Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Clothing- The clothing in Tunisia varies with the region, though much is influenced
by Western-style of clothing. However,
traditional dresses are still worn in the
villages and especially among elderly people.
The traditional Tunisian dress for the women
is “Sifsari” which is an outer garment with
loose folds and a head covering worn over
western outfits. In the rural areas, women
wear “Mellia” which falls across the head and
shoulders. Tunisian men wear Chehia, a type
of head-dress made of red or brown felt
which is either rounded or flat on the top.
Other outfit worn by Tunisian men is baggy
pants and jalabiyya which is a long dress-like
garment.
Official figures from the Tunisian Traditional Industries Office indicate that
80% of chechias are exported. Manufacture of the cap is categorised as a
refined craft and is subject to strict traditions. Anyone seeking to become a
craftsman in the industry undergoes a thorough examination administered by
a committee of ten craftsmen.
"The chechia industry is the most refined traditional industry, and is still
subject to stringent tests," Hajj Hechmi, a member of this committee, tells
Magharebia. "Not everyone can join the chechia craft. One either learns the
craft through [his] father, or studies with a skilled craftsman."
Despite its importance in Tunisia’s history and culture, the chechia has seen a
major decline. After Tunisia’s independence in 1956, and with the arrival of
manufactured materials and Western customs, it began losing its lustre. The
craftsmen’s earnings thus declined, and many were forced to leave the craft.
Figures show that the number of chechia makers, which used to exceed 100,
has fallen to fewer than 50 craftsmen.
Despite these protestations from within the industry, many Tunisians and
specialists hold the chechia craftsmen themselves responsible for its decline.
Nabil, a fine arts teacher in Tunis, says workers in the traditional industries
generally reject innovation and modern production techniques, considering
them to be solely handmade and family crafts.
In the late nineties, in order to revitalise the industry, many craftsmen began
manufacturing new varieties of chechias in different colours, shapes and
decorations. The buyer was no longer limited to hats in red or black; one
could now choose yellow and green chechias, especially for women to wear
during weddings and engagement parties. The craftsmen succeeded in
winning over a large number of young men and women, but before long, this
resurgence faded like so many trends in fashion. Once again the craftsmen
were forced to stop production, and the Tunisian chechia entered a crisis it
has yet to escape.
Mohammed Ali, a chechia craftsman since 1971, says, "We didn’t stop
making the coloured chechia. Rather, the consumer is the one who no longer
asked for it. This is from one side. Most craftsmen consider the coloured
chechia to be novelties, [insisting] that the true chechia is red."
Mohammed Ali says, "Previously the Libyan kept more than seven chechias in
his wardrobe. Now even the Libyan no longer wears one at all… same with
Algerians," Craftsman Mohammed Ali says.
According to Hajj Al-Amouri, "one of the reasons for the neglect of the
traditional chechia is the loss of primary materials from the market. For more
than three months, the National Chamber of the Chechia Industry hasn’t
purchased the wool necessary for production". He ponders, "How do you want
us to [work] when the primary materials are missing"?
Al-Amouri says, "The reason is they have a monopoly. They buy wool at a low
price and sell it to chechia makers at a higher price".
The Tunisian trade ministry said this year it would conduct three campaigns to
promote awareness of traditional industries. The first such campaign on
March 16th will feature price reductions on traditional clothing. The second
campaign will be launched in June, coinciding with the beginning of the
wedding and engagement season. The third will be held during the month of
Ramadan.