= f(x) ®@ Vi = VE LHS: V°f, = V- Vii =V'(fi- fi.) =VF-VF4 = W(VE) - V(VE-1) = V(fi— fin) — Vin — fi-2) = Vf - Vfi-1- Vf + Vii =Vij-2Vfi-1+ Vio = (fi fi-1) — (6-1 — fia) + (fiz - fi) =f\-3f-1+ 2fi2-fis RHS: A°fi-s = A'(f2) = A'G-201- fis) =A. Afs = A(Afi-2) - A(Afis) = A(fi2n ~ fiz) ~ A(fisn ~ fs) = A(fi-1 - fi.2) - A(fi2- fis) = Afi — Afia—Afiat fis = Af.1—2Afi2 + fis = (firs fin) — (fan — fia) + (fever — fis) = fi- fi —2fi + 2fia + fia—fis =f~3f-1+3ha—f-s LHS = RHS 68