KC OXFORD 78h NEW SYLLABUS EDITION MATHEMATICS PY ai-? PREFACE oxronn, New Syllabus Mathematics (NSM} 19 a series of textbooks specially designed 1 provige valuable learning experiences to engage the tearts and minds of students sitting for the GCE 0 level examination in Mathematics, Included in the textbooks are investigation, Class Discussion, Thinking Time, Journal Writing, Performance Task and Problems in Real-World Contexts to support the teacting and learing of Mathematics, Every chapter begins with a chapter opener which motivates Students in learning the topic. Interesting stovies about ‘Mathematicians, es-le examples and applications are used to arouse students’ interest and curlosty eo tha they can appreciate the beauty of Mathematics in thet surrxnaings. ‘The use of ICT helps students to visualise and nanipulate ‘mathematical objects more easily, thus making the learning of Mathematics more interactive, Ready-to-use interactive ICT templates are avaliable at htipv/wrww shinglen.com.sa/ ‘StudentResouces!(CHAPTER OPENER cn chapter bein with a chapter opener o wouse students ies and cszeyn eng ne oe LEARNING OBJECTIVES Lorie bjs hp stent be are aware of wa heya abou osu 0 ta hey can ante own progess, RECAP WORKED EXAMPLE chal. suitable heading cided in trachasodetnguah between te cferent Woes Exo. PRACTISE NOW ‘SIMILAR QUESTIONS EXERCISE Te qustons re aii eee ves fit — Bese, tomate ond Advanced. SUMMARY REVIEW EXERCISE “Tiss nce the dc eben caper tort conse ofan of ences CHALLENGE YOURSELF rate port REVISION EXERCISE “This nck ced ater evr few cnaters op stsesesess nr brag. exon, Preave ~taming experiences heve been infused into Investigation, Class Discussion, Thinking Time, urnal Writing and Perfonrance Task © Investigation a e Activities ave included 1 guide Class Fen enearaT wTeH ETE Discussion ronooge, tok material, roe ‘har ease ard orl corimu:aion sis ‘Thinking Time Journal Writing = gas ‘enter Seon nee ekg usentetoimpoveca ta arn. Performance Task z= haveleuntprevousy.°2°? Contents aa Direct and Inverse Proportions 4.1 Diest Proportion 02 4.2. Algebraic and Graphical 008 Representations of Dect Proportion 4.8 Other Farms of Dect Proportion O12 4.4 Inverse Proportion org 445 Algebraic and Graphical 2s Representations of Inverse Proporton 4.6 OtherFornsof hversePropenicn 029 Summary 034. Review Exarcise 1 036, ER Expansion and Factorisation of 089 ‘Quadratic Expressions 3.1 Quadratic Expressions 09 3.2 Expansion and Simpiication ct O97 (Quadratic Exoressions 8.3. Factorisaion of Quadratic 105 Expressions Summary 1 Rleviw Exercise 2 a linear Graphs and Simu Lincar Equations 2A Gradent of astraight tne 22. Further Applications of Linear Grapns in Real-World Contexts 28 Horzonta and Vertical Lines 24 Graphs ofLinearEquatonsin the formay-+he=k 28. Solving Smutaneous Linear 062 Equations Using Geaptical Method 26 SovingSmuttaneous Linear 0687 Equetons sng Algeorae Methods 2.7 Appications of Simultaneous 077 Eautionsin Real Wold Contents Summary 083 Review Exercise 2 084 Further Expansionand Factorisation 113, of Algebraic Expressions 41 Expansion and Factonsation 15 Algebraic Expressions 42. Expansion Using Special in Algebraic Idenities 43 Factorsation Using Special 1 igre denies 4 Factorsation by Grouping 128 Sumnay 132 Review Exercise 4 133 Revision Exercise A 189— TER 5 Quadratic Equations and Graphs 137 BAA Solving Quadratic Equations 1391 by Factoristion 5.2 Applications of Quadratic Equatonsin Rea! World Contexts 53 Gravis of Ouauratic Functions 147 ‘Summary 158 Review Exercise 5 159 Relations and Functions 181 7A Relations 183 7.2 Functions 18 ‘Summary 189, Roview Exercise 7 199 TER 2 Geometrical Transformation BA election 82 Rotation 93° Translation Summary Review Exercise 9 251 Revision Exercise B 253 bf a AGETER SG Algebraic Fractions and Formulae 164 ‘Algebra Fractions 63 Mutipication and Dwision of 165, Algebraic Fractions 63 Adcstion and Subtractonot 168 Algebraic Fractions 6.4 Manpuaton ot Agobroic Formulae 171 Summary 78 Review Exercise 6 178 — CHAPTER S__ Congruence and Similarity 191 BA Congtuent Figures 193 82 Simier Figures 203 83. Simlaity, Enlargement andScale 213 Drawings ‘Summary 228 Review Exercise ® 220 Pythagoras’ Theorem 257 40.1 Pythagoras! Theorem 259 10.2 Apotcations of Pytnagoras’ 269, Theorem in Real-World Contexts 10.8 Conese ofPythageras' Theorem 276 Summary 278 Review Exercise 10 278ae Trigonometric Ratios 4141 Tegonometiic Ratos 283 11.2. Applications of Trigonometiic 289 Ratios to Find Unknown Sides of RightAngled Teangles Applications of Tigonometric 296 Ratios to Find Unknown Angles a Right-Angled Trangles 13 14.4 Appications of Trigonometric 302 Patios in Real-World Contexts rnmary 310 Review Exerc an Symmetry 355 134 Line Symmetry 357 132. Potational Symmetry in 368 ane Figues 133. Symmetry in Triangles are (Qvadriateras and Polygons 134. Symmetry in Tree Dimensions 379 ‘Summary 384 Review Exercise 13 384 Revision Exercise 387 Volume and Surface Area of, Pyramids, Cones and Spheres 424 Volume and Surtace Aes cof Pyramids Volume and Surtace Area of Cones 4123 Vokime and Surtace Area of Spheres. 124 Vourne and Surface Area of Composite Sol 122 Summary Review Exercise 12 Sets 44.4 Introduction to Set Notations 442 Venn Diagrams, Universal Set ‘and Complement of a Set 4143 intersection of Two Sets 144 Union of Two Sets 145 Combining Universal Set Complement of a Set. Subset Intersection and Union of Seis, ‘Surmary Review Exercise 14 317 328 338 399 399 406 408, 409 416 a7Probability of 419 8.1 Intioduction to Probabity 22 15.2 Sampe Soace 422 15.2 Probabilty of Single Events 425, 15.4. Further Evamples on Probabiity 435, (of Single Events ‘Summary Review Exercise 15 440 eZ Averages of Statistical Data 489 ATA Mean 494 47.2 Median 501 173. Mooe $08 174. Mean, Median and Mode 508 Summary 817 Roview Exercise 17 518 Revision Fxercise D Problems in Real-World Contexts Practise Now Answers 29 Answers 95 onto Statst Dot Diagrams Scatter Diagrams ‘Stemand-Leat Diageams 446 408, Histograms for Ungrouped Data 465, 166 Histograms (or Grouped Data 469 Summary Review Exercise 16 484 485Investigation Direct Proportion In Singapore, f we books fram a pulic Wyary and ae late in returning the books, we wil efned 15 cents per dy foreach overdue, Table 11 shows the fines for an verde book Nemberofdane) 12 [3 | 4 | s | w TFneceenty 1s 45 | 75) wos [0 | tas Is Table 1 tbe numberof daysa books verduetnc raze wlth line inceaweor decrease! 2, the numberof days book s overdue it double, how wil the fine change? Huot Compare the fines wien a book s overdue fr 3 days and fr 6 dys 3 the numberof days hook verde’ ipl, what il happen to he fine? 44. the uber of dys 2 book is overdue is haled, how wil the fine change? ‘Hin Compare the ines when 3 faoks overdue for 10 days and foe $day. 5. hear of dys a nok oer ede oe oil mune ‘vat happen tthe ine? Frere the insestigtion, we notice that the numberof days, a book is overdhae irons the ine. x cents, sncreasesproetionaly, be Hobie ten» Ipedbled 8 wiped, then sil be pled Sinlay, a6 the numer of days, 2 book is overdue decreases, the tine, yr eents, decreases proportionally, ke. isis halved, then + ill be halved ifsisraucdn trig ale hen wrest Lose alae “Tic elatonship i known 35 ect propartion. We say tha the fine,» ents. ec proper the numer fda. book eter eo 1 oxron.Class Discussion [Real-Life Example of Quanities in Diret Proportion Workin pais. 1. Give a few more reat ie amples of quantities ha ane in cect portion, 2. Explain why hey ate directly propotomal 0 ea Complete Table 12. [rani] i TI pw 1 | __} 1 4 —t city was | | Be msm ate: a | | i i | | | Table 2 What can we aisere about the ate #7 \Wwhat docs represen? What docs the Contant“ ma inthis cates? dec proportion the ate 6.3 constant. this ease = 1S Let te numberof days 3 bak semen be « neds Then the coresponding fine is Let the numberof days 2 book is owerdue be x, = 6, Then the cores fine From Tale 1.2 Sand toe Weis wz. ° Bee Bes (conta, e.theworates and Sa ual oes romp 98 2, ey fede when i doe ‘ 28-2. Le. + tebe when si dol nd are equal his can aloe ain by " “earanging the equation , nk cn, 954) To conclude, we have ‘ ecmpsrna beo His creety proportionalta x tens = 8 orWorked Wot otis ct cle cst of of Example tise “ Solution: rn me ath cs fs haus cy peor othe a he Sheu ete: Ui Method mn Sagol tics co Et Vege cons 2 vag fsa con SP _Methed 2: Proportion Method Lat the cost of 13 kg of isis be Se wees =s5450 Atenatiely, 4 gta Re: Baar sss “12 kgf hiscuits cost $4.2. (2) 150g of sweets com $210, find the costo 30 of wees, ving your amawer eye IAs 2 ‘comet othe nearest cons (0) eva meta toes mao! She. What mst Zot epic of feat eeAlgebr. Graphical 1 D Representations of il Direct Proportion Navssansennerivesssessesinesran vine mieeeieeememmennsilim 18, which and Inthe example on cverdue hooks in Section 11, we have found oe epresent this constant by & thon =k or y= ky where & #0, Hence, we have | whores constant and #0 oe) Thinking 4 Time Hve substitute £0 into x=, what can we say about the reltonsip between + andy @ Investigation raphe Repesnaton of ret Proportion sider he example on vet books in Seton Table 1.3 shows the face ents frre rater dyn ok Sve wh f= Ison se ‘at does.= 1 Stmeanin this conto? Oy; 15) 304 6 15 9 WS 10 HS 150 Table 131, Plot the pooh oy aginst sin Fig, 11 Frets cents) spc 1} wet _1_} |} “108 +—t + 7 | | 15 -e bast ae ot—}++— wt} | | l [7 12s 9 1p Namba otdaysio) 2. What isthe shape ofthe graph? 2. Doss the graph pss ough the ongine “To-concade, wo hve: 1. fy isdvety proportional sextet proportional to? Explain your answer. 2. Suppose vis recth noponinaal to. ve pl the graph against x, will we seta sail line tha paseo through the eign? Bxpaia your answer. 3. yislictty poostional to, then the opt ov gant «passes trou the ‘ig, the graph fv agains doesnot pass tough the eign is x ietly roportinnal 0.47 Explain your ans. 4, Asx increases, abe ines, Cw we conclude that ely propio to. Explain your answce Oo : coeWorked Example) icqaumomeim nts ti th wth s tons Solution: G Since visit peporindt The = where constn. Wher 2 fas GH Wher x=, fedek Alternatively when ea 9 chub y=2s 12 nahn is a oH {Suter 21 n= sre 1. liye dec proportional sand v= 10 when 4 an gation connecting andy 4 tne valawoty when =H the vale of «hon = ei Quam 2. his dretly peportiona iv and y= when « 1 find he value f x hen 4. Given tha eich preponionl tn, copy and cumple the abe (eS | oxsonp a oo ®Worked be soa ae epee Sk ofa tea pany ne dy poptonal Example terres, presen When thee ag Moss reso atthe poy, exposes incurred 3 $210 {Fava equation cement ) Cale expermes incre tn there goes present atthe tea party Draw the rapt against Solution: zw. 4) Sie be clirectly proportional 0% {Wed ample Lc an We Yona esa scion N when N=, bet = The expenses incur ate $540 Seiiatrcapte “Thecont SC. ftansporing gens rey proponents datancecawercd dh. ese UN Cvatns “The cos of tangpoting gods ose a disance of hm i S100. {i Fir an equation connecting © 30d {Fd he cont of trap ood oer a distance ol 5 kn, the cost of wonsprting goons is $120, calculate the dsnce emer (6) Draw the yaph of Copan a oxronp,Worked a Exmpl ‘The taal ently cages, SC fora mobie plan ens xample ‘of fx amet of S20 a 2 vie ont which lope the wage, For every minut ace, $120 charg. (He duration of usages 120 mites. ale ate the total monthly changes or the mabe plan. Ge et ont cages forthe bie plan are 80 il he duration of sage iy Write deowe a fxmula connecting Cant, hace n Isthe numer sinter wee (Ge) Daw he gaph of Capa. 6 ety gina ‘w Use your graph to explaia your answer, Solution: {Tal ey ones rhe mi an = S30 35030 ioe se Darin vgn 8 150 mines (6) Varn enna = 05020 si20 Tosa monthly changes = viable amount + fel amt C-02n4 20 2020420 62 02n+20 When 0, ¢ #20 Whom §, 023 isnot arectly propor the ogi, al to hecause the line doce not pas trough The total monly cost, SC, of running kindergarten consists of «fixer amount 2 SS00 and a variable amount which depend onthe evant, every hl “orl te monthly coat ners hy SH 1) We ane i 200, irl the total monly costo tanning the kindergarten, {6 ue bral mommy cos oF nny the kindergarten $20 SH. cole the ume oF chiles enallet nthe Kinder {Wie deem a formula cannes Can, shut w isthe numer of eile ‘nwa the kindergarten 3) Dra tery aC apt I dey prions Us your gaph2 (ty Exercise 1A OR idea ok we 3 sss. ADK Fre the mss of 150 such os, 1) the mero sac wks that have 3 mass Ina hols, 6 otc hs sup eh ‘of Lamon a shal Find {0 the length acca by 50 sech books on ash i) thenunberas such bunks nea comple ‘cap 3 sh ha ie hone nic 45 whee Hes dietly penpontona $23 fi {an rqation connecting «ae» GG) evaluced y when = 6 Gi) thevalea chen 10 & directly propotional 1 Pand @: expres @ in temsofF {iy td the wala af @ when P= 8 (iy cseule the vale of Poon Q= 82 Find the est | 49) 10 kg off Haves hen 3g of te leaves cont 8, 18) kyo sar whon bg spar cos Se 5 oa pie of mal Bas 2 mas 7, What fremassof of he pict met? HF cheat proportional 0 «and fn the vals of rwhen = 1 Wi dicey report to A aie ft 8 wher A= I fin the value of whe A= 24 wo. 1. 2 18 Foreach a healing. 8 dectly proportion! to. Cope anceps the ables Giger ee =a) {= tt ts Wi iinet proton tc analy = 20 whe {find an equation consecting x and {cha the raph agaist 1 iv aiecty proportion to vane == AK when {© finan quation connecting Yad s do the raphe =n The nts, Fetes, ned to push a lock longa horzontlsutace is directly proportional to the mass kg, of the block, When m= 5, Tied anespation connecting # a {@) find the value ot F when m =H iy Calle the vale a when {6 Draw the graph ot Pagans The press, P pascal, of gis in a container iediecty pepoetinal os tomperature, Thelin Whos =, #25 G) Fine ancquation connecting Pana 7 Fil hee Peden T= 28 i) Cateaae the val oF T whe | Gv) Dra the yap agai ‘The amount of voltage, vols, ned to send aise amount of corte the gh awe, sec Proportions ois ealtance, Resim When = 6, © Find an equation connecting Vand (Find the wa of V sen R= 18 Oy Caleakve te vu oF R sen VS (9) Draw the soph Vagainsttl months ons, $s wha which depots on the he sels For each fee he sel fra pict month 6 $1680, caleate the mbes tyes be els ia that moth, (i) Wate down a formela caonectng Bal h the sles ov 8 P aecty ao Use yar pop expla 16, Amachine hich mani preci. Given that 2nenncs of ean pole ‘when the machine rans foal an hou in he + Some values. andthe comtespondlng vals of and are given in Tale 1"Fig 2 dos the graph ov gat Je dvetly roponiona to Explain your answer. 2 Non at a pt the go 29 Sore als ol the crespondng aust and ae qhen in Table 15. aia 96 nae Table 13 oxtonpPlot the papal guns in Fig, 1.3, The fist thee points hove been pated for you. Fig tt Is ydvetypropotional 0 Explain youranswe onal x because rom the ivesigation, when y= 30 is nt dict prope =) — 34s mot aconstn, Howes, vi day proprio to x beeaae $= oxoun conn @Worked Example 9 jecuhotbetwingeysons eee wee Solution: (ay Since v= 80, ie, 3, = Sis. constant, then ety proptional (6) Since’ =VE. i. J = Lie Contant then i proportional wo A For each of the falling equations, state the tw ropa to each other and explain your arses abs which are directly fo) 36° tn Work! Example 4, we have foul thatthe formula connecting Cand ns {C=002n-+ 20 a hat € knot eet proportional tow, Howes is cay Proportional oa varia, Whats this variable? 2. the equiion = 1 =, state two variables which are ret propotinnal teach other anel expan your answer Worked sot Uinta Example Ws dct pop oy =20.shen = 2 {0 ed aneqnten connecting van, Gi cakulte neal of when = find the also hn 125, Gh) cet parody apt oxronn‘Solution: Sines » eer prpetonal then Wher 22, eke? se When 9=3, is i) Whe 9 = 128, Lasse 2S 2205 (6) Since vs lity propetions then the line that pases han the eisin pl gina 69 righ When s=0, When e= tres Hvis dectyproertional and (find an equation connecting xan fod the value eh Upeattae the vues os when 9 when Gv daw he graph of» agin. is nats propntianal 6° and y= 21 when = 2, find the wave of when Give that «i dicey proportional to e, whee». postive rot manor op ad compte the ae y 5625 a ‘ONFORP ~*~