Chapter 1 Definition CHEMISTRY

 Redox reaction is a chemical reaction where oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.
 Oxidation number is the charge of the elements in a compound if the transfer of electrons
occurs in an atom to form chemical bonds with other atoms.
 Electropositivity is the tendency of atoms release electrons to form cations.
 Electrode potential is the potential difference produced when an equilibrium is established
between metal M and the aqueous solution containing metal Mn+ ions in a half-cell.
 Electrolytes are substances that can conduct electricity in either molten state or aqueous
solution and undergo chemical changes.
 Non-electrolytes are substances that cannot conduct electricity in all states.
 Electrolysis is a process whereby compounds in the molten state or an aqueous solution
decompose into their constituent elements by passing electricity through them.
 Rusting of iron is a chemical process that occurs when iron is exposed to oxygen and water
and undergoes a redox reaction.
 Corrosion of metal is a redox reaction where the metal is oxidised spontaneously when the
metal atoms release electrons to form metal ions.

 Heat of reaction is the heat change of one mole of reactant that reacts or one mole of
product that is formed.
 Heat of precipitation is the heat change when 1 mole of precipitate is formed from their ions
in an aqueous solution.
 Heat of displacement is the heat change when one mole of a metal is displaced from its salt
solution by a more electropositive metal.
 Heat of neutralisation is the heat change when one mole of water is formed from the
reaction between an acid and an alkali.
 Heat of combustion is the heat released when 1 mole of a substance is completely burnt in
excess oxygen.
 The fuel value of a fuel is the amount of heat energy released when one gram of fuel is
completely burnt in excess oxygen.

 Carbon compounds are compounds that contain carbon as their constituent element.
 Organic compounds are compounds originating from living things that contain the carbon
element bonded covalently with other elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and
phosphorus.
 Inorganic compounds are compounds originating from non-living materials such as oxides of
carbon, carbonate compounds and cyanide compounds.
 Hydrocarbon are organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon.
 Non hydrocarbon are organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen and other
elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or halogens.
 Saturated hydrocarbon are hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between carbon
atoms.
 Unsaturated hydrocarbon are hydrocarbons containing at least one double bond or triple
bond between carbon atoms.
 Fractional distillation is the fractions of hydrocarbons in petroleum are separated at
different temperatures according to the size of the hydrocarbons.
 Cracking is the process of breaking long chain hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons.
 Structural formula shows the type of bond and how the atoms in a molecule are bonded to
each other.

 Polymer is a long chain molecule that is made from a combination of many repeating basic
units.
 Polymerisation reaction is the monomer combination reaction to produce a polymer.
 Thermoplastic polymers are polymers that can be repeatedly remoulded upon heating and
can be recycled.
 Thermosetting polymers are polymers that cannot be remoulded after heating.
 Elastomer polymers are polymers that can be stretched and can return to their original
shape when released.
 Polyisoprene is a natural polymer that is found from the natural rubber in the latex.
 Vulcanisation is a process of producing rubber that is more elastic and with better quality
through the production of cross-links between polymer chains.
 Synthetic rubber is a synthetic polymer that is elastic in nature or elastomer polymer.
Chapter 1 Definition PHYSICS

 Resultant force is the single force that represents the vector sum of two or more forces
acting on an object.
 Free body diagram is a diagram that shows all the forces acting on that object only.
 Resolution of forces is the process of resolving a force into two components.
 An object is said to be in equilibrium of forces when the forces acting on it produce zero
resultant force.
 Elasticity is the property of material that enables an object to return to its original shape and
size after the force applied on it is removed.
 Hooke’s Law states that the extension of a spring is directly propotional to the force applied
on the spring provided the elastic limit of the spring is not exceeded.
 Spring constant means the ratio of the force applied on the spring to the extension of the
spring.

 Atmospheric pressure is the pressure due to the weight of the layer of air acting on the
surface of the earth.
 Liquid pressure is the pressure due to the weight of the liquid acting on the surface of earth.
 Pascal’s principle states that the pressure applied on an enclosed fluid is transmitted
uniformly in all directions in the fluid.
 Buoyant force is the force acting upwards on an object immersed in a liquid when there is
pressure difference between lower surface and upper surface of the object.
 Archimedes’ principle states that an object which is partially or fully immersed in a fluid will
experience a buoyant force equal to the weight of fluid displaced.
 Bernoulli’s principle states that when the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure in the
fluid decreases and vice versa.

 Electric field is the region around a charged particle where any electric charge in the region
will experience an electric force.
 Electric field strength is the electric force acting on a unit positive charge placed at the point.
 Current is the rate of flow of charge in a conductor.
 Potential difference is the work done in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to
another.
 Resistivity of a conductor is a measure of a conductor’s ability to oppose the flow of electric
current.
 Superconductors are materials that conduct electricity without any resistance.
 Critical temperature is the temperature when the resistivity of a superconductor becomes
zero.
 Electromotive force is the energy transferred or work done by an electrical source to move
one coulomb of charge in a complete circuit.
 Potential difference is the work done to move one coulomb of charge between two points.
 Internal resistance of a dry cell is the resistance caused by electrolyte in the dry cell.
 Electrical power is the rate of transferred of energy.
 Ohmic conductor is a conductor which obeys Ohm’s Law.

 Catapult field is a resultant magnetic field produced by the interaction between the
magnetic field from a current-carrying conductor and the magnetic field from a permanent
magnet.
 Electromagnetic induction is the production of an induced e.m.f. in a conductor when there
is relative motion between the conductor and a magnetic field or when the conductor is in a
changing magnetic field.
 Faraday’s Law states that the magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly propotional to the rate
of cutting of magnetic flux.
 Lenz’s Law states that the induced current always flows in a direction that opposes the
change of magnetic flux that causes it.

 Thermionic emission is the emission of free electrons from the heated metal surface.
 Cathode rays are beams of electrons moving at high speed in a vacuum.
 Semiconductor diode is an electrical component which allows electric current to flow in one
direction only.
 Rectification is a process of converting an alternating current into a direct current.
 Full-wave rectification is a process where both halves of every cycle of an alternating current
is made to flow in the same direction.

 Radioactive decay is a process in which an unstable nucleus becomes more stable by

emitting radioactive radiation.
 Alpha particle is a helium nucleus which consist of two protons and two neutrons.
 Beta particle is a fast-moving electron.
 Gamma rays are high-frequency electromagnetic wave.
 Half-life is the time taken for a sample of radioactive nuclei to decay to half of its initial
number.
 Nuclear energy is known as atomic energy, released during nuclear reactions such as
radioactive decay, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
 Nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction when a heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter
nuclei while releasing a large amount of energy.
 Nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which small and light nuclei fuse to form a heavier
nucleus while releasing a large amount of energy.