Modifier

December 26, 2016skylarkedu

Modifier
 Definition: Modify is to change or to alter something. A modifier is a word, phrase,
or clause that functions as an adjective or adverb to give extra information about
another words or word called the head.

placed before the head is called a pre

Pre modifier modifier
placed after the head is called a post
Modifier Post modifier modifier
Look at the following structures

1.      Rules of part of speech

a.  Article+adjective+noun                                                      
b. Article+adverb+adjective+noun
c. Noun- adjective
Noun-adjectives: Noun is a person, place or thing, and an adjective describes a
noun. Sometimes we use a noun to describe another noun. The first word is usually
a noun but here functions as an adjective modifying the second word.
For example, government road accident research centre, city government, article
writer, bicycle thief, Sunday picnic, pumpkin pie , news reporter, table tennis. 
athletic trainer, race horse,  boat race,  love story, war story, tennis ball, 
computer exhibition, bicycle shop, food adulteration, tea table, grammar book,
Dhaka University
 

2.      Appositive: An appositive is a noun or noun phrase placed next to a noun

or noun phrase to identify or rename it. Remember that an appositive can be a
single word or several words. It is always used with commas.
ü  Appositive can be noun or noun phrase.
ü  Appositive is placed after a noun or noun phrase.
ü  Appositive gives extra information about previous noun or noun phrase.
ü  Appositive can be used as subject or object.
Appositive as subject
Bonna, my sister, is 17 years old. My mom, a nurse, drives a red car. Kamal, a
 painter, painted this picture . Mr. Hasan, the principal at my school, wears a tie
every day. My best friend, Rana, is moving in with me. Her first teacher, Minu,
was a strict person. My friends, the noisiest gang, knocked at my door.
Makamum, my eight month-old daughter, is eating noodles. Jerry, your little cat,
is not so little any more. My mom, a nurse at the hospital, has to work late
sometimes. My friend, Liza is an excellent dancer. The jeans, my favorite pant,
need to be washed.
Appositive as object
I like Monika, the best actress in our school. I really like my grand father’s
horse, Chester. The little boy stood up to John, the biggest liar. The girl in the red
dress is Sarah, our best actress. Have you read Brothers, a book by Dean
Hughes? I know Rana, the electrical contractor. The apartment had bugs, big
brown cockroaches. I travelled to Mexico City, the biggest city in the world.
 

3.      Nonfinite verb: It does not indicate person, number or tense.

Gerund (verb 1+ing but noun)             Infinitive (to+verb 1 but noun)         
Participle (adjective)
                                                                                                 
                                        Present Participle (verb 1+ing)
                                                                                                 
                                        Past Participle (verb 3)
                                                                        
Perfect Participle (having+verb3)
Gerund: A gerund is a noun formed from a verb. It functions both as verbs
and nouns. Gerunds can be subjects, subject complements, direct/indirect objects,
and objects of prepositions.
Subject of the verb= Swimming has been my passion. Eating people is wrong.
Hunting tigers is dangerous. Flying makes me nervous. Brushing your teeth is
important. Smoking causes lung cancer. Acting is fun. Playing football is
disgusting. Walking on the beach is painful.
Direct object of the verb= My first love is swimming. She enjoys swimming. I like
spending time with friends. She gives swimming all of his energy and time.
Object of the preposition= Can you sneeze without opening your mouth? She is
good at painting. She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road. We
arrived in Madrid after driving all night. My father decided against
postponing his trip to Hungary. There’s no point in waiting. In spite of
missing the train, we arrived on time. He was devoted to swimming.
Subject complement of the verb =A subject complement is the adjective, noun, or
 pronoun that follows a linking verb. The linking verbs are ——am, is, are, was,
were, has been, are being, might have been, become, and seem. 
One of his duties is attending meetings. The hardest thing about learning
English is understanding. One of life’s pleasures is having breakfast in bed. What
I really like is travelling to other countries. Seeing is believing. Being a student
sometimes means spending long ours in the library. Knowledge is learning
something everday. Wisdom is letting go of soething everyday. My cat’s favorite
activity is sleeping. Her specialty is fixing computers. The dog is not eating
enough. My greatest fear is finding a spider in my sleeping bag. His desire in life
is traveling around the world.
 

Participle: A participle is an adjective made from a verb.

Present participle (ending -ing)
I ignored the barking dog. I saw a boy riding a bicycle. The crying baby had a wet
diaper. The burning log fell off the fire. Smiling, she hugged the panting dog.
The sobbing child held his injured knee. He was trapped inside
the burning house. Many of his paintings show the setting sun.
All existing business models are wrong. I am a working woman. I am learning
English.
Past participle (ending -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n)
He walked away from the wrecked car. The red shirt worn by me belongs to my
brother. The broken window needed to get repaired quickly. We were sad to see
our fallen apple tree after the storm hit. To make the batter, stir the beaten eggs
into the flour. Excited about dinner, Happy ran the whole way home. Frightened
by the loud sound, the dog hid under the box. Injured during the match, I had to
leave the field. The broken glass cut my foot.
Perfect participle (having+verb3)
The moon having set, we set out our journey. The sun having set, we reached
home. 1. Having delivered the message, he left immediately. Having finished his
work, Harry was ready for play. The child, having found its mother, was again
happy. Having freed ourselves from our oppressors, let us not oppress others.
Having paid his admission fee, Didar came to me. Having improved her English
Pia went to London.
4. Relative pronoun/Relative clause
Re means back and lative means relation
Relative pronoun (who, which, that, what, whom, whose) placed before an adjective
clause connects a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. 
Relative clauses= Relative clauses start with the relative pronouns. 

subject form object form possessive form

Who Whom Whose
Which Which of which
That That  
 

The cyclist who won the race trained hard. The pants that I bought yesterday are
already stained. The four team leaders, whomever the committee selects, will be at
tomorrow’s meeting. Biriani, which we eat twice a week, is one of my favorite
meals. The book, when it was finally returned, was torn and stained. The store on
the corner, where we usually buy all of our art supplies, burned to the
ground. The festival, which lasted all day, ended with a banquet. I am looking for
someone who can watch my dog while I go on vacation. The police needed
details that could help identify the robber. I’d like to take you to a
café which serves excellent coffee. I saw the shoes what you bought last week on
sale for less this week. The winners, when known, will receive money and other
prizes. This is the place where we met. This is the book that everyone is talking
about. She wrote to the person whom she had met last month.
  

5.      W/h clause: It is a subordinate clause that is introduced by one of the w/h

words (what, who, which, when, where, why, how). It can function
as subjects, objects, or complements.
The pronouns are who, whose, whom, which, what, that.         
The adverbs are where, when, why, how.
I know where you live. She couldn’t remember who he was.
John wondered what was going to happen next. I asked what she wanted. He
tried to explain how the accident had happened. She wouldn’t admit what she
had done. We tried to tell them what they should do. She reminded me where I
had left the car. Do you remember the day when we went to Dhaka. That was
the town where I grew up. That might explain why he’s looking unhappy. Let’s
consider how we can solve the problem.I couldn’t decide which train I ought to
catch. I missed my bus. That’s why I was late. This is where I live. That’s what I
thought. Did he say when he would come? Is there any reason why I should stay?
w/h+infinitive  (except ‘why’) 
 Somebody should teach you how to behave. We didn’t know what to do. We
will ask when to set off. I don’t understand what to do. She calculated how much
to pay on the back of an envelope. I don’t know what to do. We must find out what
to do next. I don’t know where to turn for help. Let us decide when to start. We will
have to find out how to reach the place. We must remember where to turn off the
main road. Do you know what to look for? I will show you how to manage it.
Could you tell me where to find a good hotel? Nobody told me what to do. Can
anyone suggest where to go for lunch?
 
6. Determiner: Determiners are words which come at the beginning of the noun
phrase. They tell us whether the noun phrase is specific or general. Articles,
demonstrative pronoun, possessive pronoun, quantifier, number , ordinal are
included in determiner.
a. Articles —a, an, the 

b.      Demonstrate (verb): to show; to indicate; to point to

Demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these, those, such)
A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things. It takes the place of the
noun phrase.
This, these =near in distance or time                    That, those=far in distance
or time
This is very tasty. I would like those. I am not sure that is how you do it.
These are the most comfortable. Could you hand me that? This is crazy.
Those belong to Sarah. Could you help me move these? That is not mine. Bring
me those. That food smells delicious. This soup is very smelly. You
smell that factory from here. These apples smell rotten. Do not
paint those fences.
 

c.      Possessive form
The possessive case is predominantly used for showing possession or ownership.
It applies to nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. For example:
With nouns, the possessive case is usually shown by
preceding it with of or by adding’s (or just ‘) to the end. 
Possessive Nouns Rana’s, Kayes’, boy’s, boys’
Possessive The possessive-case pronouns
Pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, and theirs.
 Possessive The possessive-case adjectives
Adjectives are my, your, his, her, its, our, and their.
 

d.       Quantifier: A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a noun

to indicate the amount or quantity of something.
With Uncountable much/a little/little/very little/a bit /a great deal of/a large
Nouns amount of/a large quantity of
With Countable many/a few/few/very few/a number of/several/a large
Nouns number of/a great number of/a majority of
all/enough/more/most/less/least/no/none/not
With Both any/some/any/a lot of/lots of/plenty of
e. Numbers: one, two, three, twenty, forty
f. Ordinals: first, second, 1st 2nd, 3rd, last, next, etc
g. Distributive: all, both, half, either, neither, each, every, etc.
h. Difference Words: other, another.

7.      Intensifier:  A word that gives force or emphasis to a statement or to the

meaning of verbs adjectives or other adverbs is called intensifiers.
I strongly disagree. It’s extremely hot in Africa. Do you really mean it?
It’s fairly interesting. It’s quite calm here. He’s pretty intelligent. These students
are rather noisy. I so wanted to buy the dress. She writes poems too often.
It’s absolutely amazing. I am a little angry with her. You play card very well.
 

8.  Pre/post modify the verb= Adverb

List of Adverbs: well, ever, never, now, soon, still, then, today, tomorrow, when,
yesterday, here, there, quite, rather, too, very, once, just, just now, tonight,
almost, enough, then, often, sometimes, daily, seldom, not, only, adjective + ly etc
 

9.  Prepositional Phrases: A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition and

ends with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the “object” of the preposition. It
functions as an adjective or adverb.
Structure: preposition+noun/pronoun/gerund/clause
                     preposition+modifier(s) +noun/pronoun/gerund/clause
 Commonly used Prepositional Phrases: According to the weather forecast, Across
many deserts, After many tries, Amid the confusion, Around the world, Before we
start the meeting, Between a rock and a hard place, By the light of the moon, like a
beautiful swan , Near the ocean, Of my boss, Off the top, Out the door, Through
the looking glass, Throughout the thick forest, To the amusement park
Prepositional Phrases that function as an Adjective: The book with the tattered
cover has been read many times. All the passengers aboard the runaway
train were frightened. The present inside the big box is mine. Our boss put out a
memo regarding the new rule. The clues within the first few chapters will lead to
the murderer. His is only one voice among many, but it will be heard.
Prepositional Phrases that function as Adverbs:  Racing toward the finish line,
Sarah realized she just might win. My shopping list needs to be put into my purse.
Without a GPS, we will lose our way. Until today, I had never heard that. The
balloon drifted up the stairs. Put the fresh flowers upon a high shelf. Despite
warnings, she tried to ski down Devil’s Run. Against all odds, our team won the
tournament. The tiger crept slowly over the grass. We will order pizza during
halftime.
 

10. Adverbial phrase: It is a group of words that functions as an adverb in a

sentence. That is, it modifies a verb, adjective, adverb, clause, or the sentence as a
whole. Adverbial phrases often feature an adverb being modified by other
elements, but not always.
For examples: very quickly, in a while, just a bit, surprisingly well, at the
fairground, slightly close, as soon as possible
Here are some examples of adverb phrases being used in sentences:
She rode her bike very hastily.The farmers worked like a single unit. The surf at
the beach was coming in extremely quickly. After they woke up, they packed up
their things and then went on a hike. He read the restaurant’s menu rather slowly.
 

11. Adverbial Clause: It is a dependent clause that acts as an adverb in the

sentence. Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. Unlike
an adjective clause, in which the introductory word serves as the subject,
the subordinating conjunction does not serve as the subject. The subordinating
conjunction is often an adverb itself. 
Example
Because he has a college degree, he got a great job. When the storm started, she
was at the store. Bob wore the coat that I gave him. Whether you like it or not, you
 have to go to bed now. She likes the red car more than her husband does. If you pay
your bills, you will have a good credit score. Unless you run fast, you will miss the
bus. So that she would have a tan for her vacation, she went to a tanning salon.
Marty kept his schedule open, in case of emergencies. Because he loved her, he
didn’t believe she had an affair. Once they saw the car coming, the birds flew away
from the street. Although she has a business degree, she is working as a retail clerk.
You must keep practicing the etude until you get it right. In order to have six-pack
abs, he works out at the gym. As we bought the tickets, the overture was beginning.
 
12. Compounds: Compoundingis the process of combining two words to create a
new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective). Compounds are written
sometimes as one word (sunglasses), sometimes as two hyphenatedwords (life-
threatening), and sometimes as two separate words (football stadium).
Compounding is the most common type of word-formation in English.

Compound Compound
elements Examples elements Examples
Bedroom, water tank, washing machine,
motorcycle, printer driving licence,
noun + noun cartridge verb + noun swimming pool
Rainfall, haircut,
noun + verb train-spotting adverb + noun Onlooker, bystander
dry-cleaning, public
noun + adverb hanger-on, passer-by adjective + verb speaking
Lookout, take-off, adjective + Greenhouse,
verb + adverb drawback noun software, redhead
Output, overthrow,
upturn
    adverb + verb ,
Example
Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces.    
The importance of (a) —- (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) habits lies in the
fact that if we practice good habits, it will take form of (b) —-  (Use possessive to pre-
modify the noun) character and vice versa. Habits become part of our nature. We
should inculcate good habits (c) —- (Post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase).
The great philosopher Plato scold (d) —- (Use article to pre-modify the noun) lad for
gambling with nuts, and the boy replied, “You are scolding me for a (e) —-  (Pre-
modify the adjective with an adverb) small matter.” The great philosopher (f) —-
(Pre-modify the adverb with an adverb) said, my boy, habit is not a small matter.
Plato was here speaking out of (g) —-  (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun) very
depth of his great experience of (h) —-  (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun)
nature. A man with good habits plays an important role in the development of the
society. He is (i) —- (Use article to pre-modify the noun) asset to the society at large.
It is important to understand that if you (j) —-  (Use an adverb to pre-modify the
verb) allow a bad habit to grow, it becomes a part of our nature.
Answer:  (a) good (b) our (c) in our life (d) a (e) very (f) gravely (g) the (h) human (i)
an (j) once
 

Read the following text carefully and use suitable modifiers in the blank spaces.
1. Computer is an advanced (a)  (use adjective as premodifier) device that takes
raw data as input (b)  (use prepositional phrase as postmodifier) and processes
these data under the control of set of instructions (c)  (use past participle as
premodifier) program and gives the result named output and saves output (d) 
(use prepositional phrase as postmodifier). It can process both numerical and
non-numerical calculations. A computer has (e) (use cardinal adjective as
premodifier) functions : it accepts data, processes data, produces, output and
stores results. Input is the raw information (f) (use present participle) into a
computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images
etc. Process is the operation of data as per (g) (use past participle phrase as
postmodifier). It is totally internal process of the (h) (use noun as premodifier)
system. Output is the processed data (i) (use past participle phrase as
postmodifier) after data processing. Output is also called result. We can save (j)
(use demonstrative adjective as premodifier) results in the storage devices for
future use.
 
2.         The first and (a) (Premodify the noun) duty in student life is (b) 
(postmodify using infinitive). A student should remember that knowledge is power.
He should read not only his (c) (premodify the noun using past participle) books
but also the books of (d)  (premodify the noun using adjective) writers in (e)
premodify the noun using adjective) branches of studies. He has also to read
newspapers, journals and magazines and widen (f) (premodify the noun using
possessive adjective) outlook. He has to fix his aim of life and equip himself for (g)
(premodify the noun using demonstrative adjective) profession. He should keep (h)
(postmodify using prepositional phrase) that the students of today are the (i) 
(premodify the noun using adjective) leaders of the nation. Therefore, a student
 should not waste (j)  (premodify the noun using possessive adjective) time,
energies and faculties in matters other than education and learning.
Answer
1.         (a) electronic, (b) from the user, (c) called, (d) for future use, (e) four, (f)
entered, (g) given instructions, (h) computer, (i) given by computer, (j) these
2.         (a) foremost, (b) to study/to acquire knowledge, (c) prescribed, (d)
famous, (e) different/various, (f) his/her, (g) that, (h) in mind, (i) future, (j) his/her
3. Once a farmer had a goose. It used to lay a (a) — pre-modify the noun) egg
every day. The farmer used to sell them (b) —  (post-modify the verb). He was
happy (c) — (post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) every day. But his wife
was a (d) — (pre-modify the noun) woman. She wanted (e) – (post-modify the verb
with an infinitive) all egg together. Then she would be a rich woman (f) — (post-
modify the verb). She cut the belly of the goose (g) — (post-modify the verb with
an infinitive) her greed. (h) — (pre-modify the verb with present participle) of the
goose, she found no egg there. She became (i) — (pre-modify the adjective with
adverb) disappointed and lost the goose forever. She realized that it was her greed
that brought her (j) — (pre-modify the noun) luck.
 
2. I had gathered a peculiar experience (a) — (post modify the verb) while
travelling to St. Martin’s Island. I visited the island along with my family. Zahid,
(b) — (post modify the noun with an appositive) was my guide. On the way to the
island, we watched (c) — (demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) sea gulls. The
(d) — (pre-modify the noun) birds were flying (e) — (post-modify the verb) with
the ship. They became (f) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dear
and friendly to us. We entertained them with biscuits; (g) — them (use a present
participle to pre-modify the verb) we became (h) — (use an intensifier to pre-
modify the adjective) excited. We decided (i) — (use an infinitive phrase to post
modify the verb) in the idyllic island for a couple of days. We can never forget (j)
— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the adjective phrase to post modify the
verb) lovely sea birds.
 
3. Language plays a (a) — (pre-modify the adjective with an adverb) important
role in our life. We use language from the time we wake up (b) — (post-modify the
verb with an adverbial phrase) till we go to bed at night. We use language not
only in our waking hours but also in our (c) — (use noun as a post-modifier). We
use language (d) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) what we feel and to
say what we like or dislike. We also use language (e) — (post-modify the verb with
an infinitive) information. Language is (f) — (pre-modify the adjective with an
adverb) present in our activities. It is an (g) — (pre-modify the noun with an
adjective) part of our life. As an (h) — (pre-modify the noun with an adjective)
nation we also have a language. But we used to struggle (i) — (post-modify the
 verb with an adverb) to establish the right to our language. Many (j) — (pre-
modify the noun with an adjective) sons sacrificed their live for the language.
 
4. Education (a) — (use appositive to post-modify the noun) is essential for
development. We can improve (b) — (possessive to pre-modify the noun) mind. An
(c) — (adjective to pre-modify the noun) person has the ability (d) — (infinitive
phrase). One can refine one’s sensibility (e) — (present participle phrase).
Actually, the educated are able to bring about (f) — (pre-modify the noun)
development. On the other hand, an (g) —(pre-modify the noun with adjective)
person (h) — (adverb to pre-modify the verb) lag behind. So, the educated should
come forward (i) — (prepositional phrase) to educate all in the society to unload
(j) — (use determiner) owes to the country.
 
5. Once upon a time a (a) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) fox was
roaming in search of food (b) — (Post-modify the verb with adverbial). He looked,
but could not find anything (c) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the
verb). He was feeling very weak and tired due to hunger. (d) — (Pre-modify the
verb with adverb) he saw a garden at a distance. He went there without (e) —
(Use determiner to pre-modify the noun) number of grape vines laden with bunch
of grapes. (f) — (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun phrase) grapes
looked quite ripe and juicy. The fox looked at the grapes with longing eyes and
licked (g) — (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) chops. The grapes were in a
place too high for him. The fox tried (h) — (Post-modify the verb with adverbial).
But he failed (i) — (Use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). Therefore,
he walked away in despair.
 
Answers
1. (a) golden (b) in the market  (c) to get an egg (d) greedy (e)  to get (f) quickly
(g) to satisfy (h) cutting the belly (i) extremely/very (j) bad
2. (a) a few days ago/unexpectedly (b) a local boy (c) those (d) beautiful (e)
elegantly/along (f) very (g) entertaining/taming/feeding (h) very (i) to stay (j)
those 
3. (a) very (b) in the morning (c) walking (d) to express (e)  to get/to exchange (f)
always/ever  (g)integral/important (h) independent (i) hard (j) brave
4. (a) the backbone of any nation (b) our  (c) educated ; (d) to contribute
something to the development programme (e) by receiving proper education (f)
rapid (g) illiterate (h) always (i) without any delay (j) the
5. (a) a few days ago/unexpectedly (b) a local boy (c) those (d) beautiful (e) 
elegantly/along (f) very (g) entertaining/taming/feeding (h) very (i) to stay (j)
those 
6. Bangladesh is a (a) — (pre-modify the noun) country but has a (b) —— (pre-
modify the noun) population. Most people here live below the (c) — (Use noun
adjective to pre-modify the noun) line and can’t therefore afford to educate their
children. Many poor children either drop out of school (d) — (post-modify the
verb with a phrase) or (e) —— (pre-modify the verb) simply do not go to school at
all. Despite this situation, we have far too many students (f) — (Use infinitive to
post-modify the verb) compared to the number of institutions (g) —— (post-modify
the noun). Bangladesh needs more schools, colleges and universities to provide
for the (h) — (Pre-modify the noun with a present participle) number of students.
But owing to financial and resource constrains, the government cannot fund the
(h) — (Pre-modify the noun) number of educational institutions. At present, there
is hardly any educational institution (j) —— (post-modify the nun with adjective
clause).
2. One hot (a) — (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) day an ant was
searching for some water. After walking for some time she came to a (b) —- (use
an adjective to pre-modify the noun) spring. To reach the spring she had to climb
up a blade of grass. While climbing the blade of (c) — (use a demonstrative to
pre-modify the noun) grass, she slipped and fell into water. A dove from a mango
tree saw this incident. (d) — (use a present participle phrase to pre-modify the
verb), the dove quickly plucked off a leaf and dropped it into the water near the (e)
— (use a present participle to pre-modify the noun) ant. The ant moved towards
the leaf and climbed up there. Soon it carried her (f) — (use an adverb to post
modify the verb) to the dry ground. Just at that time the ant saw a hunter standing
(g) —- (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) close to her. When the
hunter was aiming an arrow at the dove, the ant decided (h) — (use an infinitive
phrase to post-modify the verb). She went (i) — (use an adverb to post-modify the
verb) towards the hunter and gave him a severe bite. The hunter crying out in pain
missed the target. Seeing this, the dove flew away (j) — (use an infinitive to post-
modify the verb) her life.
7. Othello, (a) — (use an appositive to post modify the noun) had risen to become
a general. He had shown his bravery in many (b) — (use an adjective to pre-
modify the noun) battles against the Turks. Every one praised him (c) — (use
adverb to post modify the verb) and the senate trusted and honoured him.
Brabantio, a rich senator of Venice had a daughter named Desdemona (d) — (use
a relative clause to post modify the noun). Brabantio (e) — (use an adverb to pre-
modify the verb) invited Othello to his house where he and his daughter listened in
wonder to Othello as he spoke about his adventures. He told them of deserts, of
caves and of mountains high (f) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective)
to touch the sky. Desdemona had to weep (g) — (use present participle to post
modify the verb phrase) and she never became tired of listening to it. She pitied
Othello (h) — (use an adverb to post modify the verb) for the misfortune and
 hardships of his life. Her pity (i) — (use an adverb to post modify the verb) turned
to love. She refused all the young men (j) — (use an infinitive to post-modify the
verb) because she loved Othello, a noble Muslim Moor from North Africa.
4. The newspaper (a) — (post-modify the noun with an appositive) is a printed
record of current event. It gives us (b) — (use determiner to pre-modify the noun
phrase) important news of home and abroad. In a word, the newspaper is like (c)
— (use article to pre-modify the noun) mirror of the world. The newspaper was
first introduced in China. The “Indian Gazette” was the (d) — (use determiner to
pre-modify phrase) newspaper of the subcontinent. The Samachar Darpon was
first (e) — (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun newspaper. A newspaper
is (f) — (use an adverb to modify the adjective) useful to us. We cannot think of (g)
— (use possessive to modify the noun) morning without it. (h)— (use an adjective
to pre-modify the noun) people have different taste. So, a newspaper supplies us
with (i) — (use a determiner to modify the noun) sort of news. We all should read
newspaper (j) — (post modify the verb with adverb).
8. Rabindranath Tagore, (a) — (Post-modify the noun with an appositive) was
born in 1861 in a (b) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) family at
Jorasako in Kolkata. He was (c) — (Use article to pre- modify the noun phrase)
fourteenth child of Devendranath and Sarada Devi Tagore. He went to school (d)
— (Post-modify the verb with an adverbial of time) and wrote his (e) — (Use
determiner to pre-modify the noun) verse at the age of eight. At the age of
seventeen, in 1878 he reached London (f) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post
modify the verb). He gathered (g) — (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun)
experience from his stay in London. (h) — (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the
noun) experience had a lasting effect on his later life. In 1880, Rabindranath
returned home without (i) — (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun)
qualifications of distinction. However, he never gave up (j) — (Use possessive to
pre-modify the noun) habit of writing poetry. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in
1913 for his Gitanjali.
Answers
1. (a) small (b) huge/large  (c) poverty
(d) just after a few years (e)  simply (f) to be/to educate (g) available (h) increasing; 
(i) necessary/requisite (j) which is not over-crowed
2. (a) a black moor/a brave soldier (b) bloody/fierce/fearful/dangerous (c) highly
(d) who loved him/who was very beautiful (e) often/sometimes (f) enough (g)
listening to his stories/hearing (h) heavily/much (i) soon/finally (j) to marry  
3. (a) a black moor/a brave soldier (b) bloody/fierce/fearful/dangerous (c) highly
(d) who loved him/who was very beautiful (e) often/sometimes (f) enough (g)
listening to his stories/hearing (h) heavily/much (i) soon/finally (j) to marry
4. (a) the third parliament/the store house of knowledge (b) all (c) a (d) first (e)
Bengali/Bangla (f) very (g) our (h) different/various (i) all (j)
everyday/regularly/carefully  
5. (a) a writer (b) rich (c) the (d) early (e) first (f) to study (g) much (h) this (i)
any (j) his
6. Sheikh Saadi, (a) — (Post modify the noun with an appositive), was simple in
his ways of life. (b) — (Use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) day, at the
invitation of the emperor, he set out for the emperor’s palace in an (c) — (Pre-
modify the noun) dress. He took shelter in a courtier’s house (d) — (Post modify
the verb with prepositional phrase). The courtier and his men did not show (e) —
(Use determiner to pre modify the noun) honour and hospitality to him. On his
way back home, Saadi again took shelter in the (f) — (Pre-modify the noun)
courtier’s house. (g) — (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) time he put
on a gorgeous dress. The courtier received him (h) — (Post modify the verb) and
entertained him with rich foods. Now Saadi began to put his foods in the pockets
of his dress. The courtier’s men were surprised (i) — (Use an infinitive phrase to
post modify the verb). They asked him why he was putting the foods (j) — (Post
modify the verb with prepositional phrase).
7. Load-shedding, (a) — (Post modify the noun with an appositive), means
intentional stopping of the supply of electricity in a (b) — (Use an adjective to
pre-modify the noun) area for a certain period of time. It occurs when (c) — (Use
article to pre-modify the noun) generation of power is less than the demand. Load
shedding hampers our (d) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) household
activities. Students cannot prepare (e) — (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun)
lessons and idle away their time. Parents suffer (f) — (Post-modify the verb with
an adverb) because of load shedding. In fact, load shedding hampers the smooth
(g) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) development of a country. In
order to solve the problem, we should try (h) — (Use an infinitive to post-modify
the verb) more electricity through government and (i) — (Use an adjective to pre-
modify the noun) initiatives. An all-out effort can solve (j) — (Use a demonstrative
to pre-modify the noun) problem.
8. A village doctor is a (a|) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective)
familiar person in the rural areas of Bangladesh. He is (b) —- (pre-modify the
verb) known as a quack. A village doctor is not a (c) — (pre-modify the noun)
doctor. He (d) — (pre-modify the verb) sits in a small dispensary in the morning
and evening. He treats the patients (e) — (use a participle to post-modify the verb)
small fees. A village doctor is not a (f) —- (pre-modify the noun) man. His
chamber is (g) — (pre-modify the verb) furnished. He cannot supply costly
medicines to the (h) — (pre-modify the noun) patients. In our country, the number
of qualified doctors is (i) —- (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) few.
So, a village doctor is a great friend to the (j) —- (pre-modify the noun) people.
9. Nelson Mandela, (a) — (post-modify the noun with an appositive), is one of the
greatest leaders of the world. During (b) — (use article to pre-modify the noun)
time of Mandela, the Europeans were separated from the no-Europeans. It was a
(c) — (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) policy of racial segregation. The
blacks were subjected to (d) — (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) sorts of
indignities. They were denied all basic (e) — (use an adjective to pre-modify the
noun) rights. They were in fact aliens in (f) — (use possessive to pre-modify the
noun phrase) own country. The blacks were also treated (g) — (use an adverb to
post-modify the verb). Even dogs received a much better treatment than the
blacks. The (h) — (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) leader vowed to put
an end to the inhuman practice. Unfortunately, (i) —- (use a demonstrative to pre-
modify the noun) great man was thrown behind the prison bars. But the
oppressive rulers could not break his sprit. All his life he struggled against
apartheid. Eventually, the great leader fulfilled the goal of liberating (j) — (use
possessive to pre-modify the noun) people.
10. Water is a (a) — (pre-modify the noun) substance. It has no color of (b) —
(possessive to pre-modify) own. The (c) — (determiner to pre-modify the noun)
name of water is life. By drinking water, we can quench (d) — (possessive to pre-
modify the noun) thirst. Thus we can survive on earth. But (e) — (pre-modify the
noun) water is life killing. By drinking contaminated water, we suffer from
diseases like diarrhoea, typhoid etc. We may (f) — (pre modify the verb) face (g)
— (pre-modify the noun) death by drinking such type of water. We are responsible
for (h) — (noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) pollution. Waste materials from
mills and factories are thrown here and there. Farmers use fertilizers and
insecticides in their land. During the rainy season, they are mixed with ponds and
rivers. Besides, latrines (i) — (participle to post-modify the noun) on pons and
rivers cause water pollution. (j) — (pre-modify the noun) awareness should be
raised to stop water pollution.
 
Answers
1. (a) an icon of peace/an African President;  (b) the (c) good/government (d) all
(e) human (f) their (g) badly/cruelly (h) great (i) this (j) his
2. (a) a great curse (b) the (c) the (d) daily (e) their  (f) greatly (g) progressive
(h) to generate (i) pragmatic (j) this 
3. (a) very (b) mostly (c) registered/qualified (d) regularly (e)  taking (f)
rich/poor (g) ill/well (h) poor (i) very (j) village/rural
4. (a) an icon of peace/an African President;  (b) the (c) good/government (d) all
(e)  human (f) their (g) badly/cruelly (h) great (i) this;  (j) his 
5. (a) golden (b) in the market (c) to get an egg (d) greedy (e) to get (f) quickly (g)
to satisfy (h) cutting the belly (i) extremely/very  (j) bad
6. 21st February, (a) — (use an appositive to post-modify the noun), in our
history is now observed as the International Mother Language Day all over the
world. On this day, people of our country get up (b) — (post-modify the verb) in
the morning remembering the memory of the martyrs. They walk (c) — (post-
modify the verb) to the Sheed Minar. Most of them put on (d) — (pre-modify the
noun) badges on their shoulder. They go to the Shaheed Minar (e) — (use a
participle) the most cherished song “Amar vaiyer rokte rangano —” They pay
homage and tribute to the memory of the martyrs. Offering the flowers, the pray
for the (f) — (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) souls. They also gather in
mosques, temples and other (g) — (pre-modify the noun) institutions and pray for
the salvation of the martyr’s (h) — (pre-modify the noun) soul. Different social
and cultural organizations arrange (i) — (pre-modify the noun) programs on (j)
— (use a demonstrative) day.
7. One day Robert Bruce, (a) — (post-modify the noun with appositive), was lying
in the cave. He was thinking of (b) — (use possessive to pre-modify the noun)
misfortune. He thought that he would not be able (c) — (use an infinitive phrase to
post-modify, the verb). Suddenly, he saw a spider (d) — (post-modify the verb with
a prepositional/an adverbial of place). The spider was trying to reach (e) — (use
determiner to pre-modify the noun) ceiling of the cave. It almost got to the point
(f) — (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) times, but fell down at the last
moment. It did not lose hope. It was trying (g) — (post-modify the verb with an
adverbial). On the seventh attempt it reached the ceiling. Robert Bruce became
very much amazed (h) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) the
success of the spider. He felt encouraged and came out of the cave and began to
gather soldiers again. He remembered the small spider and prepared (i) — (post
modify the verb with an adverb) for the battle. He fought hard with the English
and (j) — (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) time, he came out
successful. Strong will and perseverance made Robert Bruce the king of Scotland
again.
8. Bangladesh (a) — (Post-modify the noun with an appositive), has a huge
population. Most people here live below the (b) — (Use noun adjective to pre-
modify the noun) line and can’t therefore afford to educate (c) — (Use a
possessive to pre-modify the noun) children. Many poor children either drop out
of school after just a (d) — (Use a quantifier to pre-modify the noun) years or
simply do not go to school at all. Despite this situation, we have far too many
students (e) — (Use infinitive to post-modify the verb) compared to the number of
institutions available. Bangladesh needs (f) — (Use a determiner to pre-modify
the noun) schools, colleges and universities to provide for the (g) — (Pre-modify
the noun with a present participle) number of students. But the government cannot
fund the (h) — (Pre-modify the noun) number of educational institutions. At
present every educational institution is over-crowded and class size is (i) — (Pre-
 modify the adjective) large. Students do not get a (j) — (Pre-modify the noun)
education for lack of facilities.
9. A moonlit night, (a) —(post modify the noun with an appositive), is very
charming and enjoyable. It presents an (b) — (Use an adjective to pre modify the
noun) sight. On (c) — (Use article to pre modify the noun phrase) moonlit night,
the moon looks like a disk of silver. The whole world shines (d) — (Use adverb to
post modify the verb). People of (e) — (Use determiner to pre modify the noun)
ages enjoy a moonlit night. They pass (f) — (Use possessive to pre modify the
noun) time talking to each other. (g) — (modify the whole sentence with an
adverb) (h) — (Use quantifier to pre modify the noun) people arrange picnic on
the roof (i) — (Use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb) the time. A
moonlit night has (j) — (Use determiner to pre modify the noun) special
significance for the poor.
10. Most of (a) — (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) students cannot write
out their examination papers fairly. As they cannot understand the questions (b)
——- (post-modify the verb), they often beat about the bush and cram the answers
with irrelevant and unnecessary details. Sometimes they also fail to arrange their
answer neatly, cleanly and systematically. Although the teacher suggests that their
answer should be brief and precise, they (c) — (pre-modify the verb) lengthen
them unnecessarily. Therefore, their (d) — (pre-modify the noun) answers
generally become disgusting and unnecessary. Such answers always earn (e) —
(pre-modify the noun) marks. In order to get expected marks, all you should do, is
to understand the questions (f) — (post modify the verb) and answer them just to
the point.  Don’t worry, if (g) — (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun)
answers are fairly short. You should make your presentation neat and clean (h) —
(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). To answer the short
comprehensive questions, you should not copy anything (i) — post-modify the
verb) from the passage. Make your sentences (j) — (use an intensifier to pre-
modifier the adjective) short and simple.
Answers
1. (a) a month of mourning (b) early (c) barefooted d) black (e) singing (f) martyrs (g)
sanctified/religious (h) departed (i) various (j) this
2. (a) the king of Scotland (b) his (c) to regain his lost kingdom (d) in the cave (e)
the (f) several (g) again and again/to reach the ceiling (h) to see (i)
well/soon/completely (j) this
3. (a) a small country (b) poverty (c) their (d) few (e) to educate (f) more (g)
increasing (h) requisite (i) unusually (j) standard
3. (a) the king of Scotland (b) his (c) to regain his lost kingdom (d) in the cave (e)
the (f) several  (g) again and again/to reach the ceiling (h) to see (i)
well/soon/completely (j) this
 5. (a) our (b) properly (c) often (d) long (e) poor (f) properly  (g) your (h) to get
good marks  (i) directly (j) fairly 
4. Nobel Prize is awarded for (a) — (pre-modify the noun) contributions to
different fields. It is awarded in (b) — (pre-modify the noun) fields. It is the
world’s most (c) — (pre-modify the noun) prize. If the recipients are more than
one, the prize money is divided (d) — (post-modify the verb) among them. Alfred
Nobel founded the Nobel Prize. He earned a lot of money (e) — (pot-modify the
verb with a present participle phrase). For this (f) — (pre-modify the noun)
invention he became famous. His name and fame spread (g) — (post-modify the
verb). There is a Nobel committee (h) — (post-modify the noun with an infinitive)
the right person for award. The winners of Nobel Prize are treated with (i) —
(pre-modify the noun) respect. The world will always remember Alfred Nobel for
his (j) — (pre-modify the noun) contribution.
5. Books are (a) — (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) essential for us.
They help us (b) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) knowledge. (c) —
(pre-modify the verb with a present participle) books, we can know everything.
They show us the (d) — (pre-modify the noun) way. Books can be our (e) — (pre-
modify the noun) friends. They help us (f) — (post modify the verb with an
infinitive) our mind. They improve our (g) — (pre-modify the noun) power. They
give us solace to our (h) — (pre-modify the noun|) mind. Besides reading (i) —
(pre-modify the noun) books, students should read other books. If they read other
books, they will be able to know everything (j) — (post modify the verb).
6. Once upon a time there lived (a) — (Use article to pre modify the noun phrase)
generous and kindhearted king. But the people were not happy with (b) — (Use
possessive to pre modify the noun) king, because the kind was too lazy and would
not do (c) — (use determiner to pre modify the noun) work other than eating and
sleeping. He spent days and weeks and months in (d) — (Use possessive to pre
modify the noun phrase) bed either eating something or sleeping. He became (e)
— (use an adverb to pre modify the adjective) inactive. The king became (f) —
(use article to pre modify the noun) potato couch and the people started worrying
about the king. (g) — (Use quantifier to pre modify the noun) day he realized that
he could not even move his body. He became fat and his enemies made fun of him
calling ‘fatty king’ or ‘bulky king’ etc. He invited (h) — (Use an adjective to pre
modify the noun) doctors from (i) — (use determiner to pre modify the noun) parts
of his country and offered them generous rewards (j) — (use an infinitive phrase
to post modify the verb) him fit. Unfortunately, none could help the king regain his
health and fitness.
7. Rabindranath Tagore was a (a) — (pre-modify the noun) poet of Bengali
literature. He was born in a (b)——(pre-modify the noun) family at Jarasanko,
Kolkata. He went to school(c) — (post modify the verb). He wrote his (d) — (pre
modify the noun) verse at the age of eight. At the age of seventeen, he went to
 London (e) — (post modify the verb with infinitive) school there. He was put up in
lodging house under the care of a (f) — (pre modify the noun) coach, Mr. Scott.
He was lucky (g) —— (post modify the adjective with infinitive) an English family
of Mr. Scott. He also visited the House of parliament (h) — (post modify the verb
with an infinitive) Gladstone and John Bright’s debates on Irish rule. He wrote
letters to Kolkata (i) — (post modify the verb with a present participle) English
society. At this, his family thought that they might lose their son (j) — (post modify
the verb). So, he was called back to Kolkata.
8. Macbeth was the General of Scotland. He fought (a) — (post modify the verb)
and won the battle. While he was returning to the castle, he saw three witches (b)
— (post modify the noun with a present participle) about him. He came (c) —
(post modify the noun with an infinitive) from the witches that he would be the
king of Scotland. He became (d) — (pre modify the adjective with an intensifier)
ambitious. His wife also wanted Macbeth (e) — (post modify the verb with an
infinitive) the king. She was a very (f) — (pre modify the noun) woman. So she
began (g) — (post modify the verb with an infinitive) Macbeth. Then they both
plotted to kill Duncan, (h) — (post modify the noun with an appositive). They
planned (i) — (post modify the verb with an infinitive) Duncan when he would
come to stay with them in their castle (j) — (pre-modify the verb with a present
participle) a knife. Macbeth entered the room of Duncan and killed him.
 
Answers
1. (a) outstanding (b) six (c) prestigious ; (d) equally (e)  inventing dynamite (f)
important (g) all over the world (h) to choose/to select (i) great (j)
remarkable/significant
2. (a) very (b) to gain (c) reading (d) true (e)  best (f) to develop (g) thinking (h)
disturbed (i) text (j) properly 
3. (a) very (b) to gain (c) reading (d) true (e)  best (f) to develop (g) thinking (h)
disturbed (i) text (j) properly
4. (a) renowned/prominent/famous (b) noble/royal (c) early (d) first (e)  to attend
(f) professional (g) enough to find (h) to listen to (i) admiring/praising/describing
(j) forever 
5. (a) bravely/valiantly (b) talking (c) to learn (d) very (e)  to be (f)
cunning/ambitious/greedy (g) to convince/to persuade (h) the king of Scotland (i)
to kill (j) taking/carrying
Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. 
1. Mother is an (a) —— (Use an adjective phrase to pre-modify the noun)
blessing in the world. Mothers day is a (b) —— (Use an intensifier to pre-modify
the adjective) significant day observed as a (c) —— (Use an adjective to pre-
modify the noun) occasion in honour of mothers. The day was for the first time,
announced as a formal holiday in the United States of America. Mothers’ day is
now observed (d) —— (Use an adverbial phrase to pre-modify the verb) as
elsewhere around the world. The sons and daughters (e) —— (Use an adverb to
pre-modify the verb) wait for this day. They buy some special presents for their (f)
—— (Use a superlative degree to premodify the noun) mother. When they offer
the presents, the mother becomes very happy. It brings a (g) —— (Use an adverb
to pre-modify the noun) happiness between a mother and (h) —— (Use a
possessive to pre-modify the noun) children. The bond of relationship
between mother and children becomes everlasting. The mother (i) —— (Use an
adverb to pre-modify the verb) draws her children with her motherly affection. In
this way, we pay a (j) —— (Use a participle to pre-modify the noun) tribute to our
dear mothers.
2. Nelson Mandela (a) —— (post-modify the noun with appositive), is one of the
greatest leaders of the world, no doubt. During (b) —— (use article to pre-modify
the noun) time of Mandela, the Europeans were separated from the non-
Europeans. It was (c) —— (use noun-adjective to premodify the noun) policy of
racial segregation. The blacks were subjected to (d) —— (use quantifier to pre-
modify the noun) sorts of indignities. They were denied all basic (e) ——
(use adjective to pre-modify the noun) rights. They were in fact aliens in (f) ——
(use possessive) own country. The blacks were also treated (g) —— (use adverb to
post-modify the verb). Even dogs received a much better treatment than the
blacks. The (h) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) leader vowed to put
an end to the inhuman practice. Unfortunately, (i) —— (use demonstrative to pre-
modify the noun) great man thrown behind the prison bars. But the oppressive
rulers could not break his spirit. All his life he struggled against
apartheid. Eventually, the great leader fulfilled the goal of liberating (j) —— (use
possessive to pre-modify the noun) people.
3. Newspaper plays a very (a) —— (pre-modify the noun) role in modern
civilization. It publishes news and views of home and abroad. Only (b) —— (pre-
modify the noun) knowledge is not enough in this competitive world. A newspaper
helps a man (c) —— (post-modify the verb with infinitive) his general knowledge.
Besides academic books, one should read newspapers (d) —— (post-modify the
verb). Newspaper helps one (e) —— (post-modify the verb with an infinitive)
the facts of the world. (f) —— (pre-modify the verb with a present participle
phrase) regularly, one can be aware of everything. There are (g) —— (pre-modify
the noun) kinds of newspapers. One should select the newspaper (h) —— (post-
modify the verb). One should choose the (i) —— (premodify the noun) paper
because many newspapers present news partially. Whatever the paper is, it (j)
—— (pre-modify the verb) helps a man.
4. The newspaper, (a) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), is a printed
record of current event. It gives us (b) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the
noun phrase) the important news of home and abroad. In a word, the newspaper
is like (c) —— (use article to pre-modify the noun) “mirror” of the world. The
newspaper was first introduced in China. The “Indian Gazette” was the (d) ——
(use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) newspaper of the
subcontinent. “The Samachar Darpon” was the first (e) —— (use a noun
adjective to pre-modify the noun) newspaper. A newspaper is (f) —— (use an
adverb to pre-modify the adjective) useful to us. We cannot think of (g) —— (use
possessive to pre-modify the noun) morning without it. (h) —— (use an adjective
to pre-modify the noun) people have different tastes. So, a newspaper supplies
us with (i) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) sorts of news, for
example, business, games and sports, entertainment, literature etc. It keeps us
well-informed and makes us intelligent. So, we all should read newspapers (j)
—— (post-modify the verb with adverb).
5. In every country (a) —— (use post-modify noun), mothers and grandmothers
tell (b) —— (use pre-modify noun) children stories. Bangladesh is no exception, I
remember (c) —— (pre-modify noun) we, children, would surround our
grandmother, and she would tell us tales. (d) —— (use pre-modify verb) she
would tell tiger or bear stories; at other times, she would tell stories
about jackals, (e) —— (use post-modify noun). These stories are told in every
home in Bangladesh. So, sit back (f) —— (use modify verb) and enjoy the story of
the (g) —— (use pre-modify noun) tiger: (h) —— (use pre-modify verb), in a
country not far away, a famous maharaja lived. He was (i) — — (use post-modify
subject) because of his (j) —— (use pre-modify noun) hobbies; he gathered and
raised unusual breeds of animals.
6. Education is the process of developing our body, mind and soul through (a)
—— (pre-modify the noun) learning. Its necessity cannot be described (b) ——
(post-modify the verb). It is one of the (c) —— (pre-modify the noun) needs of a
human being. It is essential for any kind of development. It is such a process by
which our physical and (d) —— (pre-modify the noun) faculties are developed in
(e) —— (pre-modify the noun with a determiner) balanced way. So, education is
called the backbone of a nation. A body cannot stand (f) —— (post-modify the
verb) without a backbone. Similarly, a nation cannot prosper without education.
Education are of (g) —— (pre-modify the noun) kinds — formal education and
informal education. (h) —— (premodify the noun) type of education is necessary
for (i) —— (pre-modify the noun) development of body, mind and soul. The aim of
education is to prepare enlightened individuals with (j) —— (pre-modify the
noun) outlook, refined sensibility and a mind free from superstitions.
7. Once upon a time, a (a) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) fox was
roaming in search of food (b) —— (post-modify the verb with adverbial). He
looked, but could not find anything (c) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-
modify the verb). He was feeling very weak and tired due to hunger. (d) —— (pre-
modify the verb with an adverb) he saw a garden at a distance. He went there
without (e) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) delay. In the garden, the
fox saw (f) —— (use article to pre-modify the noun) number of grapevines
laden with bunch of grapes. (g) —— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun
phrase) grapes looked quite ripe and juicy. The fox looked at the grapes with
longing eyes and licked (h) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) chops.
The grapes were in a place too high for him. The fox tried (i) —— (post-modify
the verb with adverbial). But he failed (j) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-
modify the verb). Therefore, he walked away in despair.
8. Education, (a) —— (use post-modifier as apposition), is considered to be the
backbone of a nation. So, the level of (b) —— (use pre-modify noun) development
of a country can be determined only from the standard of its education. If a
country can provide (c) —— (use premodify noun) people with a modern and (d)
—— (use pre-modify noun) curriculum of education, it will be able to achieve (e)
—— (use pre-modify noun) developments in all sectors of (f) —— (use pre-modify
noun) concerns. But unfortunately Bangladesh can’t still have ensured (g) ——
(use pre-modify noun) educations for its (h) —— (use pre-modify noun)
young generations. Scholars and intellectuals, (i) —— (use post-modify noun)
think that there are many lacking, peculiarities and incongruities in our national
(j) —— (use pre-modify noun) curriculum of all stages and disciplines, for which
our education can’t step up in equal measures with that of other countries.
9. Mr Alom, (a) —— (use an appositive), usually goes for a (b) —— (use a noun
adjective) walk everyday. One day while walking, he saw a man (c) —— (use a
participle to post-modify the noun) senseless (d) —— (use prepositional phrase to
post-modify the verb). He (e) —— (premodify the verb) went nearer to the man
and tried (f) —— (use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). But the man did
not respond. Mr Alom became (g) —— (use an intensifier) afraid of the unwanted
situation. He thought for a while and (h) —— (use an ordinal number)
phoned one of his friends, who was a (i) ——(use a noun adjective) officer. The
officer came with a police pick-up and took the man to the (j) —— (pre-modify the
noun) hospital.
10. Mobile phone has added a new dimension into our communication
system. It has made the world closer to us. (a) ——, it has made worldwide
communication easier. We use it for our day- to- day communication. (b) ——, it
has been a part and parcel in our life as we cannot go for a single day without
using it. We use it for rapid communication. (c) —— mobile phone is not
free from defect. It has some negative sides as well. (d) ——, excessive use of
mobile phone may cause our hearing problem. (e) ——, it is a means of money
wastage. (f) ——, it is seen that many underground crimes are being done with the
use of mobile network. (g) ——, the radiation from mobile phone may cause
cancer to the users. (h) ——, we are aware of these harmful effects. (i) ——, we
are not aware of using the mobile phone. (j) ——, we must have to be conscious
about the negative impact of mobile phone and accordingly, we should use
it carefully.
11. Obesity is (a) (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) medical
condition in which (b) (pre-modify the noun) body fat has accumulated to the
extent that it may have a (c) (pre-modify the noun) effect on health. People are
considered obese when (d) (use possessive to pre-modify the noun phrase) body
mass index, a measurement (e) (post-modify the noun phrase) by dividing a
person’s weight by the square of the person’s height, exceeds 30 Kg.
Obesity increases the likelihood of (f) (pre-modify the noun) diseases, particularly
(g) (use noun to premodify the noun) disease, diabetes, (h) (pre-modify the noun
phrase) sleep apnea, certain types of cancer and osteoarthritis. Obesity is most
commonly caused by a combination of excessive food energy intake, lack of
various activity, and (i) (pre-modify the noun) susceptibility, although a few cases
are caused (j) (post-modify the verb) by genes, endocrine disorders, medications
or psychiatric illness.
12. Female education is (a) ——(use an intensifier to pre-modify the
adjective) essential for the overall development of a nation. (b) ——(use a
participle to pre-modify), no nation can prosper. But most of the women are
lagging (c) ——(post-modify the noun) in education. Without female education,
our (d) —— (pre-modify the noun) development is not possible. Women need to
be educated for (e) ——(pre-modify the noun) reasons. To be a conscious citizen
of the country, to be an active member of the family and society, to be a good
mother or wife and to lead a selfreliant better life, a woman should be educated
(f) ——(post-modify the verb). An (g) ——(premodify the noun) woman is
conscious of her duties, rights and responsibilities. So, we should take every
necessary step (h) ——(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) our
female force. An educated woman can bring up her children (i) ——(post-modify
the verb). Napoleon says “Give me an educated mother, and I will give you an (j)
——nation. (pre-modify the noun) ——nation.”
13. Robert Bruce, (a) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), fought
(b) ——(use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) battles against King Edward I of
England. But (c) ——(use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) he was defeated in
(d) ——(use determiner to-modify the noun) battle. While the pensive king was
thinking about (e) ——(use possessive to pre-modify the noun phrase) unfortunate
condition lying in a cave, he saw a spider. The spider was working with (f) ——
(use article to pre-modify the noun) goal. The goal was to reach the ceiling and
(g) ——(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) task was not easy for the
little creature. It fell down (h) ——(use an adverbial to post-modify the verb), but
did not give up and, eventually, it succeeded at its seventh attempt. The
perseverance of the spider encouraged Robert Bruce; he fought again (i) ——(use
an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) and this time he defeated (j) —— (use
article to pre-modify the noun) English army and secured the independence of
Scotland.
14. Once a tiger was (a) ——(use intensifier to pre-modify the adjective)
hungry. He was looking for (b) ——(pre-modify the noun) animals to eat. But he
failed (c) ——(use infinitive phrase to post modify the verb). Then he met a (d)
——(pre-modify the noun) fox. And (e) ——(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the
noun) fox was also hungry. The fox told him that he had seen a (f) ——(pre-
modify the noun) deer nearby the fox then brought the deer to the tiger which
was delighted (g) ——(use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) an evil plan
to teach the tiger a good lesson. However, the tiger forwarded (i) ——(use
infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). (j) ——(use a participle to pre-modify
the verb) satisfied a farmer set a trap to kill the tiger as it hunted its lambs a few
days ago.
15. Bangladesh is a (a) ——(pre-modify the noun) country. Though it is a
small country, it has a (b) ——(pre-modify the noun) population. It gained
independence (c) ——(post-modify the verb). (d) ——(pre-modify the verb with a
present participle) for nine months, we achieved our freedom. About three (e)
—— (pre-modify the noun with a noun adjective) people were killed in the
war. They sacrificed their lives (f) ——(post-modify the verb with an infinitive)
freedom. We should not forget (g) ——(pre-modify the noun with a possessive)
contribution. Now we are progressing (h) ——(post-modify the verb). Now we are
able (i) ——(post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) our problems. Our
people will see (j) ——(pre-modify the noun) days soon.
16. Deforestation means cutting down of trees (a) ——(post-modify the
verb). To meet up the basic needs of food and housing, trees are being cut in a
large scale and thus it causes (b) ——(premodify the noun) imbalance. Besides,
there are some dishonest people who cut trees in our forest (c) ——(use an
infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) money. Due to deforestation carbon
dioxide is increasing (d) ——(post-modify the verb). The (e) ——(use a noun
adjective to pre modify the noun) level is rising and many parts of the world are
going to be engulfed by the sea in near future. New areas of the world are (f) ——
(use a participle to pre-modify the verb) turned into desert as a result of
deforestation. (g) ——(use a participle to pre-modify the noun) trees in such an
indiscriminate rate will be hazardous for our future existence. If we destory trees
(h) ——(use an adverbial phrase to post-modify the verb), one day the country
will turn into a great desert. The (i) ——(use a participle to pre-modify them
noun) temperature will cause greenhouse effect. Necessary measures should be
taken (j) ——(use an infinitive phrase to postmodify the verb).
17. A marriage ceremony is a (a) ——(Pre-modify the noun) occasion that
everyone enjoys in the hope of continuing human race. Usually it takes place at
the residence of the bride’s father on a (b) ——(Pre-modify the adjective) agreed
day. The bridegroom’s party arrives (c) ——(Post-modify the verb) in time in
their best dresses. The people of the bride (d) ——(Pre-modify the verb) receive
him. Then the (e) —— (Pre-modify the noun) ceremony begins (f) ——(post-
modify the verb) in a decorated room. A (g) ——(use noun adjective to pre-modify
the noun) registrar makes a document for the registration of the marriage. The
bride and bridegroom then perform some (h) ——(Pre-modify the noun) rites in a
solemn way. A (i) ——(Pre-modify the noun) feast follows. At the time of
departure, the bride starts weeping. At this her parents also weep. Thus, the
happy ceremony ends with a (j) ——(Pre-modify the noun) sense of separation.
18. Amerigo, (a) ——(use noun in apposition) lives alone. His parents now
live separate and no one of them wants (b) ——(use infinitive to post-modify the
verb) his responsibility. (c) (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) mother told
him to go away because she is married to another man. (d) ——(use determiner to
pre-modify the noun) streets are now his home. He wanted (e) ——(use adjective
to pre-modify the noun) money from his father to buy a (f) ——(use noun adjective
to pre-modify the noun) ticket. But his father didn’t answer. He earns his living by
working hard. (g) ——(use adverbial to pre-modify the verb) he finds work. Some
of (h) —— (use demonstrative to premodify the noun) works are very risky for
him. Once he sold ice-cream (i) ——(use prepositional phrase to post-modify the
verb). But he got (j) ——(use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) money in return
from the owner of ice-cream.
19. Unity maximizes strength of a (a) ——(pre-modify the noun) existence
whether it is a family or anation. It is (b) ——(use an intensifier to pre-modify the
adjective) essential (c) ——(use infinitive to post-modify the verb) the problems of
life. The idea is (d) —— (pre-modify the verb) illustrated in the story of an (e)
——(pre-modify the noun) man and his (f) ——(pre-modify the noun) sons. Before
his death, the old man gave a bundle of sticks to his sons and asked them (g) ——
(use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). None of the sons could break it.
Then he untied the bundle and distributed each of the sticks among his sons. He
(h) ——(pre-modify the verb) asked them to break the stick which they could do (i)
——(post-modify the verb). Thus, he taught them that unity is strength. As long as
they would remain united, none could harm them. This is (j) ——(pre-modify the
adjective) true in case of a society or a nation.
20. Tokai is a (a) ————(Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) Bangla
word. It means one (b) — ———(Use an adjective clause to post-modify the
pronoun). He is a boy of the street (c) ———— (Use a participle to pre-modify the
noun) no home and hearth. He has no definite place of residence. Usually he has
no parents or relatives, nor has he any definite means of livelihood. He leads a (d)
————(Use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dirty and unhygienic
life. He puts on rags and (e) ————(Use an participle phrase to pre-modify the
noun) clothes. He looks dirty in torn and patched up clothes. Bad smell comes
from (f) ————(Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) body and dress. He
roams about in the streets (g) ————(Use a participle phrase to pre-modify the
noun) torn papers and clothes, wood and other refuses. He earns his livelihood
(h) ————(Use a gerund phrase to post-modify the verb). Sometimes, a number
of tokais gather together and play about in the streets. Tokais pass their night on
the verandahs of shops, pavement of streets or railway platforms. If he can save
money, he goes to the cinema hall (i) ————(Use an infinitive to pre-modify the
noun) a film. This is the way of their life (j) ————(Use an adjective clause to
post-modify the noun).
21. I had to witness a very (a) ——(pre-modify the noun) street accident
yesterday. Ruma, (b) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), also
witnessed the accident. We were walking (c) —— (post-modify the verb) along the
right side of the road. A jeep was coming with a great speed from the (d) ——
(pre-modify the noun) direction. A pedestrian was crossing the road. He was
an (e) ——(pre-modify the noun) man and slower than usual. The jeep could not
control (f) ——(premodify the noun with possessive case) speed and ran over the
old man. To (g) ——(use a possessive case again as a pre-modifier) horror we
saw that the man became a lump of flesh after the accident had taken place. We
went to the (h) ——(use a noun as a pre-modifier) station to file a case against the
driver as he was driving the car (i) ——(post-modify the verb). The officer-in-
change thanked us for our (j) ——(pre-modify the noun) acts.
22. Rabindranath Tagore, (a) ——(post-modify the noun with appositive),
was born in 1861 in a (b) ——(pre-modify the noun) family at Jorasanko in
Kolkata. He was (c) ——(use determiner to pre-modify the noun) fourteenth child
of Devendranath and Sarada Tagore. He went to school (d) ——(post-modify the
verb) and wrote his (e) ——(use determiner to pre-modify the noun) verse at the
age of eight. At the age of seventeen, in 1878, he reached London to attend
school. He gathered much experience from his stay (f) ——(post-modify the verb
with prepositional phrase). (g) ——(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun)
had a lasting effect on his later life. In 1880 he returned home without (h) — (use
determiner to pre-modify the noun) qualifications of distinction. However, he
never gave up (i) ——(use possessive to pre-modify the noun) habit of writing
poetry. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his Gitanjali, (postmodify the
noun with an appositive) 
23. I can remember a memorable incident that happened (a) ——(post-
modify the verb). It was a (b) ——(use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun)
holiday. Our college was closed. So I decided to go for a walk in the countryside.
My cousin, (c) ——(post-modify the noun with an appositive), was with me. We
went past a river. It was not (d) ——(post-modify the noun) river. But it was (e)
——(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) beautiful. We saw many
small boats (f) ——(use participle phrase to post-modify the noun). Then we came
across a (g) ——(use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) line. Suddenly we
saw a train coming from the eastern side. The train was (h) ——(post-modify the
noun) and many people were hanging. The train (i) ——(use a prepositional
phrase to post-modify the noun) disappeared very quickly. We became very
thrilled (j) ——(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). We had not seen
a train from so close distance before.
24. Nelson Mandela (a) —— (post-modify the noun with appositive), is one
of the greatest leaders of the world, no doubt. During (b) —— (use article to pre-
modify the noun) time of Mandela, the Europeans were separated from the non-
Europeans. It was (c) —— (use noun-adjective to premodify the noun) policy of
racial segregation. The blacks were subjected to (d) —— (use quantifier to pre-
modify the noun) sorts of indignities. They were denied all basic (e) ——
(use adjective to pre-modify the noun) rights. They were in fact aliens in (f) ——
(use possessive) own country. The blacks were also treated (g) —— (use adverb to
post-modify the verb). Even dogs received a much better treatment than the
blacks. The (h) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) leader vowed to put
an end to the inhuman practice. Unfortunately, (i) —— (use demonstrative to pre-
modify the noun) great man thrown behind the prison bars. But the oppressive
rulers could not break his spirit. All his life he struggled against
apartheid. Eventually, the great leader fulfilled the goal of liberating (j) —— (use
possessive to pre-modify the noun) people.
25. Newspaper plays a very (a) —— (pre-modify the noun) role in modern
civilization. It publishes news and views of home and abroad. Only (b) —— (pre-
modify the noun) knowledge is not enough in this competitive world. A newspaper
helps a man (c) —— (post-modify the verb with infinitive) his general knowledge.
Besides academic books, one should read newspapers (d) ——  (post-modify the
verb). Newspaper helps one (e) —— (post-modify the verb with an infinitive)
the facts of the world. (f) —— (pre-modify the verb with a present participle
phrase) regularly, one can be aware of everything. There are (g) —— (pre-modify
the noun) kinds of newspapers. One should select the newspaper (h) —— (post-
modify the verb). One should choose the (i) —— (premodify the noun) paper
because many newspapers present news partially. Whatever the paper is, it (j)
—— (pre-modify the verb) helps a man.
26. The newspaper, (a) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), is a
printed record of current event. It gives us (b) —— (use determiner to pre-modify
the noun phrase) the important news of home and abroad. In a word, the
newspaper is like (c) —— (use article to pre-modify the noun) “mirror” of the
world. The newspaper was first introduced in China. The “Indian Gazette”
was the (d) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) newspaper of the
subcontinent. “The Samachar Darpon” was the first (e) —— (use a noun
adjective to pre-modify the noun) newspaper. A newspaper is (f) —— (use an
adverb to pre-modify the adjective) useful to us. We cannot think of (g) —— (use
possessive to pre-modify the noun) morning without it. (h) —— (use an adjective
to pre-modify the noun) people have different tastes. So, a newspaper supplies
us with (i) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) sorts of news, for
example, business, games and sports, entertainment, literature etc. It keeps us
well-informed and makes us intelligent. So, we all should read newspapers (j)
—— (post-modify the verb with adverb).
27. In every country (a) —— (use post-modify noun), mothers and
grandmothers tell (b) —— (use pre-modify noun) children stories. Bangladesh is
no exception, I remember (c) —— (pre-modify noun) we, children, would
surround our grandmother, and she would tell us tales. (d) —— (use pre-modify
verb) she would tell tiger or bear stories; at other times, she would tell stories
about jackals, (e) —— (use post-modify noun). These stories are told in every
home in Bangladesh. So, sit back (f) —— (use modify verb) and enjoy the story of
the (g) —— (use pre-modify noun) tiger: (h) —— (use pre-modify verb), in a
country not far away, a famous maharaja lived. He was (i) — — (use post-modify
subject) because of his (j) —— (use pre-modify noun) hobbies; he gathered and
raised unusual breeds of animals.
28. Education is the process of developing our body, mind and soul through
(a) —— (pre-modify the noun) learning. Its necessity cannot be described (b) ——
(post-modify the verb). It is one of the (c) —— (pre-modify the noun) needs of a
human being. It is essential for any kind of development. It is such a process by
which our physical and (d) —— (pre-modify the noun) faculties are developed in
(e) —— (pre-modify the noun with a determiner) balanced way. So, education is
called the backbone of a nation. A body cannot stand (f) —— (post-modify the
verb) without a backbone. Similarly, a nation cannot prosper without education.
Education are of (g) —— (pre-modify the noun) kinds — formal education and
informal education. (h) —— (premodify the noun) type of education is necessary
for (i) —— (pre-modify the noun) development of body, mind and soul. The aim of
education is to prepare enlightened individuals with (j) —— (pre-modify the
noun) outlook, refined sensibility and a mind free from superstitions.
29. Last month I went (a) —— (post-modify the verb with an intransitive)
Mirzapur Cadet College by bus. (b) —— (pre-modify the verb with a present
participle phrase) in the morning, I had breakfast (c) —— (post-modify the
adverb with another adverb) hurriedly and got myself dressed. Then I went to
Kadamtoli (d) —— (pre-modify the noun with a nounadjective) terminal. I
waited there for a few minutes. Then as I found my bus (e) —— (post-modify
the noun with a present participle) the terminal, I walked (f) —— (post-modify the
verb) to get into it.
30. Once upon a time, a (a) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun)
fox was roaming in search of food (b) —— (post-modify the verb with adverbial).
He looked, but could not find anything (c) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-
modify the verb). He was feeling very weak and tired due to hunger. (d) —— (pre-
modify the verb with an adverb) he saw a garden at a distance. He went there
without (e) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) delay. In the garden, the
fox saw (f) —— (use article to pre-modify the noun) number of grapevines
laden with bunch of grapes. (g) —— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun
phrase) grapes looked quite ripe and juicy. The fox looked at the grapes with
longing eyes and licked (h) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) chops.
The grapes were in a place too high for him. The fox tried (i) —— (post-modify
the verb with adverbial). But he failed (j) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-
modify the verb). Therefore, he walked away in despair.
31. Education, (a) —— (use post-modifier as apposition), is considered to
be the backbone of a nation. So, the level of (b) —— (use pre-modify noun)
development of a country can be determined only from the standard of its
education. If a country can provide (c) —— (use premodify noun) people with a
modern and (d) —— (use pre-modify noun) curriculum of education, it will be
able to achieve (e) —— (use pre-modify noun) developments in all sectors of (f)
—— (use pre-modify noun) concerns. But unfortunately Bangladesh can’t still
have ensured (g) —— (use pre-modify noun) educations for its (h) —— (use pre-
modify noun) young generations. Scholars and intellectuals, (i) —— (use post-
modify noun) think that there are many lacking, peculiarities and incongruities in
our national (j) —— (use pre-modify noun) curriculum of all stages and
disciplines, for which our education can’t step up in equal measures with that of
other countries.
32. Mr Alom, (a) —— (use an appositive), usually goes for a (b) —— (use a
noun adjective) walk everyday. One day while walking, he saw a man (c) ——
(use a participle to post-modify the noun) senseless (d) —— (use prepositional
phrase to post-modify the verb). He (e) —— (premodify the verb) went nearer to
the man and tried (f) —— (use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). But the
man did not respond. Mr Alom became (g) —— (use an intensifier) afraid of the
unwanted situation. He thought for a while and (h) —— (use an ordinal number)
phoned one of his friends, who was a (i) ——(use a noun adjective) officer. The
officer came with a police pick-up and took the man to the (j) —— (pre-modify the
noun) hospital.
33. Obesity is (a) (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) medical
condition in which (b) (pre-modify the noun) body fat has accumulated to the
extent that it may have a (c) (pre-modify the noun) effect on health. People are
considered obese when (d) (use possessive to pre-modify the noun phrase) body
mass index, a measurement (e) (post-modify the noun phrase) by dividing a
person’s weight by the square of the person’s height, exceeds 30 Kg.
Obesity increases the likelihood of (f) (pre-modify the noun) diseases, particularly
(g) (use noun to premodify the noun) disease, diabetes, (h) (pre-modify the noun
phrase) sleep apnea, certain types of cancer and osteoarthritis. Obesity is most
commonly caused by a combination of excessive food energy intake, lack of
various activity, and (i) (pre-modify the noun) susceptibility, although a few cases
are caused (j) (post-modify the verb) by genes, endocrine disorders, medications
or psychiatric illness.
34. Female education is (a) ——(use an intensifier to pre-modify the
adjective) essential for the overall development of a nation. (b) ——(use a
participle to pre-modify), no nation can prosper. But most of the women are
lagging (c) ——(post-modify the noun) in education. Without female education,
our (d) —— (pre-modify the noun) development is not possible. Women need to
be educated for (e) ——(pre-modify the noun) reasons. To be a conscious citizen
of the country, to be an active member of the family and society, to be a good
mother or wife and to lead a selfreliant better life, a woman should be educated
(f) ——(post-modify the verb). An (g) ——(premodify the noun) woman is
conscious of her duties, rights and responsibilities. So, we should take every
necessary step (h) ——(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) our
female force. An educated woman can bring up her children (i) ——(post-modify
the verb). Napoleon says “Give me an educated mother, and I will give you an (j)
——nation. (pre-modify the noun) ——nation.”
35. Robert Bruce, (a) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), fought
(b) ——(use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) battles against King Edward I of
England. But (c) ——(use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) he was defeated in
(d) ——(use determiner to-modify the noun) battle. While the pensive king was
thinking about (e) ——(use possessive to pre-modify the noun phrase) unfortunate
condition lying in a cave, he saw a spider. The spider was working with (f) ——
(use article to pre-modify the noun) goal. The goal was to reach the ceiling and
(g) ——(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) task was not easy for the
little creature. It fell down (h) ——(use an adverbial to post-modify the verb), but
did not give up and, eventually, it succeeded at its seventh attempt. The
perseverance of the spider encouraged Robert Bruce; he fought again (i) ——(use
an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) and this time he defeated (j) —— (use
article to pre-modify the noun) English army and secured the independence of
Scotland.
36. Once a tiger was (a) ——(use intensifier to pre-modify the adjective)
hungry. He was looking for (b) ——(pre-modify the noun) animals to eat. But he
failed (c) ——(use infinitive phrase to postmodify the verb). Then he met a (d)
——(pre-modify the noun) fox. And (e) ——(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the
noun) fox was also hungry. The fox told him that he had seen a (f) ——(pre-
modify the noun) deer nearby the fox then brought the deer to the tiger which
was delighted (g) ——(use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) an evil plan
to teach the tiger a good lesson. However, the tiger forwarded (i) ——(use
infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). (j) ——(use a participle to pre-modify
the verb) satisfied a farmer set a trap to kill the tiger as it hunted its lambs a few
days ago.
37. Bangladesh is a (a) ——(pre-modify the noun) country. Though it is a
small country, it has a (b) ——(pre-modify the noun) population. It gained
independence (c) ——(post-modify the verb). (d) ——(pre-modify the verb with a
present participle) for nine months, we achieved our freedom. About three (e)
—— (pre-modify the noun with a noun adjective) people were killed in the
war. They sacrificed their lives (f) ——(post-modify the verb with an infinitive)
freedom. We should not forget (g) ——(pre-modify the noun with a possessive)
contribution. Now we are progressing (h) ——(post-modify the verb). Now we are
able (i) ——(post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) our problems. Our
people will see (j) ——(pre-modify the noun) days soon.
38. Deforestation means cutting down of trees (a) ——(post-modify the
verb). To meet up the basic needs of food and housing, trees are being cut in a
large scale and thus it causes (b) ——(pre modify the noun) imbalance. Besides,
there are some dishonest people who cut trees in our forest (c) ——(use an
infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) money. Due to deforestation carbon
dioxide is increasing (d) ——(post-modify the verb). The (e) ——(use a noun
adjective to pre-modify the noun) level is rising and many parts of the world are
going to be engulfed by the sea in near future. New areas of the world are (f) ——
(use a participle to pre-modify the verb) turned into desert as a result of
deforestation. (g) ——(use a participle to pre-modify the noun) trees in such an
indiscriminate rate will be hazardous for our future existence. If we destroy trees
(h) ——(use an adverbial phrase to post-modify the verb), one day the country
will turn into a great desert. The (i) ——(use a participle to pre-modify them
noun) temperature will cause greenhouse effect. Necessary measures should be
taken (j) ——(use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb).
39. A marriage ceremony is a (a) ——(Pre-modify the noun) occasion that
everyone enjoys in the hope of continuing human race. Usually it takes place at
the residence of the bride’s father on a (b) ——(Pre-modify the adjective) agreed
day. The bridegroom’s party arrives (c) ——(Post-modify the verb) in time in
their best dresses. The people of the bride (d) ——(Pre-modify the verb) receive
him. Then the (e) —— (Pre-modify the noun) ceremony begins (f) ——(post-
modify the verb) in a decorated room. A (g) ——(use noun adjective to pre-modify
the noun) registrar makes a document for the registration of the marriage. The
bride and bridegroom then perform some (h) ——(Pre-modify the noun) rites in a
solemn way. A (i) ——(Pre-modify the noun) feast follows. At the time of
departure, the bride starts weeping. At this her parents also weep. Thus, the
happy ceremony ends with a (j) ——(Pre-modify the noun) sense of separation.
40. Amerigo, (a) ——(use noun in apposition) lives alone. His parents now
live separate and no one of them wants (b) ——(use infinitive to post-modify the
verb) his responsibility. (c) (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) mother told
him to go away because she is married to another man. (d) ——(use determiner to
pre-modify the noun) streets are now his home. He wanted (e) ——(use adjective
to pre-modify the noun) money from his father to buy a (f) ——(use noun adjective
to pre-modify the noun) ticket. But his father didn’t answer. He earns his living by
working hard. (g) ——(use adverbial to pre-modify the verb) he finds work. Some
of (h) —— (use demonstrative to premodify the noun) works are very risky for
him. Once he sold ice-cream (i) ——(use prepositional phrase to post-modify the
verb). But he got (j) ——(use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) money in return
from the owner of ice-cream.
41. Unity maximizes strength of a (a) ——(pre-modify the noun) existence
whether it is a family or a nation. It is (b) ——(use an intensifier to pre-modify the
adjective) essential (c) ——(use infinitive to post-modify the verb) the problems of
life. The idea is (d) —— (pre-modify the verb) illustrated in the story of an (e)
——(pre-modify the noun) man and his (f) ——(pre-modify the noun) sons. Before
his death, the old man gave a bundle of sticks to his sons and asked them (g) ——
(use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). None of the sons could break it.
Then he untied the bundle and distributed each of the sticks among his sons. He
(h) ——(pre-modify the verb) asked them to break the stick which they could do (i)
——(post-modify the verb). Thus, he taught them that unity is strength. As long as
they would remain united, none could harm them. This is (j) ——(pre-modify the
adjective) true in case of a society or a nation.
42. Tokai is a (a) ————(Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) Bangla
word. It means one (b) — ———(Use an adjective clause to post-modify the
pronoun). He is a boy of the street (c) ———— (Use a participle to pre-modify the
noun) no home and hearth. He has no definite place of residence. Usually he has
no parents or relatives, nor has he any definite means of livelihood. He leads a (d)
————(Use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dirty and unhygienic
life. He puts on rags and (e) ————(Use an participle phrase to pre-modify the
noun) clothes. He looks dirty in torn and patched up clothes. Bad smell comes
from (f) ————(Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) body and dress. He
roams about in the streets (g) ————(Use a participle phrase to pre-modify the
noun) torn papers and clothes, wood and other refuses. He earns his livelihood
(h) ————(Use a gerund phrase to post-modify the verb). Sometimes, a number
of tokais gather together and play about in the streets. Tokais pass their night on
the verandahs of shops, pavement of streets or railway platforms. If he can save
money, he goes to the cinema hall (i) ————(Use an infinitive to pre-modify the
noun) a film. This is the way of their life (j) ————(Use an adjective clause to
post-modify the noun).
43. I had to witness a very (a) ——(pre-modify the noun) street accident
yesterday. Ruma, (b) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), also
witnessed the accident. We were walking (c) —— (post-modify the verb) along the
right side of the road. A jeep was coming with a great speed from the (d) ——
(pre-modify the noun) direction. A pedestrian was crossing the road. He was
an (e) ——(pre-modify the noun) man and slower than usual. The jeep could not
control (f) ——(premodify the noun with possessive case) speed and ran over the
old man. To (g) ——(use a possessive case again as a pre-modifier) horror we
saw that the man became a lump of flesh after the accident had taken place. We
went to the (h) ——(use a noun as a pre-modifier) station to file a case against the
driver as he was driving the car (i) ——(post-modify the verb). The officer-in-
change thanked us for our (j) ——(pre-modify the noun) acts.
44. Rabindranath Tagore, (a) ——(post-modify the noun with appositive),
was born in 1861 in a (b) ——(pre-modify the noun) family at Jorasanko in
Kolkata. He was (c) ——(use determiner to pre-modify the noun) fourteenth child
of Devendranath and Sarada Tagore. He went to school (d) ——(post-modify the
verb) and wrote his (e) ——(use determiner to pre-modify the noun) verse at the
age of eight. At the age of seventeen, in 1878, he reached London to attend
school. He gathered much experience from his stay (f) ——(post-modify the verb
with prepositional phrase). (g) ——(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun)
had a lasting effect on his later life. In 1880 he returned home without (h) ——
(use determiner to pre-modify the noun) qualifications of distinction. However, he
never gave up (i) ——(use possessive to pre-modify the noun) habit of writing
poetry. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his Gitanjali, (postmodify the
noun with an appositive).
45. I have (a) ——– (pre-modify the noun) friends but Karim is my (b) ——–
(pre-modify the noun) friend. He studies in my class. We go to college (c) ——–
(post-modify the verb). He is good at studies and help the students (d) ——–
(relative clause). He is (e) ——– (intenshier) obedient to his teachers. However,
Karim comes of a (f) ——– (adjective to modify the noun) family. His father, (g)
——– (appositive), is really an honourable person (h) ——–(prepositional
phrase). He wants his son to become a teacher like him and (i) ——–(possessive
pronoun) mother inspires him (j) ——– (infinitive phrase).
46. Bangladesh (a) —— (Post-modify the noun with an appositive), has a
huge population. Most people here live below the (b) —— (Use noun adjective to
pre-modify the noun) line and can’t therefore afford to educate (c) —— (Use a
possessive to pre-modify the noun) children. Many poor children either drop out
of school after just a (d) —— (Use a quantifier to pre-modify the noun) years or
simply do not go to school at all. Despite this situation, we have far too many
students (e) —— (Use infinitive to post-modify the verb) compared to the number
of institutions available. Bangladesh needs (f) —— (Use a determiner to
premodify the noun) schools, colleges and universities to provide for the (g) ——
(Pre-modify the noun with a present participle) number of students. But the
government cannot fund the (h) —— (Pre-modify the noun) number of
educational institutions. At present every educational institution is over-crowded
and class size is (i) —— (Pre-modify the adjective) large. Students do not get a (j)
—— (Pre-modify the noun) education for lack of facilities.
47. One day Robert Bruce, (a) —— (post-modify the noun with appositive),
was lying in the cave. He was thinking of (b) —— (use possessive to pre-modify
the noun) misfortune. He thought that he would not be able (c) —— (use an
infinitive phrase to post-modify, the verb). Suddenly, he saw a spider (d) ——
(post-modify the verb with a prepositional/an adverbial of place). The spider was
trying to reach (e) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) ceiling of the
cave. It almost got to the point (f) —— (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun)
times, but fell down at the last moment. It did not lose hope. It was trying (g) ——
(post-modify the verb with an adverbial). On the seventh attempt it reached the
ceiling. Robert Bruce became very much amazed (h) —— (use an infinitive phrase
to post-modify the verb) the success of the spider. He felt encouraged and came
out of the cave and began to gather soldiers again. He remembered the small
spider and prepared (i) —— (postmodify the verb with an adverb) for the battle.
He fought hard with the English and (j) —— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify
the noun) time, he came out successful. Strong will and perseverance made Robert
Bruce the king of Scotland again.
48. The newspaper (a) — (post-modify the noun with an appositive) is a
printed record of current event. It gives us (b) — (use determiner to pre-modify
the noun phrase) important news of home and abroad. In a word, the newspaper
is like (c) — (use article to pre-modify the noun) mirror of the world. The
newspaper was first introduced in China. The “Indian Gazette” was the (d) —
(use determiner to pre-modify phrase) newspaper of the subcontinent. The
Samachar Darpon was first (e) — (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun)
newspaper. A newspaper is (f) — (use an adverb to modify the adjective) useful to
us. We cannot think of (g) — (use possessive to modify the noun) morning without
it. (h)— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) people have different taste. So,
a newspaper supplies us with (i) — (use a determiner to modify the noun) sort of
news. We all should read newspaper (j) — (post modifier).
49. A hare was (a) —— (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective)
popular with the other beasts who all claimed to be her friends. But one day she
heard the hounds (b) —— (use participle phrase to post-modify the noun). He
hoped to escape them by the aid of her (c) —— (use a noun adjective to pre-
modify the noun) friends. So, she went to the horse, and asked him to carry her (d)
—— (post-modify the verb) from the hounds on his back. But he declined stating
that he had important work to do for his master. She then applied to the bull, and
hoped that he would repel the hounds with (e) —— (pre-modify the noun with a
possessive pronoun) horns. The bull replied ” I am very sorry, but I have an
appointment with a lady; but feel sure that our friend the fox will do (f) —— (post-
modify the verb with a clause)”. The fox (g) —— (post-modify the noun with an
appositive), however, feared that his back might do her some harm if he took her
upon it. Finally he went to the ram who replied : “Another time, my dear friend, I
am really unable (h) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb).” (i)
—— (use a participle to pre-modify the verb) the hare was shocked and made a
conclusion that, “He that has (j) —— (pre-modify the noun) friends, has no
friends.”
50. Newspaper plays a very (a) — (pre-modify the noun) role in modern
civilization. It publishes news and views of home and abroad. Only (b) — (pre-
modify the noun) knowledge is not enough in this competitive world. A newspaper
helps a man (c) — (postmodify the verb with infinitive) his general knowledge.
Besides academic books, one should read newspapers (d) — (post-modify the
verb). Newspaper helps one (e) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) the
facts of the world. (f) — (pre-modify the verb with a present participle phrase)
regularly, one can be aware of everything. There are (g) — (pre-modify the noun)
kinds of newspapers. One should select the newspaper (h) — (post-modify the
verb). One should choose the (i) — (pre-modify the noun) paper because many
newspapers present news partially. Whatever the paper is, it (j) — (pre-modify the
verb) helps a man.
51. Health is wealth refers to the importance and value of health. Health is
compared to wealth, because a (a) —— (Pre-modify the noun) man can earn
money and accumulate wealth. (b) —— (use a prepositional phrase to pre-modify
the verb) wealth is valueless. It is health (c) —— (use a relative pronoun to post-
modify the noun) can give us bliss and make us (d) —— (use an intensifier to pre-
modify the adjective) happy. Health alone can enable us (e) —— (use an infinitive
phrase to post-modify the verb). It is also said that a (f) —— (Pre-modify the
noun) mind lies is a sound body. A healthy man can work (g) —— (Postmodify the
verb) and attain wealth. We might get (h) —— (use a demonstrative to premodify
the noun) wealth by following some rules of health. We must rise (i) ——
(Postmodify the verb) and take a (j) —— (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the
noun) walk. Physical exercise must be taken regularly.
52. It was a hot day of summer, (a) — (post-modify the noun with an
appositive). A crow got (b) — (Pre-modify the adjective with an adverb) thirsty. It
searched for water (c) — (Post-modify the very with adverbial), but could not find
it anywhere. It felt very sad and sat on a (d) —(Use an adjective to pre-modify the
noun) breach of a tree. Suddenly, the crow saw a garden at a (e) — (Use
determiner to pre-modify the noun) distance. It flew there and within a (f) — (Use
quantifier to pre-modify the noun) minutes, it found a pitcher nearby. The crow
flew down and sat on (g) — (Use demonstrative to pre-modify the noun phrase)
brim of the pitcher. (h) — (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun phrase)
pitcher had little water in it. Feeling very happy, it tried to drink the water. But (i)
— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) beak did not reach it. The crow did not
lose heart. It tried (j) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) the jar,
but it was not strong enough to do that. It was in a fix what to do. Suddenly an
idea crossed its mind.
53. I experienced a very interesting incident (a) —— (Post-modify the verb)
on my way to Dinajpur. My friend Tamalika (b) —— (Post-modify the noun with
an appositive) was driving. A crow was crossing the road but suddenly in the
middle of the road it stopped and remained standing. In a minute Tamalika had to
change her course but she didn’t have (c) —— (Pre-modify the noun) time and
space to do that. Tamalika tried to turn in the left when the cow too walked (d)
—— (Post-modify the verb) back a few steps. To save (e) —— (Use a
demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) cow Tamalika had to move on the right.
She lost her control and bumped the car with a (f) —— (Use a noun adjective to
pre-modify the noun) tree. (g) —— (Use a participle to pre-modify the verb)
Tamalika was shocked but she was (h) —— (Use an intensifier to pre-modify the
adjective) happy (i) —— (Use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the adjective).
She patted the (j) —— (Pre-modify the noun) cow and burst into laughter.
54. I had gathered a peculiar experience (a) — (post modify the verb) while
travelling to St. Martin’s Island. I visited the island along with my faimily. Zakir
(b) — (post modify the noun with an appositive) was my guide. On the way to the
island, we watched (c) — (demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) sea gulls. The
(d) — (pre-modify the noun) birds were flying (e) — (post-modify the verb) with
the ship. They became (f) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dear
and friendly to us. We entertained them with biscuits; (g) — them (use a present
participle to pre-modify the verb) We became (h) — (use an intensifier to pre-
modify the adjective) excited. We decided (i) — (use an infinitive phrase to post
modify the verb) in the idyllic island for a couple of days. We can never forget (j)
— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the adjective phrase to post modify the
verb) lovely sea birds.
55. Arsenic is a (a) —— (Pre-modify the noun) substance. It is (b) —— (Use
an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dangerous for human health. (c) ——
(Use a demonstrative to premodify the noun) substance is found in the water of
the tube well. There are (d) —— (Premodify the noun) villages in our country.
Most of our (e) —— (Use a noun adjective to premodify the noun) people drink
tube well water. At present they are passing their days (f) –— (Use a participle to
pre-modify the verb). (g) ——(Use a participle to pre-modify the verb) people
suffer from different kinds of problems. This problem is (h) –— (Pre-modify the
verb) found in North Bengal. We should take a serious measure (i) —— (Use an
infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) which produce contaminated water.
Government is trying to identify the tube wells (j) –— (Post-modify the verb) red.
56. Farjana (a) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), felt
extremely happy and excited when she heard that she got GPA-5 in (b) —— (use
article to pre-modify the noun) HSC examination. She had shown that one can
gain almost anything by dint of (c) —— (use a noun adjective to per-modify the
noun) labour and determination. Financial problem could not stand on (d) ——
(use possessive to pre-modify the noun) way to success. Her seriousness was (e)
—— (use an adverb to pre-modify the adjective) much clear throughout the
academic year. She maintained a (f) —— (use a noun-adjective to premodify the
noun) plan and never wasted her time (g) —— (post-modify the verb with
prepositional phrase/adverbial). Now she has got the reward she deserves. (h)
—— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) result will be an inspiration for
her in her future life. Her brilliant result has inspired (i) —— (use determiner of
pre-modify the noun) students so much that they have already started reading
their lessons more (j) —— (postmodify the verb with an adverb) than before.
Farjana is helping other students in the preparation of a perfect study plan.
57. A young girl was crying (a) —— (post-modify the verb). So I went to her
(b) —— (use infinitive to post-modify the verb) what happened to her (c) ——
(Use present participle to pre-modify the verb) near her, I came to know that she
lost (d) —— (use a noun phrase to post-modify the verb). She told me that she had
come to the market with her parents. But as the place was (e) —— (pre-modify the
adjective with an intensifier) crowded she could not follow them. I felt (f) ——
(pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) sorry for the girl and took her with
me (g) —— (pre-modify the verb with a present participle phrase), I gave her
food. The girl became happy (h) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the
adjective) and slept soon. Next morning I went to the (i) —— (pre-modify the
noun) police station and informed the duty officer about the girl (j) —— (post-
modify the noun with a relative pronoun) I got in the market place.
58. Once upon a time a (a) —— (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun)
fox was roaming in search of food (b) —— (Post-modify the verb with adverbial).
He looked, but could not find anything (c) —— (Use an infinitive phrase to post-
modify the verb). He was feeling very weak and tired due to hunger. (d) —— (Pre-
modify the verb with adverb) he saw a garden at a distance. He went there without
(e) —— (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun)number of grape vines laden with
bunch of grapes. (f) —— (Use a demonstrative to premodify the noun phrase)
grapes looked quite ripe and juicy. The fox looked at the grapes with longing eyes
and licked (g) —— (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) chops. The grapes
were in a place too high for him. The fox tried (h) —— (Post-modify the verb
with adverbial). But he failed (i) —— (Use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the
verb). Therefore, he walked away in despair.
59. One day Israt was returning home (a) —— (post-modify the verb) from
college. On the way she was a dog (b) —— (use a participle phrase to post-modify
a noun). It was barking (c) —— (post-modify the verb). An (d) —— (pre-modify
the noun) boy had hit the poor creature with a big stone. It hurt its (e) —— (pre-
modify the noun) leg and it was bleeding (f) —— (postmodify the verb). Israt
became (g) —— (post-modify the verb) sad. She (h) —— (pre-modify the verb)
carried the dog home and nursed the wound. She tied a bandage tightly round the
(i) —— (pre-modify the noun) leg. In a week the dog was (j) —— (use an
intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) well.
60. Education (a) —— (use appositive to post-modify the noun) is essential
for development. We can improve (b) —— (possessive to pre-modify the noun)
mind. An (c) —— (adjective to pre-modify the noun) person has the ability (d)
—— (infinitive phrase). One can refine one’s sensibility (e) —— (present
participle phrase). Actually, the educated are able to bring about (f) —— (pre-
modify the noun) development. On the other hand, an (g) —— person (h) ——
(adverb to pre-modify the verb) lag behind. So, the educated should come forward
(i) —— (prepositional phrase) to educate all in the society to unload (j) —— (use
determiner) owes to the country.
61. Most of the people in (a) — (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun)
country do not know the importance of English, (b) — (Post-modify the noun with
an appositive). In fact, it is an (c) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun)
language and we are living in a global village. So, if you know English (d) —
(Post-modify the verb with an adverb), you can communicate with (e) — (Use
article to pre-modify the noun phrase) rest of the world. It is surely an important
element of your (f) — (Use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) skill. Without
the knowledge of English, you cannot complete (g) — (Use possessive to
premodify the noun) higher studies because most of the books are written in
English. Poor knowledge of English will also hamper your (h) — (Use a noun
adjective to pre-modify the noun) development. In short, if you do not have a good
command over English, you will suffer (i) — (Post-modify the verb with
prepositional phrase/adverbial) of your life. So, don’t waste your time and try to
learn English (j) — (Post-modify the verb with an adverb) from today.
62. It is said that the other name of (a) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify
the noun) water is life. Because by drinking it we quench (b) —— (use possessive
to pre-modify the noun) thirst. So, we need pure water (c) —— (post-modify the
verb using an infinitive) on the earth. But (d) —— (pre-modify the noun) water is
life killing. By drinking contaminated water, we suffer from (e) —— (use
quantifier to pre-modify the noun) diseases. We may (f) —— (pre-modify the verb)
face (g) —— (pre-modify the noun) death by drinking contaminated water. We are
responsible for (h) —— (use noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) pollution.
Waste materials from mills and factories are thrown here and there. Besides
latrines (i) —— (use present participle to post-modify the noun) on ponds and
rivers cause water pollution. So, (j) —— (pre-modify the noun) awareness should
be raised to stop water pollution.