University of Edinburgh ESALA Conservation Technology (ACS) AREA11017 ih Archi tectutal Conservation Academic Sesston 2012-13 hs Course Organiser Dimitris Theodossopoulos Student Niamh Crimmins (61256448) Date @1.as. 2013 GAN f Queen Mary's Bath House Abbeyhi ll, EdinburghACS CONSERVATE EEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE CONTENTS. List of Figures 1. Introduction 2. Sandstone 3. Case Study ~ Queen Mary’s Bath House 3.1 Location 3.2 Historical Context 3.3 Conservation History 3.4 Condition Survey a) Description b) Condition Summary ¢) Decay Mechanisms 1, Cracks 2. Erosion 3. Discoloration and deposit 4, Biological Soiling 5. Rotted Timber 6. Other Tssues 4. Proposal for Conservation 4.1 Value of Mary’s Bath House 4.2 Methods of Conservation a) Water Protection b) Biological soiling Renoval ) Masonry Repair d) Timber Repair e) Other repair tasks 4.3 Professional Survey/Input 5. Conclusion Bibliography Appendix RVATION TAH CRIMMINS $1255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL Ci 12/13 2 16 a6 a8 26 26 2 31 32 36 37 a2 a “3 3 45 45,VEEN MARY Figure 1. Geology of Scotland. Figure 2. Location of Bath House (late 18th century map). Figure 3. English Spy Map of Edinburgh, 1544 Figure 4. Earfiest depiction of Bath House. Figure 9. Gordon de Rothiemay map clearing showing Bath House in 1647. Figure 6. James Gordon Map, 1847. Figuro 7. Curront viow of § & E facades Figure 8. Analysis of West Elevation Figure 9. Analysis of South Elevation Figure {0. Analysis of East Elovation Figure 11. Analysis of North Elevation, Figure 12. Analysis of Ground Floor Figure 13. Analysis of First Floor Figure 14. Crack on North elevation Figure 15. Detail of Fig. 13 Crack Figure 16. Spang Figure 17. Detail of gypsum on sandstone. Figure 18. Algae growth around window Figure 19. Algae growth on root Figure 20. Lichen growth on East elevation chinmey. Figure 21. Moss on roo! Figure 22. Moss on buttress root Figure 28. Plants growing in West elevation roof. Figure 24. Plants growing on West elevation stonawork Figure 25. Example of roting timber doortrame on ground Hoar Figure 26 Early twentieth century Bath House with baring Figure 27. Moisture movement witin traditional stone and lime List of Figures RB RRGKRSRRSSLSNVVHVBNv NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 2ACS CONSERVATE EEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE 1. Introduction ‘This report investigates the pathologies of an existing building and forms recommendations for the holistic treatment of the pathology through research of materials and construction, and by Identitying possible causes, The most appropriate suggestions are made with regards to repair techniques and treatments, By focusing on a case study, Queen Mary's Bath House, this report demonstrates how materials age, deteriorate, act and interact with each other and also structural issues in the building formed by the diferent materials. The main causes of the decay are Identified as well as repair techniques and their relative sultabilty for this particular case study. TAH CRIMMINS 51255448 HSC ARCHITECTURAL ci RVATIONTECHNO! BATH HOUSE 2. Sandstone - Scotland and Edinburgh "Scotland represents a varied assemblage of geologically diverse fragments of the earth crust accreted at various times over the almost unimaginable length of time of some 3300 million years.” ‘ Soolland’'s geological foundation of. sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks date back ‘nearly 4000 million years.? Figure 1. Geology of Scotland The immense complexity of the country’s geology (see Figure 1) has resulted in the great diversity of Its built heritage. Geologically Scotland can be divided into five separate and geologically distinct parts: the Lewisian gneiss and Torrionian of the North West; he Moine rocks of the Central and Northem Highlands west of the Great Glen Fault; the Moine and Dalradian of the central and Grampian Highlands; the Midland Valley and the Southern Uplands. Faults, stil identifiable in the landscape, * Anderson, D., Scottish Agates ~ The Geology, (2010) http:/iwww.agatesofscotland.co.uk/The%20Geology.htm, accessed February 21 2018 ? MoMlilan, A. A., and Hyslop, E. K., A Land of Stone, in Wilson, P., Ed., Building with Scottish Stone, (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 9 * Scottish Geology, Getting Stared, (Date Unknown), ‘ttp:/iwww scottishgeology.com/geo gatting-started’, accessed March 4 2013 NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 4ONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY - QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE separate these areas and these are the Moine Thrust in the northwest, the Great Glen Fault, the Highland Boundary Fault and the Southern Upland Fault“ Edinburgh 's located in the Midland Valley Terrane, which is mainly underlain by Devonian and Carboniferous sedimentary strata.> “For situation and durability of its building materials, few cities have equal advantages to Edinburgh, and there is, perhaps, no town of which the general and distant effects are more picturesque and striking. * Exinburgh was bullt on seven hills ~ Castle Hil, Calton Hill Arthur's Seat, Costorphine Hill, Craiglockhart Hil, Blackford Hill and the Braid Hills — all made of hard durable rock of igneous of voloanic origin.’ Most of this rock was formed during the Carboniferous period Rock from the Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician periods as ‘well as rock effected by Quaternary glacial activity is also evident beneath Edinburgh and the surrounding Lothian region.® The city’s “natural heritage and landscape is determined by the variations in hardness of sedimentary and igneous lithologies and their resistance to weathering." Locally quarried sandstone Is the predominant building material and some of the earliest quarries were situated around the houses * Scoltish Geology, Getting Started, (Date Unknown), hiip:/www. scottish geology. com/geo'gelting-started:, accessed March 4 2013 Mclan, A. A., and Hyslop, E. K., A Land of Stone, in Wilson, P., Ed, Building with Scottish Stone, (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 9 ® Mchllan, A.A. and Hyslop, E.K., The City of Edinburgh — Landscape and Stone. in ICOMOS, (2008) hitp’/openarchive.icomos.org/80/1/77-KoGo-73.pal, accessed February 20 2013 * McAdam, D., Edinburgh & West Lothian: A Landsoape Fashioned by Geology, (2008), nttp:/www.snh.or9.uk/pats/publications/geology/EdinwWestl othian.pat, acoessed March 2 2018 ® Eanburgh Geological Society, Edinburgh's Geology, (Date Unknown), hiip:iwwa.edinburghgeotsoc.org'o_home hii, accessed February 21, 2013, a) MeMllan, A.A. and Hyslop, E.K., The City of Edinburgh — Landscape and Stone. In ICOMOS, (2008) hitp:/openarchive.icomos.orq/80/1/77-KoCo-73.pat, accessed February 20 2013 NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 5ACS CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY ~ QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE and lands within or immediately outside the town walls and were often temporary features." Some of Edinburgh's oldest quarries worked the dolerite sill at Salisbury rags in Holyrood Park, ‘Whinstone", a durable igneous rock, was used to pave the streets of the ily and was a source of rubble for buildings situated the city of the south side of the city.” Sandstone is @ sedimentary rock containing visible mineral grain constituents held together by natural cement, The constituent minerals, cement type, grain size and pore structure of sandstones vary greally and this leads to a wide variety of colours and different performances as bullding stones.1° Scottish sandstones are often made up of variable proportions of quartz grains, naturally cemented by silica or carbonate."* As a result of this varying geological composition sandstone can be found in many diferent colours and with different grain sizes."® MoMlian, A.A. and Hyslop, E.K., The City of Edinburgh — Landscape and Stone. in ICOMOS, (2008) http:/openarchive.icomos.org'80/1/77-KoCo-78. pat, accessed February 20 2013 © Modlllan, A.A. and Hyslop, E.K., The City of Edinburgh ~ Landscape and Stone. in ICOMOS, (2008) hitp:/openarchive.icomos.org/80/1/77-KoC0-73.pd, accessed February 20 2013 © wilson, P, Ed, ‘Building with Stone’, Edinburgh 2005, p. 6 * ibid * williams, L,* Sandstone’ in Forsyth, M., Ed., Materials and Skills for Historic Building Conservation, (Oxford, 2008) NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 6ACS CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY ~ QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE 3. Case Study ~ Queen Mary's Bath House ‘This section describes Queen Mary's Bath House and outlines its historical context 4a well as its conservation history. It concludes with a current condition survey of the structure. 3.1 Location ‘Queen Mary's Bath House Category: A Holyrooahouse Dato Listed: 14 Decomber 1970 “Abbeyhill Historie Scotland ID: 28028 Ecinburgh, EHB 6DY NT 26777 74008 Figure 2. Location of Bath House (late 19" century map) NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 7ACS CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY ~ QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE 3.2 Historical Context ‘The obscure date of construction of Queen Mary's Bath House is likely to have been ‘during the period of the reign of Marie of Guise (1542-80) and that of her daughter, Mary Queen of Scots (1561-7). The Bath House, a diminutive lurreted structure, Is ‘supposedly where Mary Queen of Scots (1542-87) used to bathe in sweet white wine. It's popularly known as Queen Mary's Bath House and lies peculiarly isolated fn the western boundary wall of the grounds of the Palace of Holyroodhouse and Holyrood Abbey, close to the foot of the Royal Mile. Obvious from the exterior appearance of the structure is its chequered history, evident in the varlegated rubble stonework, blocked-up doorways, etc, The Bath House was once adjoined to the Privy Garden of Holyrood Palace but due to crude re-landseaping undertaken in the ‘mid-19" century now lies unhapplly Isolated on the wrong side of the carriage drive Introduced through the gardens at this time. Figure 8. English Spy Map of Edinburgh, 1544 NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 8SE (ON TECHNOLOGY — QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE ‘Queen Mary's Bath House does not appear in a view of the Palace from 1544 (see Fig. 8), nor is it shown in the Holinshed's Chronicles of 1577. The earliest detailed depiction of the grounds around Holyrood is Flombout van den Hoyen's 17" century map (see Fig. 4). Gordon of Rothiemay illustrates Queen Mary’s Bath House in his pictorial map of 1647 (see Figs. 5 & 6) al which date it stood immediately beyond the King's Privy Garden with its entrance facing the “caichepolle,” or royal tennis court It can be argued that through architectural evidence the Bath House can be dated to the last quarter of the 16" century, the first half of the reign of James VI. Its 1852 restoration uncovered a tichly inlaid dagger in the roof, (rumoured to be that which murdered David Rizzio, private secretary to Mary Queen of Scols who was infamously stabbed 56 times in Mary Queen of Scots’ bedehambers within the NW tower of the Palace.) an de Hoyas fndrgi Char Sota Clore showing the King’s Br Figure 4, Eatiest depiction of Bath House NSERVATION 21CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY - QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE AS) arg en stony nth A) Senn Figure 5. Gordon de Rothiemay map detail of Bath House in 1647 (ld & New Edinburgh (1890) describes the bullding as situated ‘northeastward of the tennis court” and notes that the tradition of it having been a bathhouse is of ‘considerable antiquity: its eye-catching, asymmetric form contributes significantly * Grant. J, Old and New Edinburgh, Vol. 3., (1890), p. 41 NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 19to the Abbeyiill streetscape. Following demolition of a neighbouring building in 1852, the Bath House was repaired and to some extent restored with the two stacks added at this time, Details of its construction and conservation history are explained in the next section, NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2sACS CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY - QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE 3.3 Conservation History As there Is no surviving documentation regarding its construction, Queen Mary's Bath House presents @ big problem when it comes to its development history. In 2008 Channel 4's Time Team investigated te entire site surrounding the Palace of Holyroodhouse as patt of its Big Royal Dig. At least four phases of bullding were suggested to have taken place between the early part of the 16 century and the middle of the 19 century.” Phase 1: During the early 16° century Queen Mary's Bath House probably began ts Ife as a comer tower of the north comer oF the garden wall of the property now known as Abbey Strand, Gun-holes are ikely to have been at ground level during this petiod as there is evidence of one facing northeast, which would have covered the approach into the burgh of Canongate from the Leith direction, Phase 2: Around the year 1565 the Bath House was purchased by the Crown and ‘converted into a pavilon at the northwest comer of the new Privy Garden. The conversion Involved the replacement of the original entrance into the gun tower, ‘Which was blocked up, by a new one at the present entrance on the south tagade, lames V had added to the Palace between the years 1528 and 1536 that included {no construction ofthe present northwest tower to provide new royal apartments, The ‘new front, now visible from the new royal apartments, was reconstructed with an external stair leading to a first floor chamber. Precise dating for this period of construction comes from dendro-chronological examination of the timber corbels ¥ Ponniah, N. & Crae, J., Queen Mary's Bath House Condition Survey, (Edinburgh, 2008) IMMINS 51255448 HSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 12ACS CONSERVATE EEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE supporting the upper floor at the south end of the east side of the Bath House, The year of the timbers felling can be dated to 0.1565, Phase 3: The building passes out of Crown ownership in the 18° century. Itis during this time that It fs converted into a two-storey dwelling and a new entrance Is added do the north elevation. The roof is altered and raised in height and at the same time the land between it and Abbey Strand is developed for tenement housing. Phase 4: As part of the process of restoring the Palace od Holyroodhouse (¢.1852) for offical royal use the emply Bath House Is restored much as we see it today, Royal Palace | Construdion of earliest seations of the royal palace | 1503-1536 for James IV & James V. Privy Garden | 1" recorded mention of Privy garden to north of © 1587 palace. Rough Wooing | Edinburgh & Holyrood attacked by forces of English | 1544-1545 king Henry Vil commanded by the Earl of Hertford Bath House | Estimated date of construction of corbelled floor | a 1565 (phase 2) based on 2006 dendro-chronological analysis of supporting timbers, Siege of Conflict between Marian forces & forcas Supporting | 1871 Edinburgh James VI Bath House | Alexander Gordon of Rothiemay's map of 17 Edinburgh clearly shows Bath House | During construction of adjoining building, turret 1789 slaircase to roof demolished and ‘richly inlaid dagger of ancient workmanship’ found. Bath House | Purchase of Queen Mary's Bath House & adjoining | 1858 tenement. ‘Abbey Strand — | Unstable wall of uncerlain ownership (92 Abbey Hill | 1906 owned by Mr. Veitch) adjacent to crown property. * Ponniah, N. & Crae, J., Queen Mary's Bath House Condition Survey, (Edinburgh, 2008) TAH CRIMMINS 51255448 HSC ARCHITECTURAL ci RVATION 13ACS CONSERVA’ TON TECHNOLOGY — QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE Crown deomed to have at least mutual ownership of wall and gable of tenement adjacent to Queen Mary's Bath House. Wall (previously part of building containing window & door) taken down re- built, legally at mutual expense but in practice at crown expense with new rood to beer collar at 92 Abbey Hill (o avoid claim by tenant for disturbance. Tenements Excavation of tangle of land SW of Queen Mary's Bath House reveating fooling of pre 1858 tenements and drain. 1050 N Elevation Insertion of steel wedges to replace comer stone removed from NW corner. 1969 Breakin & Fire Entrance door forced open fire itn 1 floor hearth, Fire extinguished without further damage. New lack fitted to door. 7373 Extemal Walls Engineer's report on settlement cracking along mortar joints at NW comer of building on N. elevation due to past removal of cornerstone. Recommends corroded steel wedges be removed & replaced with new steel wedges, grouted into position & pointed, 7089 Interior Plaster & lath siripped trom colings & extemal walls. 1991 ‘Scheduling of bathhouse, referred to as Queen Mary’s Bath, & area of Privy gardens to railings E Of N Approach, 1994 Photographic Recording Photographic recording of inferior and exterior. 1999 Internal Walls Lightly brushed down to reveal areas of stonework requiring consolidation, stonework consolidated and re-pointed. New jamb stone indented to lower half of ground floor, internal door (internal doors removed to sate storage). 2000 Internal Timberwork ‘Skirting & floorboards on upper floor removed. Joists & roof timbers recorded, Stee! litol bars to N ground floor window removed & replaced with Slainless steel, New timber spliced to missing joist ends. Floorboards & skirting replaced. 2000 Root Moss removed from roof. Missing & misaligned slates replaced. Mortar fillets renewed, Gutters & downpipes cleaned, 2000 Windows ‘Melal grilles & boarding removed from windows replaced with diamond pattern stainless steel mosh. 2000 Interpretation Metal plate, interpretation board’ (Royal Ordnance 2000 AHH CREME: 51255448 HSC ARCHITECTURAL Ci BesACS CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY - QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE Factory formai) fixed to railings NE of bathhouse. Extemal Walls | Areas of loose morlar & open joints re-pointed. 2000 Corroded iron wedges at NW comer removed & replaced with new steel wedges, grouted into position & pointed (tell-tales fitted for crack monitoring). Cracks on external elevations due to heavy traffic along Abbeyhill raked out & re- pointed. Rust removed from metal bars supporting Corbels, painted with protective paint. Timber corbels treated with preservative stain, Fescheduling of bathhouse, referred to as Queen 2002 Mary's Bath, & area of Privy gardens to railings E OLN Approach, ‘Archaeological | 3D laser scanning of exterior of Bath House, 2006 Recording Archaeological recording & analysis of interior. TAH CRIMMINS $1255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL Ci RVATION 121345TON TECHNOLOGY RY'S BATH HOUSE 3.4.Condition Survey ‘This section provides a detailed building description for Queen Mary's Bath House as ‘well as an in depth condition survey, outlining the main signs of decay, their causes and the effects they have on the stucture and material. llustrations will help lluminate these. @) Description Introduction: A late 16” century vernacular 2-storey turreted structure. Square plan. Adisted, Original use uncertain although most likely formed part of a detensive series of buildings for the Palace of Holyroodhouse as well as a garden pavilion adjoined to the old Privy gardens. Currently unused, scheduled historic monument maintained by Historic Scolland and held in trust for the state by the Crown, Architect unknown. Exact date of build unknown, Design and condition of fabric suggest later 16" century construction date with subsequent 19" century additions and alterations. Evidence of varied adaitions and extensions at different points in time. S Elevation: Fubble walling in a varioly of sandstones and hard mortars. Presumably once harled. Ashlar raised margins to entrance doorway off-set to right at single-storey lean-to section, Ashlar to pediments and rybats, One small window off set to right of lean-to section, Central dormer window at 1* floor breaking eave course. Tall, coursed sandstone stack E Elevation: Rubble walling as on S elevation, Sandstone corbel course at 1* floor level of rounded section at NE 1* floor turret. Ashlar rybats to windows at ground & IMMINS S1255448 HSC ARCHITECTURAL CI 16TON TECHNOLOGY se 4 floors. Asilar masonry to chimney. Small narrow window above corbel course at founded section at NE, Small window at 1* floor level of turret. Some dentiled timber corbelling at 1* floor level at SE, N Elevation: Rubble walling as before, Sandstone corbel course at 1* floor level. ‘Ashlar rybats to windows at first floor (dormer, breaking eave course) and. ground floor. Ashlar pediment to dormer window topped with stone ball finial, Blocked doorway at ground floor. W Elevation: Rubble walling as before, Sandstone corbel course to first floor at NW comer. Additional: Steeply pitched pyramidal roof in graded Scoltish slate apsed over a bartisan at the N angle. Lead finials, valley gutters, ridges and cheeks to dormer windows, Mortar fillet at W gable. Corbelled out turret at N angle and Scots Renaissance detailing. Interior: Rubble walling exposed following removal of plaster on hard and plaster on lath in 1991. Original tush time pointing in isolated tocations at N, E & S. Fireplace with iron grate to E and wide arch to fireplace at W. Windows at N and NE. Door at S with stone surround, damaged stone to E jamb, S-panel door on creuk & band hinges. 300mm x 300mm stone flags to floor laid in diagonal pattern. Acro-props to timber joists to floor above. Interlor 1* Floor: Exposed rubble walling as on ground floor. Windows at N, NE and S. Fireplace and doorway at S wall. Broad thick timber floorboards on timber joists, IMMINS S1255448 HSC ARCHITECTURAL CI ayTECHNOLOGY ~ QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE temporarily supported with acro-props. Timber skirting throughout, Opening in floor adjacent to W wall Interior stair & Lobby: Flubble walling as before. Timber lintols to door & window openings. Stone stair. Doorway at N (lop of staif, missing door. Timber vertical boarded and studded door on band hinges to S, (ground level entrance) b) Condition Summary Figure 7. Current view of $ & E facades ‘The Royal Commission Archaeological notes on the siructure deseribe it as being ‘not in use’ and in a good state of preservation in 1953 and made no changes to this CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/ HeiTON TECHNOLOGY se report In 1975. A number of visits to Queen Mary's Bath House were carried out between January and April 2013, with only one visit to its interior due to safety and security issues. These visits revealed the building to be in fair condition but with a number of presentation and structural issues. During the late-twentieth century the Bath House was re-roofed with new rafters and sarking and any sound older Umbers of the intemal roof structure were left in place. Many of the rafter ends are precariously supported on uneven wall heads but the lead finials, flashings and valleys appear sound. The most obvious problems appear to be cracks in the external walls as well as biological growth and deterioration of the internal rubble walls Individual stones do not appear to be so damaged that they rsk losing ther structural Viability, however structural cracking could possibly be detrimental to the future survival of the Bath House. The main problem on the extemal walls Is the Vuinerablity of the exposed stone. There are numerous hungry joints as well as spalled stone faces and some erosion due to water runoff from the roof. The building was presumably once harled so it currently lacks that protection. It also has no rainwater goods provision, which Is intensifying the water damage from the run-of down the steep pyramidal root. ‘The location of Queen Mary's Bath House, coupled wit its chequered history, Is a large factor in the current neglected slate of its condition. Wt is not irteparably damaged and there is potential to halt the decay already in progress, however, its position on a very busy road could be quite detrimental to its future. in particular the north fagade of the building Is in a very defective state as a result of its highly exposed position, IMMINS S1255448 HSC ARCHITEC 19BATH HOUSE West Elevation (see Fig. 8) + Vertical crack at junction of buttress with face of wall — see North Elevation + Mortar filets to gable cracked & missing + Vegelation on sloping stone capping of lower wall + Cracked/missing mortar filets at west gable (S roo! slope). + Slipped Slate Hi craic Hung jocta WEST ELEVATION ms ipReer Bo 5 SBE HEE Figure 8, Analysis of West Elevation NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 29BATH HOUSE South Elevation (see Fig. 9) + Water run off from roof at junction of roof with chimney causing erosion of stone on W & S faces of chimney. + Open joints in top section of chimney on N, W & S elevations. + Slipped slates at S slope, adjacent to chimney and at SW root hip. HE cracie sturgyjcints Hil 8000 eroton Bil vicsing state 7 Blctogical sating Part song SOUTH ELEVATION 20 2 AHHH 0 wef ter HEHE Figure 9. Analysis of South Elevation NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 33Acs TECHNOLOGY ~ QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE East Elevation (see Fig. 10) + Vertical cracks at junction of chimney with wall face, N of ground floor window; isband joint S of chimney + Slipped slate at N root hip + Lichen growth adjacent to chimney towards the N + Algal growin on roof and chimney stacks Bh creck Hunan icints [Bh 2000 ersion Missing alate 1 Bioogiea! sosing Particle soling EAST ELEVATION reer eo 3 0 See eee Figure 10. Analysis of East Elevation NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 32EN MARY North Elevation ibid ® Maxwell, L, Masonry Decay: Dealing with Erosion of Sandstone, (Edinburgh, 2005) IMMINS S1255448 HSC ARCHITECTURAL CI RVATION 29ACS CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY ~ QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE penetrated the stone.”” The plane of delamination Is located near the stone surface. In sedimentary stone the natural bedding planes lay horizontally and are often clearly Visible, “in construction, the bedding planes should usually run at a right angle to any load that is placed upon the block” * Sandstone blocks are commonly laid Incorrectly, as local blocks can often be too shallow in depth to allow them to be correctly bedded (See Fig. 16). When ‘ace bedding! or ‘edge bedding’ occurs It ‘can cause delamination, or scaling. Thin layers end up detaching themselves from the surface as a result ofthis. Figure 16. Spalling, N olovation ® Stique, Spatling (Making or peeling), (2010), hitp://wrww. slique. com.au/Commmon- problems/Spalling’.26%2526llaking?%2B0r%2Epeeiing’25291, accessed April 13, 2013 ® Angus Council, Repair to sandstone walls, (date unknown), hntp:/iwww.angus.govuk/deveontroladce_note_80,pdF, accessed April 15 2013 ‘bid NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 39EN MARY Contour scaling Is similar in appearance to scaling but “the layer runs at right angles 1 the bedding planes and it was probably caused by the action of water on the olay- based minerals in local sandstones, °° 3. Discolouration and Deposit ‘There Is a variety of staining throughout the surface of Queen Mary's Bath House, all characteristic of sandstone. Black stains, including the building up of black crusts, oF ‘gypsum, feature to different extents on all of the external walls (see Fig. 17). Airborne deposition of vehicle exhaust fumes, sea salts and other contaminants are the main causes of particle soling on sandstone, a main element in surface discolouration." ‘The dark coloured minerals such as iron or manganese that naturally occur in sandstones cause staining on the surface. Figure 17. Detail of ettects of gypsum on sandstone, N elevation ® Angus Council, Repair to sandstone walls, (date unknown), hlp:/www.angus. gov.uk/deveontrol/advice_note_30.pdf, accessed April 15 2013 ®" Maxwell, Cleaning Sandstone: Risks and Consequences, (Edinburgh, 2007) NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 3ACS CONSERVATE EEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE Black crusts represent the most exlreme form of solling, particularly on the north fagade of Queen Mary's Bath House. Black crust is defined as: “Generally coherent accumulation of materials on the surface. A crust ‘may include exogenic deposits in combination with materials derived from the stone. A orust is frequently dark coloured (black orust) but light colours can also be found. Crusts may have an homogeneous thickness, and thus replicate the stone surface, or have irregular thickness and disturb the reading of the stone surface details. 4. Biological Soiling Biological soling is the result of organic growth on and within the stone. Some organisms, such as algae, fungi, lichen and bacteria secrete acids and chemicals ‘capable of dissolving some components of sandstones.” Algae are photosynthetic organisms that occur in most habitats and are the predominant form of biological soling on building facades They ean colonise many different areas of a building and vary in size depending on a number of elements, IIs most commonly found where the substrate remains moistened for long periods of © IGOMOS-SCS, lMustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns, (2008), hitp:/www.cicrp.tridocs\icomos-iscs-glossary.pdl, accessed April 2 2019 ® Webster, R.G.M., Andrew, ©.A., Baxter, S., MacDonald, J, Rocha, M., Thomson, BW., Tonge, K-H., Urquhart, D.C-M. and Young, ME., Stone cleaning in Scotland - Research Report to Historic Scotland and Scottish Enterprise by Masonry Conservation Research Group, (1992), hp:iwww2.rqu 2cukischooisimerginisst. him, accessed Apel 15 2013, Ibid TAH CRIMMINS 51255448 HSC ARCHITECTURAL ci RVATION 32ACS CONSERVATE EEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE lime (see Figs. 18 and 19).*° They can be found deeper into the substrate such as under scales and in cracks. Figure 18. Algal growth around window Figure 19. Algal growth on root Lichens are “fungi that five in symbiosis with photosynthesizing organisms (cyanobacteria or green algae). Lichen thrives in areas where the alga and fungus cannot survive.® Lichens are generally indicative of clean air conditions but can also be encouraged by pollutants such as nitrogen oxides derived from vehicle poltution.* © ICOMOS-ISCS, lMustrated glossary on stone deterioration pattems, (2008), Iitp:/www cicrp.{ridocs icomos-iscs-glossary.pd, accessed Apri 2 2013 * Lisc, M, Monte, M., & Paci, E,, Lichens and higher plants on stone: a review, (Date Unknown), accessed March 21, 2013 tid ® ICOMOS4ISCS, llustraied glossary on stone deterioration patterns, (2008), Iitp:/ww.clorp.tr’docsiicomos-ises-glossary.pdt, accessed Apri 2, 2013 TAWH CRIMMINS 51255448 WSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 121333‘They cause de-cohesion and biocorrosion, transforming stone substrates.” However they are also extremely valuable environmental indicators and are only now being appreciated as a rich and valuable historical resource. Lichen is most visible adjacent to the chimney on the east facade (see Fig. 20), Figure 20. Lichen growth on East elevation chimney Mosses are vegetable organisms forming small, soft and green cushions of centimetre size.“ Otten they grow in places permanently or frequently wet and especially on stone surface open cavilles and cracks.” Moss Is mostly visible on the > ibid © Yahr, A. & Ellis, C., Lichens in the Altic, (2009), |tlp:/wwrx, buildin gconservation. comiarticlesiichensifichens.him, accessed March 4, 2013 * ICOMOS-ISCS, Ilustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns, (2008), |p /www. cierp.fridoes/icomos-ises-glossary.pdl, accessed April 2, 2013 = ibid NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 34ACS CONSERVATE 22) Figure 21. Moss on root Figure 22. Moss on buttress root Plants are referred to as having rool, stem and leaves. Their growth generally Identifies when a building is not being well maintained and can lead to serious problems if they are left to continue growing. Their roots can widen joints and cracks and even break the stone, (See Figs. 23 and 24) TAH CRIMMINS $1255448 HSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 35Figure 23. Plants growing in West clevation root Figure 24, Plants growing on West elevation stonework 5. Rotted Timber Timber fs used in Queen Mary's Bath House for Nloorboards, root joists, doors and window frames and skirting (see Figs. 12, 19 & 25). Itis an integral part of almost all historic buildings and consequently, if not properly maintained can suffer decay and ‘damage, Rot Is caused by damp through water ingress or one or more of the many ‘species of fungi. If conditions remain constant in a timber, @ rot fungus ean spread and grow throughout the wood. Root can dry off and die once these conditions are TAH CRIMMINS S1255448 WSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 36EN MARY'S BATH HOUSE eliminated. The two most common species of rot in Scotland are dry rot and wet rot. ‘The term dry rot refers to the dry crumbly condition it leaves timber in. Wet rot requires higher moisture content than dry rot and timber will feel spongy and soft to the touch, Once rot has established in the timber itis imperative that itis treated as early as possible, Figure 25. Example of rotting timber doorframe on ground floor 6. Other Issues Bat Potential Bats play a diverse and extremely important role in many environments around the ‘world, Some bats in the UK are considered ‘indicator species’ as changes in their Population are often signs of changes to certain aspects of biodiversity.“ As loss to their natural habitats increases many bats have now adapted to roosting In buildings. Law protects bats and their roosts, and as a result building work will need careful consideration. It is possible that the Bath House provides an ideal habitat for bats to roost 28 Jenkins, M., Rot in Timber, (Edinburgh, 2008) “The Bat Conservation Trust, Importance of Bats, (2013), ittp:/iwww.bats.org.uk/pagesiimportance_ot_bats.html, accessed April 15, 2013, NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 37Acs TECHNOLOGY ~ QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE Slipped slates occur as a result of the fixing nails falling usually as they rust away, ‘nall sickness’. As wth many traditional bulldings in Scotland, the root of Queen \Mary’s Bath House is covered with local slate. Produced in a variety of lengths and ‘widihs, Scottish slates were laid with the largest slates at the base of the roof and the smailer to the top. Scottish slate is a long lasting material, with appropriate repair and maintenance. The root of Mary's Bath House Is in a generally good state (see Figs. 8-11) with a couple of slipped slates therefore major re-slating work is not required. Missing slates allow water ingress to the interior, which could be the cause of the decay of the interior lime plaster. Harling Historical evidence, including early photography of the Bath House indicates the presence of a harled exterlor (see Fig. 26). The loss of this harling means the stonework cannot function the way it was initially intended to do. The sandstone is going through more wetting and drying cycles. It was not intended for the originat random rubble stonework to be exposed, ree oo Figure 26 Early twentieth century Bath House with harling NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 3g.EEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE ACS CONSERVATE Interiors. (Queen Mary's Bath House has remained unused for roughly two centuries. It is not surprising that the interior of the structure has suffered as a result ofits age but also negled. The lack of maintenance has exacerbated the problems and the external decay may well be developing inwards. Figures 12 and 13 illustrate a number of the Internal issues that require consideration. There Is already extreme deterioration of the lime pointing and many pinnings and stones have become dislodged. The stone ting is in a fair condition but with some cracks. The top step of the stair leading to the first floor is loose and Is likely to dislodge entirely in the near future. Acro-pops ‘support the entire first floor suggesting an obvious failure in the timber. RVATION TAH CRIMMINS 51255448 HSC ARCHITECTURAL ci 39ACS CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY ~ QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE 4, Proposal for Conservation ‘Through analysis of the aforementioned signs of decay to the exterior and interior of ‘Queen Mary's Bath House, this report will now assess the value and cultural significance of the building and propose the most appropriate methods of conservation. 4.1 Value of Mary's Bath House “Cultural Significance means aesthetic, historic, scientific, or social value for past, present or future generations." Queen Mary's Bath House is an enigma. It is a highly unique structure with an Intriguingly vague past. Additionally it Is the source of a number of folktales and myths special to the history of Edinburgh and Scotland. Queen Mary's Bath House may also be Scotland's earliest surviving garden builaing.”* Other than the denaro- chronology analysis stated earlier in this report, there has been no other adequate archaeological survey of the building Itself cartied out. in the absence of documentary records associated with the early years of the Bath House, archaeological investigation is probably the best way of understanding more fully this {intriguing structure. The ground surrounding the Bath House is of high archaeological potential. The remains of the Privy Garden, located to the immediate east of the Bath House, would hopefully provide evidence of its form and layout. The development of the ground to its southwest was considerably developed in the 18" and 19" centuries The Burra Charter, 1979, Article 1.2, in Glendinning, M. 2012, p. 23 © Cooper, S., Ornamental structures in the medieval gardens of Scotland, in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Vol. 129, (2008), p. 826 NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURALTON TECHNOLOGY RY'S BATH HOUSE and remains of these structures are certainly sill to exist beneath the surface of the ground. Its association with the reigns of Mary de Guise, Mary Queen of Scots and James V Is of great historical significance. Its longstanding presence in the landscape through many phases in Scotland's history is testament to the strengths of the original Construction of this litle structure. Due to its many alterations and extensions, the layers of the built fabric in its current formation act as a timeline and therefore it ean be considered to have great historical and architectural significance. Socially, it can be argued that the Bath House Is a strong feature in the cultural landscape of the Canongate area. its peculiar position, jutting out through the pavement onto the Abbeyhill road, means it is an unavoidable sight in the lives of many commuters and tourists, At times it Is even a danger to pedestrlans as its position leaves very little space for more than one person to walk by at a time. However, as much as a nuisance il can be, the heritage of this litte structure is a vital part to the overall cultural significance of the area and the fact that our modem world has built up around It is not the fault of the building. It Is for these reasons that the Bath House is socially very significant. Queen Mary's Bath House has a strong identity and this 1s rooted i is fractional construction of sandstone but also in the unique character created by its various extensions and alterations. tis inseparable from its location and rooted in its setting. For these reasons and also because of its portrayal in many paintings, etchings and sculptures it can be sald that the Bath House has considerable aesthetic value. IMMINS S1255448 HSC ARCHITEC ALACS CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY - QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE 42. Methods of Conservation a) Water Protection b) Biological Soiling Removal ©) Masonry Repair @) Timber Repair ©) Other repair tasks a) Water Protection A primary agent of decay to the Bath House Is water. Protecting the structure from ‘water damage will involve repairing the root by reinstating the slipped slates caused by nail sickness on the south and west slopes. This is a relatively inexpensive maintenance procedure and inevitably needs to be carried out occasionally. It Is, Important to note the size, texture, thickness, weight and colour when replacing slates, choosing a slightly lighter colour of an exact match fs impossible to find. This helps the new slate to blend in better.” The mortar fillets at the west gable would also need to be renewed, Extra protection could be to install rainwater goods but as these would not be original to the building itis probable that the aesthetic significanee of the Bath House would be jeopardised, it might be advisable to consider lead valleymashing at the junction, of the south roof slope with the west face of the south chimney. * Maxwell, L, Repairing Scotiish Slate, (Edinburgh, 2008), Technical Conservation, Research and Education Group IMMINS S1255448 HSC ARCHITECTURAL CI RVATION a2TON TECHNOLOGY RY'S BATH HOUSE b) Biological Soiling Removal Cleaning away biological soling can sometimes promote growth by encouraging rainwater to penetrate into the stone.* However, algae and moss can be brushed from the surface once the stonework and subsequently the plants have been allowed to dry oul, The best method for brushing these off would be with the use of a stiff natural bristle brush and is probably the best option for the Bath House as there Is, relatively minor surface soiling. Taking care not to dislodge mortar and stonework, plants and their roots can be removed with relative ease ©) Masonry Repair Unless it has become loose or fractured, stone can erode and decay to a considerable depth before causing structural damage. In the case of Queen Mary's Bath House, although there are some considerable cracks, for now itis sufficient to re-point cracks in lime morlar to prevent further water ingress. The hungry joints must also be re-pointed. The interior walls and wall-noad also need to be consolidated and the stonework re-pointed, Re-plastering on hard wih ime mortar the interior walls should also be considered. The loose stone step atthe entrance to the fist floor must be re-bedded. Currently there Is no need for any stone replacements or plastic repairs. Its always best practice to retain as much of the original material as possible in the repair and maintenance of traditional buildings. in this case it is advisable not to use cement mortars in the repair of cracks and hungry joints in Queen Mary's Bath House. "Lime mortars have an inherent flexibility which hard.setting cement mortars * Maxwell, L, Cleaning Sandstone: Risks and Consequences, (Edinburgh, 2007) IMMINS S1255448 HSC ARCHITECTURAL CI 43ACS CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY ~ QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE do not,” and it is also possible for cement mortars to accelerate masonry decay.” (See Fig. 27) Figure 27. Moisture movement within traditional stone and lime @ Timber Repair ‘Remedial tasks to be undertaken in terms of timber repair would be to renew timber ‘window and doorframes, to inspect timber lintols and replace decayedirotten timbers with new treated timbers of matching type and section in the interior ground floor. ‘The repair and repainting of the main entrance timber door would be requited, trying to relain as much of the existing layers of paint in its current state as possible. It ‘would also be advised to carefully remove rotten sections of structural timbers and replace with new treated timbers to match originals, retaining as many timbers as possible, Other remedial tasks would be to replace the missing section of the timber tiser at the internal lobby and to repair joinery and repaint it, replacing timber standards where rotten on first floor. ® Mitchell, D.S., The Use of Lime & Cement in Traditional Buildings, (Edinburgh, 2007) NTAWH CRIMMINS $1255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 4g.ACS CONSERVA’ TON TECHNOLOGY — QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE ©) Other repair tasks Rub down, rust proof and pain/coat exposed surfaces of iron wedges in a ‘good quality paint. Consider re glazing or fiting shutters to windows. Fit new standard to east jamb to interior ground floor entrance from lobby. Consolidate and repoint rubble walling and wallhead throughout the first floor. Provide protectionimake safe aperture In floor, reix loose floorboards (agjacent to S wath), 5.3 Professional SurveyAnput ‘There are a number of areas where the expertise of specific specialists would be required to determine the precise cause and plan of action in terms of agents of decay in Queen Mary's Bath House. ‘To assess the cracks and possibilty of subsidence. To identity the rot in the timber. “To apply fungicidal fluid to rotted timber. To employ traditional methods of stone repair, Le. use of lime mortar. ‘To assess the potential of bat habitation and to determine the best practices for undertaking careful conservation methods as a result. CRIMMINS $1255448 HSC ARCHITECTURAL CITON TECHNOLOGY RY'S BATH HOUSE 5. Conclusion ‘This report investigated the pathologies of the structure Known as Queen Mary's Bath House, It formed recommendations for the holistic treatment of the pathology through research of materials and construction, and by Identifying possible causes. The most appropriate suggestions were made with regards to repair techniques and treat- ments, By focusing on the case study, Queen Mary's Bath House, this report demonstrated how materials age, deteriorate, act and interact with each other and also structural issues in the bullding formed by the different materials. The main causes of the decay were Identified as well as repair techniques and thelr relative sultabilty for this particular case study. ‘The unique history, position and size of the Bath House cause many issues in terms of ts conservation and preservation. The nature of sandstone as a traditional bullding material and its decay was studied, This report advised the least invasive, and where possible the best tractional conservation methods in order to repair the age-induced decay and deterioration of the Bath House. At present the primary concern is the general presentation Issues caused by lack of use, however if the bullding goes lunmaintained the current signs of decay will lead to serious issues in the future, ‘Through consideration of the building and its historical, architectural, aesthetic and social significance it can be concluded that with careful repair techniques this building should remain in it's setting for many years to come. The main agents of decay are water damage and the pollution and vibrations as a result of being on such a busy oad, The main concern is with the cracking and its apparent ‘leaning’ appearance, hich could lead to eventual subsidence, IMMINS S1255448 HSC ARCHITECACS CONSERVATE EEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE AAs itis currently maintained by Historic Scotland, and there is no concrete plan for its revival as a working building itis difficult to predict the future of Queen Mary’s Bath House, This report has hopefully outlined that through the understanding of the varied history of the Bath House, along with careful and considered conservation, ‘methods, the bullding can remain a significant feature in the cultural landscape ot Canongate, and Edinburgh as a whole, TAWH CRIMMINS 51255448 WSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION a7Acs TECHNOLOGY EEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE Bibliography ‘Australia ICOMOS, the Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance: ‘the Burra Charter’, Article 1.2, (Australia, 1979), in Glendinning, M., Course Handout, (Edinburgh, 2012), pp. 23 & 24 Cooper, S., Ornamental structures in the medieval gardens of Scotland, in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Vol. 129, (2003), pp. 826-831 Grant. J., Old and New Edinburgh, Vol. 3., (1890), p. 44 Jenkins, M., Rot in Timber, in Historic Scolland INFORM, (Edinburgh, 2008) Maxwell, |, Cleaning Sandstone: Risks and Consequences, in Historic Scotland, INFORM, (Edinburgh, 2007) Maxwell, L, Masonry Decay: Dealing with Erosion of Sandstone, in Historic Scotland INFORM, (Edinburgh, 2005) Maxwell, L, Repairing Scottish Slate, in Historic Scotland INFORM, (Edinburgh, 2008), Technical Conservation, Research and Education Group Maxwell, |, Structural Cracks, in Historic Scotland INFORM, (Edinburgh, 2008) MoMillan, A. A., and Hystop, E. K., A Land of Stone, in Wilson, P., Ed, Building with Scottish Stone, (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 9 Mitchell, D.S., The Use of Lime & Cement in Traditional Buildings, (Edinburgh, 2007) Technical Conservation, Research and Education Group, Repairing Scottish slate roofs, (Edinburgh, September 2006) Willams, L., “ Sandstone’, in Forsyth, M., Ed., Materials and Skills for Historic Building Conservation, (Oxtord, 2008) Wilson, P., Ed, Building with Stone, (Edinburgh 2005}, p. 6 NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 4g,TECHNOLOGY ~ QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE Websites ‘Allen, J., Cracking, (2008), httpz/www.bulldingconservation.com/articles/crackingfcracking.htm, accessed April 18-2013 Anderson, 0., Scottish Agates — The Geology, (2010) hltpzimww.agatesotscotland.co.uk/The?.20Geology.htm, accessed February 21 2013 ‘Angus Counall, Repair to sandstone walls, (date unknown), hitp:/imww.angus.gov.uk/devcontrovadvice_note_30.pdf, accessed April 15 2013 British Listed Buildings, Holyrooahouse, Abbeyhil, Queen Mary's Bath House, Edinburgh, (date unknown) hitp:.www, briishlistedbuildings.co.uk/sc-28028- holyroodhouse-abbeyhill-queen-mary-s-bath, accessed February 23 2013 Edinburgh Geological Society, Edinburgh's Geology, (Date Unknown), hitp:/www.edinburghgeolsoc.orgio_home.himl, accessed February 21, 2013 Forsyth, M., Materials and Skils for Historic Building Conservation, (2008), htip://>00ks, google. co.uk/books?id-=W PrRovinjmIC&pg-PT41 &dq-building: st ‘ones + of edinburghahit-en&sa—X&ei-rwNSUZKTEBe- PLbL gZAK&ved=0CEQO6AEWAG#v-onepagead Ise, accessed April3 2013 Grassegger, G., Decay mechanisms of natural building stones on monuments — A review of the latest theories. in: S. Stumpp, M. Kroger & C, GroBe (Editors), ‘Werkstoffe und Werkstoffprafung im Bauwesen. inslitut far Werkstoffe im Bauwesen, Universitat Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 54-81. (1999), http2/129,69.59.201 bibliothekestschr/grasseg pul, accessed 12 April 2013 Hume, L., Effects of Road Trattic Vibrations on Historic Buildings, httpz/ihbe.org.uk/context_archive'47/lan_diriian_s.ntm, accessed March 21, 2013 IGOMOS-ISCS, Mustrated glossary on stone deterioration pattems, (2008), http:/imww.ciorp.tr/docs/icomos-ises-glossary.pdl, accessed April 2 2013 InspectAPedia, Black Staining & Stone Damage from Cyanobacteria ~ Gloeocapsa ‘8p. And fungi, (date unknown), httpz/inspectapedia.com/exterior/Stone_Stain_Diagnosis.ntm#Gleo Lisci, M,, Monte, M., & Pacinl, E., Liohens and higher plants on stone: a review, (Date Unknown), accessed March 21, 2013 MoMillan, A.A. and Hysiop, E.K., The City of Edinburgh ~ Landscape and Stone. in ICOMOS, (2008) httpy/openarchive.icomos.orgi80/1/77-KoCo-73.pdl, accessed February 20 2013, CHITE NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 HSC URAL CONSERVATION 2012/ ryONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY - QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE Queens University Belfast, Understanding Stone Decay, (date unknown), ‘ntpz/www. qub.ac.uk/geomaterials/geomonumentaliinks/poster_stone_decay. pdt, accessed April 20 2073 Rainer, J.H., Effects of Vibrations on Historic Buildings: An Overview, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1982), p.2 RCAHMS, Edinburgh, Holyrood Palace, Abbeyhill, Queen Mary's Bath, (2011) http:/canmore.rcahims. gov.uk/en/site/52389/delails/edinburgh+ holyrood+ pala cesabbeyhill: queens mary-s: bath, accessed February 17, 2013 Scottish Geology, Getting Started, (Date Unknown), httpz/imww.scottishgeology.com/geo/getting-started’, accessed March 4 2013 Sooltish Places, Queen Mary's Bath House, (2013) http://www.scoltish- places.info.teaturesiteaturefirst1 0459.ntml, accessed February 26 2013 Silque, Spalling (faking or peeling), (2010), http:iwww slique.com.au/Common- problems/Spalling?s2B-2528flaking?-2Bor%2Bpeeling?.2529/, accessed April 13, 2013 ‘The Bat Conservation Trust, importance of Bats, (2013), http:/iwww.bats.org.uk/pagesiimportance_ot_bats.html, accessed April 15, 2013 Webster, FLG.M., Andrew, C.A., Baxter, S., MacDonald, J., Rocha, M., Thomson, BW., Tonge, K.H., Urquhart, D.C.M. and Young, M.E., Sione cleaning in Scotland - Research Report lo Historic Scotland and Scoltish Enterprise by Masonry Conservation Research Group, (1992), http:/iwww2.rgu.ac.ukischooisimergimisst.htm, accessed April 15 2013, Yahr, A. & Ellis, C., Lichens in the Attic, (2009), http:/hmww.bulldingconservation.com/articlesilichensilichens.hntm, accessed March 4, 2013 NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 59ONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY - QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE Figures Figure 1 Anderson, 0., The Geology, Map. (2010) httpziwww.agatesotscotland,co.uk/The%20Geology. him Figure 2 Digimap, Bath House Location, tiff format, Map. (2013) http://edina.ac.ukidigimap Figure 3 Unsere Reisen, English Spy Map of Edinburgh, 0.1544. Hand drawn map (c.1544) hitp:/lunsere-reisen-in-england.de/unsere-reisen/schottland/16-1ag-—-08082009-— edinburgh-@ index.htm! Figure 4 Cooper, S., Omamental structures in the medieval gardens of Scotland, in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Vol. 129, (2003), p. 828 Figure 5 Unsere Reisen, Gordon de Rothiemay map showing Bath House in 1647, Hand drawn map, hitp:/unsere-relsen 4in-en gland, de/unsere-relsen/schotlland/16-lag— (08082009---edinburgh-8/index. html Figure 6 Unsere Relsen, Gordon de Rothiemay map detail showing Bath House in 1647. Hand drawn map, hitp:/unsere-reisen-in-england.deiunsere-reisen’schottland’16- tag--08082009—edinburgh-3/index.htinl Figure 7 ‘Author, Photograph, 2013 Figures Author, Analysis of West Elevation, Photoshop and Photograph (2013) Original drawing Ponniah, N. & Crae, J., Queen Mary's Bath House Condition Survey, (Edinburgh, 2008) p.13 Figure 9 Author, Analysis of South Elevation, Photoshop and Photograph (2013) Original drawing Ponniah, N. & Crae, J., Queen Mary's Bath House Condition ‘Survey, (Edinburgh, 2008) p.13 Figure 10 ‘Author, Analysis of East Elevation, Photoshop and Photograph (2013) Original drawing Ponniah, N. & Crae, J, Queen Mary's Bath House Condition Survey, (Edinburgh, 2008) p.13 Figure 11 Author, Analysis of North Elevation, Photoshop and Photograph (2013) Original drawing Ponniah, N. & Crae, J., Queen Mary's Bath House Condition ‘Survey, (Edinburgh, 2008) p.13 NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 §TECHNOLOGY ~ QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE Figure 12 Author, Analysis of Ground Floor, Photoshop and Photographs (2013) Original drawing Ponniah, N. & Crae, J, Queen Mary's Bath House Condition Survey, (Edinburgh, 2008) p.13 Figure 13, ‘Author, Analysis of First Floor, Photoshop and Photographs (2013) Original drawing Ponnian, N. & Crae, J., Queen Mary's Bath House Condition ‘Survey, (Edinburgh, 2008) p.13 Figure 14 ‘Author, Photograph, 2013, Figure 15 Author, Photograph, 2013 Figure 16 Author, Photograph, 2013, Figure 17 Author, Photograph, 2013 Figure 18 Author, Photograph, 2013 Figure 19 Author, Photograph, 2013, Figure 20 Author, Photograph, 2013 Figure 21 ‘Author, Photograph, 2013, Figure 22 Author, Photograph, 2013 Figure 23 Author, Photograph, 2013 Figure 24 ‘Author, Photograph, 2013 Figure 25 Author, Photograph, 2013 Figure 26 RCAHMS, Early twentieth century Bath House with harfing, Photograph Figure 27 Mitchell, D.S., Moisture movement within traditional stone and lime, Hand drawn detail. The Use of Lime & Gement in Traditional Buildings, p.5 (2007) CHITE CRIMMINS 51255448 HSC URAL CONSERVATION 2012/ 52ACS CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY ~ QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE Appendix Duke Mook sana Image t Pencil sketch of Bath House by W.F. Lyon c. 1870 NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 53.ACS CONSERVA’ TECHNOLOGY ~ QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 §4CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY - QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 55ACS CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY ~ QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE Image 5 Etching of Queen Mary's Bath 1853 NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 56ACS CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY ~ QUEEN MARY'S BATH HOUSE {Image 6 Twontioth contury viow of East and South elevations NTAMH CRIMMINS 51255448 MSC ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2012/13 57°A tats wd 1 Myclichga sp Ry" ner j 5 Cy shee aniston mst cLevanon s i A west CEEVATION pins 6