1.

3
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk f'k{k.k
jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg
dk
vk/kj i=k
 lkj&la{ksi

Hkk"kk fu;eksa }kjk fu;af=kr laizs"k.k dk ekè;e Hkj ugha gS] cfYd ;g ,d ifj?kVuk gS tks ,d cM+s
Lrj ij gekjh lksp] lÙkk vkSj lerk osQ lanHkZ esa gekjs lkekftd laca/ksa dks fufeZr djrh gSA
ftl rs”kh ls ,d lkekU; f'k'kq eg”k rhu lky rd dh mez esa gh osQoy ,d Hkk"kk esa ugha]
cfYd ,d ls vf/d Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkkf"kd {kerk gkfly dj ysrk gS] mlls ;gh fu"d"kZ fudyrk
gS fd ge laHkor% vius lkFk Hkk"kk&{kerk fy, gh tUe ysrs gSaA lHkh Hkkf"kd fodkl
lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd ekè;e ls gksrs gSa vkSj bl Øe esa izR;sd O;fDr cgqfo/ ^jftLVj*
vfHkO;fDr;ksa osQ lkFk dbZ rjg dh lkekftd var%fØ;kvksa osQ fy, rS;kj gksrk tkrk gSA ;g cM+k
gh 'kkspuh; gS fd gekjs f'k{kk ;kstukdkj o Hkk"kk ;kstukdkj cPps esa varfuZfgr bruh egÙoiw.kZ
laHkkouk dks u”kjvank”k djrs vk, gSaA [kkldj Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa tgk¡ vfèkdka'k cPps cgqHkkf"kd
laHkkouk osQ lkFk LowQy vkrs gSa] ysfdu LowQy vkuk /hjs&/hjs NksM+ nsrs gSaA cs'kd blosQ dbZ
dkj.k gSa ysfdu buesa ls ,d dkj.k gSμLowQy dh Hkk"kk] muosQ ?kj ,oa iM+ksl dh Hkk"kk ls [kqn
dks tksM+ ugha ikrhA vfèkdka'k cPps LowQy i<+us vkSj fy[kus dh 'kwU; {kerk osQ lkFk osQ Lrj
ij NksM+rs gSa] ;gk¡ rd fd viuh Hkk"kk esa HkhA blosQ fy, dbZ lkekftdμjktuhfrd dkj.k
f”kEesnkj gSa] tks gekjh iwjh f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks gh [kks[kyk fd, gq, gaSA ysfdu oqQN vU; dkj.k]
tks bl U;wure Lrj rd dh Hkk"kk {kerk rd dks gkfly ugha dj ikus osQ fy, f”kEesnkj gSa] os
gSaμHkk"kk dh lajpuk ,oa izÑfr osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkk"kk lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k dh le> dk
vHkko] [kkldj cgqHkkf"kd lanHkZ esa_ f'k{kk&;kstukdkjksa }kjk iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Kku&fuekZ.k esa Hkk"kk
dh Hkwfedk dks u”kjvank”k djuk_ tkfr] uLy vkSj tsaMj osQ lkFk&lkFk dbZ rjg osQ iwokZxzg Hkk"kk
esa varfuZfgr gksrs gSa] bl ckr osQ izfr mnklhurk] bl iwokZxzg ls eqDr ugha gks ikuk fd Hkk"kk eg”k
dforkvksa] dgkfu;ksa vkSj ys[kksa ls ugha cfYd blls dgha ”;knk dks lekfgr fd, gksrh gSA lkFk
gh ?kj ,oa iM+ksl esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk osQ laKkukRed fodkl esa ;ksxnku dh ckr dks Lohdkj
djus osQ fy, rS;kj ugha gks ikuk vkSj bl ckr dks le>us esa vliQy gksuk fd laKku osQ Lrj
ij fodflr Hkk"kk&{kerk vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa vklkuh ls vuwfnr gksrh jgrh gSA ;g fujarj Li"V gks
jgk gS fd tSo fofo/rk osQ :i esa gekjh thoarrk osQ fy, Hkkf"kd fofo/rk cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA
gesa ;g yxrk gS fd cPps dks ekr`Hkk"kk esa gh f'k{kk iznku dh tk, vkSj f'k{kdksa dks d{kk
esa cgqHkk"kh okrkoj.k dk egÙke mi;ksx dj ldus dh {kerk iznku dh tk, A gky gh esa vè;;u
 vi
'kks/ksa ls cgqHkkf"kd Hkk"kk&{kerk o 'kSf{kd laizkfIr esa Hkh ldkjkRed laca/ dk irk pyk gSA
lkFk gh ;g Hkh irk pyk gS fd cgqHkkf"kdrk ”;knk laKkukRed yphysiu ,oa lkekftd
lfg".kqrk dks Hkh tUe nsrh gSA ”k:jr gS ruko&eqDr okrkoj.k esa O;kid fuos'k lqfuf'pr fd,
tk,¡ vkSj tkfr] jax o tsaMj osQ vkèkkj ij fo|eku iwokZxzgksa dks [kRe fd;k tk,A tc rd
f'k{kk&;kstukdkj iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk dh cgqvk;keh laHkkouk dks ugha le>saxs rc rd
lerk] U;k; o tura=k osQ fu/kZfjr y{; LoIu gh cus jgsaxsA vè;k;&10 esa nh xbZ gekjh
flI+kQkfj'kksa dks mijksDr lanHkZ esa vkSj fo|ky; dh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk osQ laca/ esa gekjs izLrkoksa
dk lanHkZ (ifjf'k"V&III) esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
fo"k;&lwph
lkjμla{ksi ---v
jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg ^Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk f'k{k.k* osQ lnL;ksa osQ uke ...vii
1- Hkk"kk dh izÑfr ...1
1-1 Hkwfedk ...1
1-2 Hkk"kk ladk;
1-3 Hkk"kk] fu;e lapkfyr ra=k osQ :i esa ...1
1-4 ok.kh vkSj ys[ku ...2
1-5 Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj lkSan;Z'kkL=k ...3
1-6 Hkk"kk vkSj lekt ...3
1-7 Hkk"kk] Hkko vkSj vfHkizsj.kk ...4
1-8 Hkk"kk vkSj vfLerk ...5
1-9 Hkk"kk vkSj lÙkk ...5
1-10 Hkk"kk vkSj tsaMj ...6
1-11 Hkk"kk] laLÑfr vkSj lksp ...7
1-12 f'k{kk] Hkk"kk vkSj f”kEesnkj ukxfjdrk ...7

2- Hkk"kk lh[kuk ...8

2-1 Hkwfedk ...8
2-2 fi;kts dk ifjizs{; ...9
2-3 Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dk mn~ns'; ...9
2-4 oqQN f'k{kk'kkL=kh; izLrko ...11

3- laoS/kfud izko/ku vkSj f=kHkk"kk lw=k ...12

3-1 Hkwfedk ...12
3-2 laoSèkkfud izkoèkku ...12
3-3 f=kHkk"kk lw=k ...13
3-4 f=kHkk"kk lw=k osQ xq.k ,oa nks"k ...14

4- LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk laca/h vU; eqís ...16

4-1 Hkwfedk ...16
4-2 mnwZ ...17
4-3 vYi] vYila[;d vkSj vkfnoklh Hkk"kk,¡ ...18
4-4 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk,¡ ...18
4-5 fons'kh Hkk"kk,¡ ...19
4-6 vU; Hkk"kk,¡ i<+kuk ...20
 x

5- cgqHkkf"kdrk vkSj 'kSf{kd laizkfIr ...20

5-1 Hkwfedk ...20
5-2 Hkkjr ,d cgqHkk"kh ns'k osQ :i esa ...20
5-3 f}Hkkf"kdrkokn vkSj fo}r miyfCèk ...21
5-4 cgqHkkf"kdrkokn dks c<+kok nsus dh ”k:jr ...22

6- fofèk;k¡ ...22
6-1 Hkwfedk ...22
6-2 lhek,¡ vkSj lcd ...23
6-3 mfpr fofèk;ksa dh vksj ...23

7- lkexzh ...24
7-1 lkexzh osQ izdkj ...24
7-2 ikB~;iqLrd ...24
7-3 i`Fkd~ Hkk"kk f'k{k.k cuke laizs"k.kkRed f'k{k.k ...25
7-4 lkexzh dh izÑfr% vkfèkdkfjd cuke vU; ...25
7-5 fo"k;oLrq cuke vU; fo"k; ...25
7-6- lkexzh dk ewY;kadu ...26
7-7- lkexzh ys[kd dkSu gkas\ ...26
7-8- ,dhÑr dkS'kyksa dk fodkl ...26

8- f'k{kd ...26
8-1- Hkwfedk ...26
8-2- d{kk esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk ...27
8-3- f'k{kdksa dk izf'k{k.k ...27
8-4- xgu uokpkjh izf'k{k.k dh ”k:jr ...28
8-5- f'k{kd] 'kksèkkFkhZ osQ :i esa ...28

9- vkdyu ...29
9-1- Hkwfedk ...29
9-2- ijh{k.kksa osQ izdkj ...29
9-3- ijh{k.k rS;kj djuk ...30
9-4- ijh{k.k osQ fy, fn, tkus okys dk;Z ...30

10- flI+kQkfj'ksa ...31

ifjf'k"V I ...34
ifjf'k"V II ...48
ifjf'k"V III ...50
ifjf'k"V IV ...54
ifjf'k"V V ...64

1- Hkk"kk dh izo`Qfr
1-1 Hkwfedk
vfèkdka'k yksx Hkk"kk dks laizs"k.k dk ekè;e ekurs gSaA
;gk¡ rd fd f'k{kd] f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{kd] ikB~;iqLrd
ys[kd] ikB~;p;kZ vfHkdYid (fM”kkbuj) o 'kS{kf.kd
;kstukdkj rd dh ;gh èkkj.kk gSA tcfd f'k{kk esa Hkk"kk
dh Hkwfedk dks Bhd ls ljkgus osQ fy, gesa lexzrkoknh
n`f"Vdks.k viukus dh t:jr gSA gesa blosQ lajpukxr]
lkfgfR;d] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] euksoSKkfud ,oa
lkSna ;Z'kkL=kh; Ik{kksa dks egÙo nsrs gq, bls ,d cgq&vk;keh
fLFkfr esa j[kdj bldh iM+rky djuh gksxhA lkekU;r%
Hkk"kk dks 'kCn&dks'k o dqN fuf'pr okD;xr fu;eksa
osQ feJ.k osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS μ tgk¡ ;g èofu;ksa]
'kCnksa o okD;ksa osQ Lrj ij [kkl <ax ls fu;af=kr gksrh
gSA ;g lp gS] bls udkjk ugha tk ldrkA ysfdu ;g
rlohj dk ,d gh igyw gS μ Hkys gh bldk Lo:i
lkoZHkkSfed gksA
1-2 Hkk"kk ladk;
gesa ;g ekywe gksuk pkfg, fd lHkh cPps rhu lky ls
igys gh viuh Hkk"kk osQ ewy rFkk mira=kksa ls vPNh
rjg ls ifjfpr gks tkrs gSa μ ftlesa lkekftd lg&lacèa kksa
osQ ”k:jh fgLls Hkh 'kkfey gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ (osQoy
Hkkf"kd gh ugha cfYd laizs"k.k dh n{krk Hkh xzg.k dj
ysrs gSaA) ,d rhu lky osQ cPps ls fdlh Hkh ,sls
fo"k; ij vPNh rjg ckrphr dh tk ldrh gS tks
mlosQ laKkukRed nk;js osQ vanj vkrk gksA
blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd lkekU;r% ,d cPpk
,d lkekU; Hkk"kk;h txr ls laidZ osQ vfrfjDr
var£ufgr Hkk"kk;h {kerk osQ lkFk gh tUe ysrk gS
(pkWeLdh 1957] 1965] 1986] 1988] 1993)A gdhdr
rks ;g gS fd Hkk"kk lh[kus dh izfØ;k osQ {ks=k esa dke
djus okys Hkk"kkfonksa osQ fy, vHkh rd ;g ckr ,d
igsyh cuh gqbZ gS (brus de le; esa txr ls cgqr
de laidZ osQ ckotwn) vkf[kj rhu lky dk cPpk
1
oSQls bl tfVy Hkkf"kd ra=k dk fodkl dj ysrk gS\
;g tkudkjh fd O;fDr esa ,d tUetkr Hkkf"kd {kerk
gksrh gS nks ”k:jh f'k{kk'kkL=kh; igyw lkeus j[krh gS%
i;kZIr volj feys rks cPpk u;h Hkk"kkvksa dks vklkuh
ls lh[ksxk_ f'k{k.k dk iQksdl O;kdj.k ij u gksdj
fo"k;&oLrq ij gksuk pkfg,A
;g tkudkjh fd O;fDr esa ,d tUetkr Hkkf"kd
{kerk gksrh gS nks f'k{kk'kkL=kh; igyw lkeus
j[krh gS% i;kZIr volj feys rks cPpk u;h
Hkk"kkvksa dks vklkuh ls lh[ksxk_ vkSj f'k{k.k dk
iQksdl O;kdj.k ij u gksdj fo"k;&oLrq ij
gksuk pkfg,A
1-3 Hkk"kk] fu;e&lapkfyr ra=k osQ :i esa
Hkk"kk dh lajpuk dk oSKkfud vè;;u djus okys
Hkk"kkfonksa osQ fy, fdlh Hkk"kk dk O;kdj.k dbZ mira=kksa
ls cuk ,d mPp vewrZ ra=k gS ftlosQ dbZ mira=k Hkh
gksrs gSaA Lojksa osQ iSVuZ vkSj Loj eku osQ Lrj ij ns[ksa
rks fo'o dh lHkh Hkk"kk,¡ y; vkSj laxhr ls u”knhd
ls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA blh izdkj lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa O;atfud
vkSj Lojh; èofu;k¡ ,d Øe esa lqfu;ksftr gksrh gSaA
vfèkdka'k Hkk"kkvksa dh èofu;k¡ 25&80 rd dh la[;k
esa gksrh gSaA muosQ 'kCnksa esa O;atu (dkWUlksusaV) vkSj Loj
èofu (oksosQfyd) ,d osQ ckn ,d tSls lh-oh-lh-oh-
iSVuZ ik;k x;k gS u fd O;atuksa vkSj Lojksa osQ lewgksa dks
,d osQ ckn ,dA mnkgj.k osQ fy, dksbZ Hkh Hkkjrh;
Hkk"kk ;k vaxzs”kh Hkh rhu ls ”;knk O;atuksa dks 'kCn osQ
'kq: esa ugha vkus nsrhA rhu osQ ekeys esa Hkh p;u ij
izfrcaèk lk ik;k x;k gSA igyk O;atu osQoy ‘s’ gks
ldrk gS] nwljk ‘p’, ‘t’ ;k ‘k’ vkSj rhljk ‘y’, ‘r’, ‘l’
;k ‘w’ mnkgj.k osQ fy, fganh esa L=kh ;k vaxzs”kh esaμ
‘spring’, ‘street’, ‘squash’, ‘screw’ vkfnA 'kCnksa osQ
Lrj ij NksVs 'kCnksa dks cukus osQ rjhosQ] tks 'kCnksa osQ
,d lewg dks vFkZ o :i osQ vkèkkj ij 'kCnksa osQ nwljs
 2
lewg ls tksM+rs gSa] oDrk dks èkhjs&èkhjs vius 'kCn&dks'k
dks foLr`r djus dk volj iznku djrs gaS vkSj mUgsa
thouHkj bl izfØ;k dks tkjh j[kus osQ dkfcy Hkh
cukrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] fganh dks gh yhft, fganh
esa mu iqfyax cgqopu 'kCnksa dks cukus osQ vius fu;e
gSa ftuosQ var esa ^vk* vkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,
yM+dk osQ rhu cgqopu :i yM+osQ] yM+dksa vkSj
yM+dks gSa tks yM+dk osQ Øe'k% drkZdkjd (ukWfeusfVo)]
vizèkku dkjd (vkWcfyd) vkSj lacksèku dkjd
(oksosQfVo) :i gSaA vc vkidks nwljs ,sls 'kCnksa osQ
fy,] tks ^vk* ls [kRe gksrs gSa] osQ cgqopu :i ;kn
djus dh t+:jr ugha iM+sxhA blh rjg okD; osQ Lrj
ij ljy o tfVy okD;ksa osQ vo;oksa osQ chp osQ
lacaèk fu;eksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr gksrs gSaA mu fu;eksa dh
tkudkjh oDrk dks gj jks”k vusd okD; cukus osQ
dkfcy cukrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ,d vaxzs”kh osQ
okD; dks ysrs gSaA
She goes to school everyday.
bl okD; esa oqQy ik¡p 'kCn gSaA ;s ik¡p 'kCn
(dqy 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120) okD;ksa dks tUe ns
ldrs gSaA ysfdu euekus <ax ls 'kCnksa osQ Øe dks ugha
j[kk tk ldrkA ;kuh bu 120 okD;ksa esa ls nks ;k rhu
okD; gh ekU; gSaA blh rjg ,d vaxzs”kh cksyus okyk
cPpk oSQls le> ysrk gS fd iwNus okys okD;ksa esa
‘wh’ ls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCn igys vk,¡xs\ tSls
Where is my pen? What is your name? bR;kfnA fganh
esa ;s fu;e dkI+kQh vyx gSaA fganh esa iz'uokpd okD;
esa iz'u iwNus okys 'kCn ogha j[ks tkrs gSa μ tgk¡ mudk
tokc Hkh txg ys ldrk gSA tSls μ
og ?kj tk jgk gS \ (He is going home.)
og dgk¡ tk jgk gS \ (Where is he going?)
ge ;gk¡ ikrs gSa fd iz'uokpd okD; esa ftl
txg ij ^dgk¡* vk;k gS] ogha mldk tokc ^?kj* vk;k
gSA
fdlh lekt esa foe'kZZ dk Lrj mijksDr fu;eksa
osQ vykok dbZ rjg dh Hkkf"kd] lekt'kkL=kh;] èkkfeZd
vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd ifjikfV;ksa ls r; gksrk gSA Hkk"kk dh bl
tfVyrk osQ izfr Hkkjr esa izkphu dky ls gh psruk jgh
gS muls tw>us osQ Hkh egÙoiw.kZ iz;kl gq, gSaA ikf.kfu]
dkR;k;u] iratfy] HkrZ̀gfj] rqYdkfIi;kj] panzÑfr] tSusanz]
gsepanz vkpk;Z vkSj dbZ vU; dk ;ksxnku dkI+kQh
egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g nqHkkZX; dh ckr gS fd ge Hkkjrh;
Kku osQ brus egÙoiw.kZ i{k dks u”kjvankt djrs vk,
gSaA ge mEehn djrs gSa fd bl {ks=k dk oSKkfud
vè;;u djus vkSj Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k esa bldh f'k{kk'kkL=kh;
laHkkoukvksa dh ryk'k osQ fy, laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk dh
tk,xhA ikf.kfu osQ ^v"Vkè;k;h* dh rqyuk esa vkt
dksbZ Hkh vkèkqfud foLr`r O;kdj.k derj gh Bgjrk
gSA Hkkjrh; ijaijk esa Hkk"kk cksyuk gS (ys[ku ugha)_
laKku gS (egt ckrphr dk ekè;e ugha) vkSj ,d
jpukoknh ra=k gS ek=k izLrqrhdj.k ugha gSA HkrZ`gfj osQ
vuqlkj] Hkk"kk ;FkkFkZ dks x<+rh gS (;kuh igys ls gh
ekStwn fdlh ;FkkFkZ dks egt mn~?kkfVr Hkj ugha djrh)
vkSj Kku blh ls izkIr gksrk gS_ fl¼kar fuekZ.k vkSj
mPpkj.k (vfHkO;fDr) osQ :i esa ;g ukWu&ikfVZfVo
(laiw.kZrkoknh) vkSj ukWu&flDosaflvy (vØfed) gS
(dfiy diwj] ilZuy dE;qfuosQ'ku)A Hkk"kk dh ,slh
laiw.kZrkoknh lksp osQ fuf'pr gh egÙoiw.kZ f'k{kk'kkL=kh;
fufgrkFkZ lkeus vk ldrs gSaA
1-4 ok.kh vkSj ys[ku
ok.kh vkSj ys[ku esa ewy varj ;g gS fd fyf[kr Hkk"kk
lpsru Lrj ij ns[kh tkrh gS vkSj dkyc¼ gksrh gS_
ge dHkh Hkh bl rd igq¡p ldrs gSaA ok.kh vLFkk;h
gksrh gS vkSj fyf[kr Hkk"kk dh rqyuk esa dkI+kQh rs”kh ls
cnyrh jgrh gSA blfy, fyf[kr dh ,oa ok.kh Hkk"kk
osQ chp osQ I+kQoZQ dks ns[kdj gesa vk'p;Z ugha djuk
pkfg,A Hkk"kk vkSj fyfi osQ chp dksbZ fuf'pr lacaèk
ugha gksrkA vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk vkSj jkseu fyfi osQ chp vFkok
fganh ;k laLÑr rFkk nsoukxjh osQ chp dksbZ vya?kuh;
lacaèk ugha gksrk gSA njvly] fo'o dh lHkh Hkk"kk,¡
FkksM+s ls isQjcny ls ,d gh fyfi esa fy[kh tk ldrh
gSa vkSj blh rjg dksbZ ,d Hkk"kk lHkh fyfi;ksa esa fy[kh
tk ldrh gSA Hkk"kk vkSj fyfi osQ chp bl rjg osQ

fj'rs osQ cksèk dk f'k{kk'kkL=kh; egÙo gSA tks f'k{kd
bl lacaèk dh tkudkjh j[krs gSa os izk;% cPpksa dh
xyfr;ksa osQ izfr viuk #[k cnydj Ik<+kus dh u;h
fofèk;k¡ fodflr djrs jgrs gaSA
cksyh xbZ Hkk"kk dh izÑfr vLFkk;h gksrh gS vkSj
fyf[kr Hkk"kk dh rqyuk esa dkI+kQh rs”kh ls cnyrh
jgrh gSA blfy, fyf[kr o cksyh tkus okyh
Hkk"kk osQ chp osQ I+kQdZ dks ns[kdj gesa vk'p;Z
ugha djuk pkfg,A Hkk"kk vkSj fyfi osQ chp dksbZ
xgjk lacaèk ugha gksrk---A tks f'k{kd bl ifj?kVuk
dh tkudkjh j[krs gSa os izk;% xyfr;ksa osQ izfr
viuk #[k cnydj Ik<+kus dh u;h fofèk;k¡
fodflr djrs jgrs gaAS
1-5 Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj lkSan;Z'kkL=k
Hkk"kk osQ dbZ izdk;Z gSa ftudh vksj Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k
;kstukdkjksa us eg”k b'kkjk Hkj fd;k gSA Hkk"kk esa iwjs
lalkj dks lkeus j[kus dk xq.k rks gksrk gh gS ysfdu
lkFk gh blesa dbZ dYiukijd rRo Hkh ekStwn gksrs gSaA
i|] x| vkSj ukVd gekjh Hkkf"kd laosnuk dks èkkj
iznku djus osQ lkFk&lkFk gekjs thou osQ lkSan;Zijd
igyw dks le`¼ djrs gSa] lkFk gh ;g gekjs i<+us vkSj
fy[kus dh {kerk osQ Lrj dks Hkh Å¡pk mBkrs gSaA Hkk"kk
lkfgR; gkL; foMacuk] dgkuh] iSjksMh vkSj dgkorksa dks
Hkh 'kkfey fd, jgrk gS tks gekjs nSuafnu thou osQ
cgqr cM+s ,oa egÙoiw.kZ fgLls gksrs gSa vkSj dgha ls Hkh
;g ,slh Lok;Ùk bdkbZ ugha gksrh tks lkalkfjd fØ;kdykiksa
ls eqDr gks (gScjekl 1996] 1998] 2001)A
VSxksj osQ 'kkafrfuosQru esa ;g lkekU; lh ckr gks
xbZ Fkh fd fo|kFkhZ VSxksj osQ lkFk gh fdlh ukVd dks
i<+rs] bls caxyk esa vuqokn djrs vkSj fiQj eap ij
bls bldh iwjh xfjek osQ lkFk izLrqr dj yksxksa rd
3
ys tkrsA dksbZ Hkh Hkk"kk&f'k{kk uhfr blesa mifLFkr
dYiukijd] o.kZukRed] vfèkHkkSfrd vkSj vyadkjijd
rRoksa dks u”kjvank”k djrs gq, bls eg”k fdlh
lkalkfjd mís'; dh dk;Zflf¼ gsrq ek=k ,d midj.k
osQ :i esa ugha ys ldrh (ekDlZ 1844)A euq";
lqanjrk dh iz'kalk Hkj djosQ 'kkar ugha jg ldrk]
cfYd og mu fu;eksa dks ryk'k djus dh Hkh
dks f 'k'k djrk gS tks lkS a n ;Z i jd igyw dks
fuèkkZfjr@fu;af=kr djrs gSaA Hkk"kk osQ lkSan;Zijd igyw
dh vuq'kalk fuf'pr gh Hkkf"kd jpukRedrk dh vksj
vxzlj djsxh u fd 'kq¼rk cjdjkj j[kus dh f”kn
dh vksjA lkFk gh ;g izfØ;k fo{kksHk osQ cnys laokn
o lg;ksx osQ fy, Hkh ifjfLFkfr iSnk djrh gSA vk'kk
gS ;g vYila[;d ,oa foyqfIr osQ dxkj ij [kM+h
Hkk"kk osQ fy, lEekutud joS;k viukus dh ekufldrk
dks tUe nsxhA vkf[kj dksbZ Hkh leqnk; viuh ^ok.kh*
dks foyqIr gksrs gq, ugha ns[kuk pkgsxkA
Hkk"kk osQ lkSan;Zijd igyw dh vuq'kalk fuf'pr
gh Hkkf"kd jpukRedrk dh vksj vxzlj djsxh u
fd 'kq¼rk cjdjkj j[kus dh f”kn dh vksjA lkFk
gh ;g izfØ;k fo{kksHk osQ cnys laokn o lg;ksx
osQ fy, Hkh ifjfLFkfr iSnk djrh gSA
1-6 Hkk"kk vkSj lekt
;|fi cPps tUetkr Hkkf"kd {kerk osQ lkFk tUe ysrs
gSa rFkkfi Hkk"kkvksa dk lh[k tkuk [kkl lkekftd&lakLÑfrd
rFkk jktuhfrd lanHkks± esa gksrk gSA dkSu&lh ckr fdls
vkSj dgk¡ dguh gS] ;g izR;sd cPpk lh[k tkrk gSA
Hkk"kk vius vki esa gh ifjorZu'khy gksrh gS vkSj
vyx&vyx mez osQ lewg }kjk lanHkZ osQ vuqlkj
vyx&vyx <ax ls iz;qDr dh tkrh gS (ySckso 1966]
1972] VªMfxy 1974] xqaitZ vkSj gkbEl 1972] xqaitZ
1974 gScjekl 1970] 1996)A Hkkf"kd O;ogkj esa ;g
fofoèkrk fc[kjh gqbZ ugha gS] cfYd ;g Hkk"kk] laizs"k.k]
fopkj vkSj Kku osQ ra=kksa dks tksM+rh gSA tSlk fd
 4
vkSjksfju (1977) us dgk gS μ ¶Hkk"kk dk vfLrRo ,oa
fodkl lekt osQ ckgj ugha gks ldrkA Hkk"kk dk
fodkl gekjh lkaLÑfrd fojklr vkSj lkekftd fodkl
dh t+:jrksa ls gh míhIr gksrk gS] ysfdu blosQ foijhr
Hkh mruk gh lp gS vFkkZr~ Hkk"kk Hkh míhiu djus okys
bu dkjdksa dks míhIr djrh gSA ekuo lekt Hkk"kk osQ
fcuk ugha py ldrk D;ksafd ;g laizs"k.k dk lcls
”;knk 'kq¼ vkSj lkoZHkkSfed ekè;e gSA ;g fopkjksa osQ
fuekZ.k vkSj vfHkO;fDr dks cukus vkSj lapkfjr djus esa
Hkh ”k:jh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA¸ lkFk gh gesa ;g Hkh
è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd Hkk"kk,¡ ns'k&dkyc¼ tSlh dksbZ
teh gqbZ ph”ksa ugha gSa cfYd os yxkrkj cnyrh gqbZ]
O;ogkjksa dh yphyh O;oLFkk gSa ftUgsa euq"; [kqn dks
vkSj vius vklikl osQ txr dks le>us osQ Øe esa
lh[krk vkSj cnyrk jgrk gSA vdlj Hkk"kkvksa dks rRoksa
osQ :i esa fy;k tkrk gS vkSj yksx muosQ ckjs esa :<+
lh èkkj.kk,¡ cuk ysrs gSaA gesa Hkk"kk osQ bu nksuksa i{kksa dk
è;ku j[kuk gksxkA
1-7 Hkk"kk] Hkko vkSj vfHkizsj.kk
dksbZ Hkh Hkk"kk gks] tc lh[kus dh ckr vkrh gS rc tks
lh[k jgk gksrk gS mlosQ Hkko@#[k ,oa vfHkizsj.kk dh
Hkwfedk vge~ gks tkrh gSA blh rjg] f'k{kd vkSj
ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkod dk joS;k o mudh rjI+kQ ls
feyus okyk izkRs lkgu Hkk"kk&lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa egÙoiw.kZ
;ksxnku ns ldrk gSA f}rh;@fons'kh Hkk"kk lh[kus&fl[kkus
dh izfØ;k osQ {ks=k esa 'kksèk djus okyksa us dbZ lkekftd
euksoSKkfud pjksa dh igpku dh gS tks f}rh; Hkk"kk
lh[kus dh mDr izfØ;k dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA muesa
ls dqN pj ;s gSa% 1- vfHk#fp] 2- cqf¼] 3- vfHko`fÙk;k¡]
4- vfHkizsj.kk o bldh rhozrk] 5- lÙkkokn] vkSj 6-
ekuotkfr oasQnzoknA ysfdu bu lcesa lcls egÙoiw.kZ
dkjd gS% vfHko`fr ,oa vfHkizsj.kk vkSj f}rh; Hkk"kk
lh[kus okys os Q iz f r f'k{kd dk joS ; k o
ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkod ls feyk izksRlkguA
xkMZuj vkSj ySacVZ (1972) osQ vuqlkj fdlh
f}rh;@fons'kh Hkk"kk dks lh[kus okys dh vfHkizsj.kk
mldh vfHko`fÙk vkSj bPNk 'kfDr ij fuHkZj djrh gS
fd og mu Hkkf"kd vkSj vHkkf"kd fo'ks"krkvksa osQ lkFk
igpkuk tk, tks lkekU;r% y{; Hkk"kk osQ cksyus okys
osQ lkFk tqM+h jgrh gSaA muosQ vuqlkj bl izdkj dk
izksRlkguijd fn'kk&funsZ'k lekdfyr dgyk,xk ;fn
dksbZ f}rh;@fons'kh Hkk"kk dks] y{; Hkk"kk osQ cksyus
okyksa osQ lkFk thoar laokn LFkkfir djus osQ fy,
lh[ksA vU;Fkk ;fn lh[kus dk mís'; jks”kxkj izkIr
djuk gks ;k ,slk gh dksbZ vkSj lkè; gks rks izksRlkgu
;kaf=kd dgyk,xkA fu"d"kZr% xkMZuj vkSj ySacVZ dgrs
gSa fd mDr Hkk"kk lh[kus esa liQyrk de gh feysxh
;fn vfHkizsj.kk lekdfyr u gksdj ;kaf=kd gksxhA
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa y{; Hkk"kk leqnk; rd igq¡pus
dk ,d fuf'pr jkLrk ugha gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
vaxzs”kh dks gh ysaA vaxzs”kh Hkk"kh leqnk; osQ ugha gksus osQ
ckotwn 'kgjksa esa vaxzs”kh dk vPNk&[kklk pyu gSA
tcfd xzkeh.k vkSj vkfnoklh bykdksa esa vaxzs”kh fons'kh
Hkk"kk osQ :i esa gh yh tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ
ekeys esa y{; ewy Hkk"kh leqnk; rd ig¡qp vis{kkÑr
”;knk lqyHk gks ldrh gSA fo'o osQ vusd Hkkxksa esa
f}rh;@fons'kh Hkk"kk osQ lkekftd] euksoSKkfud i{kksa ij
cgqr 'kksèk gq, gSaA buesa ls vfèkdka'k 'kksèkkfFkZ;ksa us ik;k
fd f}rh;@fons'kh Hkk"kk esa n{krk lh[kus okys dh
vfHko`fÙk o vfHkiszj.kk ij gh ”;knk fuHkZj djrh gSA
ysfdu xkMZuj vkSj ySca VZ dh ifjdYiukvksa dks lekdfyr
vfHkizjs .kk] ;a=kh; vfHkizjs .kk dh rqyuk esa ”;knk egÙoiw.kZ
gksrh gS] cgqr de lgefr feyh gSA ([kUuk vkSj
vfXugks=kh 1982] 84 osQ lfgr) vkSj dbZ 'kksèkkfFkZ;ksa us
fn[kyk;k gS fd xkMZuj vkSj ySacVZ osQ fl¼kar esa
O;kidrk (lkoZHkkSerk) dk vHkko gSA f}rh; Hkk"kk&n{krk
osQ fu;kedksa esa mRlkg o vfHko`fÙk gh ugha] cfYd dbZ
izdkj osQ lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj tulkaf[;dh;
dkjd Hkh egrh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA lkFk gh fofHkUu
Hkk"kkvksa ij fu;a=k.k] Hkk"kk&iz;ksx dh i¼fr] vaxzs”kh ls
ifjp; dk Lrj] ifjokj esa vaxzs”kh dk iz;ksx] Ldwy osQ

izdkj] leqnk; dk vkdkj] ruko dk Lrj vkfn tSls
dkjd Hkh u”kjvank”k ugha fd, tk ldrs gSaA
---f}rh; Hkk"kk&n{krk esa fu;kedksa esa mRlkg o
vfHko`fÙk gh ugha] cfYd dbZ izdkj osQ lkekftd]
lkaLÑfrd vkSj tulkaf[;dh; dkjd Hkh gSaA
lkFk gh fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ij fu;a=k.k] Hkk"kk&iz;ksx
dh i¼fr] vaxsz”kh esa ifjp; dk Lrj] ifjokj
esa vaxsz”kh dk iz;ksx] Ldwy osQ izdkj] leqnk;
dk vkdkj] ruko dk Lrj vkfn tSls dkjd
Hkh u”kjvank”k ugha fd, tk ldrs gSaA
1-8 Hkk"kk vkSj vfLerk
;g ckr lkI+kQ gks tkuh pkfg, fd vfHko`fÙk vkSj
vfHkizsj.kk 'kwU; esa tUe ugha ysrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr
vius O;ogkj osQ iSVuZ dks ml leqnk; osQ lanHkZ esa gh
<kyrk gS] ftlls og lkehI; LFkkfir djuk pkgrk gS
;k eglwl djrk gSA bl Øe esa og laizs"k.kkRed
;ksX;rk Hkh fodflr djrk tkrk gS] tks mls vkSipkfjd
ls vukSipkfjd Hkk"kk dh nqfu;k esa vkokxeu osQ ;ksX;
cukrh gS (yh ist vkSj VScqjsV&osQyj 1985_ ySckso
1966] 1971)A vDlj ge vfLerkvksa dks ijLij
la?k"kZjr ikrs gSaA vYila[;dksa osQ ekeys esa ;g ekeyk
vkSj Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA [k+kldj jk"Vªh; o
fo'o 'kkafr o lkeatL; osQ fy, mudh Hkk"kk vkSj
laLÑfr osQ izfr laosnu'khy gksus dh ”;knk ”k:jr gks
tkrh gSA dbZ vè;;uksa (mnkgj.k osQ fy, fiQ'keSu
1966] 1978_ nkl xqIrk 1970_ czkl 1974_ xky
1979_ fog~Vys 1971_ Mksfjvu 1981_ vfXugks=kh
1979_ eq[kthZ 1981_ dwij 1989_ oekZ 1998 vkSj
Hkh dbZ vU;) ls Kkr gqvk gS fd dSls vYila[;dksa
ls tqM+s eqís Hkk"kk dks cuk, j[kus] ifjiksf"kr djus ;k
ifjofrZr djus osQ ekeys ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA ;fn ge
Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ lanHkZ esa vfLerk osQ iz'u ij ckr djsa
(pw¡fd Hkk"kk] vfLerk tfur jktuhfr osQ cks> dks <ksrh
5
jgh gS) rks ”;knk mfpr gksxk ;fn ge ;g dgsa fd ;g
rknkRE; LFkkfir djus] dHkh [kRe u gksus okyh] ges'kk
viw.kZ] vlekIr vkSj [kqys fljs okyh xfrfofèk;k¡ gSa
ftlesa etcwju ;k LosPNk ls ge lc layXu gSa
(ckWmeu 2001)A
;fn Hkk"kk fdlh dh igpku dks lgt cukrh gS
ctk; blosQ tks vfLerk vfLrRo esa mldh [kkst Hkj
djs rks ;g vfLerk&laosQrdksa dh O;oLFkk ns[kus okyh
rFkk izrhdksa vkSj ;knksa osQ <sj dks ogu djus okyh ugha
jg tkrh cfYd bldh Hkwfedk vkSj O;kid gks tkrh gS
rc ;g ,slh fLizaxcksMZ gks ldrh gS] tks gekjs fy,
vusd laHkkoukvksa dh xgjkbZ esa xksrk yxkus osQ fy,
(ykafpax iSM) dk dke djsA
;fn Hkk"kk fdlh dh igpku dks lgt cukrh
gS ctk; blosQ tks vfLerk vfLrRo esa mldh
[kkst Hkj djs rks ;g vfLerk&laosQrdksa dh
O;oLFkk ns[kus okyh rFkk izrhdksa vkSj ;knksa osQ
<sj dks ogu djus okyh ugha jg tkrh cfYd
bldh Hkwfedk vkSj O;kid gks tkrh gS rc ;g
,slh fLizaxcksMZ gks ldrh gS] tks gekjs fy,
vusd laHkkoukvksa dh xgjkbZ esa xksrk yxkus osQ
fy, (ykafpax iSM) dk dke djsA
1-9 Hkk"kk vkSj lÙkk
bl okLrfodrk osQ ckotwn fd vewrZ ra=k ;k mira=k osQ
:i esa lHkh Hkk"kk,¡ ,dleku gSa] bfrgkl] vFkZ'kkL=k]
lekt'kkL=k dh vkSj jktuhfr foKku ftl tfVy rjhosQ
ls Hkk"kk osQ lkFk vUr%fØ;k djrs gSa] os dqN Hkk"kkvksa
dks vis{kkÑr ”;knk lEekutud n”kkZ ns tkrs gSa vkSj
bl rjg lkekftd&jktuhfrd lÙkk ls mudk tqM+ko
gksrk gSA izk;% vfHktkR; oxZ osQ }kjk iz;qDr dh xbZ
Hkk"kk gh lÙkkoku gksrh gS vkSj ekud dk Hkh n”kkZ izkIr
fd, gq, jgrh gSA lHkh O;kdj.k] 'kCndks'k vkSj vU;
lanHkZ&lkexzh blh ^ekud* Hkk"kk dks vkèkkj ekudj
 6
pyrs gSaA ;fn Hkk"kk dks foKku osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[ksa rks
Hkk"kkvksa osQ chp dksbZ varj ugha gksrk] pkgs og ^ekud*
Hkk"kk gks] 'kq¼ Hkk"kk gks] LFkkuh; cksyh gks vkfnA oSls Hkh
Hkk"kk dks vkehZ vkSj usoh dh cksyh (, Mk;ysDV fon
,u vkehZ ,aM usoh) osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
os ftuosQ ikl lÙkk gksrh gS] lqfoèkkoafpr yksxksa dh
Hkk"kkvksa osQ ckjs esa :f<+oknh èkkj.kk,¡ cuk ysrs gSaA tSlk
fd pSaclZ (2003%277) bafxr djrh gS] ¶cksfy;ksa ij
vkèkkfjr :f<+;k¡ mruh gh ?kkrd gSa ftruh Ropk] jax]
/eZ ;k ,sls gh fdlh vU; vizekf.kr y{k.k ij
vkèkkfjr :f<+;k¡] vkSj mudk Hkh ifj.kke ,d tSlk
gksrk gSA¸
fdlh Hkh vU; dkjdksa ls egÙoiw.kZ os
lkekftd&jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd dkjd gh gSa tks
yksxksa dks f'k{kk] iz'kklu] U;k;ikfydk] ekl&ehfM;k
(tulapkj) esa mi;ksx djus osQ fy, jk"Vªh;] jktdh;]
lg jktdh; vkfn Hkk"kk,¡ fuèkkZfjr djus dh vksj
vxzlj gksrs gSaA lS¼kafrd Lrj ij fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esa
oqQN Hkh djuk laHko gS ;gk¡ rd fd ekufodh] lekt
foKku o foKku esa mPprj 'kksèkksa esa HkhA blfy, ;g
ckr lkI+kQ gS fd gkf'k, ij vofLFkr ;k ncs&dqpys
rcosQ dh Hkk"kk etcwr ugha gks ldrh ;fn ge muosQ
leFkZu esa lajpukRed O;oLFkk u djsa tks fofoèk lanHkks±
esas muosQ iz;qDr gksus dh xkjaVh gksA ;g Hkh è;ku esa
j[kus okyh ckr gS fd ^ekud* ,d fuf'pr fLFkjkad
ugha gSA lÙkk lacaèkksa osQ cnyrs lehdj.k esa ^ekud*
dk Hkh psgjk cnyrk jgrk gS tSls fd xSj czkg~e.k
rfey czkg~e.k dh txg ys ysrk gS vkSj iq.ks ejkBh]
vkèkqfud eqacb;k ejkBh osQ fy, txg NksM+ nsrh gSA
;fn ge Hkkjr esa gqbZ dqN egÙoiw.kZ ifj?kVukvksa
dks ysa tSlsμlwI+kQh dforkbZ] 1857 dh Økafr] vk”kknh
dh yM+kbZ] Hkkjr esa u;s jkT;ksa dk cuuk ;k nfyr
lkfgR;] turk dh Hkk"kkvksa esa ge izfrjksèk osQ izcy
Lojksa dks vdlj lqurs gSaA okLro esa ;fn dqN vioknksa
dks NksM+ nsa tSls vkSjksfju (1977)] yh (1992)] Øsl
(1989)] isQvjDyiQ (1992) vkSj Øsl ,oa gkWt
(1979) vkSj dqN vU; rks ,d rjiQ Hkk"kk dk lÙkk
o 'kks"k.k osQ lkFk osQ lacaèk vkSj nwljh rjiQ bldk
izfrjksèk o tura=k osQ lkFk lacaèk dk tks rkuk&ckuk cuk
gS bldh iM+rky ugha gks ikbZ gSA
1-10 Hkk"kk vkSj tsaMj
tsaMj dk eqík vkèkh ugha cfYd iwjh ekuork dk eqík
gSA le; osQ lkFk Hkk"kk us viuh cqukoV esa dbZ rRoksa
dks lekfgr dj fy;k gS tks tsaMj osQ izfr :f<+;ksa dks
yxkrkj iksf"kr djrh vk jgh gSA dbZ vè;;u (dSeju
1985] 1995_ ySdkWiQ 1975] 1990_ VSusu 1990_
cVyj 1990 vkSj vU;) Hkk"kk vkSj tsaMj osQ lacaèk ij
gh osQafnzr gksdj fd, x, gSaA u fli+ZQ fo}kuksa us]
cfYd Hkk"kkfonksa us Hkh L=kh Hkk"kk dks ^rqPN* o ^eksfr;ksa
osQ gkj* dh miek rks nh gS ftlls dksbZ egÙoiw.kZ ckr
lkeus ugha vkrh] fdarq okD;xr o dks'k osQ Lrj ij
vfHkO;fDr;ksa esa tsaMj&iwokZxzg >yd tkrs gSaA L=kh&iq#"k
osQ chp dhs ckrphr osQ lw{e fo'ys"k.k ls Hkh Kkr
gqvk gS fd dSls iq#"k viuh ckr dks yknus osQ fy,
Hkkf"kd [ksy [ksyrs gSaA
iqfYayx o L=khfyax osQ ckjs esa cuh&cukbZ èkkj.kk,¡
O;ogkj osQ Lrj ij iqufuZfeZr rks gksrh gh gSa vkSj dbZ
ckj 'kk;n vutkus gh gekjh ikB~;iqLrdksa }kjk Hkh
lapfjr gksrh jgh gSaA njvly] Kku osQ {ks=k esa ySafxd
Kku osQ lajpuk osQ Lrj ij HksnHkko osQ dkj.k gkfu
vc rs”kh ls Li"V gksrh tk jgh gSA Hkk"kk] vU;
O;k[;k,¡ vkSj n`';&foKkiu bl rjg osQ Kku osQ
fuekZ.k esa osQanzh; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA blfy, Hkk"kk esa
bl i{k dks vfr xaHkhjrkiwoZd ysus dh t:jr gSA ;g
ckr vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gks xbZ gS fd ikB~;iqLrd ys[kd
vkSj f'k{kd bl rF; dks Lohdkj djsa fd fuf"Ø; o
gs; le>h tkuh okyh Hkwfedk,¡] ftuls fL=k;ksa dks
LoHkkor% tksMd + j ns[kk tkrk jgk gS] lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd
:i ls fufeZr gSa vkSj bUgsa ftruh tYnh gks lds u"V
djus dh t:jr gSA fL=k;ksa dh vkok”k dks iwjh xfjek
osQ lkFk gekjh ikB~;iqLrdksa o f'k{k.k&i¼fr esa txg
nh tk,A

;g ckr vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gks xbZ gS fd ikB~;iqLrd
ys[kd vkSj f'k{kd bl rF; dks Lohdkj djsa fd
fuf"Ø; o gs; le>h tkuh okyh Hkwfedk,¡]
ftuls fL=k;ksa dks LoHkkor% tksM+dj ns[kk tkrk
jgk gS] lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd :i ls fufeZr gSa
vkSj bUgsa ftruh tYnh gks lds u"V djus dh
t:jr gSA
1-11 Hkk"kk] laLÑfr vkSj lksp
cgqr yacs le; ls Hkk"kk] laLÑfr vkSj lksp osQ chp osQ
lacaèk dk {ks=k lekt'kkfL=k;ksa] ekuo&foKkfu;ksa vkSj
Hkk"kkfonksa osQ fy, xaHkhj vè;;u dk fo"k; jgk gSA
bl ckr esa rfud Hkh 'kd dh xqatkb'k ugha fd fofoèk
Hkafxekvksa] deZdkaMksa vkSj ijk&Hkkf"kd vo;oksa dks
varfuZfgr fd, gksus osQ ckotwn Hkk"kk lkaLo`Qfrd lapkj
vkS j la K kukRed la j puk dk eq [ ; lz k s r gS A
lkekftd&O;ogkj osQ Hkkf"kd o lkaLÑfrd iSVuZ (uewu)s
vopsru Lrj ij xzg.k fd, tkrs gSa vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs os
gekjh vfLerk dk fgLlk cu tkrs gSaA Hkk"kk dh cgqyrk
vkSj lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk dk bl lanHkZ esa vR;ar
egÙo gSA
Hkk"kk vkSj lksp osQ chp dk lacaèk cgqr tfVy gS
vkSj ;g Hkk"kkfonksa] euksoSKkfudksa vkSj laKku&oSKkfudksa
osQ fy, ,d cM+h pqukSrh osQ :i esa fo|eku jgk gSA
lkfij&gksiZQ ladYiuk tksfd ,d etcwr èkkj.kk gS] osQ
vuqlkj gekjh lksp iw.kZr% Hkkf"kd ra=k ls gh fufeZr
gksrh gS% ^^izR;sd Hkk"kk dh i`"BHkwfe esa vofLFkr
Hkkf"kd&O;oLFkk gh èkkj.kkvksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dks x<+rh
gS rFkk O;fDr osQ ekufld fØ;kdyki osQ fy, funs Z ' ku
dk dk;Z djrh gS ** (gks iQZ ] oSQjks y esa m¼`r&1956
% 212&214)A gekjs txr dk tks cksèk gesa gksrk gS mls
fuèkkZfjr djus okys laKkukRed] lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd
iSVuZ eq[;r% ml Hkk"kk dh lajpuk }kjk fufeZr] lwf=kr
vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd funsZf'kr gksrs gSa] ftl Hkk"kk dks ge
cksyrs gSaA lkfij&gksiZQ dh ladYiuk ls ge lgefr j[ksa
;k uk j[ksa] ysfdu bl rF; ls badkj ugha fd;k tk
7
ldrk gS fd Hkk"kk vkSj lksp ijLij ,d&nwljs dks
ifjiksf"kr djrs gSaA ,d rjiQ ;fn Hkk"kk gekjh
fopkj&izfØ;k dks O;ofLFkr djrh gS rks nwljh rjiQ
;g gesa eqDr Hkh djrh gS vkSj gesa Kku o dYiuk dh
vu[kksth nqfu;k esa ys tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj
laLÑfr osQ ekeys esa ge lkekU;r% ,d Hkkf"kd]
lekt Hkkf"kd vkSj laLÑfr osQ rkus&ckus (eSfVªDl) dks
lk>k djrs gSa vkSj bl eSfVªDl dh fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa
vfHkO;fDr fuf'pr gh Hkkf"kd o lkaLÑfrd O;oLFkk
nksuksa osQ laoèkZu dh vksj ys tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa vaxzs”kh
Hkh bl eSfVªDl dk fgLlk curh tk jgh gS gkyk¡fd ;g
vHkh vkaf'kd rkSj ij gh gS ysfdu vdlj dgrs gSa
fd vkus okys fnuksa esa ;g Hkkjr osQ laiw.kZ Hkkf"kd vkSj
lkaLÑfrd [k”kkus (eSfVªDl) dk vge fgLlk gksus tk
jgh gSA
,d rjiQ ;fn Hkk"kk gekjh fopkj&izfØ;k dks
O;ofLFkr djrh gS rks nwljh rjiQ ;g gesa eqDr
Hkh djrh gS vkSj gesa Kku o dYiuk dh
vu[kksth nqfu;k esa ys tkrh gSA
1-12 f'k{kk] Hkk"kk vkSj f”kEesnkj ukxfjdrk
;wusLdks osQ vuqlkj] ¶lekt fdl izdkj f'k{kk osQ
mís';ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa] blosQ izdk'k esa gh
xq.koÙkk dks ns[kk tkuk pkfg,¸ f'k{kk dk mís'; gS ;g
lqfuf'pr djuk fd lHkh cPps f”kEesnkj ukxfjdrk osQ
fuokZg gsrq laKku osQ fy, vko';d Kku] dkS'ky ,oa
ewY; gkfly djsa] rFkk ;g Hkh ns[kuk fd mudk mfpr
laKkukRed fodkl gks] ¶lkFk gh muesa jpukRed o
HkkoukRed o`f¼ dks ifjiksf"kr djuk] fdlh Hkh leqnk;
osQ izfr fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ foHksn dk fojksèk djuk]
nwljs 'kCnksa esa ,d lerkewyd lekt osQ fuekZ.k dh
fn'kk esa ;ksxnku nsuk**(;wusLdks 2004)A vkt osQ
;q¼&mUeknh ekgkSy esa ftEesnkj ukxfjdrk dh Hkwfedk
osQ egÙo dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA
ftEesnkjh dk eryc gS ,d fodflr le>nkjh
 8
dh {kerk D;ksafd le>nkjh lkekftd izdk;Z dk ewyHkwr
vk;ke gS (gScjekl 1998)A ckr osQoy ;g ugha gS
fd vius ifjos'k dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy, bls
le>uk gSA cfYd vkt ”k:jh gS bls fu;af=kr djus
okys fl¼karksa dks tkusa vkSj Lo;a dks l{ke cuk,¡ rkfd
ge O;fDrxr ,oa lkewfgd Lrj ij nwljksa osQ lkFk esy
ls jg losaQ tks gels ^vusd ekeyksa esa vyx gks ldrs
gS]a ysfdu ;g vyxko rqyukRedrk osQ cnys vkuannk;d
vuqHko gksA*
Ldwyh f'k{kk dks ,slh txg osQ :i esa igpkuk
x;k gS& tgk¡ ^foHksn esa vkuan* ysus osQ rjhdksa dks
lh[kk tk ldrk gS (g~;weu MsoyiesaV fjiksVZ] ;w-,u-
Mh-ih-2004)A tgk¡ rd lkoZHkkSe {kerkvksa dks ifjHkkf"kr
djus dk loky gS ;g blesa rc 'kkfey gksrh gSa tc
lkekftd izdk;Z vkSj vkilh le>cw> dks izkIr djus
osQ fy, vUr%fØ;k gksrh gSA dbZ fo}ku] ;kstukdkj
vkSj nk'kZfud blh dks djus essa O;Lr jgrs gSaA gScjekl
dgrs gSa fd laizs"k.kkRed {kerk ijLij le> dks izkIr
djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gSA laizs"k.k] Hkk"kk dk vfr
egÙoiw.kZ izdk;Z gS D;ksafd muesa fugk;r gh O;fDrxr
Lrj dh vfHkO;fDr osQ nk;js esa vke lgefr ;k
lkoZHkkSe le> dh vksj mUeq[k gksus dh laHkkouk,¡ ekStnw
gksrh gSa (gScjekl&2000)A okLro esa ;fn Hkfo"; esa
Hkk"kk dh ikB~;iqLrosaQ] f'k{kdksa dk izf'k{k.k vkSj d{kk
esa laokn bl izi=k esa izLrqr fd, x, lq>koksa dks è;ku
esa j[krs gq, cgqHkkf"kd Lisl esa ifjdfYir fd, tk,¡
rks Hkk"kk cPpksa dks osQoy f'kf{kr gh ugha cfYd
f”kEesnkj ukxfjd cuus gsrq Hkh vxzlj djsxhA
2- Hkk"kk lh[kuk
2-1 Hkwfedk
tSlkfd geus igys dgk fd ;g ckr jgL; gh cuh gqbZ
gS fd vkf[kj vR;ar de mez osQ ckotwn cPpk tfVy
Hkkf"kd O;oLFkk dks dSls le> ysrk gSA dbZ cPps rhu
;k pkj o"kZ osQ gksrs&gksrs u osQoy ,d] cfYd nks ;k
rhu Hkk"kkvksa dk èkhjs&èkhjs izokg esa iz;ksx djuk lh[k
tkrs gSaA ;gh ugha] os fn, x, lanHkZ esa Hkh mi;qDr
Hkk"kk dk bLrseky djrs gSaA bldk vFkZ gS os vius
Hkkf"kd ra=kksa dks vyx j[kus dh {kerk rks xzg.k dj
yssrs gSa ysfdu lkFk gh os bUgsa feykuk Hkh tkurs gSa tCk
os feykus dh bPNk djrs gSaA blesa ,d rjI+kQ rks
O;ogkjoknh gSa tSls iSoykso vkSj fLduj_ muosQ vuqlkj
vH;kl] udy o jVus ls Hkk"kk dh {kerk izkIr gksrh
gSA ;g rks pkWELdh (1959) dh ^fjO;w vkWI+kQ fLdulZ
ocZy fcgsfo;j* gS ftlus O;ogkjokn dh cqfu;kn dks
gh fgyk dj j[k fn;kA pkWELdh us rdZ nsrs gq, dgk
fd Hkkf"kd {kerk tUetkr gh gksrh gS] ojuk Hkkf"kd
O;oLFkk dks lh[kus dh izfØ;k laHko gh ugha gks
ldrhA exj fi;kts (1962] 1983 dbZ vU;ksa esa ls)
bugs Y Mj vkS j fi;kts (1958) vkS j O;ks x ks R Ldh
(1978]1986) tSls euksoKS kfudksa us bu nksuksa gh vfroknh
n`f"Vdks.kksa osQ chp dk jkLrk pqukA tgk¡ O;ogkjokfn;ksa
osQ fy, efLr"d ,d ^dksjh LysV* tSlk Fkk] ogk¡
laKkukRed #[k j[kus okyksa (pkWELdh vkfn) osQ fy,
Hkk"kk ekuo&efLr"d esa igys ls gh fo|eku Fkh]
lkoZHkkSe O;kdj.k osQ :i esa cquh gqbZA fi;kts osQ
vuq l kj Hkk"kk vU; la K kukRed ra = kks a dh Hkk¡ f r
ifjos'k osQ lkFk var%fØ;k osQ ekè;e ls gh fodflr
gksrh gSA
nwljh vksj O;ksxksRLdh osQ vuqlkj] cPps dh Hkk"kk
lekt osQ lkFk laidZ dk gh ifj.kke gS] lkFk gh cPpk
viuh Hkk"kk osQ fodkl osQ nkSjku nks rjg dh cksyh
cksyrk gS% igyh vkReosQafnzr vkS j nw l jh lkekftdA
vkReks U eq [ k Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls og [kqn ls laokn
djrk gS] tcfd lkekftd Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls og 'ks"k
lkjh nqfu;k ls laokn LFkkfir djrk gSA ;gk¡ è;ku nsus
dh ckr ;g gS fd fi;kts vkSj O;ksxksRLdh nksuksa us
okLro esa cPpksa osQ lkFk dke fd;k Fkk vkSj muosQ
laKkukRed fodkl dh izfØ;k dks cM+h gh lw{erk ls
fo'ysf"kr djrs gq, vius fl¼kar fodflr fd, FksA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] O;ksxksRLdh us ;g ns[kk fd NksVs cPps
u osQoy Lo;a dk lkekftd :i ls jfpr Hkk"kk ra=k

fodflr dj ysrs gSa cfYd dkiQh tfVy iwoZ ys[ku
ra=k HkhA le; osQ lkFk mUgsa ”k:jr gksrh gSa tfVy
okfpd ra=k fodflr djus dh rkfd os fo'o osQ lkFk
vUr%fozQ;k djus gsrq viuk [k”kkuk tksM+ losaQA
2-2 fi;kts dk ifjizs{;
tc Hkh Hkk"kk lh[kus dh izfØ;k ij ckr gks rks ogk¡
pkWELdh dh ekufld èkkj.kk dk cgqr izHkko fn[kykbZ
iM+rk gS] ysfdu f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa fi;kts lokZfèkd
izHkkodkjh lkfcr gq,A lHkh cPps laKkukRed fodkl
osQ iwoZ&vkWijs'kuy] daØhV vkWijs'kuy vkSj iQkWeZy
vkWijs'kuy pj.kksa ls xqtjrs gSaA bl èkkj.kk us laiw.kZ
f'k{kk'kkL=kh; foe'kZ ij egÙoiw.kZ izHkko MkykA ysfdu
;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS fd f'k{kkfon~ vkSj Hkk"kk fo'ks"kK
pkWELdh dh voèkkj.kk dk Hkjiwj bLrseky ugha dj
ik,A pkWELdh osQ vuqlkj] Hkk"kk lh[ks tkus osQ Øe esa]
oSKkfud iM+rky Hkh lkFk&lkFk pyrh jgrh gSA elyu
vk¡dM+kas dk voyksdu] oxhZdj.k] ladYiuk&fuekZ.k o
mudk lR;kiu vFkok vlR;rk vkSj bl èkkj.kk dk
f'k{kk 'kkL=k osQ {ks=k esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fy;k tk
ldrk FkkA fi;kts tUetkr Hkkf"kd {kerk okyh ladYiuk
ls lger ugha gq,A muosQ fuekZ.koknh n`f"Vdks.k osQ
vuqlkj lHkh Kku&ra=k lsaljh eksVj esdSfuT+e osQ ekè;e
ls fufeZr gksrs gSa ftles a cPpk vkRelkrhdj.k vkSj
lek;ks t u osQ ekè;e ls dbZ :ijs[kk,¡ (schematas)
cukrk tkrk gSA
;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS fd f'k{kkfon~ vkSj Hkk"kk fo'ks"kK
pkWELdh dh voèkkj.kk dk Hkjiwj bLrseky ugha
dj ik,A pkWELdh osQ vuqlkj] Hkk"kk lh[ks tkus osQ
Øe esa] oSKkfud iM+rky Hkh lkFk&lkFk pyrh
jgrh gSA elyu vk¡dM+ksa dk voyksdu] oxhZdj.k]
ladYiuk&fuekZ.k o mudks vlR; fl¼ djukA
bldk f'k{kk'kkL=k osQ {ks=k esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
fy;k tk ldrk FkkA
9
2-3 Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dk mís';
pw¡fd cPps vPNh [k+klh fodflr Hkkf"kd O;oLFkk osQ
lkFk gh LowQy vkrs gSa] blfy, bls è;ku esa j[krs gq,
gh LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk f'k{k.k osQ mís'; r; fd,
tkus pkfg,A lcls egÙoiw.kZ y{; cPps dks bl izdkj
ls lk{kj cukuk gS fd cPpk le>us osQ lkFk i<+us o
fy[kus dh {kerk gkfly dj losQA lkFk gh f}Hkkf"kdrk
vkSj ijkHkkf"kd psruk dks c<+kok nsuk gekjk iz;kl gksuk
pkfg,A lkFk gh fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fouezrk o uE;rk dh
{kerk fodflr djuk t+:jh gS rkfd os lHkh izdkj dh
fLFkfr;ksa esa lfg".kqrk o vkRelEeku osQ lkFk laokn
LFkkfir djus dh {kerk izkIr dj ldsaA
;|fi Hkk"kk&foKkuh fl¼kUrksa vkSj vkuqizk;ksfxd
Hkk"kk foKku dh var%fØ;k us dbZ rjg dh f'k{k.k
i¼fr;ksa o lkexzh dks tUe fn;k] ysfdu Hkk"kk dh
d{kk,¡ vHkh Hkh cksfj;r Hkjh o mckÅ cuh gqbZ gSa vkSj
O;ogkjoknh <k¡ps dk gh vuqlj.k dj jgh gaSA os Hkk"kk,¡
ftuls cPpk ifjfpr gksrk gS ;kuh ftuosQ lkFk Ldwy
esa izos'k djrk gS muesa fo'ks"k izxfr ugha dj ikrk]
f}rh; Hkk"kk (tSls vaxzs”kh) osQ ekeys esa 6 ls 10 lky
rd yxkrkj i<+k, tkus osQ ckotwn cPps vkèkkjHkwr
vkjafHkd Lrj dh n{krk Hkh gkfly ugha dj ikrs vkSj
'kkL=kh; vFkok fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa osQ ekeys esa rks osQoy
dqN pquh gqbZ ph”kksa dk jV~Vk ekjus dk pyu tkjh gSA
,slk ugha gS fd bu ckrksa ij vè;;u ugha gq, gSaA
t+:jr gS ge fof'k"V lanHkks± dks le>sa] fiQj oqQN
mís'; r; djsa vkSj muosQ vuqlkj mi;qDr rjhosQ o
lkexzh fodflr djsaA
cgqr yacs le; ls ge Hkk"kk f'k{k.k osQ mís'; dks
f}Hkkf"kdrk vkSj ijkHkkf"kd psruk dks c<+kok nsuk
gekjk iz;kl gksuk pkfg,A lkFk gh fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa
fouezrk o uE;rk dh {kerk fodflr djuk
t+:jh gS rkfd os lHkh izdkj dh fLFkfr;ksa esa
lfg".kqrk o vkRelEeku osQ lkFk laokn LFkkfir
djus dh {kerk izkIr dj ldsaA
 10
egt lquus&cksyus&i<+u&s fy[kus (,l-,y-vkj-MCY;w-) osQ
en~nsutj ns[krs jgs gSaA gky gh esa geus laizs"k.k
dkS'kyksa] mPpkj.k fofoèkrk vkSj Loj izf'k{k.k] vkfn
osQ ckjs esa xaHkhjrk ls ckr djuk 'kq: fd;k gSA bu
{kerkvksa ;k oqQ'kyrkvksa ij vfrfjDr iQksdl dk cM+k
gh uqdlku gqvk gSA bl vk/kj i=k esa ;|fi ge blh
<k¡ps osQ rgr mís';ksa ij ckr djsaxs] ysfdu ge Hkk"kk
n{krk osQ ekeys esa ”;knk lexzrkoknh n`f"Vdks.k viukus
dh odkyr Hkh djrs gSaA vkf[kj tc ge cksy jgs gksrs
gSa rHkh lqu Hkh jgs gksrs gSa vkSj tc ge fy[k jgs gksrs
gSa rHkh i<+ Hkh jgs gksrs gSaA lkFk gh dbZ ifjfLFkfr;k¡
,slh gksrh gSa (tSls fe=k feytqy dj ukVd i<+ jgs
gksrs gaS vkSj blosQ fy, oqQN uksV djrs gSa) ftlesa
gekjh Hkk"kk {kerk osQ lHkh igyw vkSj laKkukRed
;ksX;rk,¡ ,d lkFk dke dj jgh gksrh gSaA gekjs dqN
y{; bl izdkj gSa%
(d) tks oqQN og lqurh gS mls le>us dh
n{krk % ,d f'k{kkFkhZ dks tks dqN dgk x;k
gS mls le>us osQ fy, mlesa oDrk dh vksj
ls vkus okys fofHkUu xSj 'kkfCnd laosQrkas dks
xzg.k djus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A mleas xSj
'kkfCnd laosQrksa osQ }kjk lqudj vkSj le>dj
lacaèk tksM+us vkSj vuqeku yxkus dh oqQ'kyrk
gksuh pkfg,A
([k) le> osQ lkFk iBu dh ;ksX;rk gksuh
pkfg, u fd ek=k fMdksMhdj.k dh % mls
fofHkUu O;kdj.k lEer] vFkZxr vkSj fyfi
laosQrksa osQ iz;ksx }kjk vkjsf[kr rjhosQ ls lacafèkr
fo"k;oLrq ls iBu dh vknr fodflr djuh
pkfg, rFkk vius fiNys Kku osQ lkFk tksM+dj
fu"d"kks± }kjk vFkZ fuekZ.k osQ ;ksX; gksuk pkfg,A
mls iBu osQ fy, vkRefo'okl fodflr
djuk pkfg, rFkk foospukRed n`f"Vdks.k osQ
lkFk i<+rs le; iz'u Hkh lkeus j[kus pkfg,A
(x) lgt vfHkO;fDr % mls fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa
eas vius laizs"k.kkRed dkS'kyksa dks iz;ksx esa
ykus esa leFkZ gksuk pkfg,A mlosQ [k”kkus esa
vfHkO;fDr osQ dbZ rjhosQ gksus pkfg, ftUgsa
og pqu losQA mls bl ;ksX; Hkh gksuk pkfg,
fd og rkfoZQd] fo'ys"k.kkRed rFkk jpukRed
<ax ls ifjppkZ esa 'kkfey gks losQA
(?k) lqlaxr ys[ku % ys[ku ,d ;kaf=kd dkS'ky
ugha gSA blesa fofHkUu lac¼ ;qfDr;k¡ vFkkZr~
rRlacaèkh fo"k;ksa osQ }kjk ml fo"k; dks la;ksftr
djus ,oa i;k;Zokph bR;kfn osQ iz;ksx }kjk
fopkjksa dks lqlaxr <ax ls la;ksftr djus dh
;ksX;rk osQ lkFk&lkFk O;kdj.k] 'kCn&Kku]
fo"k;] fojke&fpg~uksa bR;kfn ij i;kZIr fu;a=k.k
bR;kfn dkS'ky lfEefyr gSA f'k{kkFkhZ dks
vius fopkj lgt ,oa O;ofLFkr <ax ls
izdV djus dk vkRefo'okl fodflr djuk
pkfg,A fo|kFkhZ dks vius fy, fo"k; dk
p;u djus] fopkjksa dks O;ofLFkr djus vkSj
Jksrk&cksèk dh n`f"V ls fy[kus osQ fy,
izksRlkfgr ,oa izf'kf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
;g osQoy rHkh laHko gS ;fn mldk ys[ku
,d izfØ;k osQ :i esa fn[kkbZ ns u fd ,d
mRikn osQ :i esaA mls fofHkUu mís';ksa ls
vkSj fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas vukSipkfjd ls
iw.kZr% vkSipkfjd :i rd ys[ku dk iz;ksx
djuk vkuk pkfg,A
(Ä) fofHkUu jftLVjksa ij fu;a=k.k % Hkk"kk dk
iz;ksx dHkh Hkh ,d rjg ls ugha gksrk gSA
blosQ vla[; izdkj] vFkZ Hksn ,oa jax gksrs gSa
tks fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj fofHkUu {ks=kksa osQ
vuqlkj gksrs gaSA fofHkUu Loj Lrjksa (jftLVjksa)
osQ :i esa tkuh tkus okyh fofHkUurk,¡] ,d
fo|kFkhZ osQ 'kCn@okD; HkaMkj dk ,d va'k
gksuk pkfg,A fo|ky; osQ fo"k;ksa osQ vfrfjDr
fo|kFkhZ dks fofHkUu iz;kstuksa tSls& laxhr]
[ksydwn] fI+kQYe] ckxokuh] fuek.kZ dk;Z]

ikddyk bR;kfn esa iz;ksx dh tkus okyh
fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dks le>us vkSj muosQ iz;ksx
esa Hkh n{k gksuk pkfg,A
(p) Hkk"kk dk oSKkfud vè;;u % Hkk"kk dh
d{kk esa fofHkUu f'k{k.k rduhfd;k¡ viukbZ
tkuh pkfg,A djk, tkus okys dk;Z bl
izdkj ls gksus pkfg, fd mlls cPpk oSKkfud
izfØ;k osQ reke vo;oksa tSls& vk¡dM+ksa dk
ladyu] vk¡dM+kas dk voyksdu vkSj mudh
lekurkvksa vkSj fofHkUurkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij
mudk oxhZdj.k ,oa ifjdYiuk djus] bR;kfn
osQ vuqlkj vxzlj gksA bl izdkj cPps dh
laKkukRed ;ksX;rkvksa dks fodflr djus esa
Hkk"kk foKku osQ ;s midj.k egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
ns ldrs gaSA blls O;kdj.k osQ ekud fu;eksa
dks csgrj <ax ls lh[kk tk losQxkA rFkkfi
;g izfØ;k cgqHkk"kh; d{kkvksa esa fo'ks"k :i
ls izHkkoh gSA
(N) l`tukRedrk % Hkk"kk dh d{kk esa ,d fo|kFkhZ
dks viuh dYiuk vkSj l`tukRedrk fodflr
djus osQ fy, i;kZIr LFkku feyuk pkfg,A
d{kk dk yksdkpkj vkSj f'k{kd&fo|kFkhZ lacaèk
cPps esa vkRefo'okl fodflr djrk gS ftlls
ikB~;lkexzh osQ vknku&iznku vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa
esa fcuk vojksèk osQ nksuksa gh l`tukRedrk dk
iz;ksx djrs gSaA
(t) laosnu'khyrk % Hkk"kk dh d{kk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks gekjh le`¼ laLÑfr fodflr djus ,oa
ledkyhu thou osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa ls voxr
djokus osQ csgrj volj miyCèk gksrs gSaA
Hkk"kk dh d{kk vkSj ikB~;lkexzh ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks vius bnZ&fxnZ yksxksa ,oa jk"Vª osQ izfr
laosnu'khy cuus osQ vfèkd volj Hkh izkIr
gksrs gSaA
11
---,d f'k{kkFkhZ ,d Hkk"kk osQ O;kdj.k dks lgt
fufeZr djus esa rHkh l{ke gksxk ;fn mls fpark
jfgr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cksèkxE; lkexzh miyCèk
djokbZ tk,A tSlk fd Øk"ksu (1985) us lq>ko
fn;k] fuos'k osQoy rHkh xzkg~; cusxa s ;fn vfHko`fÙk;k¡
ldkjkRed gksa vkSj vfHkizsj.kk lqn`<+ gksA
2-4 dqN f'k{kk'kkL=kh; izLrko
Hkk"kk vtZu ij ledkyhu 'kksèk us f'k{kkFkhZ dks Hkk"kk
f'k{k.k osQ osQanz eas j[kk gSA ;g lq>ko fn;k x;k gS fd
,d f'k{kkFkhZ ,d Hkk"kk osQ O;kdj.k dks lgt fufeZr
djus esa rHkh l{ke gksxk ;fn mls fpark jfgr ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa cksèkxE; lkexzh miyCèk djokbZ tk,A tSlk fd
Øk"ksu (1985) us lq>ko fn;k] fuos'k osQoy rHkh
xzkg~; cusxa s ;fn vfHko`fÙk;k¡ ldkjkRed gksa vkSj vfHkizjs .kk
lqn`<+ gksA blesa dksbZ lansg ugha gS fd dqN ekeyksa esa
tgk¡ vaxzs”kh ,d fons'kh Hkk"kk gksus osQ ckotwn O;kdj.k
ewY;ksa ij f'k{kkFkhZ osQ psru eu dks tkx:d djus esa
oqQN lhek rd lgk;d gksrh gSA Øk"ksu us crk;k gS fd
cPps oSQls vius dk;Z esa lqèkkj yk ldrs gaS tc mUgsa
i;kZIr Lora=krk nh tkrh gS vkSj os D;k fy[krs gSa bls
laikfnr djus osQ fy, le; fn;k tkrk gSA laKkukRed
^gekjs tekus esa cPpksa dh f'k{kk esa izf'kdk ,d
vR;fèkd jksekapd vuqHko gSA blus fofHkUu
#fp;ksa vkSj i`"BHkwfe osQ fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa dks
,d lkFk bdV~Bk fd;k--- ftu fopkjksa dks
mUgksaus vkxs c<+k;k os fo'o esa izxfr'khy
f'k{kk'kkL=k osQ ewy rRoksa osQ :i esa ekU; gSa]
tSls oS;fDrd vf}rh;rk] y?kq lewg fØ;kdyki]
d{kk dk;kZ±s esa fo|ky; osQ ckgj osQ vuqHko
dh izklafxdrkA*
Ñ".k dqekj
 12
o`f¼ osQ vis{kko`Qr O;ofLFkr Lrj ij fn;k x;k cy
Hkk"kk f'k{kdksa dks vfèkxe izfØ;k esa foo`Qfr;ksa dk
lekèkku fd, tkus dh vis{kk lqO;ofLFkr Lrj ij
=kqfV;ksa dks ns[kus gsrq izksRlkfgr djrk gSA
fi;kts dk ifjos'k osQ lkFk vuqfØ;k ij cy nsuk
le`¼ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkk"kk f'k{k.k osQ egÙo ij izdk'k
Mkyrk gSA O;ksxksRLdh dh fudVLFk fodkl osQ {ks=k dh
èkkj.kk us Hkk"kk f'k{k.k osQ cky&osQafnzr n`f"Vdks.k dks
vkxs c<+k;k gSA vc ;g Li"V gksrk tk jgk gS fd d{kk
O;oLFkk esa tgk¡ rd laHko gks Hkk"kk vfèkxe dh
izkÑfrd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ jph tkuh pkfg,A ,dyO; dk
^izf'k{k.k* iz;ksx (1964) vFkZ ij fo'ks"k tksj nsus osQ
fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjr Fkk u fd Hkk"kk osQ :i ijA
^[kq'kh&[kq'kh* fdrkcsa fganh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k osQ bfrgkl esa
,d ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk gSA
3- laoSèkkfud izkoèkku vkSj f=kHkk"kk lw=k
3-1 Hkwfedk
bl vè;k; esa ge Hkk"kk osQ lacaèk esa Hkkjrh; lafoèkku
osQ izkoèkkuksa vkSj f=kHkk"kk lw=k ij ckr djsaxsA gekjs
fopkj ls f=kHkk"kk lw=k dks dk;kZfUor djrs le; jkT;
osQ Hkhrj vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp yphysiu dks rj”khg nsuh
pkfg,A
3-2 laoSèkkfud izkoèkku
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ l=kgosa Hkkx esa /kjk 343 ls 351
rd rFkk 8oha vuqlwph esa Hkk"kkvksa osQ eqíksa dks lfEefyr
fd;k x;k gSA èkkjk 343 (1) osQ vuqlkj] ¶Hkkjr dh
jktHkk"kk nsoukxjh fyfi esa fganh gksxh¸ lkFk gh fganh
osQ fodkl osQ fy, dqN fn'kk&funsZ'k Hkh fn, x, gSa%
^^fganh Hkk"kk dk bl rjg fodkl vkSj izksRlkgu fn;k
tk, rkfd ;g Hkkjr dh lkekfld laLÑfr osQ lHkh
rRoksa dks vfHkO;fDr iznku dj ldus okyk ekè;e cu
losQA** (èkkjk 351)
;gk¡ xkSjryc gS fd fganh gekjh jktHkk"kk gS]
lafoèkku dh èkkjk 343 (2) osQ vuqlkj lHkh dk;kZy;h
dk;ks± osQ laiknu gsrq vaxzs”kh dks ianzg o"kks± rd iz;ksx
djus dh ckr dh xbZ gSA ysfdu] 1965 rd vkrs&vkrs
fganh o vk;Z&opZLo osQ [krjs dks Hkk¡irs gq, nf{k.k
Hkkjr esa O;kid Lrj ij naxs i+Qlkn gq,A blls irk
pyk fd vaxzs”kh dks jktHkk"kk;h in ls iw.kZr% R;kxuk
laHko ugha gksxkA 1965 esa bls lgk;d dk;kZy;h Hkk"kk
dk n”kkZ feykA lafoèkku esa bl ckr dk Hkh izkoèkku gS
fd mPp U;k;ky;] loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj laln osQ
vfèkfu;e dh Hkk"kk vaxzs”kh gh jgsxhA lkFk gh La kfoèkku
izR;sd ukxfjd dks viuh Hkk"kk esa jkT; dks lacksfèkr
djus dk vfèkdkj iznku djrk gSA èkkjk 350 , (lkrosa
la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 1956) esa] izkFkfed Lrj dh f'k{kk
osQ fy, Hkkf"kd vYila[;d leqnk; osQ cPpksa dks
mudh ekr`Hkk"kk esa iBu&ikBu dh ckr dh xbZ gSA ge
;gk¡ bl ckr dh vksj Hkh è;ku nsaxs fd 8oha vuqlwph
dk 'kh"kZd ^Hkk"kk,¡* gSA blosQ [kqysiu dk lcwr gS fd
fiNys ipkl o"kks± esa blesa 'kkfey Hkk"kkvksa dh la[;k
pkSng ls ckbZl gks xbZA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS dksbZ Hkh Hkk"kk
tks ns'k esa dgha Hkh iz;qDr gks jgh gS oSèkkfud :i ls
8oha vuqlwph dk Hkkx gks ldrh gSA
fganh gekjh jktHkk"kk gS] lafoèkku izR;sd ukxfjd
dks viuh Hkk"kk esa jkT; dks lacksfèkr djus dk
vfèkdkj iznku djrk gS] Hkkf"kd vYila[;d
leqnk; osQ cPpksa dks mudh ekr`Hkk"kk esa
iBu&ikBu dh ckr dh xbZ gSA
Hkk"kkvksa dh cgqyrk vkSj dbZ egÙoiw.kZ dk;ks± esa
vaxzs”kh dh c<+rh tk jgh mi;ksfxrk us lkfcr dj fn;k
gS fd cgqHkk"kh lekt esa Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djkus
okyh vkSj turkaf=kd O;oLFkk osQ cus jgus osQ fy,
Hkk"kk osQ ekeys esa dksbZ lhèkk&ljy lekèkku izLrqr ugha
fd;k tk ldrkA vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dh vofèk osQ
nkSjku iz;qDr vaxzs”kh us bruk yack liQj r; dj fy;k

gS fd blls vkrh vkSifuosf'kdrk dh xaèk vc [kRe gks
xbZ gS vkSj blfy, blosQ izfr izfrfØ;koknh #[k Hkh
rs”kh ls yqIr gksrs x, gSaA vc jks”kxkj osQ volj iznku
djkus ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij laidZ Hkk"kk osQ :i esa
c<+ jgs blosQ iz;ksx us bldh egÙkk dks vkSj c<+k fn;k
gSA nwljh rji+Q] ns'k osQ 'kS{kf.kd vkSj lÙkk lajpuk esa
vusd vYila[;d o vkfnoklh Hkk"kk,¡ viuh izcy
nkosnkjh osQ lkFk 'kkfey gksus osQ fy, mHkjdj lkeus
vk jgh gSaA lkFk gh jk"Vªh; Lrj ij laidZ Hkk"kk osQ :i
esa fganh Hkh yxkrkj iSQy jgh gSA
3-3 f=kHkk"kk lw=k
blesa gesa dksbZ vpjt ugha gksuk pkfg, fd 1961 esa
fofHkUu jkT;ksa osQ eq[;eaf=k;ksa dh cSBd esa loZlEefr
ls f=kHkk"kk lw=k mHkj dj vk;kA Jhèkj (1989 % 22)
osQ vuqlkj] lkewfgd vfLerk osQ fgrksa (ekr`Hkk"kk,¡ vkSj
{ks=kh; Hkk"kk,¡)] jk"Vªh; LokfHkeku vkSj ,drk (fganh)
rFkk iz'kkldh; lqfoèkk o rduhdh mUufr (vaxzs”kh)
dks lek;ksftr djus osQ mís'; ls dksBkjh deh'ku
(1964&66) }kjk f=kHkk"kk lw=k esa lqèkkj yk;k x;kA
tSlk fd iVuk;d (1986) dgrs gSa] f=kHkk"kk lw=k eg”k
,d j.kuhfr gS u fd jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk uhfrA bl uhfr dks
,sls dbZ eqíksa o {ks=kksa dk [k;ky djuk gksxk tks Lakfoèkku
esa vkSj f=kHkk"kk lw=k nksuksa esa NwV x, gksaA f'k{kk esa Hkk"kk
dh tfVyrk Ldwy Lrj ij Hkh ns[kh tk ldrh gS
(pkVZ&ifj'k"V&III)A ifjf'k"V esa fn, x, pkVZ Hkkjrh;
jkT;ksa esa Hkkf"kd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk dks js[kkafdr
djrs gSaA ;s pkVZ iQksdl lewg osQ lnL;ksa }kjk cuk,
x, FksA budk vk/kj Fkkμ lacaf/r jkT;ksa eas fo|ky;h
f'k{kk ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.kA ;s pkVZ Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa
esa Hkk"kk;h ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh fofo/rk iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
blh ifjfLFkfr dh tfVyrk dks 1968 osQ f=kHkk"kk
lw=k us idM+us dh dksf'k'k dh gSA 1986 esa jk"Vªh;
f'k{kk uhfr us bl ckr ij fiQj ”kksj Mkyk vkSj ge
bldk la'kksf/r :i 1992 dh dk;Zdkjh ;kstuk esa
ns [ krs gS a A 1986 dh jk"Vª h ; f'k{kk uhfr (ns [ ks a
13
www.education.nic.in/NatPol.asp) us 1968 dh f'k{kk
uhfr esa fn, x, Hkk"kk lacaèkh izLrkoksa dk leFkZu fd;k
FkkA ¶1968 dh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (www. languageinindia.
com) esa Hkk"kk osQ fodkl osQ iz'u ij xgu :i ls
fopkj fd;k x;kA blosQ }kjk lq>k, x, izLrkoksa ls
fLFkfr esa lq/kj ugha yk;k tk ldk vkSj ;s vkt Hkh
mrus gh izklafxd gSa ftrus igys FksA bl rjg dh
fLFkfr dbZ tfVy eqíksa ij è;ku ugha nsrh gS vkSj ;g
èkkj.kk cuk ysrh gS fd 1960 ls Hkk"kkvksa osQ {ks=k esa
oqQN ugha gqvkA ;gk¡ rd fd 1968 dh uhfr dk Bhd
ls fØ;kUo;u Hkh ugha gqvkA 1968 dh uhfr osQ
vuqlkj%
z LowQy esa igyh Hkk"kk tks i<+kbZ tk, og ekr`Hkk"kk
gks ;k {ks=kh; Hkk"kk
z f}rh; Hkk"kk
μ fganh Hkk"kh jkT;ksa esa f}rh; Hkk"kk dksbZ Hkh
vU; vk/qfud Hkk"kk gks ;k vaxzs”kh] vkSj
μ xSj fganh Hkk"kh jkT;ksa esa f}rh; Hkk"kk fganh ;k
vax”sz kh gksxhA
z r`rh; Hkk"kk
μ fganh Hkk"kh jkT;ksa esa rhljh Hkk"kk vaxsz”kh gksxh
;k ,d vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk tks f}rh;
Hkk"kk osQ :i eas u i<+h tk jgh gksA
μ xSj fganh Hkk"kh jkT;ksa esa rhljh Hkk"kk vaxzs”kh
gksxh ;k ,d vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk tks
f}rh; Hkk"kk osQ :i eas u i<+h tk jgh gksA
;g lq>ko fn;k x;k Fkk fd izkFkfed Lrj ij
vuqns'ku dk ekè;e ekr`Hkk"kk gh gksuh pkfg, rFkk jkT;
ljdkjksa dks bl lw=k dks viukus osQ lkFk&lkFk bls
xaHkhjrkiwoZd dk;kZfUor djus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,
ftlesa fganh Hkk"kh jkT;ksa esa vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa
ls eq[; :i ls ,d nf{k.kh Hkk"kk gks] fganh vkSj vaxzs”kh
osQ vfrfjDr vkSj x+Sj fganh Hkk"kh jkT;ksa esa fganh gksA
fo'ofo|ky; rFkk dkWyst Lrj ij Hkh fganh vkSj@;k
vaxzs”kh osQ mi;qDr ikB~;Øe miyCèk gksus pkfg, rkfd
 14
bu Hkk"kkvksa esa fo|kFkhZ vius Lrj osQ fglkc ls oqQ'kyrk
gkfly dj losaQA
f=kHkk"kk lw=k Hkk"kk lh[kus osQ fy, dksbZ y{; ;k
lhek fuèkkZfjr ugha djrk gS] cfYd ;g rks ml ;k=kk
dk izLFkku fcanq ek=k gS ftlesa yxkrkj iSQyrs gq, Kku
dh [kkst vkSj ns'k dh HkkoukRed ,drk dh ryk'k gSA
bl rjg viuh ewy Hkkouk esa f=kHkk"kk lw=k fganh
Hkk"kh jkT;ksa osQ fy, fganh] vaxzs”kh vkSj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa
([k+kldj nf{k.k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk) dk] vkSj fganhrj jkT;ksa
osQ fy, {ks=kh; Hkk"kk] fganh o vaxzs”kh dk izkoèkku
izLrkfor djrk gSA ysfdu blosQ izfr izfrc¼rk ls
”;knk bldk vfrØe.k djrs gq, gh ik;k x;k gSA
fganh jkT; fganh] vaxzs”kh o laLo`Qr rFkk xSj fganh jkT;
[k+kldj rfeyukMq f}Hkk"kh lw=k ;kuh rfey vkSj vaxzs”kh
ls dke pykrs gSa A rFkkfi cgqr lkjs jkT; f=kHkk"kh lw=k
dks viuk, gq, gSa tSls mM+hlk] if'pe caxky] egkjk"Vª
vkSj oqQN vU; jkT;A
3-4 f=kHkk"kk lw=k osQ xq.k ,oa nks"k
f=kHkk"kk lw=k dks ,d j.kuhfr osQ :Ik esa viuk, tkus ls
LFkkuh;] 'kkL=kh; vkSj fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa osQ vè;;u osQ
fy, fLFkfr rS;kj gqbZ gSA lkFk gh ekr`Hkk"kk vè;;u osQ
fy, Hkh ,d fLFkfr cuh gSA jkT; bl f=kHkk"kk lw=k osQ
ckgj tkdj fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dks f'k{k.k esa 'kkfey djus
osQ fy, Lora=k FksA laLÑr dks 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk osQ :i esa
fy;k tk ldrk FkkA bls vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osQ
:Ik esa Hkh f=kHkk"kk lw=k dks vfrØfer fd, fcuk fy;k
tk ldrk FkkA 1953 ls tc ;wusLdks us ?kks"k.kk dh fd
cPps dh f'k{kk dk ekè;e ekr`Hkk"kk ls csgrj vkSj dksbZ
Hkk"kk ugha gks ldrh rc reke lewg viuh&viuh
Hkk"kkvksa dks ekU;rk fnykus o lafoèkku dh vkBoha lwph
esa 'kkfey djus osQ fy, mB [kM+s gq,A tc rd f=kHkk"kk
lw=k dh ewy Hkkouk ls NsM+NkM+ u fd;k tk,] u;h
Hkk"kk,¡ i<+us ij dksbZ vadq'k ugha gSA
izkFkfed f'k{kk nks Hkk"kkvksa esa gksuh pkfg,A bls
bl rjg Øfed foLrkj nsuk pkfg, fd ckn esa ;g
lesfdr cgq&Hkk"kh; :Ik ys losQA Ldwy dk lcls
igyk nkf;Ro curk gS & ?kj dh Hkk"kk ls Ldwy dh
Hkk"kk dks tksM+ukA mlosQ ckn] ,d ;k mlls vfèkd
Hkk"kk dks tksM+ fn;k tk, rkfd cPpk igyh Hkk"kk dks
fcuk NksM+s vU; Hkk"kk esa vklkuh ls igq¡p losQA blls
lHkh Hkk"kk,¡ ijLij iwjd gks ldrh gSaA
ifjf'k"V III es]a vki ik¡p ^vkn'kZ pkVZ* (rkfydk,¡)
ik,¡xs ftUgsa fofHkUu jkT;ksa osQ izfrHkkfx;ksa us rS;kj fd;k
gS vkSj ,d pkVZ gekjs xzqi us izLrkfor fd;k gSA
oLrqr% iQksdl xzqi osQ pkVZ esa ,d izdkj dh lgefr&lh
ns[kh tk ldrh gSA bu Ng pkVkZs± esa dbZ egÙoiw.kZ
lekurk,¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gSa elyu izkFkfed f'k{kk
dk ekè;e ekr`Hkk"kk gksuh pkfg,] vaxzs”kh vfuok;Z
fo"k; osQ :i esa i<+k;h tkuh pkfg,] fganh ;k rks
vfuok;Z ;k ,sfPNd fo"k; osQ :i esa Ik<+k;h tkuh
pkfg,] 'kkL=kh; o fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa dks Ldwyh&ikB~;p;kZ
esa txg feyuh pkfg,A
ifjf'k"V III esa izLrkfor jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg dk
pkVZ gekjs ns'k esa lkekftd o oS;fDrd Lrj ij
LohÑr gks jgs cgqHkk"kh; lanHkZ dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,
fodflr fd;k x;k gSA bl lanHkZ dks ge ekr`Hkk"kk osQ
:i esa&?kj] xyh] iM+ksl] nksLrksa vkSj lxs&lacafèk;ksa osQ
chp cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa dks ysrs gSa_ {ks=kh; Hkk"kk
tks jkT; Lrj ij ”;knk cksyh tkrh gks ;k fiQj
vYila[;dksa osQ ekeys esa jkT; osQ ckgj_ vkSj jkT;
Hkk"kk osQ :i esa ml Hkk"kk dks ysrs gSa tks jkT; Lrj ij
ekU; jktHkk"kk osQ :i esa LohÑr gksrh gSA ;s lHkh
fganh dks vkWfI+kQf'k;y ,oa laidZ Hkk"kk vkSj vaxzs”kh dks
lgk;d vkWfI+kQf'k;y o varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj osQ laioZQ Hkk"kk
osQ :i esa è;ku esa j[krs gq, gh ifjHkkf"kr dh xbZa gSaA
blh lanHkZ esa ge ;g lq>ko nsrs gSa%
(d) fo|ky; Lrj ij fo'ks"kdj izkFkfed Lrj dh
f'k{kk esa vuqns'kksa dk ekè;e ekr`Hkk"kk gh gksuh
pkfg,A 1986 esa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ }kjk Hkk"kk

osQ vè;;u osQ fy, xfBr lfefr us lq>ko
fn;k Fkk fd vkjafHkd f'k{kk esa ekè;e osQ :i
esa ekr`Hkk"kk gh iz;qDr gksuh pkfg,A Hkkjrh;
lanHkZ esa ;g vR;ar vko';d gks tkrk gS]
D;ksafd &
i) ;g yksxksa dks jk"Vªh; iqufuZekZ.k esa Hkkxhnkjh osQ
;ksX; cukrh gSA
ii) egt dqN vfHktkR; dh fxjÝ+ r ls Kku dks eqDr
djrh gSA
iii) ;g ijLij lg;ksxh o ijLij fuHkZj lekt osQ
fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
iv) vfèkd ls vfèkd yksxksa dks viuk er j[kus dk
volj iznku djrh gS vkSj blfy, tura=k dks
csgrj lqj{kk vkèkkj nsus esa dkjxj fl¼ gksrh gSA
v) lwpuk osQ foosQanzhdj.k dh jkg [kksyrh gS vkSj
fu;af=kr ehfM;k dh txg Lora=k ehfM;k osQ fodkl
esa lg;ksxh dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA lkFk gh vfèkd
ls vfèkd yksxksa dks f'k{kk ,oa O;fDrRo fodkl
osQ fy, Hkh volj iznku djrh gSA
;wusLdks osQ 'kS{kf.kd vkèkkj i=k (2003) osQ
vuqlkj vkjafHkd f'k{k.k osQ fy, ekr`Hkk"kk vR;ar
vko';d gS vkSj bls tgk¡ rd cjdjkj j[kk tk losQ]
j[kk tkuk pkfg,A oqQN vè;;uksa (tSls lgxy 1983)
us fn[kyk;k gS fd tks cPps ekr`Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls
f'k{kk izkIr djrs gSa os Hkkf"kd ;k fo}rk osQ Lrj ij
vaxzs”kh ekè;e ls i<+ jgs leku Lrj osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
rqyuk esa dgha ls Hkh de ugha BgjrsA 15&17 o"kZ osQ
chp osQ 78 cPpksa ij fd, x, 'kksèk osQ ckn xqIrk
(1995) dk dguk gS fd vkjafHkd voLFkk esa nks o"kks±
rd ekr`Hkk"kk dk ekè;e osQ :i esa bLrseky] cPpksa esa
ekr`Hkk"kk o f}rh; Hkk"kk esa ”;knk vPNh n{krk mRiUu
djrk gSA
ekè;e Hkk"kk osQ :i esa ekr`Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx] ?kj
esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk vkSj LowQy esa cksyh tkus okyh
Hkk"kk osQ chp osQ varj dh otg ls Hkkf"kd vkSj
lkaLo`Qfrd I+kQklys dks feVk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ lanHkZ osQ
15
fy, fcanq vYila[;d Hkk"kk ;k cgqla[;d Hkk"kk gks
ldrh gSA vkpk;Z (1984) osQ vuqlkj vkjafHkd Lrj
ij gh 26 izfr'kr cPps Ldwy tkuk NksM+ nsrs gSaA bldh
otg gS& f'k{kk esa fnypLih dk u gksuk ftlosQ fy,
eq[; :i ls f”kEesnkj gS] Hkk"kk esa lkaLo`Qfrd fo"k;&oLrq
dk vHkkoA dkj.k Hkk"kk ^laLÑfr dk ,d vo;o ek=k
ugha cfYd ^laLÑfr dh laokgd* Hkh gksrh gSA ?kj dh
Hkk"kk ls Ldwy dh Hkk"kk dh vksj c<+uk vPNh rjg gks
ldrk gS ;fn ekr`Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dk ekè;e gksA
dksbZ {ks=kh; Hkk"kk (jkT; Lrjh;) ml jkT; osQ
lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ekr`Hkk"kk gks ;g t+:jh ughaA ;gh
ckr ,d d{kk osQ lkFk Hkh gSA vyx&vyx cksyh
cksyus okys ,d gh d{kk esa gks ldrs gSa tgk¡ ?kksf"kr
{ks=kh; Hkk"kk cksyus okyk buesa ls dksbZ ugha gksA gkyk¡fd
dksBkjh vk;ksx osQ vuqlkj] ^vYila[;d leqnk; osQ
cPpksa dks Hkh lafoèkku osQ rgr vfèkdkj izkIr gSa----
- fd os viuh cksyh esa--- vkjafHkd f'k{kk izkIr djsa*
rFkkfi bl lacaèk esas vYila[;d dh Hkk"kkvksa ij ,d
Li"V ;kstuk cukus dh t+:jr gSA
ekr`Hkk"kk esa f'k{kk ls d{kk esa i<+kbZ dks le`¼
djus esa lqfoèkk gksxh] f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh vfèkdkfèkd
izfrHkkfxrk gksxh vkSj csgrj ifj.kke fudysaxsA
bl mís'; ds fy, i;kZIr lqfoèkk,¡ miyCèk
djokbZ tk,¡A lHkh esa ekr`Hkk"kk eas f'k{kk ds izfr
ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k lqfuf'pr fd;k tk, rkfd
f'k{kkFkhZ og ekè;e viukus esa ladksp u djs
ftlesa og vklkuh ls le> ldsA
1988 vkSj 2000 dh jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh
:ijs[kkvksa esa ;g izLrko fn;k x;k gS fd ^Ldwyh f'k{kk
osQ nkSjku lHkh Lrjksa ij ;k de ls de vkjafHkd Lrj
rd f'k{kk dk ekè;e ekr`Hkk"kk ;k {ks=kh; Hkk"kk gksuk
pkfg,* (,u-lh-,iQ-,l-bZ- 2000)A ysfdu ;gk¡ ekr`Hkk"kk
vkSj {ks=kh; Hkk"kk osQ chp osQ varj dh xaHkhj leL;k
dks u”kjvank”k dj fn;k x;k gSA bl izsQeodZ esa dgk
 16
x;k gS fd ;fn {ks=kh; Hkk"kk fo|kFkhZ dh ekr`Hkk"kk ugha
gS rks mldh izFke nks lky rd dh f'k{kk ekr`Hkk"kk osQ
ekè;e ls gks ldrh gSA rhljh d{kk vkSj mlosQ ckn
ls ^{ks=kh; Hkk"kk dks ekè;e Hkk"kk osQ :i esa viuk;k tk
ldrk gS* (,u-lh-,iQ-,l-bZ- 2000)A f'k{kkfonksa vkSj
f'k{kk&;kstukdkjksa osQ fy, ;g tkuuk vR;ar ”k:jh gS
fd LowwQy esa vkus okys cPps vius ?kj ;k vklikl
cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk (viuh ekr`Hkk"kk) esa ikjaxr gks
ldrs gSa tks ?kksf"kr jktHkk"kk] vuqlwfpr Hkk"kk ;k {ks=kh;
Hkk"kk ls fHkUu gksA f'k{kkeaf=k;ksa osQ lEesyu (1949) esa
loZlEefr ls Lohdkjk x;k fd vYila[;d cksyh osQ
cPps dks viuh cksyh esa f'k{kk izkIr djus dk laoSèkkfud
vfèkdkj gS&;fn ,slk os pkgsa] vkSj ^;fn 40 cPpksa dh
d{kk esa mudh la[;k de ls de 10 gks* (dksBkjh
vk;ksx)A {ks=kh; Hkk"kk bl voLFkk esa ugha vkuh pkfg,
ftlls d{kk esa cPpksa osQ chp vPNk laokn vkSj vPNh
lgHkkfxrk gksxh] blosQ vkSj vPNs ifj.kke lkeus vk
ldrs gSaA bl mís'; ds fy, i;kZIr lqfoèkk,¡ miyC/
djkus ds lHkh iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg,A ;g d{kk eas
vknku&iznku dh izfØ;k dks vkSj vfèkd le`¼ cukus
esa enn djsxh vkSj ekr`Hkk"kk esa f'k{kk izkIr djus osQ
izfr pkjksa vksj ldkjkRed okrkoj.k rS;kj gksuk pkfg,
rkfd fo|kFkhZ dks ml ekè;e dks lquus esa dksbZ fgpd
u gks ftlesa og vklkuh ls lh[k ldrk gksA f>axju
(2005) osQ vuqlkj yxHkx 12 izfr'kr cPps f'k{kk
izkIr djus ls oafpr jg tkrs gSa D;kasfd mUgsa viuh
ekr`Hkk"kk esa izkFkfed f'k{kk dh lqfoèkk izkIr ugha gksrhA
;s cPps fofoèk Jsf.k;ksa ls vkrs gSa elyu vuqlwfpr
tutkfr;ksa osQ cPps ftudh Hkk"kk esa mudh viuh
cksyh lqukbZ nsrh gS] izoklh ekrk&firk osQ cPps vkSj
flaèkh] d'ehjh] Mksxjh vkSj dksad.kh vkfn Hkk"kk,¡ cksyus
okys cPpsA rFkkfi budh cksfy;ksa esa ikB~;iqLrosQa rS;kj
djus esa vR;ar lkoèkkuh cjruh pkfg,] tks eg”k
vaxzs”kh dk ?kfV;k vuqokn Hkj u gksA ;gh ,d rjhdk
gS ftlls ge rs”kh ls yqIr gks jgh Hkk"kkvksa vkSj LFkkuh;
Kku&i¼fr;ksa dks cpk ldrs gSa vkSj lkFk gh bUgha
Hkk"kkvksa esa u, Kku osQ l`tu osQ fy, Hkh txg cuk
ldrs gSa vU;Fkk mudh laLÑfr vkSj yksxksa rd igq¡puk
dfBu gksxkA (ns[ksa iVuk;d 1986 v)
([k) LowQyh f'k{kk osQ ekè;fed ;k mPprj Lrj ij
f'k{kk dk ekè;e] èkhjs&èkhjs {ks=kh; Hkk"kk ;k jkT;
Lrjh; Hkk"kk ;k fganh ;k vaxzs”kh gks ldrk gSA
(x) gekjs vuqlkj izkFkfed f'k{kk eq[;r% Hkk"kk&f'k{kk
gS] blfy, ekr`Hkk"kk ;k {ks=kh; Hkk"kk Hkh vfuok;Z
fo"k;ksa osQ :i esa i<+kbZ tkuh pkfg,A
(?k) euq"; Hkk"kkvksa dks lh[kus dh vlhe {kerk
j[krk gS] [k+kldj tc og de mez dk gksA
vaxzs”kh Hkh izkFkfed Lrj ij i<+kbZ tk ldrh gS
;fn i;kZIr lqfoèkk miyCèk gksA eg”k oqQN
lkyksa dh vaxzs”kh dh f'k{kk dks tksM+ nsus Hkj ls
oqQN ugha gksus okyk gSA ge t+ksj Mkydj dguk
pkgrs gSa fd vaxzs”kh dh i<+kbZ cgqHkkf"kd lanHkZ
esa gh cqukoV fy, gksuh pkfg,A lkekU; er osQ
foijhr] Hkk"kk,¡ ,d nwljs osQ lkFk gh fodkl
djrh gSA
(M-) ;g ”kkfgj gS fd rhu Hkk"kk,¡ f=kHkk"kk lw=k esa
U;wure gaSA ;g bl lw=k dh Åijh lhek ugha gSA
laLÑr dks vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osQ :i esa
i<+k tkuk pkfg, tgk¡ bldh izÑfr 'kkL=kh;
laLÑr ls cgqr vyx gksuh pkfg,A
(p) 'kkL=kh; vkSj fons'kh Hkk"kk,¡ viuh&viuh rjg
ls i<+h tkuh pkfg,A ;s O;kdj.kh; tfVyrk dh
u;h laHkkoukvksa dks tUe nsrh gSa] os ijaijkvksa]
laLÑfr;ksa vkSj yksxksa tksfd vU;Fkk igq¡p osQ
ckgj gSa] rd igq¡pus esa enn djrh gSA
4- LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk lacaèkh vU; eqís
4-1 Hkwfedk
Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k lacaèkh dk;ZØeksa dks cgqHkk"kh lanHkZ esa
ns[kus dh t+:jr gSA cgqHkkf"kdrk ,d izkÑfrd ifj?kVuk
gS ftldk laKkukRed yphysiu vkSj fo}r miyfCèk

osQ lkFk ldkjkRed lacaèk gksrk gSA t+:jr bl ckr dh
gS fd ikB~;p;kZ fuekZrk] ikB~;iqLrd fy[kus okys
f'k{kd vkSj ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkod cgqHkkf"kdrk dh
egÙkk dks le>sa rkfd os cPpksa dks vius bnZ fxnZ
ekStwn lkaLÑfrd vkSj Hkkf"kd fofoèkrk osQ izfr lqxzkgh
(lsaflVkbt+) cuk,¡] vkSj mUgsa vius fodkl osQ lalkèku
osQ :i esa iz;qDr djus osQ izfr izksRlkfgr djsaA
Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ij ;kstuk cukus okys bl ckr ij
lger gSa fd f}Hkkf"kdrk iwjh LowwQyh f'k{kk osQ nkSjku
cuk, j[kh tk,A blfy,] ;g t+:jh gS fd cPps osQ
fy, tks Hkk"kk,¡ ^vU;* dh Js.kh esa vk ldrh gSa] muosQ
fof'k"V lanHkks± o vk;keksa dks] vè;;u vkSj vfèkxe
osQ fy, vko';d f'k{kk'kkL=kh;&i¼fr fodflr djus
osQ nkSjku è;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg,A
ge ikB~;p;kZ fuekZrkvksa] ikB~;iqLrd fy[kus okyksa]
f'k{kdksa vkSj ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkodksa dk è;ku vYila[;dksa
o vkfnokfl;ksa }kjk cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa vkSj
foyqfIr osQ dxkj ij [kM+h Hkk"kkvksa dh vksj è;ku
fnykuk pkgrs gSaA ;s Hkk"kk,¡ gekjh le`¼ lkaLo`Qfrd
ijaijkvksa vkSj Kku O;oLFkk dk [k”kkuk gS vkSj gesa mUgsa
thoar j[kus dk gj laHko iz;kl djuk pkfg,A fo|ky;h
ikB~;p;kZ esa buosQ fy, izkoèkku j[kdj gh ge bl
dk;Z dks laiUu dj ldrs gSaA fo'ks"k rjthg mnwZ dks nh
xbZ gS] bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ;g Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa
fof'k"V LFkku j[krh gS] D;ksfa d ;g HkkSxksfyd {ks=k&vkèkkfjr
Hkk"kk ugha gS ftls ogk¡ osQ yksx cpkus osQ fy, la?k"kZ
djrsA ;g fdlh jkT; dh Hkk"kk ugha gSA geus 'kkL=kh;
Hkk"kkvksa] [k+kldj laLo`Qr dks lh[kus dh ”k:jr ij Hkh
bl [kaM esa ckr dh gSA lkFk gh Hkkjrh; f'k{kk&O;oLFkk
esa fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa dks viukus dh fo'ks"krk jgh gSA bls
tkjh j[kus dh ge iqj”kksj odkyr djrs gSaA
4-2 mnwZ
Hkk"kk oSKkfudksa osQ vuqlkj mnwZ vkSj fganh osQ chp dksbZ
vkèkkjHkwr varj ugha gSA nksuksa dh okD; lajpuk,¡
+ uksykWth] ekIkQks
+ y
,d&lh gSAa lkFk gh IkQks Z kWth vkSj ysfDldu
17
Lrj ij nksuksa esa cgqr oqQN lk>k gSA ;g rks fiNys
ipkl o"kks± osQ nkSjku fganh dks laLo`Qr vkSj mnwZ dks
vjch@iQkjlh osQ jax esa j¡xus dh ,slh dksf'k'k pyh dh
vkt ;s nksuksa gh ,d js[kk osQ nks Nksjksa ij igq¡pdj jg
x, gSaA tgk¡ ;s ikjLifjd :i ls vcks/kRed gks x, gSa]
eq[;r% ysfDldu esa varj osQ dkj.kA tcfd lkaosQfrd
vkSj lkekftd&jktuhfrd Lrj ij fganqLrkuh osQ bu
nksuksa gh :iksa dk vR;fèkd egÙo gSA fganh osQ lkFk
nsoukxjh fyfi vkSj mnwZ osQ lkFk vjch@iQkjlh fyfi
dks bl rjg ls tksM+dj ns[kk tkrk gS fd ge lksp gh
ugha ldrs fd bUgsa vkSj vU; rjhdksa ls Hkh fy[kk tk
ldrk gSA ;g cM+s nq%[k dh ckr gS fd gekjh vkus
okyh ihf<+;k¡ vjch iQkjlh fyfi ls nwj gksrh tk jgh
gSa vkSj bl Øe esa Hkkjrh; lH;rk dh vfHkUu èkjksgj]
tks buosQ lkFk lkfgfR;d vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd ijaijk osQ
:i esa tqM+h gqbZ gS] Hkh gels NwVrh tk jgh gSA gesa
Hkjld iz;Ru djuk pkfg, fd bl rjg dk lkekftd
#>ku iSnk gks ftlesa lajpuk osQ Lrj ij ,dleku bu
nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa dks nksuksa gh fyfi;ksa esa iz;qDr fd, tkus
dk pyu 'kq: gks losQA bldh 'kq#vkr ge ,slh
lkekU; #fp dh fdrkcksa dks fy[kdj dj ldrs gSa
ftuesa nksuksa gh fyfi;ksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gksA lkFk gh
d{kk 3 ls 5 rd nksuksa fyfi;ksa dk ifjp; djkus okyh
vH;kl iqfLrdk,¡ Hkh rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSa (bl
lq>ko osQ fy, ge oSQfyiQksfuZ;k fo'ofo|ky;] ykWl
,atsYl osQ MkW- Kku egktu osQ vkHkkjh gSa)A
8oha vuqlwph esa 'kkfey dh xbZ fganh lfgr lHkh
Hkk"kk,¡ mu jkT;ksa esa vYila[;d Hkk"kk gh gks tkrh gS]
mnwZ vkSj fganh dh okD; lajpuk ,d gh gksrh gS
lkFk gh i+QksuksykWth] eki+QksZykWth vkSj ysfDldu osQ
Lrj ij nksuksa esa cgqr dqN lk>k gS--- fiQj Hkh
,sfrgkfld dkj.kksa ls fganqLrkuh osQ bu nksuksa
izdkjksa dk dkI+kQh egÙo gS--- vkSj vkt gesa
mudh vyx&vyx fLFkfr;ksa dks Lohdkj djus
dh t+:jr gS---
 18
ftu jkT;ksa dh ;s eq[; Hkk"kk,¡ gSaA vkt ftl rjg ls
lkekftd Lrj ij iyk;u tkjh gS mlls izR;sd jkT;
vkSj f”kyk cgqHkkf"kd gksrk tk jgk gSA ,sls esa lafoèkku
dh ewy Hkkouk dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, vYila[;d
Hkk"kkvksa osQ fy, jk"Vªh; Lrj ij uhfr&fuèkkZj.k dh
t+:jr gSA
mnwZ (flaèkh osQ lkFk) vius vki esa vosQyh Hkk"kk
gS tks ns'kHkj esa cksyh tkrh gS] ysfdu fdlh Hkh jkT; esa
;g cgql[a ;d Hkk"kk ugha gSA jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ftl rjg
bl ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsus dh ”k:jr eglwl dh tk jgh
gS] ml rjg dh ckr jkT; Lrj ij ugha ns[kh tkrhA jkT;
Lrj ij ;g Hkh vU; vYila[;d Hkk"kk dh rjg dh
fLFkfr esa vk tkrh gSA bldh leL;k Hkh mlh jk"Vªh;
Lrj osQ uhfr fuèkkZj.k osQ rgr lqy> ldrh gS] èkeZfujis{k
f'k{kk dh ikB~;p;kZ esa mnwZ dks mldk mfpr LFkku fnykus
osQ fy, lkoZtfud uhfr;kas dk ewY;kadu vkSj mnwZ dh
fLFkfr dk vuqoh{k.k] ftlesa izkFkfed ls ysdj ofj"B
ekè;fed Lrj rd mnwZ ekè;e ls f'k{k.k vkSj mnwZ
f'k{k.k osQ fy, miyCèk lqfoèkkvksa dk vkdyu djuk Hkh
'kkfey gS] ls ,d mi;qDr dk;Zuhfr fodflr djus osQ
lrr iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg,A
fdlh Hkh {ks=k ;k leqnk; osQ 'kS{kf.kd fiNM+siu
dks nwj djus osQ fy, t+:jh gS fd bls ”;knk ls ”;knk
vkèkqfud f'k{kk eqgS;k gks] Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa ;g dke
jkT; osQ ftEes vkrk gSA jkT; ljdkjksa dks izR;sd Hkk"kk
dks f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa i;kZIr vkSj t+:jh txg nsuh
pkfg,] tks Hkkjr osQ fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa jgus okyksa dh
Hkk"kk gksA [k+kldj mnwZ lHkh ljdkjh vkSj ljdkj }kjk
lgk;rk izkIr Ldwyksa rFkk ekU;rk izkIr f'k{kk cksMZ ls
tqMs+ fo|ky;ksa esa izkFkfed Lrj ij f'k{k.k osQ ekè;e
osQ :i esa viukbZ tkuh pkfg,A muosQ fy, tks bls
viuh ekr`Hkk"kk dgrs gSaA
4-3 vYi] vYila[;d vkSj vkfnoklh Hkk"kk,¡
vYi] vYila[;d vkSj vkfnoklh Hkk"kkvksa dks cksyus
okys izk;% viuh Hkk"kk ls oafpr dj fn, tkus osQ f'kdkj
gksrs gSAa tcfd geas ;g Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tku ysuk pkfg, fd
vax”sz kh lfgr bl ns'k dh ize[q k Hkk"kk,¡] buosQ lkFk
jgdj gh iQy&iQwy ldrh gSa u fd budh dher ijA
;g èkkj.kk fd ,d Hkk"kk dk fodkl nwljh Hkk"kk osQ
fodkl esa Hkh lgk;d gksrk gS] blls ge mEehn dj
ldrs gSa fd Hkkf"kd fofoèkrk okys vkfnoklh bykdksa osQ
ekeys esa dqN Hkk"kkvksa dk fodkl 'ks"k Hkk"kkvksa dks cy
iznku dj ldrk gS] lkFk gh budks cksyus okyksa dks
lpsru :i ls bl vksj #[+k djus osQ fy, izfs jr HkhA
,d Hkk"kk dk fodkl nwljh Hkk"kk osQ fodkl esa
Hkh lgk;d gksrk gS] blls ge mEehn dj ldrs
gSa fd Hkkf"kd fofoèkrk okys vkfnoklh bykdksa osQ
ekeys esa dqN Hkk"kkvksa dk fodkl 'ks"k Hkk"kkvksa
dks cy iznku dj ldrk gSA
;g izys[k blfy, mEehn djrk gS fd ,slk le;
vk,xk] tc egt cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk,¡ (vfyf[kr)
LowQyksa esa txg ik,¡xh vkSj viuk vyx o.kZ&foU;kl]
O;kdj.k vkSj 'kCndks'k fodflr djsaxhA Hkys gh buosQ
ekud :Ik vuqifLFkr gksa] os lkfgfR;d m|e osQ fy,
miyCèk vkS”kkj cu losQaxh] tks Lora=k vfHkO;fDr dks
lHkh vk;keksa esa fodflr gksus dk volj nsrk gS vkSj
izR;sd Hkk"kk esa Kku osQ vkèkkj dks etcwr djrk gSA
;g m|e vkSj vkxs c<+dj] lHkh Lrjksa dh f'k{kk
vkSj tulapkj esa bu Hkk"kkvksa dks u;h rjg dh lai"sz k.kdkjh
Hkwfedk,¡ o izdk;Z lkSaidj] bu Hkk"kkvksa dh fLFkfr dks
Å¡pk mBkus osQ fy, mUeq[k gksuk pkfg,A
cgqr lkjh Hkk"kk,¡ [krjs esa gSaA cgqHkkf"kdrkokn dks
cuk, j[kus osQ gekjs nkoksa osQ ckotwn dqN Hkk"kk,¡
okLro esa Hkkjrh;&Hkkf"kd eap ls xk;c gks xbZA ,d
Hkk"kk dks [kksus dk vFkZ gS&blosQ lkFk lac¼ iwjh dh
iwjh lkfgfR;d o lkaLo`Qfrd ijaijk dk u"V gksukA
4-4 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk,¡
vkt dh lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd laLFkk,¡ vrhr ls
jks'kuh ikrh gSa vkSj Dykfldy Hkk"kk,¡ muosQ okgu dk

dke djrh gSaA Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk cgqr lkjh
'kkL=kh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ izfr ges'kk ls gh mnkj jgh gS
ftlesa rfey] ySfVu] vjch vkSj laLÑr 'kkfey gSaA
ysfdu laLÑr dks ”;knk xaHkhjrk ls ysus dh t+:jr gS]
tSlk fd tokgjyky usg: (1949) us dgk Fkk fdμ
laLÑr Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k [k”kkuk
gS vkSj os ;g Hkh fo'okl djrs Fks fd Hkkjr dh
ckSf¼drk rc rd cuh jgsxh tc rd ;s gekjs Hkkjrh;
yksxksa osQ thou dks izHkkfor djrs jgsaxsA
Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk ra=k osQ tura=khdj.k ls mu
yksxksa dks Hkh laLÑr i<+us dk volj feyk] tks o"kks± ls
blls nwj j[ks x, Fks A laLÑr dh Hkkf"kd] lkSan;kZRed
vkSj oSpkfjd ijaijk us vkèkqfud fo'o osQ fy, u,
f{kfrtksa dks [kksykA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ikf.kfu (izfl¼
laLÑr oS;kdjf.kd) vkSj ^oaQI;wVs'kuy fyaXxqbfLVDl*
osQ chp ,d etcwr baVjisQl [kkstk tk ldrk gSA
LkaLÑr dks i<+us osQ lkFk tks leL;k tqM+h Fkh og
;g gS fd bls deZdkaMksa dh ;k uSfrd ewY;ksa dks
iSQykus okyh Hkk"kk osQ :i esa fy;k tkrk jgk] blls
blds lkSan;ZcksèkkRed i{k vkSj fofoèk lkfgR; Hkh
u”kjvank”k gksrs jgsA v|ru 'kksèkksa us ,slh dbZ nch gqbZ
vkok”kksa dks lkeus izLrqr fd;kA blus laLÑr Hkk"kk dh
dbZ ijaijkvksa dk Hksn [kksyk vkSj mUgsa lanHkZ iznku
fd;k A laLÑr iBu&ikBu osQ f'k{kk'kkL=k esa bldk
cM+k xaHkhj izHkko iM+sxkA vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk (,e-
vkbZ- ,y-) osQ :i esa vc ;g laHko gks x;k gS fd
ge vius ikjaifjd ikB~;iqLrdksa osQ ys[kdksa dks euk
losaQ fd vc osQoy 'kkL=kh; laLÑr esa gh ugha cfYd
vke ckrphr osQ :i esa Hkh laLÑr esa og fy[ksa] tks
fo|kFkhZ thou esas izklafxd gksA
laLÑr dks deZ&dkaMksa dh ;k uSfrd ewY;ksa dks
iSQykus okyh Hkk"kk osQ :i esa fy;k tkrk jgk]
blls blds lkSan;ZcksèkkRed i{k vkSj fofo/
lkfgR; Hkh u”kjvank”k gksrs jgsA gky osQ 'kksèkksa us
mPp laLÑfr dh vfHkO;fDr;ksa osQ uhps ncs gq,
Lojksa dh mPp fdLekas dks lkeus izLrqr fd;kA
19
4-5 fons'kh Hkk"kk,¡
;gk¡ ekr`Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx mu Hkk"kkvksa osQ fy, fd;k x;k
gS ftUgsa cPpk Ldwy vkus ls igys lh[krk gSA blesa
?kj] iM+ksl ,oa lkfFk;ksa dh Hkk"kk 'kkfey gSA f}rh;
Hkk"kk mls dgk x;k gS ftls cPpk Ldwy esa lh[krk gS]
ysfdu tks mlosQ ifjos'k dk gh Hkkx gS & ifjos'k tks
O;kid gksus dh o”kg ls rkRdkfyd ugha gksrkA
ysfdu os Hkk"kk,¡ tks d{kkvksa esa i<+kbZ tkrh gSa]
vkSj tgk¡ mudks cksyus okys] lh[kus okyksa osQ lkFk u
gksa vkSj vtuch gksa rks mUgsa fons'kh Hkk"kk,¡ dgk tk
ldrk gSA ekr`Hkk"kkvksa vkSj vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ
flok; gekjh ikB~;p;kZ esa fons'kh Hkk"kk osQ :i esa
teZu o iaszQp dks Hkh txg nh xbZ gSA izR;sd u;h Hkk"kk
txr osQ ckjs esa u;h tkudkjh nsrh gS vkSj lh[kus okys
osQ laKkukRed fodkl esa lgk;d gksrh gSA ,d psd
dgkor gS ^izR;sd u;h Hkk"kk tks rqe lh[krs gks rqEgkjs
esa u;h vkRek dks tksM+rh gSA*
pw¡fd fons'kh Hkk"kk] lh[kus okys osQ ifjfpr
okrkoj.k esa miyCèk ugha gksrh] blfy, blosQ
fy, ekr`Hkk"kk o f}rh; Hkk"kk dks i<+kus osQ fy,
fodflr rjhdkas ls fHkUu j.kuhfr dh ”k:jr
iM+rh gSA ;g laHko gS fd O;kdj.k dks i<+kus
ij è;ku èkhjs&èkhjs ”;knk osaQfnzr gksrk tk,]
tSls&tSls ge igyh Hkk"kk ls nwljh Hkk"kk dh
vksj c<+s vkSj varr% fons'kh Hkk"kk dh vksjA
pwf¡ d fons'kh Hkk"kk] lh[kus okys osQ ifjfpr okrkoj.k
esa miyCèk ugha gksrh] blfy, blosQ fy, ekr`Hkk"kk o
f}rh; Hkk"kk dkss i<+kus osQ fy, fodflr rjhdksa ls
fHkUu j.kuhfr dh t+:jr iM+sxhA izFke Hkk"kk ls fons'kh
Hkk"kk dh ;k=kk esa ;g laHko gS fd O;kdj.k dks i<+kus
ij è;ku èkhjs&èkhjs ”;knk osQafnzr gksrk tk,A ysfdu ,slk
ns[kk x;k gS fd fons'kh Hkk"kk osQ ekeys esa Hkh iqLrosQa
i<+uk gh ”;knk ykHkizn gqvk gSA tSlk fd fofHkUu pkVks±
(ifjf'k"V&3) ls Li"V gS fd fons'kh Hkk"kk ekè;fed
;k mPp ekè;fed Lrj ij gh ifjfpr djkuh pkfg,A
 20
pw¡fd dkWXuhfVoyh ,MoakLM ySaXost izksfI+kQf'k,a'kh
(laKkukRed rkSj ij mPp Hkk"kk {kerk) ,d Hkk"kk ls
nwljh Hkk"kk esa :ikarfjr gks ldrh gS] blfy, ;gh
mfpr gS fd fons'kh Hkk"kk rHkh fl[kkbZ tk, tc lh[kus
okys us laaKkukRed ifjiDork dk ,d fuf'pr Lrj
vkSj ,d ;k nks Hkk"kkvksa esa lkFkZd {kerk Lrj izkIr dj
fy;k gksA
4-6 vU; Hkk"kk,¡ i<+kuk
vU; Hkk"kkvksa dks fo"k; osQ :i esa i<+kus vkSj mUgsa
f'k{k.k dk ekè;e cukus osQ ekeys esa gesa è;ku j[kuk
gksxk fd lh[kus okyk tks Hkk"kk iz;qDr djrk gS mlls
bldh Hkkf"kd fofoèkrk ftruh ”;knk gksxh] lh[kus
okys dks mruh gh dfBukbZ gksxhA fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa osQ
laLÑrhdj.k osQ ekeyksa esa ge ;gh ikrs gSaA ikB~;iqLrd
esa Ñf=ke rjhosQ ls Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx gh lkèkkj.k Lrj ij
lh[kus okyksa osQ fy, eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa
,d cgqr gh izHkko'kkyh f'k{kk 'kkL=kh; vH;kl gSμKkr
ls vKkr dh vksj tkukA nqHkkZX; ls ge izkphu ls
vkèkqfud dh vksj tk jgs gSaA
5- cgqHkkf"kdrk vkSj 'kSf{kd laizkfIr
5-1 Hkwfedk
cgqHkkf"kdrkokn Hkkjrh; vfLerk dk vfHkUu vax gSA
;gk¡ rd fd nwj&njk”k fLFkr xk¡o esa rFkkdfFkr ^,d
Hkk"kk* cksyus okyk ,d ,sls 'kkfCnd HkaMkj (verbal
repertoire) dks fu;af=kr djrk gS] tks mlesa dbZ rjg
dh laoknkRed ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus dh
;ksX;rk iznku djrk gSA oLrqr% Hkkjrh; Hkkf"kd o
lkekftd Hkkf"kd eSfVªDl esa Hkkjrh; Hkkf"kd Lojksa
dh cgqyrk ,d nwljs ls ijLij laokn djrh gS] tks
fd dbZ rjg osQ lk>s Hkkf"kd o lkekftd Hkkf"kd
[kkfl;rksa ij [kM+h gksrh gSA nwljh rjiQ] gky osQ
dbZ vè;uksa us fn[kyk;k gS fd f}Hkkf"kdrk dk
la K kukRed fodkl o fo}r~ & miyfCèk ls xgjk
ldkjkRed lacaèk gSA
5-2 Hkkjr ,d cgqHkk"kh ns'k osQ :i esa
Hkkjr ,d cgqHkk"kh ns'k gS& ;g ,d tkuh ekuh ckr gSA
1971 dh tux.kuk ftls bl ekeys esa lcls ”;knk
vkfèkdkfjd ekuk tk ldrk gS] us gekjs ns'k esa dqy
1652 Hkk"kkvksa dh igpku dh tks ik¡p fofHkUu
Hkk"kk&ifjokjksa osQ rgr vkrs gSaA fiazV ehfM;k esa 87 ls
”;knk Hkk"kk,¡ iz;qDr gksrh gSa] jsfM;ks esa 71 Hkk"kk,¡ vkSj
iz'kklu osQ Lrj ij 13 fofHkUu Hkk"kk,¡ iz;qDr gksrh gSaA
ysfdu cM+s nq%[k dh ckr gS fd osQoy 47 Hkk"kk,¡ gh
Ldwyksa esa iBu&ikBu osQ ekè;e osQ :i esa iz;ksx dh
tkrh gSaA ge vk'kk djrs gSa fd bl vk/kj i=k osQ ckn
”;knk ls ”;knk ekr`Hkk"kk,¡ Ldwyksa esa ekè;e osQ :i esa
iz;qDr dh tk,¡xhA bruh fofoèkrk osQ ckotwn dbZ
Hkkf"kd o lkaLo`Qfrd rRo Hkkjr dks ,d gh Hkkf"kd
,oa lkekftd Hkkf"kd {ks=k osQ :i esa ck¡èkrs gSaA O;qRifÙk
osQ vkèkkj ij dki+Qh vyx o HkkSxksfyd n`f"Vdks.k ls
foHkkftr Hkk"kkvksa esa laLo`Qfr dk lkekU; O;kdj.k ik;k
x;k gS] tks Hkk"kk osQ }kjk gh O;Dr gksrk gSA iafMr
(1969] 72] 88)] iVuk;d (1981] 1986] 1986
v] 1990)] JhokLro (1979] 88)] nqvk (1985)
vkSj [kwcpankuh (1983] 88) us Hkkjrh; cgqHkkf"kdrkokn
ij xaHkhj dke fd, gSaA iafMr us fn[kyk;k gS fd dSls
Hkkf"kd O;ogkj dh fofoèkrk & cgqHkkf"kd lektksa esa
laizs"k.k] dks ckfèkr djus osQ ctk; lgk;rk gh iznku
djrh gSA
cgqHkkf"kdrkokn ij gq, vè;;uksa ls Li"V gqvk gS
fd gekjh f'k{kk&O;oLFkk dks bls nckus osQ ctk; cuk,
j[kus vkSj izksRlkfgr djus dk Hkjiwj iz;kl djuk
pkfg, (ns[ksa ØgkWy 1992] gsiQ vkSj lg;ksxh 1995
vkSj vU;)A iVuk;d (1981) us fn[kyk;k gS fd
oSQls gekjh f'k{kk O;oLFkk us gekjs lekt dh lcls
cM+h [kkfl;r&cgqHkkf"kdrkokn ls feyrs vk jgs i+Qk;nksa
dks nckus@det+ksj djus dk dke fd;k gSA ^vc
iNrk, gksr D;k tc fpfM+;k pqx xbZ [ksr* okyh
fLFkfr ls cpuk gks rks rRdky gekjh f'k{kk&O;oLFkk osQ
;kstukdkjksa dks f'k{kk esa Hkk"kk dh mDr [kkfl;r (dh

egÙkk dks le>rs gq,) dks osaQæh; LFkku nsus dh
igydneh djuh gksxhA
tSlk fd bZfyp (1981) us dgk gS fd gesa
gkf'k, ij vofLFkr] vkfnoklh vkSj foyqIrizk; Hkk"kkvksa
dks cpkus vkSj muosQ l'kDrhdj.k dk Hkjiwj iz;kl
djuk gksxkA bl lacèk esa ldkjkRed iz;kl djus dh
vko';drk gS A gesa ml ?kM+h osQ fy, bartkj ugha
djuk pkfg, tc bu Hkk"kkvksa dks iz;ksx djus okys yksx
vkdj gels dgsa fd gekjh Hkk"kkvksa dks Hkh thfor
jgus dk vfèkdkj gSA bZfyp osQ vuqlkj ge vkfnoklh
Hkk"kkvksa dks yxHkx foyqIr gks tkus dh ifjfLFkfr dks
mRiUu djus osQ fy, yk[kksa MkWyj [kpZ djrs gSa vkSj
fiQj ckn esa dqN jkf'k dk fuos'k djrs gSa & mUgsa
^vk'p;Z ;k xoZ dh oLrq* ?kksf"kr djus esaA iVuk;d
(1981) us t+ksj nsdj dgk gS fd ;fn ge pkgrs gSa
fd ,slk tura=k iuis ftlesa lHkh dh Hkkxhnkjh laHko
gks losQ rks gesa izR;sd cPps dks mldh Hkk"kk esa lquuk
gksxkA
bl lanHkZ esa f=kHkk"kk&lw=k dks ns[kk tkuk pkfg,
ftls dbZ f'k{kk vk;ksxksa us ykxw djus dh fli+Qkfj'k dhA
;g nq[kn ckr gS fd ns'k Hkj esa dgha bl lw=k dks
lPph yxu ls ykxw djus osQ iz;kl ugha fn[kkbZ nsrsA
blfy, geus vkèkkj i=k esa bl ckr dks ckj&ckj
nqgjk;k gS fd f=kHkk"kk&lw=k dks dk;kZfUor djus osQ fy,
dM+s fu;eksa osQ ctk; cgqHkkf"kdrkokn dks cuk, j[kus
o bls thoarrk iznku djus dk iz;kl fdlh Hkh
Hkk"kk&;kstuk dk osQanz gksuk pkfg,A
---;fn ge pkgrs gSa fd ,slk tura=k iuis ftlesa
lHkh dh Hkkxhnkjh laHko gks lds rks gesa izR;sd
cPps dks mldh Hkk"kk esa lquuk gksxk--- f=kHkk"kk&lw=k
dks dk;kZfUor djus osQ fy, dM+s fu;eksa osQ
ctk; cgqHkkf"kdrkokn dks cuk, j[kus o bls
thoarrk iznku djus dk iz;kl fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk;kstuk
dk osQanz gksuk pkfg,A
21
;w-,l- esa us'kuy ,slksfl,'ku vkWi+Q ckbfyaxqvy
,tqosQ'ku us Li"V fd;k gS fd f}&Hkk"kh; f'k{k.k osQ
dbZ i+Qk;ns ns[kus dks feys gSaA elyu vdknfed
miyfCèk esa lqèkkj] LowQy NksM+us okys cPpksa dh la[;k
esa deh] f'k{kk esa lkeqnkf;d layXurk esa o`f¼] fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh vuqifLFkfr esa fxjkoV vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ vkRelEeku
esa o`f¼ (gSdqrk 1986)
5-3 f}Hkkf"kdrkokn vkSj fo}r~ miyfCèk
cgqr le; rd ;g fo'okl fd;k tkrk jgk fd
f}Hkkf"kdrk dk laKkukRed o`f¼ vkSj 'kSf{kd laizkfIr
ij udkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gS (tSls & tslilZu
1922] lk;j 1923 vkSj vU; us dgk)A lk;j
(1923) us fn[kyk;k gS fd 7&14 o"kZ dh vk;q ds os
cPps tks nksuksa Hkk"kk,¡ & osYl ,oa vaaxzs”kh & cksyrs gSa
dk ,d Hkk"kk cksyus okys vius gh lgikBh dh rqyuk
esa vkbZ- D;w- (cqf¼yfCèk) Lrj de gksrk gSA
nwljh rjI+kQ] gky esa oqQN vè;;uksa (tSls ihy
vkSj ySacVZ 1962] xkMZuj vkSj ySacVZ 1972] dfeal
vkSj Losu 1986 vkSj vU;) us nkok fd;k gS fd
f}Hkkf"kdrk] laKkukRed yphysiu o fo}r~ miyfCèk esa
ldkjkRed fj'rk gSA nks Hkk"kk cksyus okys cPps u
osQoy vU; Hkk"kkvksa ij vPNk fu;a=k.k j[krs gSa] cfYd
vdknfed Lrj ij Hkh os ”;knk jpukRedrk fn[kkrs
gSa] lkFk gh muesa ”;knk lkekftd lfg".kqrk Hkh ikbZ xbZ
nks Hkk"kk cksyus okys cPps u dsoy vU; Hkk"kkvksa
ij vPNk fu;a=k.k j[krs gSa] cfYd 'kSf{kd Lrj ij
Hkh os ”;knk jpukRed gksrs gaS] lkFk gh muesa
”;knk lkekftdrk vkSj lfg".kqrk Hkh ikbZ xbZ gSA
Hkkf"kd [+k”kkus dh O;kid O;oLFkk ij fu;a=k.k
mUgsa fofoèk izdkj dh ,oa fofoèk Lrj dh lkekftd
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls oqQ'kyrkiwoZd tw>us esa lgk;d
gksrk gSA lkFk gh bl ckr osQ iDosQ lcwr feys gSa
fd f}Hkk"kh cPps fofoèk lksp esa ”;knk vPNk
izn'kZu djrs gSaA
 22
gSaA Hkkf"kd [k”kkus dh O;kid O;oLFkk ij mudk fu;a=k.k
mUgsa fofoèk izdkj dh ,oa fofoèk Lrj dh lkekftd
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls ”;knk vPNh rjg tw>us esa lgk;d gksrs
gSaA lkFk gh bl ckr osQ iDosQ lcwr feys gSa fd
f}Hkk"kh; cPps fofoèk lksp esa ”;knk vPNk izn'kZu
djrs gSaA blfy, LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ esa f}Hkkf"kdrk dks
izksRlkfgr djus dh ”k:jr gSA gesa ;g ekywe gksuk
pkfg, fd fofoèk Hkkf"kd oqQ'kyrk,¡ vopsru Lrj ij
vklkuh ls ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljs Hkk"kk esa :ikarfjr gks
tkrh gSa vkSj blosQ fy, fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ vfrfjDr
iz;kl dh ”k:jr ugha gksrhA dfeal (1976] 81) vkSj
dfeal o Losu (1986) us vkèkkjHkwr varoSZ;fDrd
Hkkf"kd oqQ'kyrk (csfld baVjilZuy dE;qfuosQ'ku fLdYl
& ch-vkbZ-lh-,l-) vkSj laKkukRed Lrj ij mPp
+
Hkk"kk n{krk (dkWxfufVo ,MokaLM ySXa ost izkfs IkQfl;s
l
a hμlh-
, -,y-ih-) osQ chp varj fd;k gSA ch-vkbZ-lh-,l- osQ
lkFk tks Hkkf"kd {kerk tqM+h gS & og laKku osQ Lrj ij
vxzkg~; vkSj lanHkks± dh fofoèkrk okyh ifjfLFkfr es&a vPNs
izn'kZu osQ lacaèk dkS'kyksa dks 'kkfey djkrh gSA lkfFk;ksa
osQ lkFk cksyh tkus okyh u”knhdh Hkk"kk ch-vkbZ-lh-
,l- dh ifjfèk esa vkrh gSA
,slk yxrk gS fd ch-vkbZ-lh-,l- Lrj dh {kerk
gkfly djus osQ fy, izR;sd Hkk"kk esa u, fljs ls
lh[kuk iM+rk gksxkA ysfdu Hkkjr tSls cgqHkk"kh lekt
esa ;g {kerk LoHkkor% vius vki fodflr gksrh tkrh
gSA lh-,-,y- Lrj dh {kerk dh t+:jr mPp laKkukRed
Lrj okyh ifjfLFkfr esa iM+rh gSA bls izf'k{k.k }kjk gh
fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn
fdlh ekè;fed Lrj osQ cPps ls fdlh ,sls fo"k; ij
fy[kus dks dgk tk, ftlosQ ckjs esa og ugha tkurk gks
;k fdlh lekpkj i=k osQ laikndh; dks i<+dj mldh
vkykspuk djus dks dgk tk, rks mls viuh lh-,-,y-
ih- {kerk dk bLrseky djuk iM+ ldrk gS vkSj ;s
{kerk,¡ tSlk fd geus dgk gS & ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljh
Hkk"kk esa :ikarfjr gksrh jgrh gSaA
5-4 cgqHkkf"kdrkokn dks c<+kok nsus dh ”k:jr
Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa lkekftd lkSgknZzrk rHkh laHko gS tc
yksx ,d nwljs dh Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr dks lEeku nsaA
bl izdkj dk lEeku Kku osQ fcuk laHko ugha gSA
vKkurk Hk;] ?k`.kk vkSj vlfg".kqrk dks tUe nsrh gS
vkSj jk"Vªh; vfLerk dh v[kaMrk osQ jkLrs esa jksM+s
vVdkus dk dk;Z djrh gSA izR;sd jkT; esa ,d opZLo
izkIr Hkk"kk osQ lkFk gh uLyxr (leqnk;xr) #[k o
fu"Bk dk iuiuk LokHkkfod gSA ;g yksxksa vkSj fopkjksa
osQ Lora=k vkokxeu dks rks jksdrk gh gS] lkFk gh
jpukRed] uokpkj vkfn dks nckrk gS vkSj lekt osQ
vkèkqfudhdj.k dks oqQan dj nsrk gSA vc tcfd ge
ikrs gSa fd cgqHkkf"kdrk] laKkukRed fodkl o 'kS{kf.kd
laizkfIr osQ chp ldkjkRed tqM+ko gS & rks ;g vR;ar
t+:jh gS fd LowQyksa esa cgqHkk"kh f'k{k.k dks izksRlkfgr
fd;k tk,A
6- fofèk;k¡
6-1 Hkwfedk
Hkk"kk vkSj lh[kus (Hkkf"kd vkSj vfèkxe) ls lacafèkr
fl¼karksa us le; osQ lkFk&lkFk bruh lkjs fofèk;k¡
mRiUu dh gSa fd vk'p;Z gksrk gS ckr pkgs ekr`Hkk"kk
lh[kus dh gks ;k nwljh Hkk"kk ;k fiQj fons'kh Hkk"kk
lh[kus dhA buesa ls vfèkdrj fofèk;ksa dk fodkl
f}rh; Hkk"kk dks lh[kus osQ lanHkZ esa gh gqvkA gekjk
ljksdkj ;gk¡ ekr`Hkk"kk] f}rh; ;k r`rh; Hkk"kk Hkj ls
ugha] cfYd 'kkL=kh; vkSj fons'kh Hkk"kk i<+kus ls Hkh gS]
og Hkh fofHkUu lanHkks± esaA tks fofèk;k¡ fodflr gqbZ gSa
muesa ls izeq[k gSa& ikjaifjd O;kdj.k vuqokn fofèk]
izR;{k rjhdk] vkWfM;ks&fyaxqvy ,izksp] dE;qfuosQfVo
,iz k s p (ckrphr&vkèkkfjr la i z s " k.kkRed fofèk)]
oaQI;wVj&,MsM ySaXost Vhfpax (lh-,-,y-Vh)] dWE;qfuVh
ySaXost yfu±x (lh-,y-,y-)] lkbysaV os] ltsLVksisfM;k
vkSj VksVy iQhftdy fjLikal (Vh-ih-vkj-) vkSj
f}rh;&Hkk"kk lh[kus osQ fy, fuèkkZfjr Øk"ksu dk ekWfuVj

o 'kweSu ,dYpjs'ku ekWMyksa ls fodflr gq, rjhosQ
(mnkgj.k osQ fy, ns[ksaμukxjkt 1996] fyfVyoqM
1981] czefiQV 1980] czefiQV ,oa tkWulu 1979]
,aFkksuh 1972)
6-2 lhek,¡ vkSj lcd
mijksDr crkb± xbZ lHkh fofèk;ksa osQ vius&vius xq.k
,oa nks"k gSaA gesa ;g ckr è;ku esa j[kuh pkfg, fd
buesa ls izR;sd dk] fl¼kar o O;ogkj osQ Lrj ij [kkl
,sfrgkfld lanHkZ esa vkSj [kkl ”k:jrksa dks iwjk djus osQ
Øe es]a fodkl gqvkA O;kdj.k&vuqokn (xzkej&Vªkl a ys'ku)
rjhdk O;ogkjoknh& euksfoKku vkSj lajpukoknh Hkk"kk
foKku osQ rgr vkSifuosf'kd rkdrksa dh ”k:jr iwjk
djus osQ Øe esa tUek vkSj iuikA oqQN Hkh gks] ;g
rjhdk gesa ;g ”k:j crkrk gS fd oSQls ,d lkfgfR;d
Hkk"kk lh[kus osQ fy, osQoy fo"k;&oLrq rFkk iw.kZrk
fy, gq, ikB ij gksuk pkfg,A ;fn vkt ge bl fofèk
dks viuk,¡ rks bls dbZ Lrjksa ij lqèkkjuk rks iM+sxk gh]
lkFk gh gesa lhèks] vWkfM;ks&fyaxqvy vkSj dE;qfuosQfVo
,izksp (laizs"k.kkRed fofèk)] ls lh[ks ikBksa dks è;ku esa
j[kuk iM+sxk] rkfd lh[ks tk jgs Hkk"kk osQ ^LiksosQu*
(okd~) okyk i{k NwV u tk,A lkbysaV os] ltsLVksisfM;k
vkSj Vh-ih-vkj- tSls rjhosQ fof'k"V ”k:jrksa dks iwjk
djus osQ fy, fodflr gq, FksA 'kksèkksa ls irk pyrk gS
fd Vh-ih-vkj- Hkk"kk lh[kus dh vkjafHkd voLFkk esa
dkI+kQh liQy gks ldrh gS] [k+kldj lh[kus okys dh
fgpd nwj djus osQ fy,A
6-3 mfpr fofèk;ksa dh vksj
blesa dksbZ 'kd ugha fd izR;sd f'k{kd lkekftd&
euksoSKkfud] Hkkf"kd vkSj d{kk dh fofoèkrk osQ vuqlkj
i<+kus dk viuk fof'k"V rjhdk fodflr dj ysrk gSA
u;h ikB~;p;kZ dks f'k{kd osQ l'kDrhdj.k ij è;ku
nsuk gksxk] rkfd og d{kk esa vius Lrj ij igydneh
dj losQ A oqQN eq[; ckrsa ftu ij xkSj djuk t+:jh
gS] fuEufyf[kr gSa
23
(d) lh[kus okyk% i<+kus dk dksbZ Hkh rjhdk gks]
f'k{kkFkhZ dks dksjh LysV ugha le>uk pkfg,A mls
iBu&ikBu izfØ;k osQ osaQnz esa gksuk pkfg,A
mldh laKkukRed lkeF;Z o vfHk#fp;ksa dks
xkSj djus osQ mijkar f'k{kd dks i<+kus osQ mfpr
rjhosQ ij dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
([k) #[k% f'k{kd osQ fy, lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ izfr
ldkjkRed #[k viukuk ”k:jh gSA tkfr] jax]
èkeZ ;k tsaMj osQ vkèkkj ij dksbZ HksnHkko fd,
fcuk O;ogkj ls cPps iBu&ikBu osQ izfr mRlkfgr
gksaxs vkSj lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa c<+&p<+dj
fgLlk ysaxsA lkFk gh] f'k{kd dk vPNk O;ogkj
cPps esa ruko@fpark osQ Lrj dks Hkh c<+us ugha
nsrk] tks lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa ckèkd gksrk gSA
(x) buiqV % Øk"ksu (1981] 1982) dks è;ku esa
j[krs gq, ge lykg nsaxs fd buiqV ”;knk
le`¼)] jkspd o pqukSrhiw.kZ gksuk pkfg,] lkFk
gh ,sls fo"k; osQ bnZ&fxnZ cquk gksuk pkfg, tks
cPpksa osQ lewg esa lkFk&lkFk lh[kus dh izo`fÙk
dks c<+kok nsA vkèkqfud rduhd bl ekeys esa
ennxkj lkfcr gks ldrh gSA
f'k{kd dks èkhjs&èkhjs cPps dh laKkukRed {kerk
vkSj #fp;ksa dks tkuus dh ”k:jr gksxh rkfd
blosQ vuqlkj gh og vius Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ
rjhdksa dks cny losQA
(?k) cgqHkkf"kdrk ,d lalkèku osQ :i esa % tSlk
fd geus bl vkèkkj i=k esa dgk gS] d{kk esa
ekStwn cgqHkkf"kdrk dk Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ fy,
vPNs IysViQkWeZ osQ :i esa mi;ksx gks ldrk gSA
cPpksa osQ lg;ksx ls d{kkvksa esa cgqHkkf"kdrkokn
izkIr djus dk ,d lqxkz gh fo'ys"k.k f'k{kdksa vkSj
f'k{k.k esa cgqHkkf"kdrk osQ izfr tkx:drk mRiUu
djus esa lgk;d gksxkA bl fo"k; esa vuqokn ,d
vR;fèkd l'kDr ekè;e fl¼ gks ldrk gSA
(Ä) tsaMj vkSj i;kZoj.k osQ eqn~ns% ;g t+:jh gS
fd Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ vkèkqfud rjhosQ cPpksa dks
 24
tsaMj vkSj i;kZoj.k osQ izfr tkx:d djsaA bu
eqn~nksa dks lkoèkkuh osQ lkFk] vkSj dksey o
laosnu'khy f'k{k.k&i¼fr;ksa osQ ekè;e ls lkeus
yk;k tkuk pkfg,A
(p) ewY;kadu% ewY;kadu dks iBu&ikBu dk gh
fgLlk gksuk pkfg, A tSls gh ge lkekU;
d{kk&izfØ;k dks ijh{kk ;k tk¡p osQ fy, jksdrs
gSa] fo|kFkhZ esa ruko iSnk gksrk gS] os fpafrr jgus
yxrs gSa vkSj mUgsa iqu% lkekU; ewM esa vkus esa
eqf'dy gksrh gSA
7- lkexzh
7-1 lkexzh osQ izdkj
dksbZ Hkh ^pht* tks Hkk"kk lh[kus esa lgk;d gks] lkexzh
dgh tk ldrh gSA os Hkkf"kd] n`';] JO; ;k dkbusLFksfVd
gks ldrs gSa] ;k fizaV] izn'kZu ;k fMlIys osQ ekè;e ls
izLrqr fd, tk ldrs gSa] ;k oSQlsV] lhMh-&jkse] Mh-oh-
Mh- vFkok baVjusV osQ ekè;e lsA os lwpukijd]
iz;ksxijd] m|rijd (bfyflVSfVo) vkSj [kkstijd
gks ldrs gSa] D;ksafd os +Øe'k% Hkk"kk osQ ckjs lwpuk nsrs
gSa] Hkk"kk ls ifjp; djkrs gSa] Hkk"kk&iz;ksx djus dks
m|r djrs gSa vkSj Hkk"kk&iz;ksx osQ {ks=k esa vUos"k.k
djkrs gSa (VkWefyulkWu 2001% 66)A
7-2 ikB~;iqLrd
fdlh Hkh d{kk osQ fy, dksbZ Hkh ikB~;iqLrd vkn'kZ
ugha gks ldrhA ;g f'k{kd dk nkf;Ro gS fd og
lh[kus okys vkSj lkexzh osQ chp larqyu cuk, j[ks
vkSj blosQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd mlesa lkexzh osQ fuekZ.k
ls ysdj miyCèk lkexzh rd dks cPpksa osQ Lrj osQ
vuq:i <kyus dh {kerk gksA izR;sd f'k{kd lkexzh dk
fuekZ.k dj ldrk gS vkSj blfy, mls ikB~;iqLrd osQ
vfrfjDr vko';d lkexzh cukuh pkfg,A
ikB~;iqLrdksa osQ i{k esa jk; nsus okyksa dk dguk
gS fd ;g ,d rjg dh laxfr ,oa Øfedrk fy, gksrh
gS vkSj fo|kFkhZ vkSj f'k{kd nksuksa osQ fy, ,d fuèkkZfjr
le;&lhek osQ Hkhrj jgrs gq, ,d y{; izLrqr djrh
gSA tcfd dbZ 'kksèkdrkZvksa dk ekuuk gS fd lHkh dh
”k:jrsa ,d gh rjg dh ugha gksrh] ikB~;iqLrosaQ bu
fofoèkrkvksa dks u”kjvank”k dj ,dleku ikB~;Øe dks
tcju yknrh gSa vkSj f'k{kdksa dks viuh rjI+kQ ls fdlh
Hkh rjg dk fu.kZ; ysus osQ vfèkdkj dks Nhurh gSa
(vkWyjkbZV 1981% fyfVytkWu 1992% gfpalu vkSj
Vksjsl 1994)A ;g cM+s nq%[k dh ckr gS fd Hkk"kk dh
ikB~;iqLrd ”;knk jkspd o pqukSrh&Hkjh gksus osQ ctk;
lkekU;r% ÅckÅ ,oa tM+rk fy, gksrh gSA izkFkfed
Lrj vkSj mlls iwoZ dh Hkk"kk dh ikB~;iqLrosaQ [kkldj
”;knk xaHkhjrk o laosnuk ls fy[kus dh ”k:jr gSA bUgsa
lanHkZijd Lrj ij le`¼ vkSj lh[kus okys dh
jpukRedrk dks mfpr pqukSrh nsus okyk gksuk pkfg,A
buesa osQoy dfork,¡ o dgkfu;k¡ ugha] cfYd foèkkvksa
,oa fo"k;ksa osQ ,d cM+s iQyd dks gksuk pkfg,A lkFk
gh ,sls vH;kl&iz'u Hkh gksus pkfg, ftuesa vR;ar
lw{e voyksdu o fo'ys"k.k dh t+:jr iM+s vkSj tks
varr% ekSf[kd vkSj fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr osQ lkSan;Zijd
la'ys"k.k dh vksj vxzlj djsA mnkgj.k] uD'ks o
fMtkbu ikB~;iqLrdksa osQ vfHkUu vax gksrs gSaA pyu
;g gS fd ikB~;iqLrdksa dks fy[k fy, tkus osQ ckn
fp=kdkjksa dks fn;k tkrk gSA ifj.kke gksrk gS fo"k;&oLrq
vkSj fp=k@mnkgj.kksa osQ chp dksbZ esy gh ugha ik;k
tkrkA gksuk ;g pkfg, fd ikB~;iqLrd ys[kdks]a uD'ks@[+kkdk
cukus okys is'ksojksa vkSj fp=k izLrqr djus okyksa dks 'kq:
ls gh ,d lkFk dke djuk pkfg, vkSj bl xqzi esa ls
,d NksVs ls ny dks ikB~;iqLrd mRiknu osQ lkFk tqM+
tkuk pkfg,A lcls foèoald gS fdlh ,d Hkk"kk esa
ikB~;iqLrd rS;kj djus osQ ckn nwljh Hkk"kkvksa esa mlh
fo"k; osQ fy, mDr ikB~;iqLrd dks vuwfnr djukA
oLrqr% Hkk"kk] lksp vkSj laLo`Qfr osQ chp osQ ftl lacaèk
dks ge mn~?kkfVr djuk pkg jgs gSa] og okLro esa ,d
e”kkd lk gh gSA
lHkh izdkj osQ rduhdh iz;klksa osQ ckotwn Hkh

ge tkurs gSa fd oLrqr% lkèkkj.k cPps osQ fy, lh[kus
osQ lzksr osQ :i esa ikB~;iqLrd gh izeq[k lzksr cuh
jgasxhA blfy, ;g ”k:jh gS fd bls cgqr gh è;ku ls
cuk;k tk,A ikB~;iqLrd&fuekZ.k dh izfozQ;k esa fo|kFkhZ
vkSj vè;kid osQ lkFk yxkrkj tk¡p (trialling) gksrh
jguh pkfg,A izfriqf"V (Feedback) dh O;oLFkk fodflr
dj ge ikB~;iqLrdksa esa yxkrkj lqèkkj yk ldrs gSaA
7-3 i`Fko~Q Hkk"kk f'k{k.k cuke laçs"k.kkRed f'k{k.k
vfèkdka'k ikB~;iqLrosaQ Hkk"kk&ek=k dks lh[kus o vH;kl
djus ij oasQfnzr gksrh gSa A vfèkdrj ikB~;iqLrosaQ ml
vfèkxe dk vuqlj.k djrh gSa ftlesa f'k{k.k vkèkkfjr
vkèkkj:i osQ fy, laizs"k.kkRed f'k{k.k dks lfEefyr
fd;k x;k gSA ,slk fo'okl fd;k tkrk gS fd Hkk"kk osQ
Øfed ysfdu i`Fko~Q i{kksa dks lh[kdj fo|kFkhZ dk
vkRefo'okl tkxsxk vkSj mUufr dk cksèk gksxkA ysfdu
os ikB~;iqLrd ys[kd tks ozQk"ksu (1982] 1988)
vkfn tSls 'kksèkdrkZvksa osQ fl¼karksa ls izHkkfor gSa] us
,slh lkefxz;k¡ fufeZr dh gSa ftudk mís'; laizs"k.kkRed
fØ;kdykiksa tSls& cgl] ifj;kstuk] [ksy] Lok¡x vkSj
ukVd vkfn osQ ekè;e ls laokn {kerk osQ vukSipkfjd
vfHkxz g .k dks lg~ ; cukuk (ns [ ks a yk Mks m Lls
1983_ Dyhisy 1984)A
oqQN 'kksèkdrkZ vH;kl ;k ikB osQ vkèkkj ij Hkk"kk
dh vuqHkwfr ij cy nsrs gSa (ns[ksa ts- fofyl 1996)]
rks dqN vuqHko osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkk"kk osQ izfr tkx:drkijd
dk;Zdykiksa ij Hkh cy nsrs gSaA (VkWefyulkWu 1994)A
7-4 lkexzh dh izÑfr % vkfèkdkfjd cuke vU;
lkexzh dh izÑfr dSlh gks] bl ij fiNys dqN le;
ls fopkj gksus yxk gSA vfèkdka'k iqLrosQa tks lh[kus osQ
fy, rS;kj dh tkrh gSa mu mnkgj.kksa dk iz;ksx djrh
gSa] tks fdlh [kkl le; esa i<+k, tk jgs fo"k;&oLrq
osQ Hkkf"kd i{k ij osaQfnzr gksrs gSaA pqus x, mnkgj.k
izk;% NksVs vkSj vklku cuk, tkrs gSa ftldh cgqr
dher pqdkuh iM+rh gSA izpqjrk ;k 'kCn ckgqY; tksfd
25
fdlh Hkh izkÑfrd Hkk"kk dk tqM+k gqvk fgLlk gksrk gS]
og mlls nwj gks tkrh gS vkSj ikB~; Ñf=ke] vFkZghu
vkSj tfVy gks tkrk gSA
tks dksbZ lh[kus okyksa dks Hkk"kk ls vFkZiw.kZ ifjp;
djkuk pkgrs gSa] os mu vk/kfjd ikB~;iqLrdksa dks
pqurs gSa] tks nSuafnu thou esa iz;qDr Hkk"kk dks izLrqr
djrs gaAS ;s iqLrosQa ”k:jh ugha fd [k+kldj Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k
osQ fy, rS;kj dh xbZ gksaA
blosQ 'kksèkdrkZvksa us bl ckr ij cy fn;k gS fd
izkekf.kd lkexzh izksRlkgu dk dke djrh gSaA (cSdksu
vkSj fiQueSu 1990_ oqQvks 1993) bl izkekf.kd
lkexzh dh dV~Vjrk dh vkykspuk djrs gSaA ge ;g
lq>ko nsrs gSa fd ikB~;iqLrd ys[kdksa dks vfèkdkfèkd
ikBksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A mUgsa muls f[kyokM+ ugha
djuk pkfg,A ;fn mUgsa yxrk gS fd cnyko ”k:jh gS
rks igys ys[kd dh LohÑfr ysuh pkfg,A tgk¡ rd
vH;klksa vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa dh ckr gS ikB~;iqLrd
ys[kd ogk¡ fuf'pr :i ls uokpkjh vkSj jpukRed
Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSaA
7-5 fo"k;oLrq cuke vU; fo"k;
;|fi fdlh :i esa fu;a=k.k (lsalj) djuk oakfNr
gks ldrk gS] vfèkdrj 'kksèkdrkZ ;g ekurs gSa fd
f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks fo"k;oLrq ;k fo"k; crk fn, tkus
pkfg, blls izsfjr gksdj mUgsa lh[kus esa lqfoèkk
gksxhA lkexzh dks f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks lkekftd :i ls
laosnu'khy cukus okyk gksuk pkfg, rkfd os u'kk]
tsaMj] ,M~l] fookgiwoZ lacaèkksa] fgalk] jktuhfr bR;kfn
eqn~nksa osQ izfr viuh izfrfØ;k,¡ O;Dr dj losaQA
bl izdkj lkexzh èkhjs&èkhjs LFkkuh; laLÑfr;ksa ls
fudVorhZ laLÑfr;ksa vkSj mlosQ ckn fo'o laLo`Qfr;ksa
esa cny tk,xhA
 26
7-6 lkexzh dk ewY;kadu
dksbZ Hkh lkexzh lnSo vkSj izR;sd osQ fy, mi;ksxh ugha
gSA fdlh Hkh lkexzh osQ ewY;kadu ls iwoZ ekunaMksa dh
igpku fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA gky gh esa f'k{kdksa
dh lgk;rk osQ fy, muosQ }kjk iz;Dq r lkexzh ij dk;Z
vuqlèa kku lapkfyr djus (,t vkSj fjpMZ 1993_ tkWyh
vkSj cksfyFkks 1998) rFkk iwo&Z iz;ksx esa iz;ksx djus]
iz;ksx osQ nkSjku iz;ksx djus vkSj ckn osQ iz;ksx osQ
ewY;akdu djus esa iz;Dq r lkèkuksa dks fodflr djus osQ
iz;kl fd, x,A bfyl 1984] 1996] 1998)A okLro
es]a egÙoiw.kZ ;g gS fd u;h lkexzh dks rS;kj djus osQ
fy, yxkrkj ekxZnf'kZdkvksa dks le`¼ fd;k tk,A mnkgj.k
osQ fy,] ;g yxkrkj Li"V gksuk pkfg, fd ikB~;iqLrdksa
dks u osQoy fofHkUu fo"k;oLrqvksa osQ fy, vfirq
fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa osQ fy, LFkku miyCèk djokuk pkfg,A
fo'ks"k:i ls Hkkjr osQ lanHkZ esa ge eglwl djrs gSa fd
f'k{kdksa vkSj lh[kus okyksa osQ fy, Hkk"kk ikB~;iqLrdksa esa
gekjh Hkk"kk;h vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd fojklr dh fofHkUurk vkSj
le`f¼ dks izLrqr djus osQ iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg,A
blosQ lkFk gh fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh Hkk"kkvksa osQ ikB
lfEefyr djus osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr dk Hkk"kk;h uD'kk
miyCèk djokuk vR;fèkd egÙoiw.kZ gks ldrk gSA
7-7 lkexzh ys[kd dkSu gksa \
lkexzh ys[kd f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kd&izf'k{kd gks ldrs
gSa tks f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh vko';drkvksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa osQ
laidZ esa gSaA lh[kus dh lkexzh dks fofoèkrk esa izLrqr
djus osQ fy, egkfo|ky;ksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ
Hkk"kk f'k{kdksa] Hkk"kkfonksa vkSj uokpkjh xSj ljdkjh
laxBuksa dks bu f'k{kdksa dks lg;ksx iznku djuk pkfg,A
;g vlkekU; ugha gS fd f'k{kdksa vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa }kjk
la;qDr :i ls rS;kj lkexzh muosQ fy, rFkk twfu;j
d{kkvksa osQ fy, lh[kus dh lkexzh cu tk,xhA okLro
esa LFkkuh; 'kCndks"k] if=kdk,¡] yksddFkk,¡ vkSj xhr]
ekuo tkfr osQ o`Ùkkar] o`Ùkfp=k bR;kfn d{kkvksa esa
vknku&iznku ds izHkko'kkyh :i cu tkrs gaSA gekjs
vuqHko crkrs gSa fd vR;fèkd izHkko'kkyh lkexzh
dk;Z ' kkykvks a es a rS ; kj gks r h gS ftues a f'k{kd]
f'k{kd&izf'k{kd vkSj fo'ofo|ky; osQ f'k{kkfon~ ,d
lkFk dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj fu;fer vkèkkj ij d{kkvksa esa
viuh lkexzh dk ijh{k.k djrs gSaA
7-8 ,dhÑr dkS'kyksas dk fodkl
;fn ge nSfud thou esa vius pkjksa vksj ns[ksa rks ge
eglwl djrs gSa fd ge ,d lkFk gh dbZ dkS'kyksa dk
bLrseky djrs gSa u fd vyx&vyxA
---ikB~;iqLrdksa dks u osQoy fofHkUu fo"k;&oLrqvksa
osQ fy, LFkku miyCèk djokuk pkfg, vfirq
fofoèk Hkk"kkvksa osQ fy, Hkh--- f'k{kdksa vkSj izf'k{kdksa
}kjk la;qDr :i ls rS;kj dh xbZ lkexzh muosQ
fy, rFkk twfu;j d{kkvksa osQ fy, lh[kus dh
lkexzh cu tkrh gSA okLro esa LFkkuh; 'kCndks"k]
if=kdk,¡] yksddFkk,¡ vkSj xhr] ekuo tkfr osQ
o`Ùkkar] o`rfp=k bR;kfn d{kkvksa esa vknku&iznku dk
izHkko'kkyh :i cu tkrs gSAa
vr% f'k{kdksa dk drZO; gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
lh[kh gqbZ Hkk"kk esa ^laizs"k.kkRed :i ls l{ke* cuk,A
ikB~;iqLrosQa gekjs nSfud thou osQ dk;ks± osQ fu"iknu
dh fLFkfr ij osQafnzr gksuh pkfg, blls Hkk"kk dkS'kyksa
dk izkÑfrd lfEeyu gks ldrk gSA pw¡fd ,dhÑr
dkS'ky lkexzh cPpksa dks vkfèkdkfjd vkSj okLrfod
dk;ks± esa yxk, j[ksxh ,slh laHkkouk gS] blls mudk
vfHkizsj.k Lrj c<+sxkA os ,d ewykèkj eglwl djsaxs fd
blosQ ihNs mUgsa D;k djus osQ fy, dgk tk jgk gS
(eSdMksuks?kk vkSj 'kWk 1993] 2003&04)A
8- f'k{kd
8-1 Hkwfedk
d{kk ,slh txg gS tgk¡ fo|kFkhZ] f'k{kd vkSj ikB osQ
chp dbZ rjg osQ tfVy Lrjksa ij laokn gksrk gS vkSj

bl laokn esa f'k{kd egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSa
vkSj fuHkkus dh t+:jr Hkh gSA gekjs vuqlkj
is'ksoj&izf'kf{kr vkSj lkekftd :i ls laosnu'khy
f'k{kdksa dk dksbZ fodYi ugha gks ldrkA osaQnz ljdkj
o jkT; ljdkjksa dh rji+Q ls f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe
osQ fy, vfr xaHkhjrkiw.kZ ;kstukvksa ij lkspuk o vey
djuk vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gS rkfd izR;sd f'k{kd vius
Lrj ij gh 'kksèk vkfn osQ fy, Hkh igy dj losQA gesa
bl rjg dk <k¡pk fodflr djuk gksxk rkfd d{kk esa
f'k{kd tks oqQN i<+krk gS og 'kS{kf.kd Kku dk lkekU;
fgLlk gks losQ (jkWcVZ~l 1995)A
8-2 d{kk esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk
Hkk"kk i<+kus okys f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dh egÙkk dh
xaHkhjrk blh ckr ls ”kkfgj gks tkrh gS fd ,d rks Hkk"kk
iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa fo|eku gksrh gS vkSj nwljs] Hkk"kkKku]
lkekftd lacaèkksa dks dbZ Lrjksa ij etcwr djrk gS
ftldk fo'ks"k egÙo gSA ge vius vafre fo'ys"k.k ls
;g tkurs gSa fd f'k{kd osQ ikl r;'kqnk vkns'k&izi=k
gksrk gS vkSj og eg”k izfrfufèkRo iznku djus okyk
vfèkdkjh gS tks vius dks var£ojksèkksa esa Mkys fcuk
viuh Hkwfedk ij iqufoZpkj ugha dj ldrk (ns[ksa
cksfMZ;w 1993) rFkkfi] ge bl ckr ls lger vkSj
lqfoK gSa fd lkekftd ifjorZuksa dh izfØ;k ,d Lrj
ij d{kk esa gh 'kq: gksuh pkfg, (vfXugks=kh 1995)A
8-3 f'k{kdksa dk izf'k{k.k
gekjs ns'k esa f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk dk;ZØe yxHkx
fujk'kktud fLFkfr esa gSA ch-,M- osQ iqjkus gks pqosQ ,d
lky osQ izksxzke vkt osQ nkSj esa d{kkvksa esa feyus okyh
tfVy pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, f'k{kdksa dks
rS;kj ugha dj ikrsA buosQ fodYiksa tSls ^f'k{kkdehZ* us
rks bl is'ks dks vkSj uhps fxjk fn;kA ;fn vkfnoklh&f'k{kk
dh ckr djsa rks ge ifjfLFkfr dks vkSj ”;knk [kjkc
ikrs gSaA Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k dk 8 izfr'kr
vkfnoklh gSa (ns[ksa 1991 dh Hkkjr dh tux.kuk dk
27
fooj.k (www.censusindia.net/scst.html)A izfr'kr osQ
fglkc ls ;s de izdV gksrs gSa ysfdu okLro esa]
rqyuk dh tk, rks ;g vkLVªsfy;k dh tula[;k ls
”;knk gS (1991 dh Hkkjrh; tux.kuk esa Hkkjr dh
vkfnoklh tula[;k 67]758]380 Fkh vkSj mlh lky
fd vkLVªsfy;k dh tux.kuk esa vkLVªsfy;k dh tula[;k
17]288]044 Fkh)A mM+hlk tSls jkT; dh dqy tula[;k
dk 24 izfr'kr vkfnoklh gh gSaA mM+hlk esa dqy 62
vkfnoklh lewg gSa ysfdu vkt osQoy 22 Hkk"kk,¡
gh cph jg xbZ gSa]tks fd foyqfIr osQ dxkj ij
[kM+ h gS a A ckdh Hkk"kk,¡ eq [ ;èkkjk es a lekfgr gks
xb± (mM+hlk osQ laca/ esa fooj.k osQ fy, ns[ksaμ
www.languageinindia.com2005/smitasinhaorisa1.html)A
Hkk"kk f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk bl gn rd gks fd Hkk"kk
ikB~;p;kZ dh lhekvksa esa c¡èkh u jgdj LoNan gks
vkSj tfVy rjhdksa ls Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fofoèk izdkj
ls lkekftd lacaèkksa dks vkSj etcwr cuk,] oLrqr%
;g cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA
lkekU;r% vkfnoklh bykdksa osQ Ldwyksa osQ f'k{kd
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ;k muosQ vfHkHkkodksa dh Hkk"kkvksa ls vutku
gksrs gSaA bruk gh ugha] mM+hlk esa rks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij
izfrcaèk gS fd os vius ?kj dh Hkk"kk dk Ldwyh le;
lqcg 10 cts ls 4%30 'kke rd osQ fy, iz;ksx u djsaA
dqN ,slh gh fLFkfr mÙkj& iwoZ vkSj fnYyh esa Hkh gSA
dbZ vè;;uksa ls Kkr gqvk gS fd vkfnoklh
LowwQyksa esa 5oha esa Hkh fo|kFkhZ ikB~;iqLrd osQ fdlh Hkh
okD; dks i<+us esa vleFkZ gksrs gSaA v{kjksa dh igpku
vkSj 'kCn fuekZ.k esa mUgsa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA f'k{kdksa osQ
fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Hkk"kk dks tkuuk egÙoiw.kZ ugha ekuk
tkrk gS ,sls esa fo'ks"k rjhosQ fodflr djus dh ”k:jr
gS] tks ?kj] iM+ksl o LowQy dh Hkk"kk osQ chp iqy dk
dke dj losaQA vfèkdka'kr% d{kkvksa esa f'k{kd vkSj
fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ chp dk laokn ,d gh fn'kk (ou os) esa
gksrk gS ftlesa f'k{kd cksyrk gS] fo|kFkhZ lqurs gSa]
 28
fo|kFkhZ le> jgs gSa fd ugha blls dksbZ eryc ugha
gksrkA cgqHkkf"kdrk vkSj laKkukRed fodkl dks c<+kok
nsus osQ fy, ftldh odkyr ge bl vk/kj i=k osQ
ekè;e ls dj jgs gSa blesa ;g vfuok;Z djuk gksxk fd
f'k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Hkk"kk ls voxr gksaA
dksbZ mEehn dj ldrk gS fd f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k
dk;ZØe ,d 'kksèk&vè;;u osQ vfHkdYiu esa oqQN
ewy rF;ksa ij cy nsxk tks uewus] lkexzh] vk¡dM+ksa osQ
vkèkkj ij fu"d"kZ] fo'ys"k.k vkSj ek=kkRed o xq.kkRed
vk¡dM+ksa osQ ^Vªk;aXyw;s'ku* ij è;ku nsxkA d{kkvksa osQ
ekeys esa cPpksa dh osQl LVMh ij fo'ks"k ”kksj dh
t+:jr gSA bl rjg dk izf'k{k.k lHkh fo"k;ksa ij ykxw
gksxkA
8-4 xgu uokpkjh izf'k{k.k dh t+:jr
gekjh d{kkvksa esa vkt Hkh f'k{kd vkSj ikB~;iqLrd
osQafnzr Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k i¼fr fo|eku gS ftlesa f'k{kd
dks Kku dk loksZifj vfèkdkjh ekuk tkrk gS vkSj tgk¡
lh[kuk eq[;r% cus cuk, iSVuZ dk vH;kl] djus vkSj
jVus osQ ekè;e ls gksrk gSA ge mEehn djrs gSa fd u,
f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe f'k{kdksa dks Hkk"kk dh izÑfr]
u;s vè;kid&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe f'k{kdksa dks Hkk"kk
dh izÑfr] ljapuk vkSj izdk;ks±] Hkkf"kd laizkfIr
rFkk Hkkf"kd ifjorZuksa osQ izfr laosnu'khy cuk,¡xs
rFkk mUgsa ,slh dk;Zuhfr;ksa ls ifjiw.kZ djsaxs ftlls
os cgqHkk"kh d{kk esa fLFkfr osQ vuq:i lalkèku
fodflr dj ldsaA cPpksa vkSj muds vfHkHkkodksa
dh okLrfod vkok”k f'k{kdksa dh ,tsalh osQ
ekè;e ls lquh tk,xhA ;fn ge vius f'k{kdksa
dks lHkh Hkkf"kd Lrjksa tSls èofu] 'kCn] okD;]
izksfDr vkfn osQ izfr laosnu'khy vkSj izs{kd cuus
osQ fy, izf'kf{kr dj ldrs gSa rks bleas dksbZ
lansg ugha fd ges vfèkdkfèkd izHkko'kkyh vkSj
pqukSrhiw.kZ ikB~;iqLrdsa vkSj f'k{kd&lgk;d lkexzh
rS;kj djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,A
lajpuk o mlosQ izdk;Z osQ izfr] Hkk"kk&lh[kus o
ifjorZu dh izfØ;k osQ izfr tkx:d djasxs vkSj mUgsa
,sls rjhosQ [kkstus dh fn'kk esa c<+us dks izsfjr djsaxs tks
cgqHkk"kh&d{kk osQ fy, mfpr gksaA dbZ laLFkkvksa vkSj
O;fDr;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk ,l-Vh-,-,e-ih- (lkbafVfiQd
F;ksjh ,aM esFkM izkstsDV bu n ;w-,l-) [kkl dj gksaMk
vkSj vks* uhy (1993)] LizksV (1984)] jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk
ifj;kstuk (1992)] vfXugks=kh (1992] 95) osQ vè;;uksa
us fn[kyk;k gS fd oSQls f'k{kd ,d lkFk cgqHkk"kh d{kk
esa 'kksèkkFkhZ o cPps esa Hkkf"kd laKkukRed fodkl esa
lgk;d dh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA
8-5 f'k{kd] 'kksèkkFkhZ osQ :i esa
ikB~;iqLrd o ikB~;p;kZ fuekZ.k esa f'k{kdksa osQ 'kksèk dh
egÙkk dks xaHkhjrk ls ysus dh ”k:jr gSA cPpksa vkSj
muosQ ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkod osQ fopkjksa osQ ckjs esa
f'k{kdksa osQ ekè;e ls gh csgrj :i esa tkudkjh fey
ldrh gSA ;fn ge vius f'k{kdksa dks lHkh Hkkf"kd
Lrjksa tSls& èofu] 'kCn] okD;] foe'kZ vkfn osQ izfr
laosnu'khy voyksdu djus osQ fy, izsfjr djsa] rks
fuLlansg ge muosQ ekè;e ls izkIr tkudkjh osQ cy
ij ”;knk izHkko'kkyh ikB~;Øe] ikB~;iqLrd o vU;
ikB~;lkexzh rFkk lgk;d f'k{k.k lkexzh fodflr dj
ikus esa liQy gks ldrs gSaA
bl ckr ls dksbZ badkj ugha dj ldrk fd
f'k{kd] og Hkh Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa dkI+kQh lqfoèkkoafpr
ekgkSy esa dke djrs gSaA vius lkekU; f'k{k.k dk;Z osQ
vykok mu ij nwljs dk;Z Hkh ykn fn, tkrs gSa ftlosQ
fy, mUgsa dksbZ vfrfjDr Hkqxrku ugha fd;k tkrkA mUgsa
dbZ ckj d{kk NksM+dj ,slk Hkh djus dks etcwj fd;k
tkrk gS elyu pquko esa] lk{kjrk vfHk;ku esa] ifjokj
fu;kstu] tux.kuk vkfn esaA
LowQyksa dh fLFkfr Hkh dbZ txg ,slh n;uh; gS
fd fuEure Lrj ij Bhd ls i<+k ikuk laHko ugha gksrk
rFkkfi] osQoy f'k{kd gh gS tks cPpksa dks cksyus esa Loj
osQ mrkj&p<+ko] rhozrk rFkk èkhesiu osQ izfr tkx:d
dj ldrk gSA ,dek=k ogh gS tks cPpksa dks i| dh

y; vkSj x| dh le> osQ izfr lpsru dj ldrk gSA
blfy, mls bl rjg izf'kf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd
og LowQy eas izos'k dj jgs cPps esa ekStwn fo'kky
Hkkf"kd o laKkukRed {kerk osQ izfr lpsr gks losQA
Hkk"kk osQ ekeys esa ;g lp gS fd izR;sd cPpk viuh
Hkk"kk dks Bhd ls cksy ysrk gSA ,d lpsr f'k{kd dks
;g Kku gksuk pkfg, fd dSls cPps dh viuh Hkk"kk o
LowQy esa iz;qDr gksus okyh Hkk"kk osQ chp iqy cuk;k
tk,A mls ekywe gksuk pkfg, fd ^ekud* dh Js.kh
izkIr Hkk"kk] bZ'oj dh Hkk"kk ugha gS ;k 'kwU; esa ugha
tUeh gS] cfYd og lkekftd 'kfDr;ksa }kjk l`ftr gSA
fdlh [kkl le; esa] [kkl lkekftd lajpuk esa dksbZ
Hkh Hkk"kk ^ekud Hkk"kk* dk ntkZ ikus dh {kerk j[krh
gSA ,d izf'kf{kr f'k{kd gh Hkk"kk lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa
cPps }kjk dh tk jgh xyfr;ksa dks mlosQ Lrj osQ
fglkc ls ns[k ikus osQ dkfcy gks losQxkA
9- vkdyu
9-1 Hkwfedk
vkdyu iBu&ikBu izfØ;k dk vfHkUu fgLlk gSA
orZeku vafre ijh{kkfHkeq[kh izfØ;k mPp Lrjh; rukoksa
dks tUe nsrh gSA gky osQ o"kks± esa Xoha ;k XIIoha osQ
ijh{kk&ifj.kkeksa osQ mijkar ;k ijh{kk osQ igys gh
fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk vkRegR;k osQ iz;kl osQ ekeyksa esa rs”kh
ls o`f¼ gksrh ikbZ xbZ gSA dbZ vè;;uksa (gkjfoV~t]
gkjfoV~t vkSj dksi 1986_ LVsucxZ vkSj gkjfoV~t
1986] vCnqy gehn 2005) ls Hkh ;g ckr [kqydj
lkeus vkbZ gS fd ijh{kkvksa osQ Hk; ls mRiUu ruko]
muosQ izn'kZu dks udkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor djrk gSA
blfy, vkdyu fofèk;ksa dks ÅckÅ o Hk; iSnk djus
osQ LFkku ij ”;knk ls ”;knk pqukSrhiw.kZ o etsnkj cukus
osQ fy, tYn gh igydneh dh t+:jr gSA cksypky
ls ysdj vU; dbZ Hkkf"kd dkS'kyksa (i<+uk] fy[kuk]
cksyuk] lquuk) ij vusd vè;;u o 'kksèk vkfn
(mnkgj.k osQ fy, ns[ksa] ,YMjlu 1979_ cSpeSu
1989_ Msfol 1990_ vksyj 1983_ oSysV 1967_
29
gSfjl 1969_ LiksYLdh 1978] gSfjlu 1980] foaQ'k
(1974&88) gq, gSa vkSj ge mudk ykHk mBk ldrs gSAa
tSlk fd ;s vè;;u crkrs gSa] ewY;kadu ,d
lrr pyus okyh izfØ;k gS vkSj bldk mís'; gS&lh[kus
okys dh Hkk"kk dh lajpuk vkSj ,d:irk dh le> dk
vkdyu] bls fofHkUu lanHkks± esa mi;ksx djus dh {kerk
vkSj blosQ lkSan;Zijd igyw dks ij[k ldus dh {kerk
dk Hkh vkdyuA blls gesa lh[kus okys dh okLrfod
fLFkfr dk irk pyrk gS vkSj mldh fLFkfr@Lrj dks
csgrj cukus osQ fy, le; ij mfpr gLr{ksi djus osQ
fy, vko';d igy djus dk Hkh b'kkjk feyrk gSA
lh[kus okys dk ewY;kadu Hkkf"kd Kku vkSj
laizs"k.kkRed dkS'kyksa nksuksa osQ Lrjksa ij gksuk pkfg,A
lh[kus okys dk ewY;kadu [kqn mlosQ lanHkZ esa vkSj
mlosQ lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk j[kdj fd;k tkuk pkfg,
ftlosQ fy, dbZ rjg dh tk¡p dh tk ldrh gSSA [kqys
;k can iz'u] cgqoSdfYid fo+QLe osQ iz'u ;k ;w¡ gh
eupkgs lcdA lewg dk;Z vkSj izkstsDV vkfn osQ vkèkkj
ij Hkh fo|kFkhZ dh izxfr ewY;kadu osQ u;s rjhosQ 'kq:
fd, tk ldrs gSaA
9-2 ijh{k.kksa osQ izdkj
ijh{k.kksa dk vFkZ gS& Kku] {kerk o izn'kZu dk fdlh
Hkh fofèk ls ekiuA Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ ekeys esa tk¡p dks
d{kk&dk;Z osQ gh foLrkj osQ :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,]
tks lh[kus okys o fl[kkus okys nksuksa osQ fy, mi;ksxh
lwpuk,¡ iznku djus esa lgk;d gkas vkSj ftudk mi;ksx
i<+kus osQ rjhosQ vkSj lkexzh dks fodflr djus gsrq
fd;k tk losQA
v) vfHk#fp ijh{k.k% fo|kFkhZ esa f}rh;@fons'kh
Hkk"kk lh[kus dh {kerk gS ;k ugha vFkok bl
izdkj dh dksbZ laHkkouk gS ;k ugha & bldh
tk¡p bl ijh{k.k osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA blls os
fo|kFkhZ pqudj lkeus yk, tk ldrs gSa tks mDr
Hkk"kk lh[kus osQ dkfcy gksaA
c) dlkSVh&lanfHkZr ijh{k.k% bl ijh{k.k dk mís';
fuf'pr gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ [kkl fo"k;&oLrq ls
 30
lacafèkr gksrk gSA funkukRed vkSj miyfCèkijd
tk¡p bl Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA funkukRed tk¡p ls
irk pyrk gS fd ikB~;Øe osQ fdlh fof'k"V
igyw osQ Kku esa fo|kFkhZ dh D;k fLFkfr gS\
mlus fdruk lh[kk gS\ ;g dkslZ dh fdlh
bdkbZ dh lekfIr osQ mijkar fy;k tkrk gSA
miyfCèkijd tk¡p esa fo|kFkhZ dh vU; fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh rqyuk esa tks fLFkfr gksrh gS mldh tk¡p dh
tkrh gSA bl tk¡p dk mís'; ;g tkuuk gksrk
gS fd tks y{; ?kksf"kr fd, x, Fks] mUgsa dgk¡
rd izkIr fd;k tk ldkA
l) ekud lanfHkZr ijh{k.k% ;g ijh{k.k Xykscy
Hkk"kk ;ksX;rk dh tk¡p gSA vfèkdka'k jks”kxkj vkSj
n{krk lacaèkh tk¡p blh rjg dh gksrh gSaA bldk
mís'; gS& fo|kFkhZ us tks dqN lh[kk mls og
dgk¡ rd okLrfod fLFkfr esa dk;kZfUor djus
osQ dkfcy gS vkSj D;k og fof'k"V ;ksX;rkvksa
osQ lanHkZ esa ,d ekud Lrj rd igq¡p ldkA
;s ijh{k.k oLrqfu"B ;k o.kZukRed gks ldrs gSaA
oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k esa vadu ;kaf=kd <ax ls fd;k tk
ldrk gSA muesa cgq&oSdfYid] :ikarj.k ij vkèkkfjr]
vèkwjs okD;ksa dks iwjk djus] lgh@xyr] tksM+s feykus
vkfn tSls iz'u vkrs gSaA o.kZukRed ijh{k.k osQ ekeys
esa ijh{kd osQ futh I+kSQlys dk egÙo gksrk gS vkSj
vadu ”;knk dfBu o le; ysus okyk gksrk gSA ;fn
ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k ”;knk gks rks bl rjg dh tk¡p
laHko ugha gSA
9-3 ijh{k.k rS;kj djuk
dksbZ Hkh ijh{k.k rS;kj djus dh izfØ;k] ;gk¡ rd fd
d{kk osQ Hkhrj dh Hkh] eq[;r% rhu pj.kksa esa laikfnr
gksrh gS% 1- vfHkdYi] 2- lapkyu] vkSj 3- ijh{k.k dk
iz'kkluA
vfHkdYi rS;kj djus dh voLFkk esa iz'uksa dk
fooj.k] igpku vkSj pquko 'kkfey gksrk gSA
lapkyu (vkWijs'ku) dh voLFkk esa ijh{k.k esa
ewY;kadu ,d lrr izfØ;k gS--- bldk izkFkfed
mís'; izfofèk] lkexzh] f'k{kd] izf'k{k.k vkSj
d{kk esa dk;Z fu"iknu esa lqèkkj osQ fy, izfriqf"V
izkIr djuk gS---
iz;qDr fd, tkus okys fofoèk dk;ks± osQ fo'ks"k fooj.k
rS;kj fd, tkrs gSa] lkFk gh ,d [k+kdk Hkh rS;kj fd;k
tkrk gS tks fd ;g crkrk gS fd okLrfod ijh{k.k dk
:i nsus osQ fy, tk¡p dSls dh tk,xhA
blesa okLrfod ijh{kk lacèkh dk;Z] fyf[kr
vuqns'k] vkSj vadu dh fØ;kfofèk;k¡ Hkh 'kkfey gksrh
gSaA dk;kZUo;u dh voLFkk esa ijh{k.k fy;k tkrk gS]
lwpuk,¡ ,d=k dh tkrh gSa rFkk vadksa dk fo'ys"k.k
fd;k tkrk gSA
ijh{k.k dk fodkl f'k{kd dks ijh{k.k dh
mi;ksfxrk dks xkSj ls ns[kus@iM+rky djus dk volj
iznku djrk gSA fodkl dh ;g izfØ;k vuqfØ;kRed
gksuh pkfg,A ;g ckn esa tk¡p&iz'uksa osQ iqufoZpkj vkSj
mUgsa nksgjkus esa lgk;d fl¼ gksrh gSA lkFk gh vadu
dh i¼fr dks Hkh fufeZr o fodflr djus esa ;g
ennxkj lkfcr gksrh gSA
9-4 ijh{k.k osQ fy, fn, tkus okys dk;Z
ijh{k.k dk;Z dbZ rjg osQ gks ldrs gSa – vuqRiknd
ijh{k.k dk;Z (Dykst ijh{k.k djuk] Jqrys[ku] vuqokn]
uksV ysuk] la;kstu] vkfn)_ mRiknu ijh{k.k dk;Z
(tksM+k feykuk] cgqoSdfYid] Øec¼ djuk vkfn) ls
ysdj iksViZ Qksfyvks&vkdyu (,d [kkl vofèk esa fo|kFkhZ
}kjk fd, x, l`tukRed dk;Z) rdA Hkk"kk dk iksViZ Qksfy;ks
izi=kksa dk laxfBr o Øec¼ laxzg gks ldrk gS ftls
fo|kFkhZ us [kkl le; osQ njE;ku esa fd;k gks] vkSj mls
O;ofLFkr <ax ls iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bls
ekud ijh{k.k&i¼fr;ksa osQ fodYi osQ :i esa ns[kk
tkrk gSA blls fo|kFkhZ esa lh[kus osQ izfr nkf;Rocksèk
iuirk gSA
Hkkf"kd ewY;kadu osQ vkèkqfud rjhosQ ;g lq>krs

gSa fd fofoDr fcanqvkas vkSj lekdyukRed ijh{k.kksa dk
larfq yr lewg cukuk mi;ksxh gks ldrk gSA lekdyukRed
ijh{k.k tSlh can izfØ;k (Dyks”M izksflM~;ksj) tks
xsLVkYV (lexzko`Qfr)euksfoKku ij vkèkkfjr gks] lHkh
Lrjksa ij fofoèk :iksa esa l`tukRed <ax ls <kyk tk
ldrk gSA (dksgsu 1980)A blh izdkj ls] fo'ks"kdj
cgqHkk"kh d{kk esa] vuqokn dks fofHkUu izdkj ls iz;qDr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
10 flI+kQkfj'ksa
fd, x, reke laoknksa o cglksa osQ mijkar fu"d"kZr%
ge fuEufyf[kr fli+Qkfj'ksa izLrqr dj jgs gSa %
1- izkFkfed&Lrj dh f'k{kk eq[;r% Hkk"kk&f'k{kk gSA
vkjafHkd Lrj osQ xf.kr] lekt ,oa ifjos'k dk
Kku Hkh ekr`Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls lcls vPNs <ax
ls o vklkuh ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA izkFkfed
LowwQy esa f'k{k.k dk ekè;e lh[kus okys dh
Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk gh gksuh pkfg,] ftldk vk/kj
fu'p; gh os vkuqHkfod] Hkkf"kd o laKkukRed
lzksr gksus pkfg, ftUgsa cPpk vius lkFk ysdj
LowQy esa izos'k djrk gSA ckn dh LowQyh&f'k{kk
esa f'k{k.k dk ekè;e ekr`Hkk"kk ;k {ks=kh; Hkk"kk
gksuk pkfg,A ysfdu osQanzh; o uoksn; fo|ky;ksa
esa] tgk¡ fganh vkSj vaxzst+h dk iz;ksx igyh d{kk
ls gh gksus yxrk gS] ogk¡ bUgsa cjdjkj j[kk tk
ldrk gSA bu fo|ky;ksa ls ckgj vkus okys
fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, izR;sd jkT; esa de&ls&de
,d f}Hkk"kh; (fganh&vaxzs”kh) dkWyst ”k:j gksuk
pkfg,A
2- tgk¡ ;ks X ;rk iz k Ir f'k{kd vkS j i;kZ I r
volajpukRed (baiQz kLVªDpjy) lqfo/k,¡ miyC/
gksa ogk¡ izkFkfed Lrj ls gh vaxzst+h i<+kbZ tk
ldrh gS] ysfdu izFke ,d&nks lky rd iQksdl
eq [ ;r% ekS f [kd] JO; oq Q 'kyrk] lkekU;
dks'kxrenksa ;k nSuafnu ckrphr ij gh gksuk
pkfg,A vaxzs”kh dh d{kk esa cPpksa dks mudh
31
viuh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djus ls ugha jksduk
pkfg, vkSj f'k{k.k ,slh ikB~;iqLrd ij fuHkZj
gksuk pkfg, tks cPps osQ le> osQ Lrj dk gksA
;fn ;ksX;&izf'kf{kr f'k{kd miyC/ ugha gS rks
vaxzst+h izkFkfed Lrj osQ ckn gh ykbZ tkuh
pkfg,] vkSj mls bl rjg ls i<+k;k tk, fd
f'k{kkFkhZ mu cPpksa osQ Lrj rd tYnh ls tYnh
igq¡p losQ] ftUgksaus vaxzs”kh dh i<+kbZ izkFkfed
Lrj ls gh 'kq: dj nh FkhA
3- ?kj esa cksyh tkus okyh] nksLrksa osQ chp o iM+ksl
dh Hkk"kkvksa rFkk Ldwy esa iz;qDr dh tkus okyh
Hkk"kk osQ chp osQ i+Qklys dks ikVus dk Hkjiwj
iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vaxzst+h ekè;e LowQyksa
esa Hkh ekr`Hkk"kk dk ,d ekè;e osQ :i esa iz;ksx
gksuk pkfg, vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ dks ,d ekè;e ls
nwljs ekè;e esa tkus dh NwV gksuh pkfg,A
4- ekr`Hkk"kk@{ks=kh; Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx f'k{kk osQ lHkh
mPp Lrjksa rd tkjh jguk pkfg, D;ksfa d ekr`Hkk"kk
;k vklikl dh Hkk"kk esa mPp&n{krk dk Lrj
cs g rj la K kukRed fodkl va r oS Z ; fDrd
laokn&oqQ'kyrk o lS¼kafrd&Li"Vrk dks c<+kok
nsus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
5- iwjh Ldwyh f'k{kk osQ nkSjku f}Hkkf"kdrk dks
cuk, j[kuk pkfg,] dkj.k f}Hkkf"kdrk vkSj
fo}r~ (LdkWykfLVd) miyfC/;ksa dk xgjk
ldkjkRed laca/ ik;k x;k gS A Hkk"kk(vksa) esa
mPp&Lrjh; n{krk izkfIr osQ fcuk xf.kr] lekt
foKku vkSj foKku esa le> vkSj miyfC/ osQ
Lrj dk fodkl laHko ugha gSA
6- ikB~;p;kZ&fuekZrkvksa] ikB~;iqLrd&ys[kdksa vkSj
f'k{kd dks fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa vkSj fo"k;ksa osQ chp
laidZ&lw=k (usVodZ) LFkkfir djus dk Hkjiwj
iz;kl djuk pkfg,A ikB~;p;kZ osQ iwjs iVy esa
iz;qDr gksus okyh Hkk"kkvksa ij è;ku osQafnzr djuk
t+:jh gS] D;ksafd Hkk"kk&n{krk esa mPp Lrj dh
dq'kyrk ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljh Hkk"kk esa vklkuh ls
 32
LFkkukarfjr gks tkrh gSA fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa
Hkk"kk&n{krk osQ Lrj vkSj fo"k; osQ :i esa
iz;qDr Hkk"kk osQ Lrj osQ chp laxfr gksuh
pkfg,A
7- NBh&d{kk ls laLÑr crkSj vk/qfud Hkkjrh;
Hkk"kk osQ :i esas i<+kbZ tkuh 'kq: dj nh tkuh
pkfg,] ysfdu 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ ekeys esa
(laLo`Qr] rfey ;k ySfVu) ;g Hkk"kk ekè;fed
;k mPp ekè;fed Lrj ij de ls de nks o"kks±
rd] jkspd o pqukSrhiw.kZ rjhosQ ls i<+k;h tkuh
pkfg,A
8- tgk¡ rd laHko gks losQ fons'kh Hkk"kk mPp
ekè;fed Lrj ij nks o"kks± rd i<+kbZ tkuh
pkfg,A
9- fof/;k¡] lkexzh] d{kk esa viukbZ xbZ dk;Zuhfr;k¡
vkSj ewY;kadu izfØ;k bl rjg dh gksuh pkfg,
tks bl ckr dks lqfuf'pr djsa fd cPps LowQy
NksM+rs oDr fganh@{ks=kh; Hkk"kk vkSj vaxzs”kh esa
mPp&n{krk izkIr dj pqosQ gksaA
10- fganh vkSj vaxs”kh osQ f'k{kdksa dks {ks=kh; Hkk"kk
dk Kku gksuk ”k:jh gS] rkfd f'k{kkFkhZ dh
lfØ; lgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr dh tk losQA
vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa tgk¡ nwljh Hkk"kk osQ Kku dh
laHkkouk de gks] ogk¡ ml {ks=k dh Hkk"kk tkuus
okys f'k{kdksa dks 'kkfey djuk vR;ar ”k:jh
gSA
11- jkspd o pqukSrhiw.kZ ikB~;iqLrosQa vkSj vU; iqLrosQa
tks 'kSyh] fo"k; o vfHkO;fDr osQ O;kid {ks=k
dks lesVs gksa] dk fuekZ.k vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gS]
lkFk gh ,sls f'k{kdksa dks eqgS;k djokuk pkfg,
tks fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa mPp n{krk izkIr gksaA
12- Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ ekeys esa lai.w kZrkoknh (gksfyfLVd)
#[k viukus dh t+:jr gSA fofo/ lanHkks± esa
Hkk"kk iz;ksx ij vk/kfjr ikB~;iqLrdksa dks f'k{k.k
dk vk/kj cukuk pkfg,A
13- f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dh xq.koÙkk dks
lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ,sls
laLFkku [kksys tk,¡ tgk¡ Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ fy,
dq'ky izf'k{kd rS;kj fd, tk losaQA lkFk gh
mu xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ls laidZ ”k:jh gS
ftUgksaus Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh fn'kk esa vfHkuo iz;ksx
fd, gksaA
14- jkT; osQ Hkhrj vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp f'k{kk esa
Hkk"kk osQ foosQanzhdj.k gsrq 'kh?kz gh dne mBkus
dh ”k:jr gSA bldh 'kq#vkr ewy vkRek ls
NsM+&NkM+ fd, fcuk f=kHkk"kk&lw=k dks dk;ZkfUor
djus osQ ekeys esa yphykiu cjrrs gq, dh tk
ldrh gSA
15- cgqHkk"kh d{kk,¡ tks fd Hkkjr esa lkekU;r%
cgqrk;r esa gksrh gS] mUgsa f'k{kk esa vojks/ osQ
ctk;] lalk/u osQ rkSj ij gh ns[kk tkuk
pkfg,A f'k{kdksa dks d{kkvksa dks egt i<+kus
dh txg ugha cfYd lh[kus dh txg osQ :i
esa Hkh ysuk pkfg,A cgqHkk"kh o cgqHkk"kh&lkaLo`Qfrd
d{kk,¡ Hkkf"kd o lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk osQ izfr
ldkjkRed izo`fr mRiUu djus esa lgk;d fl¼
gks ldrh gSaA
16- vYila[;dksa vkSj vkfnokfl;ksa dh Hkk"kkvksa dks
cpkus] cuk, j[kus o fodflr djus dk Hkjiwj
iz;kl ”k:jh gS tks rs”kh ls gks jgs lkekftd
ifjorZuksa o HkweaMyhdj.k dh otg ls u"V gksus
osQ dxkj ij gSa vkSj u"V gksus dh fn'kk esa
mUeq[k gks jgh gSaA
17- /kfeZd] lkaLo`Qfrd o lkekftd iwokZxzgksa dks
lekIr djus dh ftEesnkjh iwjs f'k{kk&ra=k dh gS]
ysfdu Hkk"kk d{kk,¡ blesa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkk ldrh gSa] blfy, foe'kk±s dks ftEesnkjkuk
rkSj ij ysus dh fn'kk esa lkexzh&fuekZrkvksa dks
izksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
18- gekjs Kku dk vf/dka'k fgLlk tsaMj osQ izfr
iwokZxzgksa ls xzLr gS vkSj bls lapfjr o iqufuZfeZr
djus dk dke Hkk"kk gh djrh gSA ;fn ge

pkgrs gSa fd okLrfod tura=k dk LoIu iwjk gks
losQ rks ySafxd iwokZxzgksa dks lekIr djus dk
Hkjiwj iz;kl djuk gksxkA
19- ewY;kadu dh izfØ;k u LoHkko esa lkfofèkd
gksuh pkfg, vkSj u gh mlesa eg”k O;kdj.k o
LFkkuh; iBu cks/ ij cy gksA ;g ,d lrr
izfØ;k gksuh pkfg, vkSj blesa lHkh mijksDr
flI+kQkfj'ksa fn[kkbZ nsuh pkfg,] ftlesa 'kkfey gksa
Hkkf"kd fofoèkrk osQ os igyw tks fofHkUUk
vfHkO;fDr;ksa vkSj 'kSfy;ksa esa ik, tkrs gSAa lkFk
gh os lai"sz k.kkRed dk;Z tks iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa
fufgr gksrs gSAa
20- dbZ f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ lh[kus dk Lrj lkekU; ls
vyx gks ldrk gS ('kkjhfjd ;k ekufld
dkj.kksa dh otg ls)A os lkekU; lkekftd
var%fØ;k osQ ekè;e ls ewyHkwr Hkk"kk&dkS'ky
izkIr dj ldrs gSa] mUgsa daI;wVj lh[kus esa Hkh
FkksM+h dfBukbZ gks ldrh gSA blfy, mPp&n{krk
izkIr djus osQ fy, vk/qfud rduhd o fof'k"V
:i ls vfHkdfYir lkexzh rd mudh fo'ks"k
igq¡p lqfuf'pr djkbZ tkuh pkfg,A
21- ge t+ksj Mkydj dguk pkgrs gSa fd ,u-lh-bZ-
vkj-Vh- vkSj blh rjg dh vU; laLFkk,¡] elyu
lh-vkbZ-vkbZ-,y-] eSlwj dks ,d lkFk feydj
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ f'k{k.k dk ^vkWuykbu izkxs kz e*
'kq: djuk pkfg,A lkFk gh mi;ksxh o jkspd
nwjn'kZu dk;ZØe cuk, tk ldrs gSa tks
33
Hkk"kk&lh[kus o ijk&Hkkf"kd psruk dks mRiUu
djus esa lgk;d fl¼ gksaA
22- p¡wfd iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk dh Hkwfedk dh
egÙkk dh igpku vc gksus yxh gS blfy,
lHkh f'k{kdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k vfHkuohdj.k
dkslZ (vksfj,aVs'ku dkslZ) vfuok;Z dj nsuk
pkfg,] tks Hkk"kk dh izo`Qfr] lajpuk o izdk;Z
ij osaQfnzr gks] lkFk gh tks f'k{kdksa esa f'k{kkFkhZ o
Hkk"kk nksuksa osQ fodkl osQ izfr nkf;Rocksèk mRiUu
djsA
23- i<+us dh vknr dks izksRlkfgr djus osQ fy,
;g ”k:jh gS fd izR;sd LowQw y esa vPNs iqLrdky;
gksa] tgk¡ cPpksa osQ vius ikB~;Øe osQ vykok
vU; lkexzh i<+us o fy[kus osQ izfr Hkh izsfjr
fd;k tk losQA
24- vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk i<+kus osQ ekeys esa ;g è;ku j[kuk
egÙoiw.kZ gksxk fd lanHkZ ik'pkR; (vifjfpr)
(fons'kh) u gks] cfYd LFkkuh; ifjiz{s ;&le`¼ gksAa
25- Hkk"kk&lh[kus o fl[kkus osQ rjhdksa osQ {ks=k esa
NksVh&NksVh 'kks/ ifj;kstukvksa dks c<+kok fn;k
tkuk pkfg,A
26- Hkk"kk dh ikB~;iqLrdksa vkSj foKku@lekt foKku
esa iz;qDr Hkk"kk osQ chp osQ I+kQklys dks ikVuk ;k
muosQ chp lacaèk LFkkfir djuk vR;ar ”k:jh
gSA dbZ f'k{kkFkhZ oSKkfud o lkekftd foKku
dh /kj.kkvksa dks Hkk"kk;h leL;k dh otg ls
gh ugha le> ikrs gSaA
 34

ifjf'k"V I
xzaFk lwph
vCnqy gehn] ,u- 2005] flfj;u LVwMsaV~l izkWfiQfl;alh bu bafXy'k % , lks'ky lkbdksykWftdy ilZisfDVo]
vizdkf'kr] ih,p- Mh- dk 'kks/izca/] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA
vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- 1979] izkslsl vkWI+kQ ,flfeys'ku% , lksf'k;ks&fyfXaofLVd LVMh vkWI+kQ fl[k fpYMªsu bu yhM~l]
vizdkf'kr] Mh- fiQy dk 'kks/izac/] U;w;kdZ fo'ofo|ky;A
vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- 1988] ^,jlZ ,t yfu±x LVªsVth”k*] bafM;u tuZy vkWI+kQ vIykW;M fyafXofLVDl 14-1%1&14
vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- 1992] ^bafM;k % eYVhfyaxq,y ilZisfDVo*] ukbZtsy] Vh- }kjk laikfnr] MseksosQz fVdyh Lihfdax%
baVjus'kuy ilZisfDVo vkWu ySaXost Iykfuax] nf{k.k vizQhdk] lkWYV fjoj % jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk ifj;kstukA
vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- 1995] ^VhplZ* isl bu n Dykl:e*] nh ySaXost dWfjoqQye % Mk;ukfeDl vkWIkQ+ psat
([kaM%1)μ baVjus'kuy lsfeukj dk fjiksVZ] gSnjkckn% lh vkbZ- bZ- ,iQ- ,y-A
vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,-,y- 1994 (laikndx.k)] lsoaQM ySaXost ,Dohft'ku% lksf'k;ks&dYPkjy ,aM
fyafXofLVd vkLIksDV~l vkWi+Q bafXy'k bu bafM;k (vkj-,-,y-1)] u;h fnYYkh% lst ifCyosQ'kalA
vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- [kUuk] ,- ,y- 1995 (laikndx.k)] bafXy'k ySXa ost Vhfpax bu bafM;k % b';w”k ,aM bUukso's kal (vkj-
,- ,y-2)] u;h fnYyh% lst ifCyosQ'kalA
vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- vkSj [kUuk] ,- ,y- 1997] ¶lks'ky lkbdksykWftdy ilZisfDVo vkWu lsdaM ySaXost yfu±x%
, fozQfVd¸ flag] vkj- (laiknd) osQ xzkej] ySaXost ,aM lkslk;Vh] u;h fnYyh% lst ifCyosQ'kalA
vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,- ,y- vkSj eq[kthZ ,- 1982] ¶iszfMDVlZ vkWi+Q ,fpoesaV bu bafXy'k Vsalsl % ,
lksf'k;ks& lkbdksykWftdy LVMh¸] baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWi+Q ,IykW;M fyafXofLVDl 8-2% 89&105
vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,-,y- vkSj eq[kthZ] ,- 1983] oSfj,'kal bu n ;wt vkWi+Q Vaslsl bu bafXy'k % ,
lksf'k;ksfyafXofLVd ilZisfDVo] u;h fnYyh% vkbZ-lh-,l-,l-vkj-
vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,- ,y- vkSj ,l-'kqDyk 1964] izf'kdk] u;h fnYyh% jRuk lkxjA
vfXugks=kh-] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,- ,y- vkSj lpnso] vkbZ- (laikndx.k)] lks'ky lkbdksykWftdy ilZisfDVo~l bu
lsdaM ySaXost yfu±x (vkj-,-,y-4)] u;h fnYyh% lst ifCyosQ'kalA
vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- vkSj lat; oqQekj 2001] (laikndx.k)] Hkk"kk] cksyh vkSj lekt% ,d var%laokn] u;h fnYyh%
ns'kdkyA
vxzoky] ih- vkSj lat; oqQekj 2000 (laikndx.k)] fganh u;h pky esa <yh] u;h fnYyh% ns'kdkyA
,YMjlu] ts-lh- 1979] n Dyks”k izksflM~;ksj ,asM izksfiQfl;salh bu bafXy'k ,t , iQkWjsu ySaXost-] Vh-bZ-,l-vks-,y-
=kSekfld 13] 2%219&28
,YMjlu] ts-lh- vkSj cjSVk] , (laikndx.k) 1992] bosY;w,fVax lsdaM ySaXost ,tqosQ'ku] oSQafczt % dSafczt
;wfuoflZVh isl
z A
 35

,YMjlu] ts- lh-] dkiQkWe] lh- vkSj okWy] Mh- 1995] ySaXost VsLV daLVªD'ku ,aM boSY;w,'ku] oSaQfczt% oSaQfczt
;wfuoflZVh izslA
vkWyjkbV] Mh- vkSj csyh] osQ- ,e- 1991] iQksdl vkWu n ySaXost Dykl:e] oSaQfczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA
vkWyjkbV] vkj- ,y- 1981] ^OgkV Mw oh okaV Vhfpax eSVsfj;Yl iQkWj\ bZ- ,y- Vh- 36-1% 5&18
,UMjlu] vkj- MCY;w- (laikfnr)] 1981] U;w Mkbesa'kal bu lsdaM ySaXost ,Dohth'ku fjlpZ] jkWyh] ekl% U;wcjh
gkmlA
,aFkksuh] bZ- ,e- 1972] ^,izksp] esFkM ,aM VsDuhd* ,ysu vkSj oSaQicSy }kjk laikfnr] 1972 osQ Vhfpax bafXy'k ,t
, lsdaM ySaXost] VkVk eSdxzkW fgyA
vjksM+k] th- ,y- 1995] pkbYM&lsaVMZ ,tqosQ'ku iQkWj yfu±x fonkmV cMsZu] xqM+xk¡o % o`Q".kk ifCyf'kax daiuhA
,Vfda'lu] ,e- 1982] ,DlIysus'akl bu n LVMh vkWi+Q pkbYM ySaXost MsoyiesaV] oSaQfczt% oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA
,jksfju] oh- 1977] ^vkWu n lCtsDV eSVj vkWi+Q lks'ky&fyafXofLVDl*] xsjklhEkksjk] ,y- (laiknd)] F;ksjhfVdy
vkWLisDV~l vkWi+Q fyafXofLVDl] ekLdks% ;w- ,l- ,l- vkj- ,osQMeh vWki+Q lkablA
ckW[keSu] ,y- 1989] ^nh MsoyiesaV ,saM ;wt vkWi+Q ozQkbVsfj;u&jsiQjsaLM VsLV vkWi+Q ySaXost izksxzke boSY;q,'ku*]
tkWulu] vkj- osQ- }kjk laiknu] nh lsdaM ySaXost dWfjoqQye] oSaQfczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl] i`"B la[;k 242&58
ckW[keSu] ,y- ,iQ- vkSj ikWej] ,- ,l- 1996] ySaXost VsfLVax bu izfS DVl] vkWDliQksMZ] vkWDliQksMZ % ;wfuoflZVh
izslA
csdj] lh- 1988] dh bL;wl bu ckbfyaxq,fy”e ,aM ckbfyaxq,y ,tqosQ'ku] DysoMu% eYVhfyaxq,y eSVlZA
csdj] lh- 1993] iQkmaMs'kal vkWi+Q ckbfyaxq,y ,tqds'ku] DysoMu% eYVhfyaxq,y eSVlZA
csdj] lh- 2001] iQkmaMs'kal vWki+Q ckbfyaxq,y ,tqosQ'ku ,aM ckbfyaxq,fy”e] DysoMu% ckbfyaxq,y eSVlZA
ceczksg] ih- 1994] fleqys'kal bu bafXy'k Vhfpax] cfda?ke% vksisu ;wfuoflZVh izslA
ckmeSu] tsM- 2001] nh bafMfotq,VsM lkslk;Vh-] oSaQfczt % ikWfyVh iszlA
cs;j] ts- 1986] ,- lksf'k;ksfyafXofLVd baosfLVxs'ku vkWi+Q n bafXy'k LiksosQu ckbZ n ,aXyks bafM;al bu eSlwj flVh-
eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A
chmeSaV] ,e- 1996] nh Vhfpax vkWi+Q jhfMax fLdYl bu lsoaQM iQkWjsu ySaXost] irjkl % nh gsysfud vksisu
;wfuoflZVh
ck;yLVksd] bZ- 1978] ¶, F;ksjhfVdy ekWMy vkWi+Q lsdaM yaSXost yfu±x¸] ySaXost yfuZx] 28%69%83
Cywe] ch- ,l- 1956] VsDlksukWeh vkWi+Q ,tqosQ'kuy vkWCtsfDVOl] [kaM & A % dkWxfufVo Mksesu] U;w;kdZ % eSdk;A
cksfM;w] ih- 1978 vkSj 1993] ^OgkV VkWfdax ehal]* yh izQkadkbl vkSotMZ gqbZ 41%4&20]51&57
czkl] ih- 1974] ySaXost] jsfytu ,aM ikWfyfVDl bu ukFkZ bafM;k] dSafczt% dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA
czs[r] vkj- Mh- vkSj buxksYM] lh- MCY;w- 1988] VSfiax , us'kuy fjlkslZ% gfjVst ySaXostsl bu n ;wukbVsM LVsV~l]
bZ-vkj-vkbZ-lh- fDy;fjax gkml vkWu ySaXostsl ,aM fyaxq,fLVDl] okf'kaxVu] Mh-lhA
 36

czkmu] Mh- ,p- 1980] fizafliYl vkWi+Q ySaXosst yfu±x ,aM Vhfpax] U;w tlhZ% isazfVl gkWy] badA
czkmu] osQ- 1984] fyaxq,fLVd VqMs] LkiQkWd % iQksaVkukA
czkmu] ts- Mh- 1996] VsfLVax bu yaSXost izksxzkEl] yanu% izsafVl gkWyA
czefiQV] lh- 1984] dE;qfuosQfVo eSFkkWMksykWth bu ySaXost Vhfpax] dSafczt % dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh isl
z A
czefiQV] lh- ts- vkSj tkWulu- osQ- 1979] nh dE;qfudsfVo ,izksp Vw ySaXost Vhfpax bZ-,y-ch-,l@vkWDliQksMZ
;wfuoflZVh isl
z A
czefiQV] lh- ts- 1980] izkWCyEl ,saM fizafliYl vkWi+Q bafXy'k ySaXost Vhfpax] vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuo£lVh
izslA
ck;je] ,e- 1997] Msosyfiax baVjdYpjy dE;qfudsfVo daihVasl bu iQkWjsu ySaXost Vhfpax% oWQfjoqQye Iykfuax ,saM
ikWfylh] fjiksVZ vkWi+Q odZ'kki 13 xzst% bZ- lh- ,e- ,y-A
cVyj] ts- 1990] tsaMj Vªcy% iQsfefu”e ,aM n lcotZu vkWi+Q vkbZMsafVVh] U;w;kdZ % :VystA
oSQeju] Mh- 1985] I+ksQfefu”e ,aM fyaxq,fLVd F;ksjh] U;w;kdZ% laasV ekfVZu izslA
osQukys] ,e- vkSj Losu 1980] ^F;kjsfVdy ck;l vkWi+Q dE;qfudsfVo ,izkspsl~ Vw lsoQaM&ySaXost Vhfpax ,asM VsfLVax*]
,IykW;M fyaxq,fLVDl 1%1&47
dSjksy] ts- ch- 1956 (laiknd)] ySaXost] FkkWV ,aM fj;fyVh% lsysDVsM jkbfVaXl vkWi+Q csatkfeu yhgksiZQ] U;w;kdZ%
tkWu foys ,saM lalA
lSuu] ts- vkSj tsuslh] ,iQ- (laiknd) 2001] VsªsaM~l bu ckbfyaxqy ,Dohth'ku] tkWu csatkfealA
pkWELdh] ,u- 1957] fluVsfDVd LVªDplZ] nh gsx% ekSVsu da-A
pkWELdh] ,u- 1959] fjO;w vkWi+Q fLdulZ ocZy fcgsfo;j- ySaXostsl 35-1-26&58
pkWELdh] ,u- 1972] ySaXost ,aM ekbaM ] U;w;koZQ% gkjdksVZ czkl tksokuksfopA
pkWELdh] ,u- 1996] ikWolZ ,aM izksLisDV~l% fji+QysD'akl vkWu g~;weu uspj ,aM n lks'ky vkMZj] fnYyh% ekè;e
cqDlA
pkWELdh] ,u- 1965] vkLisDV~l vkWi+Q n F;ksjh vkWWi+Q fluVsDl] dSafczt % ,e- vkbZ- Vh- iszlA
pkWELdh] ,u- 1986] ukWyst vkWi+Q ySaXost] U;w;kdZ % izkxjA
pkWELdh] ,u- 1988] ySaXost ,aM izkWCyEl vkWi+Q ukWyst] oSaQfczt] ekl% ,e- vkbZ- Vh-A
psjh'kksoQl] ts- bZ- 1990] nh jksy vkWi+Q F;ksjht vkWi+Q ySaXost ,aM ySaXost yfuZx bu n izh&lfoZl] bu&lfoZl] Vªsfuax]
,tqosQ'ku ,asM MsoyiesaV vkWi+Q ySaXost VhplZ] ih,p- Mh-] 'kks/ izca/] LowQy vkWi+Q bafXy'k] ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q Mjge]
baXySaMA
psjh'kksoQl] ,u- bZ- 1988] yuZj uhM~l ,aM flyscl fMtkbu] ,e- ,- dk 'kksèk izca/] LowQy vkWi+Q bafXy'k]
;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q Mjge] baXySaMA
 37

psjh'kksoQl] ,u- bZ- 1991] yuZlZ ,os;jusl vkWI-kQ ns;j yfu±x] tsEl] lh- vkSj xSjsV~l] ih] }kjk laikfnr iqLrd
ySaXost ,os;jusl bu n Dykl:e] yanu% ykaxeSuA
dksgu] ,- 1980] VsfLVax ySaXost ,fCyVh bu n Dykl:e] jkSyh] ekl% U;wcjh gkmlA
dksgu] ,- Mh- 1975] , lksf'k;ksfyafXofLVd ,izksp Vw ckbfyaxq,y ,tqds'ku] jkSyh] ekl% U;wcjh gkml ifCyosQ'kuA
dkWeu ;wjksfi;u ÚseodZ vkWi+Q jsiQjsal iQkWj ySaXost 2001] yfu±x] Vhfpax] ,lslesaV dkmafly vkWi+Q ;wjksi - oSaQfczt%
oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
owQij] vkj] ,y- 1889] ySaXost Iykfuax ,aM lks'ky psat] oSaQfczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA
dkWMZj] ih- 1967] ¶flfXufiQdsa'k vkWi+Q yuZlZ ,jlZ¸] baVjus'kuy fjO;w vkWi+Q ,IykW;M fyafXofLVDl 5% 162&169
dkmafly vkWi+Q ;wjksi] 1985] yfu±x ,aM Vhfpax ekWMuZ ySaXostst iQkWj dE;qfuosQ'ku] LVªsV~lcxZ] izkstsDV la-12
ozQkiQksMZ] ts- 1991] ckbfyaxq,y ,tqosQ'ku% fgLVjh] ikWafyfVDl] F;ksjh ,aM izSfDVl] ykWl ,aftYl% ckbfyaxq,y
,tqosQ'ku lhjhtA
ozQgkWy] ,u- 1992 (laiknd)] MseksoszQfVdyh Lihfdax] osQiVkmu% jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk ifj;kstukA
fozQLVy] Mh- 1887] nh oSaQfczt bulkbDyksihfM;k vkWi+Q ySaXost] oSaQfczt % oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
dfeal] ts- vkSj Msuslh] ,e- 1990] gfjVst ySaXostst % nh MsoyiesaV ,aM fMuk;y vkWi+Q dukMk] t fyafXofLVd
fjlksl]Z vkWoj LdwYl@vkWojlsYiQl~ ,saM xkjkekSaM iszl- VksjksaVksA
dfeal] ts- 1976] nh baÝyq,al vkWi+Q ckbfyaxq,fyT+e vkWu dkWxfufVo xzksFk% , flaFksfll vkWi+Q fjlpZ iQkbafMaXl ,saM
,DlIysusVjh gkbiksfFkfll] odZ isilZ vkWu ckbfyaxq,fyT+e 9%1&43
dfeal] ts- 1981 ch] ^nh jksy vkWi+Q izkbejh ySaXost MsoyiesaV bu izkseksfVax ,tqosQ'kuy lDlsl iWQkj ySXaost
ekbukfjVh LVwMsaV~l]* dSfyiQks£u;k LVsV fMikVZesaV vWki+Q ,tqosQ'ku esa LowQfyax ,aM ySaXost ekbukfjVh LVwMsaV~l% ,
F;ksjhfVdy izsQeodZ] ykl ,aftYl% boSY;w,'ku] fMlhfeus'ku ,saM ,lslesaV lsaVjA
dfeal]ts- 1984] ckbfyaxq,fyT+e ,aM Lis'ky ,tqds'ku% b';wt bu ,lslesaV ,aM isMkWxkWth] DysoMu % eYVhfayaXoq,y
eSVlZA
dfeal] ts- 2001] usxksf'k,fVax vkbMssafVVht % ,tqds'ku iQkWj baikWojesaV bu , MkbolZ lkslk;Vh] vkasVkfj;ks] lh-,%
oSQfyiQksfuZ;k ,lksfl,'ku iQkWj ckbfyaXoq,y ,tqosQ'kuA
dfeal] ts- vkSj Lokbu] ,e- 1986] ckbfyaxq,fy”e bu ,tqosQ'ku] yanu% ykaxeSuA
nklxqIrk] ts- 1970] ySaXost dufÝyDV ,saM us'kuy MsoyiesaV % xqzi IkWkfyfVDl ,saM us'kuy ySaXost ikWfylh bu
bafM;k] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA
nklokuh]lh- ts- vkSj ijpkuh] ,l- 1993] lksf'k;ks&fyafXofLVd losZ vkWi+Q bafM;u fla/h] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ-
,y-A
Msfol] ,- 1990] fizafliYl vkWi+Q ySaXost VsfLaVx] yanu csfly CySdoSyA
Msfol] ,- 1980] fizafliYl vkWi+Q ySaXost VsfLaVx] vkWDliQksMZ% ijxkekWu iszlA
 38

Msyhfx;kuh] ,- vkSj muosQ lg;ksxh 2001] ^nh iQLVZ ckydu flaiksft;e vkWu dYpjy vaMjLVS¯a Mx Fkzw bZ- ,iQ-,y-* fczt
b';w 7
Msyksj] ts- 1996] yfu±x% n Vsªtj fofnu- isfjl % ;wusLdksA
nsodh] ,y- 1990] ,u ,uksVsVsM fccfy;ksxkz iQh vkWu ckbfyaxq,fy”e] ckbfyaxq,y ,tqds'ku ,aM ehfM;e vkWi+Q
baLVªD'ku] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A
Mksfj;u] ,u- lh- 1981] ySaXost MsFk] fiQykMsfYIkQ;k % ;wfuoflZZVh vWki+Q isaflyokfu;k iszlA
Mfxy] ih- vkSj ukWV] vkj- 1988] nh izkbejh ySaXost cqd] vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA
nqvk] ,p- vkj- 1985] ySaXost Iykfuax bu bafM;k] fnYyh% gjuke ifCy'klZA
nqvk] ,p- vkj- 1986] ySaXost ;wt] ,V~VhV;wM~l ,saM vkbMsafVVh vekax fyafXofLVd ekWbukfjVh”k] eSlwj% lh vkbZ-
vkbZ- ,y-A
nÙkk] c#vk] ih- ,u- (laiknd) 1999] ySaXosts”k vkWi+Q n ukFkZμbZLV] eSlwj % lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A
,t] ts- 1989] feLVsDl ,saM djsD'ku] yanu% ykaxeSuA
,t] ts- vkSj fjpMZ~l] osQ- 1993 (laiknd)] VhplZ Msoyi Vhpj fjlpZ isilZ bu Dykl:e fjlpZ ,aM Vhpj
MsoyiesaV] yanu% gsuheSuA
,MoM~l]Z oh- 1998] nh ikWoj vkWiQ+ cScy
s % Vhfpax ,aM yfu±x bu eYVhfyaXoq,y Dykl:e] LVksd&vkWu&VªVas % VªFsa ke
cqdA
,MoM~lZ] oh- vkSj okWdj] ,l- 1995] fcfYMax fczt~l% eYVhfyaxq,y fjlkslsZl iQkWj fpYMªsu] DysoMu %
eYVhfyaxq,y eSVlZA
,MoM~Zl] oh- 1998] eYVhfyafXofy”e bu n bafXy'k Lihfdax oYMZ] vkWDliQksMZ% CySdosyA
,fyl] vkj- 1985] vaMjLVSafMax lsdaM ySaXost ,Dohth'ku- vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
isQ;jDykW?k] ,u- 1992 (laiknd)] fozQfVdy ySaXost ,os;jusl] gkjyks% ykaxeSuA
fiQ'keSu] ts- ,- 1978 (laiknd)] ,Mokalsl bu n LVMh vkWi+Q lkslkbVy eYVhfyaxq,fyT+e] n gsx ekmVuA
fiQ'keSu] ts- ,- 1966] ySaXost ykW;YVh bu n ;wukbVsM LVsV~l- nh gsx% ekmVuA
iQkmyj] vkj- vkSj muosQ lg;ksxh (laiknd) 1979] ySaXost ,aM daVªksy] yanu% :VystA
izsaQoQucxZ&xkflZ;k] ,- 1999- ^izksokbfMax LVwMsaV jkbVlZ fon izh&VsDLV iQhMcSd* bZ- ,y- Vh- 53-2%101&106
izQheSu] vkj- 1998] ckbfyaxq,y ,tqosQ'ku ,aM lks'ky psat] DysoMu% eYVhfyaxq,y eSVlZA
xky] ,l- 1979] ySaXost f'kÝV% lks'ky MhVjfeusaV~l vkWi+Q fyfXofLVd psat bu ckbfyaxq,y vkfLVª;k] U;w;kdZ%
,osQMfed isl
z A
xkMZuj] ,p- 1993] eYVhiy baVsyhtsal% n F;ksjh bu iSzfDVl] U;w;kWd%Z csfld cqDlA
xkMZuj] vkj- lh- 1977] lks'ky iQSDVlZ bu lsdaM ySaXost ,Dohth'ku ,aM ckbfyaxq,fyVh] dwal] MCY;w- ,p-]
 39

Vsyj] Mh- ,e- vkSj Vaªscys] ,e- ,- (laiknd)] nh bafMfotq,y ySaXost ,saM lkslk;Vh bu dukMk] vksVkok% n dukMk
dkSaflyA
xkMZuj] vkj-lh- 1985] lks'ky lkbdksykWth ,saM lsoaQM ySaXost yfu±x% nh jksy vkWi+Q ,V~VhV~;wM~l ,aM eksfVos'ku]
yanu% ,MoMZ vkuZYMA
xkMZuj] vkj- lh- 1988] nh lksf'k;ks&,tqds'kuy ekWMy vkWi+Q lsdaM ySaXost&yfu±x% ,tai'kal] iQkbafMaXl
,aM b';wt] ySaXost yafuZx 38%101&126
xkMZuj] vkj- lh- vkSj ySacVZ] MCY;w- bZ- 1972] ,V~VhV~;wM~l ,aM eksfVos'ku bu lsoaQM ySaXost yfu±x] jkSyh
eklkpqlV~l % U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZA
fxfj/j] ih- ih- 1992] , dsl xzkej vkWi+Q dUuM+] eSlwj % lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,yA
xkWoj] vkj-] fiQfyIl]Mh- vkSj okYVlZ] ,l- 1995] Vhfpax iSfz DVl gSaMcqd] vkWDliQksMZ% gsuheSuA
xzaqMh] ih- 1993] U;wtisilZ] vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
xqgk] vkj- 2005] fganh vxsaLV bafM;k] n fgUnw esa u;h fnYyh esa 16 tuojh 2005
xaitZ] ts- ts- vkSj gkbEl] Mh- ,p- 1972 (laiknd)] Mk;jsD'ku bu lksf'k;ks&fyafXofLVd% n bFkuksxzki+Qh vkWi+Q
dE;qfuosQ'ku] U;w;kdZ] gksYV% fjusgkVZ vkSj foalVuA
xqIrk] ,- 1995] ehfM;e vkWi+Q baLVªD'ku bu , ckbfyaxq,y daVsDLV] vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- [kUUkk] ,- ,y- }kjk
laikfnr vkj ,- ,y- 4 u;h fnYYkh% lst ifCyosQ'kal] 201&211
xqIrk] vkj- ,l- 1994 lsysfDVax jhfMax eSVsfj;Yl% le dh dalhMjs'kal- vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- vkSj [kUuk] ,- ,y-
1994 (laikndx.k)] lsdaM ySaXost ,Dohth'ku] u;h fnYYkh% lst ifCyds'kaLkA
gScjekl] ts- 1998] vkWu n izkxeSfVDl vWki+Q dE;qfuosQ'ku] oSaQfczt] ekl% ,e- vkbZ- Vh- iszlA
gScjekl] ts- 1998] nh fiQykWfLiQdy fMldkslZ vkWi+Q ekWMfuZVh] oSQafczt] ekl% ,e- vkbZ- Vh- isszlA
goqqQrk] osQ- 1986] fejj vWki+Q ySaXost% nh fMcsV vkWu ckbfyaxq,fy”e] U;w;kdZ% csfld cqDlA
gSyhMs] ,e- ,- osQ- vkSj glu] vkj- 1976] dksgs'ku bu bafXy'k] yanu % ykaxeSuA
gSyhMs] ,e- ,- osQ- 1975] yfu±x gkm Vw ehu] yanu% ,MoMZ vkuZYMA
gkjej] ts- 1995] nh iSzfDVl vkWi+Q bafXy'k ySaXost Vhfpax] yanu% ykaxeSuA
gSfjl] Mh-ih- 1969] VsfLVax bafXy'k ,Tk , lsoaQM ySaXost] U;w;koZQ% eSdxzk fgyA
gSfjlu] ,- 1983] ,- ySaXost VsfLVax gSaMcqd] yanu% eSdfeyuA
gSx] osQ- vkSj muosQ lg;ksxh 1995 (laikndx.k)] eYVhfyaxq,y ,tqosQ'ku iQkWj lkmFk vizQhdk] tksgkalcxZ% gSfueSuA
fgy] th- 1998] ,MokaLM lkbdksykWth Fkzw Mk;xzkEl] vkWDliQkWMZ jhfotu xkbM~l % , ysoy lkbdksykWth] vkWDliQksM%Z
vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh isl
z A
gkjfoV~t] bZ- osQ-] gkjfoV~t] ,e- ch- vkSj dksi] ts- 1986] ¶iQkWjsu ySaXost Dykl:e ,uDlkbVh¸] nh eWkMuZ
ySaXost tuZy 70% 125&132
 40

gkml] ,l- 1997] ,u baVªksMD'ku Vw Vhfpax bafXy'k Vw fpYMªsu] U;w;kdZ% fjpeksaM ifCyf'kaxA
g;wt] ,- 1989] VsfLVax iQkWj ySaXost VhplZ] oSQafczt% oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA
gfpalu] Vh- vkSj Vksjsl] bZ- 1994] nh VsDLVcqd ,t ,u ,tsaV vkWi+Q psat] bZ-,y-Vh- tuZy 48%315&328
gkbySaM] osQ- 1990] izksokbZfMax izksMfDVo iQhMcSd] bZ-,y-Vh- 4-4-4
bZfyp] vkbZ- 1981] ¶VkSV enj ySaXost ,aM oukZdqyj Vax¸] iVuk;d Mh- ih- 1981 esa eYVhfyaxq,fyTe ,aM enj
Vax ,tqosQ'ku] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
bVkxh] ,u- ,p- vkSj flag ,l- osQ- (laikndx.k) 2002] fyafXofLVd ySaMLdsfiax bu bafM;k] eSlwj% lsaVªy
bafLVV~;wV vkWi+Q bafM;u ySaXostl ,aM egkRek xka/h varjjk"Vªh; fganh fo'ofo|ky;A
bVkxh] ,u- ,p- (laiknd) 1994] LisfV;y vkWLisDV~l vkWi+Q ySaXostl] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A
bZfyp] vkbZ- 1981] izhisQl Vw iVuk;d] 1981] eYVhfyaxq,fy”e ,aM enj Vax ,tqosQ'ku] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh
izslA
tslilZu] vks- 1922] ySaXost% bV~l uspj] MsoyiesaV ,aM vkWfjftu] U;w;kdZ% MCY;w- MCY;w- ukVZuA
f>axju] Mh- 2005] ySaXost fMl,MokaVst% nh yfu±x pSysatl bu izkbejh ,tqosQ'ku] u;h fnYyh% ,- ih- ,p-
ifCyf'kax dkWjiksjs'kuA
tksal] osQ- 1988] baVj,fDVo yfu±x bosaV~l% , xkbM iQkWj iSQflfyVsVlZ] yanu% dhxu istA
fddZ] vkj- 1987] yfu±x bu ,D'ku&,fDVfoVht+ iQkWj ilZuy ,aM xzqi MsoyiesaV] vkWDliQksMZ% csfly CySdosy
fyfeVsMA
[kUuk] ,- ,y- 1983] , LVMh vkWi+Q le yuZj osfj,oYl bu yfu±x bafXy'k ,t , lsdaM ySaXost] ih,p- Mh-
'kks/ izcaèk] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA
[kUUkk] ,- ,y- vkSj vfXugks=kh] vkj-osQ- 1982] ¶ySaXost ,fpoesaV ,aM le lks'ky lkbdksykWftdy oSfj,oYl¸]
lh- vkbZ- bZ- ,iQ- ,y- cqysfVu 18-1 vkSj 2%41&51
[kUuk- ,- ,y- vkSj vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- 1984] ¶le iszfMDVlZ vWki+Q Lihp fLdYl% , lksf'k;ks&lkbdksykWftdy
LVMh¸] baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWi+Q MªfofM;u fyafXofLVd~l 13-2% 229&51
[kwcpankuh] ,y- ,e- 1983] Iywjy ySaXostl] Iywjy dYplZ] bZLV] osLV lsaVj] ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q gokbZA
[kwcpankuh] ,y- ,e- 1988] ySaXost bu , Iywjy lkslk;Vh] fnYyh% eksrhyky cukjlhnkl vkSj f'keyk vkbZ- vkbZ-
,- ,l-A
fdaVLp] MCY;w- 1974] nh fjiztsaVs'ku vkWi+Q ehfuax bu eSeksjh] fgYlMsy] ,u- ts% vyZckWeA
fdaVLp] MCY;w- 1988] ^nh jksy vkWi+Q ukWyst bu fMLkdkslZ dafizgsalu % , daLVªD'ku&baVhxzs'ku ekWMsy*]
lkbdkWyksftdy fjO;w] 95%163&82
ozQk"ksu] ,l- Mh- 1981] lsdaM ySaXost ,Dohft'ku ,aM yfu±x] vkWDliQksMZ% ixkZekWu iszlA
Øk"ksu] ,l- Mh- 1982] fizafliYl ,aM izfS DVl bu lsdaM ySaXost ,Dohth'ku] vkWDliQksMZ% ixkZekWu iszlA
 41

Øk"ksu] ,l- Mh- 1985] nh buiqV gkbiksfFkfll] vkWDliQksMZ % ixkZekWu iszlA

Øk"ksu] ,l- Mh- 1988] lsdaM ySaXost ,Dohth'ku ,aM lsoaQM ySaXost yfu±x] iszafVl gkWy baVjus'kuy (;w- osQ-)
fyfeVsMA
Øk"ksu] ,l- Mh- 1976] iQkWeZy ,aM buiQkWeZy buok;juesaV~l bu ySaXost ,Dohth'ku ,saM ySaXost yfu±x] Vh- bZ- ,l-
vks- ,y- =kSekfld 10%157&168
ozsQ'k] th- 1976 (laiknd)] gSyhMs% flLVe ,aM iaQD'ku bu ySaXost] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
ozsQ'k] th- 1986] fyafXofLVd izkslsl bu lksf'k;ks&dYpjy iSfz DVl] vkWDliQkWMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
Økmt] ,e- ,- 1992] dE;qfudsfVo bafXy'k] yanu% ekLdh feyj ykaxeSuA
dqekj] osQ- 2001] LowQy dh fganh] iVuk% jktdeyA
oqQekj] osQ] 2001] isztqMhl ,saM izkbM% LowQy fgLVjht+ vWki+Q nh izQhMe LVªxy] u;h fnYyh% okbfdax@isafXouA
ysckso] MCY;w- 1966] nh lks'ky LVªsfVfiQosQ'ku vkWiQ+ bafXy'k bu U;w;kW dZ flVh] okf'kaxVu Mh- lh- % lsVa j iQkWj ,IykW;M
fyafXofLVDlA
ysckso] MCY;w-] 1971] ^nh uks'ku vkWi+Q ¶flLVe¸ bu fØ;ksy LVMh”k* gkbEl] Mh- ,p- 1976 (la-) esa
fiMxkbukbts'ku ,saM fØ;ksykbts'ku vkWi+Q ySaXos”k] oSaQfczt% dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA
ysckso] MCY;w- 1972] lksf'k;ks&fyafXofLVd iSVuZ~l] fiQykMsfYiQ;k% ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q isaflyokfu;k iszlA
ykMks] vkj- 1957] fyafXofLVDl ,ozQWkl dYplZ] fef'kxu % ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q fef'kxu iszlA
ysdkWiQ] vkj- 1975] ySaXost ,aM oqeSal Iysl] U;w;kdZ% gkiZj ,aM jksA
ysdkWiQ] vkj- 1990] VkWfdax ikoj % nh ikWfyfVDl vkWi+Q ySaXost bu vkWoj ykbo~l] U;w;WkdZ% csfldA
yky] ,l- ,e- 1986] duots±l ,saM ySaXost f'kÝ+V bu , fyafXofLVd ekWbukWfjVh % , lksf'k;ks&fyafXofLVd LVMh
vkWi+Q rfey~l bu caxyksj flVh] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A
yklZuμizQheSu] Mh- 1986] VsfDuDl ,saM fiafz liYl bu ySaXost Vhfpax] vkWDliQksMZ % vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
yh] Mh- 1992] dEihfVax fMldkslsZl] yanu% yakxeSuA
yh] ist] vkj- ch- vkSj rkcqjsV] dhyj] ,- 1985] ,DV~l vkWi+Q vkbZMsafVVh] dSafczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
fyV~ytkWu] ,- 1992] OgkbZ vkj bZ- ,y- Vh- eSVsfj;y~l n os ns vkj] vizdkf'kr] ih,p- Mh- 'kks/izca/] yadkLVj
;wfuoflZVhA
fyV~ytkWu] th- (1992)] ^'kSVfjax n lkbysal*] izksi+sQ'kuy baosLVj] ebZ] i`- la- 20 &22
fyV~ytkWu] ,- 1999] ^ySaXost yfu±x VkWLDl ,asM ,tqosQ'ku*] bafXy'k Vhfpax izksisQ'kuy 10
fyV~yoqM] MCY;w- 1981] dE;qfudsfVo ySaXost Vhfpax] dSafczt % dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
ykax] th- 1996] iQaD'kuy bafXy'k xzkej] oSaQfczt % oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
eSdukejk] ts- (laiknd)1977] ySaXost yfu±x ,asM FkkWV] U;w;kWdZ % ,osQMfed iszlA
 42

eSdy?kfyu] ch- 1987] F;ksjht vkWi+Q lsdaM ySaXost yfuZx] yanu% ,MoMZ vkuZYMA
ekykekg&FkkWel] ,- 1987] Dykl:e baVjsD'ku] vkWDliQksMZ % vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
efYydktqZu] ch- 1993] ,- fMLkfozQfIVo ,ukfyfll vkWi+Q ;sjkok] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A
eSdMksuk?k] ts- vkSj 'kkW]lh- 1993] eSVsfj;y~l ,aM eSFkM~l bu bZ- ,y- Vh % , VhplZ xkbM] vkWDliQksMZ %
CySdoSyA
eSMxkbl] ih- vkSj ekyMsjst+] ,- 1966] pasftax ilZisfDVo bu Vhpj ,tqds'ku] vkWDliQkWMZ% gsSuheSuA
feykuksfod] ,e-] 1995] ;w- lh- ,y- bZ- ,l- LVMht+ bu ySaXost VsfLVax] [kaM 1]2]3]4] oSaQfczt% dSafczt
;wfuoflZVh isszlA
f'k{kk ea=kky;] f'k{kk vk;ksx ¶dksBkjh deh'ku¸ 1964 &1966] f'k{kk ,oa jk"Vªh; fodkl] f'k{kk ea=kky;] Hkkjr
ljdkj 1966
yfu±x fonkmV cMsZu] jk"Vªh; lykgdkj lfefr dh fjiksVZ] f'k{kk vf/fu;e] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky;] f'k{kk
foHkkx vDrwcj] 2004
us'kuy ikWfylh vkWu ,tqosQ'ku] 1986] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky;] f'k{kk foHkkx] u;h fnYyhA
iatkc LowQy ,tqosQ'ku cksMZ oSQysaMj] [kaM II 2002 ,osQMfed jsxqys'akl] ,l- ,- ,l- uxj % eksgkyh ifCy'klZA
feJk] ch- th- vkSj ,p- vkj- nqvk 1980] ySaXost ;wt bu fgekpy izns'k] eSlwj % lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A
eksgarh] vthr osQ- 1994] ckbfyaxq,fyT+e bu , eYVhfyaxq,y lkslkbVh% lkbdks&lks'ky ,saM isMkxkWftdy
baIyhosQ'kal] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A
eksfuvkiYyh] ,e- ,e- vkSj ,l- vkj- izgy
~ kn vkSj oh- 'kf'koqQekj] 1983] bafXy'k iQkWj ,MYV~l vkbZ-] eSljw % lh- vkbZ-
vkbZ- ,y-A
eq[kthZ] ,- 1981] ySaXost eSaVsusal ,saM ySaXost f'kÝV ,eax n iatkcht ,aM caxkyht+ bu fnYyh] fnYYkh % ckgjh
ifCyosQ'kalA
eq[kthZ] ,u-] iVuk;d] ch- ,u- vkSj vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- 2000] fn vkfdZVDs pj vkWiQ+ ySXa ost] fnYyh% vkWDliQksMZ
;wfuoflZVh izl
s A
eiQhZ] Vh- 1992] E;wftd ,aM lkax] vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA
ukxjkt] th- 1996] bafXy'k ySaXZ ost Vhfpax] dydrk% vksfj,aV ykaxeSuA
,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- 2001] us'kuy dWfjdqye iszQeodZ iQkWj Ldwy ,tqds'ku (iqu% eqfnzr laLdj.k) flracj]
2001] ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
ujflEgk jko] osQ- oh- oh- ,y- vkSj osQ- ih- vkpk;Z] 1992] , fccfy;ksxzkiQh vkWi+Q ySaXost Vhfpax vkV~lZ % LVMht
Mu bu bafM;u ;wfuoflZVh ,aM fjlpZ bafLVV~;w'kal] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A
ukjk;.k] osQ- 2004] vDdk% , MkW;ykx vkWu oqesu Fkzw fFk;sVj bu bafM;k (Ng lh-Mh- lfgr)] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ-
vkbZ- ,y-A
 43

usg:] ts- ^iQkeZ n IkaQD'ku vkWi+Q ySaXost*] us'kuy gsjkYM] 13 i+Qjojh] 1949] xksiky] ,l- vkSj vk;axj] ,- 2003
(laiknd) esa nh b'ksafl;y jkbfVaXl vkWi+Q ts- usg:] vkWDli+QksMZ% vkWDli+QksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA
uwuku] Mh- 1988] flyscl fMtkbu] vkWDliQksMZ % vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA
uwuku] Mh- 1988] nh yuZj lsaVMZ dWfjoqQye&, LVMh bu lsdaM ySaXost Vhfpax] oSaQfczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA
uwuku] Mh- 1989] vaMjLVSfMax ySaXost Dykl:El] izsafz Vl gkWyA
uwuku] Mh- 1991] ySaXost Vhfpax eSFkksMksykWth] yanu % iSzafVl gkWyA
uwVkWy] lh- 1996] Vhfpax jhfMax fLdYl bu iQkWjsu ySaZXost] vkWDliQksMZ % gSuheSuA
vksyj] ts- MCY;w- vkSj tksat] ts- 1994] Dykst ,aM dksgsjasl] Økucjh] ,u- ts% ,lksfl;sVsM ;wfuoflZVh izslA
vksyj] ts- MCY;w- twfu;j 1979] ySaXost VsLV~l ,V LowQy] yanu% yakxeSuA
vksyj] tkWu- MCY;w- (twfu;j) 1983] b';wt bu ySaXost VsfLVax fjlpZ] jkSyh% U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZ] bad-A
iafMr] ih- ch- 1969] ^^dkSeVsa l ~ vkWu ts- ts- xaitZl isij% gkm oSQu oh fMlozQkbo ,sMa estj n fcgsfo;j vkWiQ+
ckbfyax,q y xzIq l\¸ dSyh] ,y- th- (laiknd) esa] fMlfØI'ku] ,saM estjesaV vkWi+Q ckbfyaxq,fyT+e] VksjaVks%
;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q VksjaVks iszl- i`- la- 255&256
iafMr] ih- ch- 1972] bafM;k ,t , lksf'k;ks&fyaxq,fLVd ,fj;k] iwuk% iwuk fo'ofo|ky;A
iafMr] ih- ch- 1988] ^VwokM~Zl , xzkej vkWi+Q oSfj,'ku*] [kwcpankuh] ,y- ,e- 1988 (laiknd) esa] ySaXost bu
, Iywjy lkslk;Vh] fnYyh% eksrhyky cukjlhnkl vkSj f'keyk vkbZ- vkbZ- ,- ,l-A
ikikdaLVsVhfu;w] ,- 1988] ,Iyk;M fyafXofLVDl % ,u baVªksMD'ku Vw n yfu±x ,saM Vhfpax vkWi+Q n iQkWjsu ySaXost]
vaxzs”kh foHkkx% ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q ,FksalA
ikikbiQFkfe;w&ykbVjk] ,l- 1981] dE;wfudsfVax ,saM yfu±x LVªsVtht bu bafXy'k ,t+ , iQkWjsu ySaXost fon jsiQjsal
Vw n xzhd yuZj vkWi+Q bafXy'k] ih,p- Mh- 'kks/ izca/] bafLVV~;wV vkWi+Q ,tqosQ'ku] ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q yanuA
iVuk;d] Mh- ih- 1981] eYVhfyaxq,fyTe ,aM enj&Vax ,tqosQ'ku] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
iVuk;d] Mh- ih- 1986] LVMh vkWi+Q ySaXostst] , fjiksVZ] u;h fnYyh% ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-VhA
ihy] bZ- vkSj ySacVZ] MCY;w] bZ- 1962] ^nh fjys'ku vkWi+Q ckbfyaxq,fy”e Vw baVsfytsal*] lkbZdksykWftdy eksuksxzkÝ+l
76
jktJh] osQ- ,l- 1986] ,u bFkuks fyafXofLVd losZ vkWiQ /kjkoh] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A
jfLdu] oh- vkSj okbtj] vkbZ- 1987] ySaXost ,aM jkbfVax% ,Iyhds'ku vkWi+Q fyafXofLVDl Vw jsgVksfjd ,saM
daiksth'ku]
ukWjoqM] ,u-ts-% ,cySDl ifCyf'kax dkWjiksj'kuA
fjpM~lZ] ts- lh- (laiknd) 1978] vaMjLVSafaMax lsadM ,aM iWQkjsu ySaXost yfu±x% b';wt ,aM ,izkspsl] jkSyh] ekl%
U;wcjh gkmlA fjpM~lZ] ts-] IysV] ts- vkSj oscj] ,p- 1985] ykaxeSu fMD'kujh vkWi+Q ,Iyk;M fyafXofLVDl] yanu%
ykaxeSuA
 44

fjpM~lZ] ts- lh- 1990] nh ySaXost Vhfpax eSfVªDl] oSaQfczt % oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
fjpM~lZ] ts- lh- vkSj jkstlZ] Vh- ,l- 1981] ,izkspst ,aM eSFkWM~l bu ySaXost Vhfpax] ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q gokbZ]
euksvk% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA
jkscVZ] ts- 1995] ^lsYiQ&MkbjsDVsM Dykl:e baDok;jh ckbZ VhplZ % ukWu csfufiQV~l] ,u ,lslesaV vkWi+Q
fozQfVflT+e] ,saM baIyhosQ'kal iQkWj Vhpj&fjlpZj ,fDVfoVh*] nh ySaXost dWfjoqQye% Mk;ukfeDl vkWi+Q psat
([kaM&1)] fjiksVZ vkWi+Q n baVjus'kuy lsfeukj] lh- vkbZ- bZ- ,iQ- ,y-A
lpnsok] vkj-] 2001] ySaXost ,tqosQ'ku bu ukxkySaM % lksf'k;ks&fyafXofLVd Mkbesa'ku] u;h fnYyh % jhtsalh
ifCyosQ'kalA
lk;j] Mh- 1924] nh bIkSQDV vkWi+Q ckbfyaxq,fy”e vkWu baVsfytsal] fczfV'k tuZy vkWi+Q lkbdksykWth 14%25&38
lgxy] ,- 1983] ^^, lksf'k;ks&fyafXofLVd LVMh vkWi+Q n LiksosQu bafXy'k vkWi+Q n fnYyh bykbV ,e- fiQy dk
'kks/ izcU/ fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA
laxy] vkj-] csanzs] ,l- ,e- vkSj flag ;w- ,u- 2004] fjlsVa ,Mokall
s bu uspjq y ySXa ost izkl
s fs lax] eSljw - lh- vkbZ-
vkbZ- ,y-A
'kqeku] ts- 1978 ,] nh fitbukbts'ku izkslsl] jkSyh] ekl% U;wcjh gkmlA
LØkbouj] ts- 1994] yfu±x Vhfpax] vkWDliQksMZ % gSuheuA
lsfeukj] 2000] jhfMtk;fuax dWfjoqQYkk% fo'ks"k vad la[;k 493] u;h fnYyh % jkses'kjkt VªLVA
'kekZ] ih- th- vkSj oqQekj] ,l- 1977 (laiknd)] bafM;u ckbZfyaxq,fYkT-e] vkxjk% osaQnzh; fganh laLFkkuA
'kekZ] vkj- vkSj bZ- vUukeykbZ 2003] bafM;u Mk;Liksjk % bu lpZ vkWi+Q vkbZMsafVVh] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-
A
';keyk] osQ- lh- 1991] Lihp ,aM ySaXost fcgsfo;j vkWi+Q n lsjscy
z ikyflM] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A
flag] vkj- 1997 (laiknd)] xzkej] ySaXost ,aM lkslk;Vh] u;h fnYyh% lst ifCyosQ'aklA
flag] ;w- ,u- vkSj efu:Ttqeku] 1983] Mk;Xyksfl;k bu caxykns'k ,aM ySaXost Iykfuax- dksydkrk% KkuHkkjrhA
Ldruc&daxkl] Vh- vkSj dfeal] ts- 1988 (laiknd)] ckbfyaXkq,y ,tqd's ku % izQkW e 'kSe Vw LVªxy] DysoMu%
eYVhfyax,q y eSVlZA
LisMh] MCY;w- vkSj ek'kZy] osQ 1994] ^ykbV] ukWV ghV] vkWu vks-ch-bZ-* nh vesfjdu LowQy cksMZ tuZy 18%29%33
LiksYLdh] ch- 1978] ,izkspst Vw ySaXost VsfLVax] vkjfyaxVu] ok % lsaVj iQkWj ,IykW;M fyafXofLVDlA
LizksV] vkj- 1984] , lkbafVfiQd dWfjoqQye bu fyafXofLVDl iQkWj ;wt bu lsoaQMjh LowQYl] ,e- vkbZ- Vh% ,e-
,l-A
Jh/j] osQ- osQ- 1989] bafXy'k bu bafM;u ckbfyaxq,fy”e] u;h fnYyh % euksgjA
JhokLro] vkj- ,u- 1979] ySaXost ewoesaV vxsaLV fganh ,t ,u vkWfiQf'k;y ySaXost] vUukeykbZ] bZ] 1979
(laiknd) esa] ySaXost ewoesaV~l bu bafM;k] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A
 45

JhokLro] vkj- ,u- 1988] lkslkbVy ckbfyaxq,fy”e ,saM ckbfyaxq,y ,tqosQ'ku% , LVMh vkWi+Q n bafM;u
flpq,'ku] ikWyLVu] lh- (laiknd)] baVjus'ky gSaMcqd vkWi+Q ckbfyaxq,fy”e ,saM ckbfyaxq,y ,tqosQ'ku] U;w;koZQ%
xzhuoqM izslA
JhokLro] vkj- ,u- 1984 (laiknd)] Hkk"kk'kkL=k osQ lw=k/kj] u;h fnYyh% us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkmlA
LVhucxZ] ,i+Q- ,l- vkSj gkjfoV~t] bZ- osQ- 1986] nh bi+sQDV vkWi+Q baM~;wLM ,uDtbVh vkWu n MsuksVsfVo ,aM
baVjizsfVo daVsV vkWi+Q lsoaQM ySaXost Lihp] Vh- bZ- ,l- vks- ,y- =kSekfld] 20%131&136
LVuZ] ,p- ,p- 1983] ia+QMkesaVy oaQlsIV~l vkWi+Q ySaXost Vhfpax] vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszl
LVCcl] ,e- 1980] ySaXost ,aM fyVjslh% n lksf'k;ks fyafXofLVDl vkWi+Q jhfMax ,aM jkbfVax] yanu% jkSyh ,aM dhxu
ikWyA
lqcS;k] ih- 2004] ,u baVªksMD'ku Vw boSY;w,'ku VfeZuksykWth] lh-vkbZ-vkbZ-,y- % eSlwjA
lqcS;k] ih- (laiknd) 2005] VsLV vkWi+Q ySaXost izksfi+Qfl;alh % fganh ] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A
VSuj] vkj- vkSj xzhu] lh- 1998] VkLd~l iQkWj Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku] yanu% ykaxeSuA
frokjh] ch- ,u-] prqosZnh] ,e- vkSj flag] ch- 1972 (laikndx.k)] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk foKku dh Hkwfedk] fnYyh %
us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkmlA
fFk:eykbZ] ,e- ,l- vkSj ,l- th- xk;=kh] 1991] Lihp vkWi+Q n fg;fjax bais;MZ] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A
FkkWEilu] vkbZ- 1998] ckbfyafxq,fy”e % le vkWLisDV~l vkWi+Q ckbfyafxq,y fpYMªasl dE;qfuosQ'ku fMiQhdYVht+
fon jsiQjsal Vw iQLVZ ySaXost eSaVsusal ,saM lsOkaQM ySaXost baizwoesaV] ,e- ,- dk 'kks/izca/] LowQy vkWi+Q bafXy'k]
;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q Mjge] baXySaMA
FkksuZcjh] ,l- 1999] gkm Vw Vhp xzkej] yanu % ykaxeSuA
VkWefyalu] ch- 1998 ,] eSVsfj;Yl MsoyiesaV IkWQkj ySaXost Vhfpax] oaSQfczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA
VkWefyalu] ch- 2001] ^eSVsfj;Yl MsoyiesaV* dkVZj] vkj- vkSj uwuku] Mh- (laikndx.k) esa] dSafczt xkbM Vw
Vhfpax bafXy'k Vw LihdlZ vkWi+Q vnj ySaXostsl] dSafczt% dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh isl
z A
VkWelu] ,- ts- vkSj ekfVZusV] ,- oh- 1991] , iSfz DVdy bafXy'k xzkej] vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
VªMfxy] ih- 1974] nh lks'ky fMiQjsafl;s'ku vkWi+Q bafXy'k bu ukWjfop] oSaQfczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
Vªwcsu] ,p-Vh- vkSj ckusZV&fetjkgh] Lkh- 1979 (laiknd)] ckbfyaxq,y eYVhdYpjy ,tqosQ'ku ,saM n izksis+Q'kuy]
jkSyh] ekl% U;wcjh gkml ifCyosQ'kalA
;w- ,u- Mh-ih- ,- 2004] g~;weu MsoyiesaV fjiksVZ] u;h fnYyh] vkWDliQksMZ % vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
;wusLdks] 1953] nh ;wt vkWi+Q oukZoqQyj ySaXost bu ,tqosQ'ku] isfjl% ;wusLdksA
;wusLdks] 2003] ,tqosQ'ku bu , eYVhfyaxq,y oYMZ] ;wusLdks ,tqds'ku iksft'ku isij] isfjlA
;wusLdks] 2004] ,tqds'ku iQkWj vkWy % nh DokfyVh baijsfVo] bZ- ,iQ- ,- Xykscy ekWfuVfjax fjiksV]Z isfjlA
 46

vi'kj] ts- 1968] ¶iQksj ,DlifjesVa l

~ vkWu n fjys'ku fcVohu iQWkjsu ySXa ost Vhfpax ,aM yfu±x-¸ ySXa ost yfu±x
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mj] ih- 1996] , dkslZ bu ySaXost Vhfpax] oSaQfczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
oSysVh] jscsdk] ,e- 1967] ekWMuZ ySaXost VsfLVax] U;w;kWoZQ% gkjdksVZ] czkl ,aM oYMZ] bad-A
oa|ksikè;k;] ih- osQ- vkSj vkj- osQ- vfXugks=kh 2000 (laikndx.k)]Hkk"kk% cgqHkkf"krk vkSj fganh] fnYyh% f'kykys[kA
oku ,Yl] Vh- 1984] ,IykW;M fyafXofLVDl ,saM n yfu±x ,aM Vhfpax vkWiQ iQkWjsu ySaXostsl] yanu% ,MoMZ
vkuZYMA
oekZ] ,e- osQ- 1998 (laiknd)] lksf'k;ks fyafXofLVDl] ySaXost ,saM lkslkbVh- u;h fnYyh % lst ifCyosQ'kalA
O;ksxksRldh] ,y- ,l- 1978] ekbaM bu lkslk;Vh% nh MsoyiesaV vkWi+Q gk;j lkbdksykWftdy izkslsl] oSaQfczt] ekWl%
gkoZM ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
okWdj] ,l- 1984] yfu±x F;ksjh ,saM fcgsfo;j ekWfMfiQosQ'ku] yanu% esFkuA
oh] ,y- 2000 (laiknd)] nh ckbfyaxq,y jhMj] yanu% :VystA
os;j] lh- vkSj jkWcV~lZ ts- 1994] boSY;w,'ku bu bZ- ,y- Vh-] CySdosyA
os;j] lh- ts- 1990] dE;qfudsfVo ySaXost VsfLaVx] U;wtlhZ % izsafVl gkWy jhtsaVA
oslczkWM] lh- 2002] ,EcyEl vkWi+Q IyqjfyT+e% dYpjy fMiQjsalsl ,aM n LVsV] fizalVu] U;wtlhZ % fiazlVu
;wfuoflZVh isl
z A
osLV] vkj- 1999] ,lslesaV bu ySaXost yfu±x- ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q eSupsLVj fMLVsal yfuaZx izksxzke&,e- bZ- Mh- bu
bZ-,y-Vh-A
fOgVys] MCY;w- ,p- 1971 (laiknd)] ySaXost ;wt ,aM lks'ky psat % izWkCYkEl fon eYVhfyafXo,fyT+e fon Lis'ky
jsiQjsal Vw bLVuZ vizQhdk] yanu% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA
fOgVuh] ,u- 1987] ^,MhVksfj;y* bZ- ,y- Vh- 41-2% i`- 81
foMkslu] ,p- th- 1984] nh balsfVo oSY;w vkWi+Q F;ksjh bu Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku] bZ- ,y- Vh- 38-2%86&90
foYl] ts- 1981] Vhfpax bafXy'k Fkzw bafXy'k] yanu% ykaxeSuA
foYl] ts- 1998] ^VkWLd&csLM yfu±x] bafXy'k Vhfpax izksisQ'kuy 9
foYl] ts- vkSj foYl] Mh- 1989] nh dkWfyal dkWfcYM bafXy'k dksl]Z ysoy III] cfeZ?ake% dkWfyal dkWfcYMA
foYl] ts- vkSj foYl Mh- 1996] pSysat ,aM psast bu ySaXost Vhfpax% vkWDliQksMZ % gSuheuA
foVtaslVkbu] ,y- 1998] fiQykWfLiQdy fjekDlZ] vkWDliQksMZ% csfly CySdosyA
tehy] oh- 1985] jsLiksafMax Vw LVwMsaV jkbfVax] Vh- bZ- ,l- vks- ,y- =kSekfld] 19-1
bl osclkbV dks t:j ns[ksa %
http//www.languageindia.com
 47

oqQN i=k&if=kdk,¡
z lsfeukj (vad la[;k 493@2000 esa o`Q".k oqQekj] in~ek ,e- lkjaxikf.k] jksfgr /udj] eksgEen rkfyc] lk/
uk lDlsuk] ,- vkj- oS'oh] 'kksHkk flUgk] v#.kk jRue] xhrk ch- ukafclu osQ lg;ksx osQ lkFk iqu%vfHkdfYir
ikB~;ppkZ% u;h fnYyh] Hkkjr dh ,d laf{kIr vkSj pqfuank lanHkZ xzaFk lwphA
z lanHkZ] ,dyO; (fganh)] gks'kaxkckn] HkkjrA
z foe'kZ] fnxarj (fganh) t;iqj ] HkkjrA
z daVsaiksjsjh ,tqosQ'ku Mk;ykWx] csaxyq#] HkkjrA
z Ïksr] ,dyO; (fganh)] Hkksiky] HkkjrA
z baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWi+Q nzfofM;u fyafXofLVDl] fr#ouariqje] HkkjrA
z lkmFk ,f'k;u ySaXost fjO;w] u;h fnYyh] HkkjrA
z bafM;u tuZy vkWi+Q ,IykW;M fyafXofLVDl] fnYyh] HkkjrA
z bafM;u fyafXofLVDl] iq.ks] HkkjrA
z cqfu;knh f'k{kk (fganh)] mn;iqj] HkkjrA
z baVjus'kuy fjO;w vkWi+Q ,IykW;M fyafXofLVDl] U;w;kWd]Z vesfjdkA
z YkSaXost yfu±x] vkWDliQksMZ] baXySaMA
z lsoaQM ySaXost] ,Dohth'ku fjlpZ] csMiQksMZ'kk;j] baXySaMA
z ySaXost] dksyafc;k] vesfjdkA
z fyafXofLVd baDok;jh] U;w;koZQ] vesfjdkA
z ySaXost bu lkslk;Vh] U;w;koZQ] vesfjdkA
z baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWi+Q n lksf'k;ksykWth vkWi+Q ySaXost] U;w;koZQ] vesfjdkA
z bZ- ,y- Vh- tuZy] vkWDliQksMZ] baXySaMA
z ekWMuZ ySaXost tuZy] eSfMlu] vesfjdkA
z tuZy vkWi+Q jhfMax] U;w;WkoZQ] vesfjdkA
z pkbYM MsoyiesaV] vkWDliQksMZ] baXySaMA
z fczfV'k tuZy vkWi+Q ,tqosQ'kuy LVMht] vkWDliQksMZ] baXySaMA
z tuZy vkWi+Q ocZy yfu±x ,aM ocZy fcgsfo;j] U;w;koZQ] vesfjdkA
z dkWfXu'ku] Dys;j] vk;jySaMA
fczfV'k tuZy vkWi+Q lksf'k;ksykWth vWki+Q ,tqosQ'ku] vkWDliQksMZ] baXySaMA
z ,IykW;M lkbdks&fyafXofLVDl] dSafczt] baXySaMA
 48

ifjf'k"V II
oxhZo`Qr xzaFklwph
cgqHkkf"krk vkSj cgqHkk"kh f'k{kk
vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- (1992)_ csdj] lh- (1988] 1993] 2001)_ ckmeSu] t+SM (2001)_ czs[+r] vkj-Mh- vkSj
buxksYM] lh- MCY;w- (1988)_ lsuu] ts- vkSj tsuslh] ,iQ- (2001)_ dksgu] ,- Mh- (1975)_ ØkiQksMZ] ts-
(1991)_ ØgkWy] ,u- (1992)_ dfeal] ts- vkSj Msuslh] ,e- (1990)_ dfeal ] ts- (1976] 1984] 2001)_
dfeal] ts- vkSj Losu] ,e] (1986)_ ,MoMZ~l] oh- (1998)_ ,MoM~Zl] oh- vkSj okWdj] ,l- (1995)_ izQheSu]
vkj- (1998)_ xkMZuj] vkj- lh- (1977)_ gowQrk] osQ- (1986)_ gsx] osQ- vkSj muosQ lg;ksxh (1995)_
dkVlk;Vh] ,y- (1983)_ [kwcpankuh] ,y- ,e- (1983)_ iafMr] ih- ch- (1969)_ iVuk;d] Mh-ih- (1981)_
'kekZ] ih- th- vkSj oqQekj] ,l- (1977)_ LdVuc&daxkl] Vh- vkSj dfeal ts- (1988)_ Jh/j] osQ- osQ- (1989)_
JhokLro] vkj-,u- (1988)_ Vªcsw u] ,p-Vh- vkSj ckusZV&fetjkgh] lh- (1979)_ vkSj oh] ,y- (2000)_ cs;j
(1986)_ nsodh (1990)_ eksgarh (1994)_ 'kekZ vkSj vUukeykbZ (2003)_ yky (1986)_ jktJh(1986)_
feJk vkSj nqvk (1980)_ nqvk(1986)_ nRrk&c#vk(1999)A

f}rh;@fons'kh Hkk"kk,¡ lh[kuk

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,- ,y- vkSj lpnso] vkbZ- (1998)_ vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk ,- ,y- (1994)_
vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk_ ,- ,y- (1994)_ ,aMjlu] vkj- MCY;w- (1981)_ ck;yLVkWd] bZ- (1978)_ czkmu]
Mh- ,p- (1980)_ dkWMZj] ih- (1967)_ ,fyl] vkj- (1985)_ xkMZuj] vkj- lh- (1988]1985)_ xkMZuj vkj-
lh- vkSj ySacVZ] MCY;w- bZ- (1972)_ gkWjfoV~t] bZ- osQ-] gkWjfoV~t] ,e- ch- vkSj dksi] ts- (1986)_ Øk"ksu] ,l-
Mh- (1976]1981]1982]1985)_ eSdukWejk] ts- (1977)_ eSdy?kyhu] ch- (1987)_ iikdalsVsaVhfu;w] ,-
(1988)_ fjpM~lZ] ts- lh- (1978)_ okUk ,Yl] Vh- (1984)_ O;ksxksRldh] ,y- ,l- (1978)_ jnjiQksMZa] MCY;w-
(1987) vkSj okWdj] ,l- (1984)A

f}rh;@fons'kh Hkk"kk,¡ i<+kuk

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- (1994]1999)_ vfXugks=kh] vkj-osQ- (1988)_ vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,- ,y- vkSj
eq[kthZ ,- (1982]1998)_ vkWyjkbV] vkj-,y-](1981)_ ,ysu vkSj oSaQicSy (1972)_ chekSaV] ,e- (1996)_
czkmu] Mh- ,p- (1980)_ czefiQV] lh- (1984]1980)_ czefiQV] lh- ts- vkSj tkWulu] osQ- (1979)_ osQukys]
,e- vkSj Losu (1980)_ ,”k] ts- (1989)_ ,”k] ts- vkSj fjpM~lZ] osQ- (1993)_ xkWoj] vkj-] fiQfyIl] Mh- vkSj
okYVlZ] ,l- (1995)_ gkjej] ts- (1995)_ gkWifdal] Mh- (1993)_ gkml] ,l- (1997)_ Økmt] ,e- ,-
(1992)_ yklZu&izQheSu] Mh- (1986)_ fyV~yoqM] MCY;w- (1981)_ ekyekg&FkkWel] ,] (1987)_ eSdMksuk?k] ts-
vkSj 'kkW] lh- (1993)_ esMxkbt] ih- vkSj ekyMsjst+] ,- (1966)_ ukxjkt] th- (1996)_ uwuku]Mh- (1988]1991)_
uVkWy] lh- (1996)_ fjpM~lZ] ts- lh- (1990)_ fjpM~lZ] ts- lh- vkSj jks”klZ] Vh-,l- (1981)_ LØkbouj] ts-
(1994)_ LVuZ] ,p-,p- (1983)_ Vsuj] vkj-vkSj xzhu lh- (1998)_ FkksuZcjh] ,l- (1999)_ VkWeyhulu] ch-
(1988)_ mj] osQ- (1996)_ foYl] ts- (1981)_ vkSj foYl] ts- vkSj foYl] Mh- (1996)A
 49

Hkk"kk ijh{k.k
,YMjlu] ts-lh-] dkWyiQkWe] lh- vkSj oky]Mh-(1995)_ ,YMjlu] ts- lh- vkSj cjsVk] ,- (1992)_ cSdge] ,y-
(1989)_ cSdge] ,y- ,iQ- vkSj ikWej] ,- ,l-(1996)_ czkmu] ts- Mh- (1996)_ dSjksy] ch- (1980)]
dkssgsu],- (1980)_ Msfol] ,- (1990)_ gSfjl] Mh- ih- (1969)_ gSfjlu] ,- (1983)_ gSfuax] th- (1987)_
g~;wt] ,- (1989)_ feykuksfod- ,e- (1995)_ vksyj] ts- MCY;w (twfu;j) (1979]1983)_ LiksYLdh] ch-
(1978)_ cSysVh] fjcsdk] ,e- (1967)_ oh;j]lh-ts- (1990)_ vkSj oh;j] lh vkSj jkWcVZ~l] ts- (1994)_ lqcS;k
(2004)_ lqcS;k (laiknu) 2005A

Hkk"kk ikB~;p;kZ
ck;je],e- (1997)_ uwuku] Mh- (1980]1988)_ LizksV] vkj- (1984)_ cuZl],- vkSj gwM] ,l- (1994)_ cVZu]
ts- vkSj uwuku] Mh- (1988&91)_ vkWyjkbV] Mh- vkSj cSyh] osQ- ,e- (1991)_ vkWylu]ts- (1980)_ LVsugkml]
,y- (1975)_ gqMk] ,u- (1992)_ tkWulu] vkj- osQ- (1989)_ ,Iiy] ,e- (1990)_ OgkbV] vkj-(1988)_
osQaMfyUk] lh- ,u- (1983) vkSj euckbZ] ts- (1984)_ bVkxh vkSj muosQ lg;ksxh (1994)A

lkekU; Hkk"kk foKku

vfpalu] ts- (1983)_ vdekft;u] ,- vkSj gSuh] ,iQ- MCY;w- (1975)_ cSjh ,e- (1975)_ CyweiQhYM] ,y-
(1933)_ pkWELdh] ,u- (1957]1959]1963]1964]1967]1968]1970]1980]1991]1995)_ pkWELdh] ,u- vkSj
dkV~t] ts- (1975)_ DykoZQ] ,p- ,p- vkSj DykWdZ] bZ- oh- (1997)_ dwd] oh- ts- vkSj U;wlu],e- (1996)_
Mh- lkSlqjs] ,iQ- (1916)_ iQksMksj] ts- vkSj dkV~t] ts- (1964)_ xzhuoxZ] th- ,p- (1978)_ gSyhMs] ,e-,-osQ-
(1973]1975)_ gMlu (1980)_ tsLilZu] vks] (1922)_ twl] ,e- (1957)_ dkV~t] ts- vkSj ikssLVy] ,e- ih-
(1964)_ oszQl] th- (1976)_ ysuhcxZ] bZ- (1967)_ yk;al]ts- (1972]1977]1981)_ jsMiQksMZ] ,- (1990) vkSj
jkWfcal] vkj- ,p- (1967]1989)A

cPpksa dh f'k{kk vkSj fodkl

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- (1992)_ vjksM+k] th- ,y- (1995)_ ,Vfdalu] ,e- (1982)_ csu- ch- lh- (1975)_
dktMsu] lh- (1981)_ dfeal] ts- (1983ch-)_ ,iLVhu] ,u- (1977)_ izQheSu] vkj- (1998)_ gSx] osQ- ,oa
muosQ lg;ksxh (1995)_ fyaMiQkslZ] ts- MCY;w- (1980)_ eksfM;kuks] ,u- (1968)_ iVuk;d] Mh- ih- (1981)_
ikWyLVksu] lh- (1988)_ fjosjk] lh- (1984) Losu] ,e- vkSj okSax fiQyekSj] ,y- (1984)_ Vªck]
w ,p-] xqFkksjh] th-
ih- vkSj vkS osQ- ,p-(1981) vkSj O;ksxksRldh ,y- ,l- (1962)_ ukjk;.k (2004) ';keyk(1991)] fFk:eykbZ]
vkSj xk;=kh (1991)A

Hkk"kk lh[kusokys
vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- (1979]1988)_ vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,- ,y- (1982]1994]1995)_ vfXugks=kh] vkj-
osQ-] [kUuk] ,- ,y- vkSj eq[kthZ] ,- (1982]1983)_ vfXugks=kh] vkj-osQ-] [kUuk ,- ,y- vkSj lpnso] vkbZ-
(1998)_ psjh'kksoQl] ,u- bZ- (1991)_ dkMZj] ih- (1967)_ ,t ts- (1989)_ xkMZuj] vkj- lh- (1985]1988)_
xkMZuj] vkj- lh- vkSj ySacVZ] MCY;w] bZ- (1972)_ gkjfoV~t] bZ-osQ-] gkjfoV~t] ,e- ch- vkSj dksi] ts-(1986)_
[kUUkk] ,- ,y- (1983)_ Øk"ksu] ,l- Mh- (1976]1981]1982]1985)_ uwuku]Mh- (1988)A
 50

ifjf'k"V III
jkT;&okj ^f'k{kk esa vkn'kZ Hkk"kk* dh rkfydk,¡
fo|ky; esa Hkk"kkvksa dh vkn'kZ rkfydk % i- caxky

d{kk ekè;e vfuok;Z fo"k; ,sfPNd fo"k; 'kkL=kh; fons'kh

I ekr`Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk vaxzs”kh@{ks=kh; Hkk"kk ;k X X
vYila[;dksa dh Hkk"kk
II ekr`Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X X
III ekr`Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X X
IV ekr`Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X X
V ekr`Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X X
VI ekr`Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk] vaxzs”kh {ks=kh; Hkk"kk@'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk@fons'kh vfuok;Z ugha ,sfPNd
VII ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸
VIII ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸
IX ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸
X ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸
XI vax”sz kh ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸
XII vax”sz kh ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸

fo|ky; esa Hkk"kkvksa dh vkn'kZ rfydk % jktLFkku

d{kk ekè;e vfuok;Z fo"k; ,sfPNd fo"k; 'kkL=kh; fons'kh
I ekr`Hkk"kk fganh X X X
II ekr`Hkk"kk fganh X X X
III ekr`Hkk"kk fganh X X X
IV ekr`Hkk"kk fganh $ vaxzs”kh X X X
V ekr`Hkk"kk fganh $ vaxzs”kh X X X
VI ekr`Hkk"kk fganh $ vaxzs”kh X laLÑr X
VII ekr`Hkk"kk fganh $ vaxzs”kh X laLÑr X
VIII ekr`Hkk"kk fganh $ vaxzs”kh X laLÑr X
IX ekr`Hkk"kk vax”sz kh fganh fganh ;k laLÑr izsaQp@teZu
X ekr`Hkk"kk vax”sz kh fganh fganh ;k laLÑr ¸
XI vax”sz kh vax”sz kh fganh X ¸
XII vax”sz kh vax”sz kh fganh X ¸
 51

fo|ky; esa Hkk"kkvksa dh vkn'kZ rkfydk % osQjy

d{kk ekè;e vfuok;Z fo"k; ,sfPNd fo"k; 'kkL=kh; fons'kh
I ekr`Hkk"kk jkT;&Lrjh; Hkk"kk (ey;kye)@ eqfLye fo|kfFkZ;ksa X X
{ks=k&Lrjh; Hkk"kk (rfey] dUuM+) osQ fy, vjch
II ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ ¸ X X
III ekr`Hkk"kk ekSf[kd vaxzs”kh ¸ X X
IV ekr`Hkk"kk vax”sz kh ¸ X X
V ekr`Hkk"kk jkT;&Lrjh;@{ks=k&Lrjh; ,fPNd 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk,¡ X X
$ vaxzs”kh $ fganh (vjch] mnw]Z laLd`r] vax”sz kh)
VI ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ ¸ X X
VII ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ ¸ X X
VIII ekr`Hkk"kk ;k vaxzs”kh ¸ ¸ X X
IX ¸ ¸ ¸ X X
X ¸ ¸ ¸ X X
XI ¸ jkT;&Lrjh;@{ks=k&Lrjh; mi&,sfPNd % dksbZ X X
$ vaxzs”kh Hkh vU; Hkkjrh;
Hkk"kk ;k fons'kh Hkk"kk
XII ¸ ¸ ¸ X X

fo|ky; esa Hkk"kkvksa dh vkn'kZ rkfydk % mÙkj izns'k

d{kk ekè;e vfuok;Z fo"k; ,sfPNd fo"k; 'kkL=kh; fons'kh
I ekr`Hkk"kk fganh vkSj vaxzs”kh X X X
II ¸ ¸ X X X
III ¸ ¸ X X X
IV ¸ ¸ X X X
V ¸ ¸ X X X
VI fganh vax”sz kh mnwZ laLÑr@vjch X
VII ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ X
VIII ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ X
IX ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ Ýsap
X ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸
XI vax”sz kh ¸ X X X
XII ¸ ¸ X X X
 52
fo|ky; esa Hkk"kkvksa dh vkn'kZ rkfydk % dukZVd
d{kk ekè;e vfuok;Z fo"k; ,sfPNd fo"k; 'kkL=kh; fons'kh
I ekr`Hkk"kk {ks=kh; Hkk"kk X X X
II ¸ ¸ X X X
III ¸ ¸ X X X
IV ¸ ¸ X X X
V {ks=kh; Hkk"kk vax”sz kh laLÑr X X
VI ¸ ¸ laLÑr X X
VII ¸ ¸ laLÑr X X
VIII vax”sz kh {ks=kh; Hkk"kk laLd`r@fganh@ X X
vU; {ks=kh; Hkk"kk
IX ¸ ¸ ¸ X X
X ¸ ¸ ¸ X X
XI ¸ {ks=kh; Hkk"kk@fganh ¸ X X
XII ¸ ¸ ¸ X X

fo|ky; esa Hkk"kkvksa dh vkn'kZ rkfydk % mÙkj Hkkjr

d{kk ekè;e vfuok;Z fo"k; ,sfPNd fo"k; 'kkL=kh; fons'kh
I ekr`Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk vkSj vaxzs”kh X X X
(ekSf[kd nwljh rd)
II ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X X X
III ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X X X
IV ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X X X
V ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X X X
VI {ks=kh;@jk"Vªh; fganh$vax”sz kh$vU; laLÑr (,e- vkbZ- ,y- X
Hkk"kk Hkk"kk ({ks=kh; dks NksM+dj) osQ :i esa) (,sfPNd)
VII X '' ¸ '' ''

VIII ¸ ¸ ¸ X X

IX ¸ {ks=kh; Hkk"kk $ vaxzs”kh ¸ X X

X ¸ ¸ ¸ laLd`r] rfey] X
ySfVu (vfuok;Z)
XI ¸ {ks=kh; Hkk"kk osQ flok vaxzs”kh (,sfPNd) laLd`r (,sfPNd) ,sfPNd
dksbZ Hkh Hkk"kk
XII ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸
 53

jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg

LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ fy, izLrkfor O;oLFkk

d{kk ekè;e vfuok;Z fo"k; ,sfPNd fo"k; 'kkL=kh; fons'kh

I ekr`Hkk"kk,¡ ekr`Hkk"kk,¡@{ks=kh;@
jkT;&Lrjh; Hkk"kk,¡
II ¸ ¸
III ¸ ¸
IV ¸ ¸
V ¸ ¸
(izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ nkSjku dHkh Hkh
vaxsz”kh dks ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS)
VI ekr`Hkk"kk,¡@ 1- ekr`Hkk"kk,¡@ {ks=kh; Hkk"kk,¡ vk/qfud Hkkjrh;
{ks=kh; Hkk"kk,¡@ jkT;&Lrjh; Hkk"kk,¡ Hkk"kk
jkT; Hkk"kk,¡ 2- fganh (izFke Lrj ij ugha i<+kbZ ftlesa laLÑr
xbZ gks) Hkh 'kkfey
3- vaxzs”kh
VII ¸ ¸ ¸
VIII ¸ ¸ ¸
IX ekr`Hkk"kk,¡@{ks=kh;@ ¸ laLÑr@vjch@
jkT;&Lrjh; Hkk"kk,¡@ i+Qkjlh@rfey@
fganh@vax”sz kh ySfVu
X ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸
XI ¸ dksbZ Hkh ,d Hkk"kk&ekr`Hkk"kk@{ks=kh;@ ¸ dksbZ Hkh fons'kh
jkT; Lrjh;@ Hkk"kk
XII ¸ fganh@vax”sz kh ¸

z ekr`Hkk"kk& ekr`Hkk"kk ls gekjk eryc gS os Hkk"kk,¡ tks ?kj esa cksyh tkrh gSa] iM+ksl esa] lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk vkSj lxs&lacafèk;ksa
osQ chp cksyh tkrh gSaA
z {ks=kh; Hkk"kk,¡& os Hkk"kk,¡ tks izR;sd jkT; osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa cksyh tkrh gSa] Hkys gh mUgsa jkT; }kjk ekU;rk nh xbZ gks
;k ughaA
z jkT; Hkk"kk& jkT; Hkk"kk@Hkk"kk,¡ ftuesa 'kkfey gSa jkT; }kjk ekU;rk izkIr Hkk"kk,¡A
z vyx&vyx jkT;ksa ij vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa mÙkh.kZ gksus ds ekud fHkUu gks ldrs gSaA
 54

ifjf'k"V IV
jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg dh cSBd osQ nkSjku izkIr lEefr;k¡
MkW- ,l- jk/ko`Q".ku~
dbZ fopkjdksa dk er gS fd vkt dbZ laLo`Qfr;k¡ foyqfIr osQ dxkj ij [kM+h gSa ;k foyqIr gks jgh gSa] Bhd mlh
izdkj ftl izdkj dbZ tho&tarqA lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk osQ dbZ lwpd gSa ftlesa /eZ Hkh ,d gS] ysfdu fo'o dh
laLo`Qfr;ksa dh fLFkfr dks le>us dk loZJs"B lwpd mldh Hkk"kk dh fLFkfr gksrh gSA oqQN Hkk"kk,¡ foLrkj ik jgh
gSaA vaxzs”kh dk rks foKku] okf.kT;] jktuhfr vkSj yksdfiz; laLo`Qfr dh tuHkk"kk (fyaxqvk izSQadk) osQ :i esa foLiQksV
gqvk gSA cgqr lkjh nwljh Hkk"kk,¡ u"V gks jgh gSaA ;sy fo'ofo|ky; osQ ¶buMSatMZ ySaXost iQaM osQ Mxyl ,p-
Ogkysu osQ vuqlkj] vkt osQ nkSj esa cksyh tkus okyh yxHkx 6]000 Hkk"kkvksa esa ls vk/h ls ”;knk Hkk"kk,¡ vkus okyh
'krkCnh esa foyqIr gks tk,¡xhA¸ buesa ls yxHkx vk/h Hkk"kkvksa dks cksyus okyksa dh la[;k 10]000 ls de gS vkSj
,d pkSFkkbZ Hkk"kk,¡ 1000 ls de yksxksa }kjk iz;qDr gks jgh gSaA bldk dkj.k dbZ yksx HkweaMyhdj.k dks ekurs gSa
ftlds }kjk laLo`Qfr;ksa dh ,d:irk c<+rh tk jgh gS vkSj budks nwjlapkj rFkk oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk ls b±/u fey
jgk gSA
Hkkjr blls vyx ugha gSA Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk egÙo vkSj blls tqM+h le`¼ laLo`Qfr [kRe gksrh tk jgh
gSA bls jksdk tkuk pkfg, Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dks igyh Hkk"kk osQ :i esa i<+kdjA Hkkjr us gesa fl[kk;k gS fd ek¡ vkSj
ekr`Hkwfe nksuksa gh LoxZ ls c<+dj gksrs gSaA eSa ;gk¡ ,d vesfjdh nk'kZfud foy Mwjk¡ dk ,d dFku ns jgk gw¡A
¶Hkkjr gekjh uLy dh tUeHkwfe Fkh] vkSj laLo`Qr ;wjksi dh Hkk"kkvksa dh ek¡] og gekjh n'kZu dh ek¡ Fkh_ vjcksa
osQ ekè;e ls xf.kr dh ek¡] cq¼ osQ ekè;e ls bZlkbZ /eZ esa fn, x, vkn'kks± dh ek¡] xzkeh.k leqnk; osQ ekè;e
ls Lo&'kklu vkSj tura=k dh ek¡A¸
,d cPpk vius vkjafHkd o"kks± esa nks ;k rhu Hkk"kk,¡ vklkuh ls lh[k ldrk gSA tc og LoHkkor% fcuk
fdlh iz;kl osQ ekr`Hkk"kk lh[k jgk gksrk gS] rHkh ls mlesa vaxzs”kh lquus vkSj cksyus osQ dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djrs
gq, vaxzs”kh i<+kuk 'kq: dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ,d ckj cPpk bu nksuksa esa ekfgj gks tk, rc mls miyC/ vPNs
lkfgR; ftl rd mldh igq¡p gks] osQ ekè;e ls èkhjs&èkhjs i<+uk vkSj fy[kuk fl[kkuk pkfg,A
eq>s gsyu osQyj dh ;kn vkrh gssS A dSls mldh peRdkjh f'kf{kdk lqfyou eSlh us efLr"d ls cgqr
de”kksj osQyj dks ,d f”kEesnkj euq"; cuk fn;k vkSj mlosQ eu&efLr"d dks 'kCnksa vkSj oLrqvksa osQ chp rkyesy
djuk fl[kkrs gq, tkx`r fd;kA ;g rkyesy djuk fl[kkuk osQyj tSls cPps ftlesa lh[kus dh bafnz;k¡ ugha Fkha] osQ
fy, cgqr dfBu FkkA bruk gh ugha vklikl osQ txr dk voyksdu djuk fl[kkrs gq, vkSj n'kZu bfrgkl] lkfgR;
vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k dh iazsQp] teZu] ySfVu] RkFkk xzhd Hkk"kk esa fy[kh fdrkcksa dks i<+dj lqukrs gq, egku O;fDr;ksa osQ
egku fopkjksa vkSj cM+h miyfC/;ksa ls voxr djkrs gq, ml f'kf{kdk us osQyj dks cq¼efr cuk fn;kA mlus mu
lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dh [kwfc;k¡ osQyj dks fl[kkb± ftUgsa og tkurh FkhA bl rjg osQyj us fo'o dh le`¼ /jksgj izkIr
dh vkSj fo'o ukxfjd cuhA
dbZ n'kdksa osQ 'kksèkksa ls Kkr gqvk gS fd fdlh cPps osQ fy, i<+us esa e”kk vkuk vkSj vPNh rjg i<+uk
lh[k ysuk LowQy esa cPps dh liQyrk osQ cM+s dkjd gSaA vPNs ikBd egku fo|kFkhZ curs gSaA miyfCèkijd
tk¡pksa esa ,sls cPps gjsd Lrj ij vPNs vad ykrs gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd xf.kr vkSj foKku esa HkhA vPNs i<+kowQ dk 'kCndks'k
 55

Hkh vPNk&[k+klk gksrk gSA ,d vè;;u ls irk pyk gS fd tc f'k{kd tfVy Hkk"kk cksyrs gSa] de mez osQ cPps
[kqn gh ”;knk tfVy okD; cukuk lh[k tkrs gSaA d{kk rhljh osQ ckn ,d cPps dks 3000 u;s 'kCn izfr
o"kZ osQ fglkc ls lh[kus dh ”k:jr gksrh gS] ;kuh yxHkx vkB u;s 'kCn izfrfnuA vkSj ,d 'kCn dks
viuk cukus osQ fy, mls de ls de pkj ckj ns[kuk@lh[kuk iM+rk gSA
”;knk ls ”;knk dgkfu;k¡] dfork,¡] thofu;k¡] vkRedFkk,¡] ukVd bR;kfn i<+uk Ldwyh f'k{kk dk vfuok;Z
fgLlk gksuk pkfg,A
vPNs i<+us okys ”kYnh 'kq#vkr djrs gSaA d{kk ,d iBu osQ vad fo|ky; dh vfUre lky dh liQyrk
osQ eq[; laosQrd gSaA dgus dk eryc ;g gS fd vkjafHkd voLFkk esa tks dqN Hkh gksrk gS mldk vlj lh[kus
osQ Lrj ij var rd ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
i<+uk lh[kuk dsoy vdknfed miyfCèk osQ fy, ugha gSA i<+uk vkuan dh vuqHkwfr djkrk gSA ¶cPps
fdrkcksa esa nksLr] lykgdkj vkSj 'kkafr ik ldrs gSaA i<+uk cPps dks os tknqbZ {k.k ns ldrk gS ftueas og fy[ks
gq, 'kCnksa dk 'kkar laxhr lqu losQ vkSj muls Hkh dgha T;knkA¸
la{ksi esa %
d) gesa t:jr gS Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dh gekjh laLd`fr thoar j[kus osQ fy,A
[k) gesa t:jr gS vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dh cPpksa esa oSKkfud&cksèk fodflr djus osQ fy,A
x) izkFkfed Ldwyksa esa nwljh d{kk rd lquus dh oqQ'kyrk (Jo.k dkS'ky) dks fodflr djus ij ”kksj Mkyuk
pkfg, vkSj mlds ckn ls rhljh d{kk esa i<+us ijA
?k) de ls de vkB u;s 'kCn izfrfnu osQ fglkc ls 'kCn&{kerk fodflr djuk lqfuf'pr djsaA
Ä) izkFkfed Lrj osQ vuqdwy vPNh fdrkcksa ls Hkjk iqLrdky;A
lzksr % us'kuy T;ksxzkfi+Qd] jhMlZ MkbtsLV
 56

,p- osQ- nhoku

fiz; izks- vfXugks=kh]
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ f'k{k.k osQ lanHkZ esa lcls egÙoiw.kZ gS fd ge O;kid lkekU; j.kuhfr;ksa ij fopkj djsaA ckr
fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dh gks] d{kk esa f'k{kd vkSj cPps ls lacafèkr eqn~ns yxHkx lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa ,d ls gSaA ikB~;iqLrdksa
vkSj LowQy dh Hkk"kk ls cPps dh Hkk"kk dk dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gksrk gSA buesa dHkh de rks dHkh cgqr ”;knk
varj ik;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh izkFkfed fo|ky; esa fdlh Hkh d{kk osQ lkjs cPps ,d gh Hkk"kk osQ ugha gksrsA cPpksa
dh Hkk"kk esa tks varj gksrs gSa og egt ,d gh Hkk"kk osQ FkksM+s ls iQsjcny fy, gq, vyx&vyx :i ugha gksrs]
cfYd fugk;r gh vyx&vyx i`"BHkwfe fy, gksrs gSaA blfy, tc ge ;g dgrs gSa fd ekr`Hkk"kk esa i<+kbZ gksuh
pkfg, rks bu ckrksa dk [k;ky djrs gq, bls ”;knk Li"V djuk pkfg,A
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ f'k{k.k osQ ekeys esa 'kq¼rk o tM+rk dh leL;k vkM+s vkrh gSA ,d rjI+kQ cksyh tkus
okyh Hkk"kk gS tks ”;knk yphyh gS] thoar gS tcfd nwljh rji+Q ikB~;iqLrd o O;kdj.k tqM+ tkrs gSaA LowQy esa
Hkk"kk dh bl 'kq¼rk dks cuk, j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS] Hkys gh ,sls esa cPps dh jpukRedrk o vkRefo'okl
dks nckuk iM+sA Ldwyksa osQ ekeys esa bl rF; dks Lohdkj djuk gksxk] vkSj cPps dh Hkk"kk dks lEeku nsuk gksxk
& Hkys gh ;g Hkk"kk xyfr;ksa o v'kq¼rk ls Hkjh gqbZ gksA
Hkkjr esa Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k] i<+us dh {kerk dks fodflr djus dh ”k:jr dks ugha le>rk gSA ;g cPps dks
osQoy ^fMdksM* djuk fl[kkrk gS vkSj ^fMdksfMax* dks gh i<+uk le>us dk Hkze ikyrk gS vkSj bl Hkze dks iSQykrk
Hkh gSA tcfd i<+uk ikB osQ lkFk laokn djuk gS] vius vuqHkoksa o lS¼kafrd lajpuk osQ lk¡ps esa ikB dks <kyuk
gSA vdlj bl ckr dks Hkh u”kjvank”k fd;k tkrk gS fd i<+us dk vFkZ gS èkkj.kkvksa dks x<+uk vkSj lkFk gh fopkjksa
dks vkil esa tksM+us dh {kerk dks fodflr djuk vkSj mUgsa viuh Le`fr esa j[kukA bl ckr dks Hkh u”kjvank”k
fd;k tkrk gS fd Hkk"kk f'k{k.k o.kZekyk igpku] 'kCn o okD; Hkj ugha cfYd oqQN vkSj Hkh gSaA Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k
esa crkSj lcd tks oqQN cukus osQ fy, fn;k tkrk gS mldk mís'; gksrk gS cPps mudk tokc ,slk nas tks f'k{kd
osQ vuqlkj lgh gks ;kuh izR;sd dgkuh] dfork ;k vU; jpuk&[kaM dks ,d gh rjhds ls le>us o O;k[;kf;r
djus dk ncko cPpksa ij Mkyk tkrk gSA i<+uk] ys[kd }kjk fy[ks x, osQ vFkZ dks le>Ukk rks gS gh lkFk gh nwljksa
osQ er ls fHkUu u”kfj;k viukuk vkSj fdrkc dh viuh futh le> fodflr djuk Hkh gS] bls LowQyh Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k
esa rjthg ugha nh tkrhA
;g Hkh è;ku nsus yk;d ckr gS fd nwljs fo"k; ;g ekuus dks rS;kj gh ugha gksrs fd os Hkh Hkk"kk ij fuHkZj
gSa vkSj bu fo"k;ksa dh vPNh le> osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd cPps Hkk"kk&n{krk izkIr djsaA ifj.kker% ,d Hkh ,slk
lcd ugha fn;k tkrk ftlls fo|kFkhZ jpukRed Lrj ij tw>sa] mlesa fufgr rdZ dks le>sa vkSj viuk rkfdZd
u”kfj;k fodflr dj losaQA
oqQN NksVs iz;ksxkRed dk;ZØeksa dks NksM+ fn;k tk,] rks ge ikrs gSa fd cPps dks ikB~;iqLrd i<+us dks izsfjr
ugha fd;k tkrk vkSj lkFk gh i;kZIr lqfoèkk ;k lkexzh Hkh iznku ugha dh tkrh] ftlls cPpk iqLrd dks ”;knk
xaHkhjrk vkSj ”;knk vkRefo'okl osQ lkFk i<+us dks vxzlj gksA
mnwZ fo'ks"kdj bldh fyfi rFkk ijlks&vjsfcd 'kkfCnd dks'k vkSj laLo`Qr osQ ekeys eaas mijksDr ckrsa egÙoiw.kZ
gSAa gks ldrk gS bldk dkj.k vfèkdka'kr% bu Hkk"kkvksa dk fnu&izfrfnu ”;knk bLrseky u gksukA tks Hkh gks ifj.kke
;gh gS fd budh ikB~;iqLrdsa] [k+kldj laLo`Qr dh dkI+kQh iqjkuh gSa lkFk gh ;FkkFkZ ,oa cPps dh vfHk#fp ls dkslksa
 57

nwjA d{kkvksa esa nSuafnu ?kVukvksa ij ckrphr djus ;k ;w¡ gh lkèkkj.k okrkZyki djus esa laLo`Qr dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk]
D;ksafd [kqn f'k{kd Hkh laLo`Qr ugha le>rsA laLo`Qr dh dksbZ Hkh iqLrd f'k{kd Bhd ls ugha i<+ ldrkA blfy,
jVuk vkSj jVkuk gh eq[; lkèku cuk gqvk gS] blesa dksbZ vpjt ugha gksuk pkfg,A ;fn ge pkgrs gSa fd laLd`r
f'k{k.k tkjh jgs rks gesa ,d ,slk dk;ZØe fodflr djuk gksxk] ftlls laaLd`r ckrphr osQ Lrj rd ykbZ tk losQ
vkSj ckrphr dh laLo`Qr ,d lkspk&le>k fl¼kar cu tk,A ;g okLro esa nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS fd ge ml ikB~;lkexzh
dk iz;ksx ugha dj ikrs gSa tks vk/qfud laLo`Qr ys[kdksa }kjk fy[kh x;h gSA
MkW- ,p- osQ- nhoku
fo|k Hkou lkslkbVh
mn;iqj
 58

fjeyh HkV~Vkpk;Z
18 iQjojh 2005
I;kjs lkfFk;ks]
fuEufyf[kr fVIi.kh dbZ Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj lkfgR; osQ lkFk&lkFk :lh] phuh (eSuMsfju) vkSj izsQap Hkk"kk vkSj
lkfgR; osQ lkFk fd, x, esjs iz;ksxksa o vuqHkoksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA ,d fo|kFkhZ] f'k{kd] vuqoknd vkSj izkFkfed
Ldwy osQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd fy[kus vkSj iBu&ikBu lkexzh (Vh- ,y-,e-) dks cukus ls ysdj Hkkjr o Hkkjr osQ
ckgj fofHkUu dkWystksa ,oa fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa i<+kus dh o”kg ls eq>s yxk fd eSa bl vkèkkj i=k osQ dsanzh; mís';
esa oqQN ;ksxnku ns ldrh gw¡A eSaus Hkk"kk&;kstukvksa o muosQ izHkko vkfn ij vè;;u ugha fd;k gS] ysfdu ftUgksaus
,slk fd;k gS] os bl fVIi.kh dh O;kogkfjdrk ij lksp ldrs gSaA
z iwjs ns'k esa fdlh ;wfuiQkWeZ Hkk"kk&;kstuk dks ykxw djuk u rks laHko gS vkSj u gh ”k:jhA
z geesa ls vfèkdka'k osQ fy, cgqHkkf"kdrk okLrfodrk gS] blfy, bldk ftruk ldkjkRed mi;ksx gks ldrk
gS&og fd;k tk,A ikB~;Øe] Vh-,y-,e- osQ fuekZ.k ls ysdj d{kk esa laokn }kjk bls ifjiksf"kr fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
z f'k{kk&O;oLFkk osQ Hkhrj vkSj muosQ chp] tks 'kS{kf.kd&;kstukvksa dks cukrs gSa vkSj dk;kZfUor djrs gSa] Hkk"kk
dh le> o blds izfr laosnu'khyrk dk vHkko gSA blfy, loZizFke ;g ”k:jh gS fd Hkk"kk osQ fofHkUu
igyqvksa] elyu bldh èofu] Vksu] lw{erkvksa] n`';&izn'kZ vk;keksa] fof'k"V lkaLo`Qfrd jLeksa vkSj nSuafnu
O;ogkj osQ izfr ge [kqn dks tkx:d djsaA
z lcls ”;knk ”kksj izkFkfed Ldwy osQ f'k{kdksa dks blds izfr lpsr o xaHkhj #[k viukus dh vksj mUeq[k djus
ij nsuk pkfg,A eSa izf'k{k.k 'kCn dk bLrseky tkucw>dj ugha dj jgh gw¡] dkj.k vkt vfèkdka'k
f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe f'k{kdksa@gksus okys f'k{kdksa esa [krjukd <ax ls ^,aVh&yfu±x* #[k iSnk dj jgs gSaA
z vkSipkfjd f'k{kk esa vkjafHkd o"kks± esa cPpksa dks 'kq: djus osQ fy, fdlh ,d Hkk"kk (”k:jh ugha fd ekr`Hkk"kk
gh gks] ysfdu izkFkfedrk bls gh nsuh pkfg,) esa xgjs mrkj nsus dh ”k:jr gS A f}rh; Hkk"kk ;k nwljs Hkk"kk
ls Hkh vHkh ls ifjp; djk;k tk ldrk gS A vkjafHkd o"kks± esa cPpk nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa vkSj fyfi esa #fp ys vkSj
mls FkksM+h&lh Hkh ijs'kkuh ugha gks] bldk [k;ky j[kuk ”k:jh gS A bu fnuksa cPps dh Hkk"kk rkykc dh rjg
gksrh gS] ftlesa og [ksyuk] rSjuk] Hkhxuk lh[ksA blfy, iQksdl fdruh xgjkbZ rd ys tkuk gS] ml ij gksuk
pkfg, A ewY;kadu ,oa VsLV Hkh gksa ijUrq ,sls tks cPps osQ fy, og gkSok ;k ruko iSnk djus okys u cu tk,¡A
z vkt ftl rjg ls oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk iQSy jgh gS] mlesa vaxsz”kh i<+kus vkSj lh[kus dh ”k:jr c<+rh tk jgh
gSA ysfdu mlls Hkh vge o xaHkhj elyk gS cPps dk dc vkSj dSls vaxzs”kh ls ifjp; djkuk pkfg,A bls
vkSipkfjd :i ls fo|ky; esa igys lky ls gh 'kq: fd;k tk ldrk gS (èofu o fyfi nksuksa Lrjksa ij)]
ysfdu ;g rHkh laHko gS tc Bhd ls rS;kjh djosQ bls lkoèkkuhiwoZd dk;kZfUor fd;k tk,A
z izkFkfed LowQy esa igys lky Hkk"kk,¡ gh lc oqQN gSa] iQksdl lewg bls fjiksVZ esa ,d vyx&fgLls esa Li"V
o foLrkj ns ldrk gSA blesa ns'k osQ fofHkUUk Hkkxksa esa nks ;k pkj rjg osQ ifjn`';ksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tk,A
z fganh rhljs ;k pkSFks lky ,sfPNd fo"k; osQ :i esa 'kq: dh tk ldrh gSA
z uhfr i=k dks bruk yphyk gksuk pkfg, fd og vYila[;d leqnk;ksa vkSj gkf'k, ij jgus okys lewgksa dh
vis{kkvksa dks lekfgr dj losQA blh le; bls ;g Hkh è;ku j[kuk gS fd ;g ,slk u cu ik, fd FkksM+s le;
ds jktuhfrd ykHkksa ds fy, volj nsus yxs vkSj ftlds dkj.k /eZ] tkfr vkSj vU; LokFkhZ lewgksa ds eqíksa
 59

dks xfr feys fcuk ;g è;ku esa yk, fd vUrfuZfgr mís';ksa dks lkdkj djus ds fy, t:jh laHko lqfo/k,¡
vkSj lalk/uksa dh miyC/rk gS fd ughaA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,slk gksxk fd fcuk fdlh yacs le; dh izfrc¼rk
ds cPpksa ij cks> Mkyk tk,xk vkSj bldh fuHkZjrk izf'kf{kr vkSj vizf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa ij jgsxh tks okLro esa
f'k{k.k djrs gSaA
eSa nks mnkgj.k nsrh gw¡ %
1- ^vykfpdh* fyfi dks if'pe caxky esa vkfnoklh cPpksa dks fl[kk;k tkuk 'kq: fd;k x;k A mn~ns'; Fkk]
mudh viuh fyfi nsuk] ysfdu dydÙkk vkSj ckaoqQjk f”kys esa tc eSaus ikB~;iqLrdksa dk los{Z k.k fd;k
(1996)] rks ik;k fd ,d Hkh ikB~;iqLrd bl fyfi dks fl[kkus ;k lh[kus osQ fy, miyCèk ugha Fkh vkSj
u gh ,slk dksbZ f'k{kd feyk tks cPpksa dks bl fyfi esa i<+k jgk gks A vkfnoklh cPps caxyk fyfi ls
tw> jgs Fks] okLro esa mUgsa bl fyfi ls ugha tw>uk FkkA bl rjg os ,slh ”kehu ij Fks tgk¡ dksbZ Hkk"kk
gh ugha Fkh (ns oj bu , uks ySaXost ySaM)
2- vle dh ikB~;iqLrdksa esa cksMks fl[kkus okyh vH;kl&ikB~;iqLrdksa esa fdlh ,d gh dfo dh ?kfV;k
dfork,¡ Fkha] tcfd dk;Z'kkyk (xqokgkVh 2001&02) osQ nkSjku ;g irk pyk fd cksMks esa fy[kh dforkvksa
dk le`¼ HkaMkj gSA njvly mDr ys[kd ftldh dfork,¡ ikB~;iqLrd esa Fkha] ikB~;iqLrd lfefr esa
izHkko j[kus okyk lnL; FkkA
bu nksuksa ekeyksa esa ikrs gSa fd fyfi;k¡@Hkk"kk,¡ ljdkjh Lrj ij ekU; Fkha vkSj LowQy tkus okys cPPks osQ fy, miYkC/
Hkk"kkvksa esa 'kkfey dh FkhaA ijarq blosQ fozQ;kUo;u osQ fy, cgqr gh de #fp yh xbZ ;k ;w¡ dgsa iz;kl gh ugha
fd, x,A varr% Hkk"kk osQ fy, dksbZ vknj Hkko ugha jgk nksuksa rjI+kQ pkgs jktuhfrd Lrj ij tgk¡ yksx bl ckr
ls lger Fks fd Hkk"kk@fyfi dks 'kkfey djuk gS ;k mu yksxksa osQ Lrj ij tks okLro esa uhfr dks dk;Z:i eas cnyuk
pkgrs FksA nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa cPPks dks fdlh izdkj dk le`¼ vuqHko ugha feysxk mldh Hkk"kk ij idM+ ugha
gks ik,xhA bu fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkk"kk dks vf/dkfjd igpku nsuk ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd cPPks dh viuh Hkk"kk esa
miYkC/ lalk/uksa rd igq¡p u gksA uhfr i=k dks bruk yphyk gksuk pkfg, fd blesa gkf'k, ij pys x, lewgksa
;k vYila[;d leqnk;ksa dh vis{kkvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk;sA lkFk gh bls bruk Hkh eqDr ugha gksuk pkfg, fd
bldk bLrseky FkksM+s le; osQ jktuhfrd ykHk osQ fy, gks tks èkeZ] tkfr vkSj nwljs lewgksa osQ eqíksa dks gok ns]
bl ckr ij è;ku fn, fcuk fd laHko <k¡pk rFkk vko';d lalkèku vko';d gSaA blosQ mís';ksa dh izkfIr osQ fy,
bl rjg osQ ekeyksa esa ifj.kke gksxk fcuk fdlh nwjxkeh izfrc¼rk osQ cPpksa ij cks> MkyukA
;s dqN izkFkfed voyksdu gSaA eSa fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ Li"Vhdj.k ;k ;ksxnku dk volj ikš] rks [kq'kh
gksxhA Hkk"kk euq"; thou dk ,d vfHkUu fgLlk gS] vkSj eSa mEehn djrh gw¡ fd] ;g ^iS'ku* bl lewg osQ vafre
fjiksVZ esa cgqvk;keh ifjizs{;ksa esa vfHkO;Dr gksxk vkSj 21oha lnh esa Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ f'k{k.k osQ fy, fdlh Hkh
izdkj osQ ;kaf=kd n`f"Vdks.k dks iuius dk ekSdk ugha nsxkA
fjeyh HkV~Vkpk;Z
vaxsz”kh foHkkx
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;
fnYyh&110007
 60

vatyh uksjksguk
xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk
Hkk"kk f'k{kk dk ,d cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ vo;o gksrk gSA lgh vFkks± esa dgsa rks ;g f'k{kk dh vkèkkj LraHk gksrh gS
D;ksafd Kku dks le>us ,oa mls vfHkO;Dr djus dk izkFkfed ekè;e ;gh gSA ;|fi ljdkj dh uhfr jgh gks fd
f'k{kk cPps dks ekr`Hkk"kk esa gh nh tk,] fiQj Hkh ,d cM+s Hkkx dks [k+kldj oafpr yksxksa rd bls veyh tkek ugha
iguk;k tk ldkA tgk¡ ekè;e osQ :i esa ekr`Hkk"kk viukbZ Hkh tkrh gS ogk¡ Hkh ikB~; ,oa ikB~; oLrq dk lanHkZ izk;%
'kgjh] mPp tkfr] eè; oxZ vkSj iq#"k dk gh gksrk gSA xSj ljdkjh laxBu tks ”kehuh ;k ”kehu ls tqM+s dke djrs
gSa bl eqn~ns dks mBkrs jgs gaS rFkk Hkk"kk dh vtuch;r dks de djus osQ dbZ rjhosQ fodflr fd, gSaA [k+kldj
xzkeh.k cPpksa dks muls tqM+s lanHkZ osQ vuqlkj f'k{kk nsdjA bl rjg osQ vfHk;kuksa ls ge lkoZtfud f'k{kk dks vkSj
vfèkd mi;ksxh cukus dh vksj c<+ ldrs gSaA xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa ,oa lkoZtfud f'k{kk O;oLFkk osQ chp vkilh
lg;ksx osQ dqN vPNs ifj.kke izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaA
oqQN mnkgj.k %
yík[k esa Hkk"kk ,oa ekè;e dk eqn~nk % Hkk"kk dh tkx:drk c<+kus osQ fy, lsdeksy (LVwMaSV ,tqosQ'kuy
,aM dYpjy ewoesaV vkWi+Q yík[k) dk iz;kl % tEew vkSj d'ehj osQ yík[k f”kys esa ,d fofp=k fLFkfr iSnk
gks xbZ FkhA 10 lky igys ogk¡ igyh ls ys d j 9oha d{kk rd dh lHkh ikB~ ; iq L ros a Q mnw Z es a Fkha tcfd
10oha d{kk dk ekè;e va x z s ” kh FkkA
vpkud ls bl cnyko osQ dkj.k 10oha d{kk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izn'kZu vR;ar [kjkc Fkk (5» ls Hkh de)A yík[k
esa ,d cM+h tula[;k ckS¼ksa dh gS rFkk eqfLye vkcknh Hkh vPNh la[;k esa gSA lHkh yík[kh (ckS¼ ,oa eqfLye)
yík[kh Hkk"kk cksyrs gSaA yík[kh fyfi ckS¼ leqnk; osQ lkFk lacafèkr crkbZ xbZ vkSj ogk¡ dh ljdkj us bls ,d
lkaiznkf;d Hkk"kk dh rjg fy;kA blfy, mnwZ (jkT; Hkk"kk) dh txg yík[kh Hkk"kk (lkaiznkf;d Hkk"kk) dk iz;ksx
jSfMdy o vyxkooknh dne osQ :i esa fy;k x;kA lkFk gh yíkf[k;ksa esa Hkh yík[kh Hkk"kk osQ izfr lEeku u osQ
cjkcj FkkA vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk osQ izfr ”;knk mRlkg Fkk D;ksafd os bl Hkk"kk dks lkekftd xfr'khyrk dh Hkk"kk ekurs FksA
bu reke jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd fnDdrksa dks ns[krs gq, ^lsdeksy* us ;g fu.kZ; fy;k fd d{kk ,d ls gh
i<+kbZ dk ekè;e vaxzs”kh gks] blosQ fy, ,d tu vkanksyu 'kq: fd;k] rkfd cPps 10oha d{kk esa vpkud vaxzs”kh
ekè;e ls tqM+dj ijs'kkuh u >sysaA bl igydneh us ldkjkRed ifj.kke lkeus yk,A d{kk 10 dh ijh{kk osQ fy,
mnwZ ekè;e ykxw fd;k x;kA gkyk¡fd bls ,d i'pxkeh dne osQ :i esa ns[kk x;kA izkjafHkd d{kkvksa vkSj cksMZ
ijh{kkvksa osQ ekè;e osQ chp fujarjrk dk cgqr gh tcjnLr izHkko 10oha osQ urhtksa ij iM+kA oqQN gh o"kks± esa 10oha
osQ urhts dk LosQy 5 izfr'kr rs”kh ls Åij mBdj 40 izfr'kr rd igq¡p x;kA
blosQ lkFk gh ^lsdeksy* yík[kh Hkk"kk osQ ekudhdj.k dh fn'kk esa Hkh iz;kl dj jgk gSA blosQ fy, os
yík[kh fyfi esa ,d v[kckj jsokbZ vkstj (Rewai Odzer) vkSj ,d if=kdk esykax (Melong) fudkyrs gSa A lkFk
gh blus cPpksa dh dgkfu;ksa dks nksuksa gh Hkk"kkvksa vaxs”kh vkSj yík[kh esa lkeus yk;k gSA blosQ vykok ;g izkFkfed
Lrj osQ i;kZoj.k vè;;u dh ikB~;iqLrdksa ,oa Hkk"kk osQ fodkl ls Hkh tqM+k gqvk gS A ;|fi ;s ikB~;iqLrdsa vaxzs”kh
ekè;e esa gS ysfdu yík[kh Hkk"kk dh >yfd;ksa osQ lkFkA budh ;kstuk gS fd vè;kidksa osQ fy, budk yík[kh
laLdj.k Hkh fudkyk tk,A bl rjg tc èkhjs&èkhjs LFkkuh; yík[kh Hkk"kk esa phtsa Nidj vkus yxsaxh] rc yík[kh
 61

Hkk"kk esa ikB~;iqLrdksa dk vkuk laHko gks ldsxk A blosQ lekarj gh ^lsdeksy*] ekr`Hkk"kk dh vko';drk osQ izfr
jkT; ,oa LFkkuh; yksxksa dks tkx:d djus osQ fy, vkanksyu Hkh pyk jgk gSA
yík[kh Hkk"kk osQ izfr ukxfjd tkx:drk osQ dkj.k vkt ogk¡ jktuhfrd usrk Hkh yík[kh Hkk"kk dks vkus
okys oqQN o"kks± esa izkFkfed f'k{kk dk ekè;e cukus dh ckr djus yxs gSaA ^lsdeksy* Hkk"kk dks ysdj fuEu rjg
ls lksp jgk gS%
iwoZ&izkFkfed Lrj ij lHkh fo"k;ksa osQ fy, osQoy yík[kh Hkk"kk dk bLrseky fd;k tk,A
(d) d{kk ,d ,oa nks esa lHkh fo"k; yík[kh Hkk"kk esa gkas] ysfdu vaxzs”kh dks ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA
([k) d{kk rhu esa lHkh fo"k; yík[kh Hkk"kk esa gks] ysfdu xf.kr vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk esaA
(x) d{kk pkj esa foKku vaxsz”kh esa 'kq: gks] ckdh yík[kh esa gh jgsA
(?k) d{kk ik¡p esa lkekftd foKku Hkh vaxzs”kh esa i<+k;k tk,A
(Ä) izkFkfed Lrj osQ ckn lHkh fo"k; vaxzs”kh esa rFkk yík[kh Hkk"kk ,d fo"k; osQ :i esa ”kkjh jgsA ^lsdeksy*
dk fo'okl gS fd bl rjhosQ ls i<+kbZ gksus ls cPpk ekr`Hkk"kk esa ph”kksa dks ml le; vklkuh ls lh[k ldrk
gS tc mldks bldh lcls ”;knk ”k:jr gS rFkk èkhjs&èkhjs mldk eq[;èkkjk dh Hkk"kk ls ifjp; djkus ls
mlds eukscy dks bl cnyko ls ,dk,d èkDdk ugha yxsxkA
fganh ,oa {ks=kh; Hkk"kk xksaMh osQ chp osQ varj dks ikVuk % ,dyO; izkFkfed f'k{kk dk;ZozQe
Hkkjr osQ eè; izns'k jkT; esa fodflr gqvk ;g dk;ZØe bl iwoZèkkj.kk ij 'kq: fd;k x;k gS fd ,d cM+s Hkkx
osQ cPpksa osQ fy, fganh f}rh; Hkk"kk gS ftlesa mUgsa fy[kuk vkSj i<+kuk lh[kuk gS] ysfdu mUgsa vU; fo"k;ksa dks
Hkh] blh Hkk"kk tks muossQ fy, vifjfpr gS] esa le>uk gksrk gSA os lqfoèkkoafpr cPPks gSaA ;s lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd
:i ls fiNM+s gq, rFkk nwj&njk”k bykdksa dh igyh ih<+h osQ lh[kus okys gksrs gSaA ;g dk;ZØe bl ckr dks Hkh
ekudj pyrk gS fd eè; izns'k dh ”;knkrj d{kk,¡ cgqHkkf"kd gSa ftlesa vyx&vyx Hkk"kk;h i`"BHkwfe osQ cPpksa
dks fgUnh lh[kuh gksrh gSA bl lanHkZ esa bl dk;ZØe us uk;kc rjhdk fudkykA blus Hkk"kk osQ lh[kus dks izkFkfedrk
nh vkSj i<+uk lh[kus osQ fy, bls mlh lanHkZ eas j[kkA ;g d{kk esa ”kksj&”kksj ls i<+us dks rjthg nsrk gS] u fd
pqipki vFkZ fudkyus ek=k ijA blus ,slh fofèk;ka¡ bZtkn dha] ftlesa cPpk i<+rs gq, lanHkZ osQ vuqlkj u;s 'kCn
osQ vFkZ vuqeku yxkdj lh[kus dk iz;Ru djsA ;s lanHkZ cPpksa osQ thou ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA ,sls lanHkZ esa ls ,d
gS xksaMh ;k dksdwZ cksyus okys cPps] tks ,d gh {ks=k esa jgrs gSaA ;s nksuksa Hkk"kk,¡ vyx&vyx Hkk"kk lewgksa ls lacafèkr
gSaA ;s cPps vkil esa ,d&nwljs dh Hkk"kk ugha le> ldrsA ,sls esa fganh] tks {ks=kh; Hkk"kk gS] buosQ chp laidZ
dk ekè;e curh gSA
,d ckj rks bl dk;ZØe esa ;g Hkh lkspk x;k fd xksaMh ;k dksoZwQ dk iBu&ikBu nsoukxjh fyfi esa gksA
fdlh lkekftd ;k jktuhfrd vkanksyu osQ vHkko esa xksaM ,oa dksjdl yksxksa dks ;g dne viuh lkekftd
xfr'khyrk osQ fo#¼ yxkA Hkk"kk lh[kus&fl[kkus osQ {ks=k esa ;g ;k=kk] iz;ksx] fparu vkSj le>kSrs dh ;k=kk Fkh]
f'k{kdksa osQ lkFk mu rjhosQ osQ fy, tks izHkkoh FksA bl dk;ZØe us cPpksa osQ oqQN ifjfpr lanHkks± ,oa [ksyksa dks
lek;ksftr djus dk Hkh iz;kl fd;kA geus ekSf[kd vH;klksa osQ fy, xksaMh Hkk"kk dh lkexzh dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k
gSA ([kq'kh&[kq'kh d{kk&1)A
 62

bl dk;ZØe esa Hkk"kk lh[kus osQ vkSj i<+uk lh[kus osQ mikxe Hkk"kk lh[kus dh LokHkkfod izfØ;k dh le>
ij vkèkkfjr gSa ftldk vk/kj vFkZiw.kZ vkSj #fpdj lanHkks± ls lh[kuk gSA blosQ dkj.k ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS
fd ge iBu osQ uhps ls mQij osQ yxHkx lkoZHkkSfed mikxe ls ftlesa fd o.kZekyk dks 'kCnksa ls igys vkSj 'kCnksa
dks ikB~;oLrq ls igys i<+kuk lh[kk tkrk gS] ls ml mikxe dh vksj tk,¡ ftlesa mQij ls uhps lanHkks± ls lh[kus
dh izfØ;k gksrh gSA ikB~;oLrq dh Hkwfedk ekSf[kd lanHkks± osQ :i eas ftlesa fd oqQN 'kCn vkSj oqQN v{kjksa ;gk¡
rd fd okD;ksa dks Hkh igpkuuk gksrk gS] iwjh izfØ;k dks iwoZ&izkFkfed Lrj osQ cPpksa osQ fy, cgqr ”;knk ewrZ
vkSj cks/xE; cuk nsrh gSA o.kZekyk dh èofu;kas vkSj izrhdksa dks fcuk fdlh lanHkZ osQ lh[kuk fuf'pr :i ls ”;knk
vewrZ iz;kl gS] mlls ftlesa fp=kksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa osQ lg;ksx osQ lkFk ikB~;oLrq ls vFkZ fudkyk tkrk gSA ;g bl
ckr ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gS fd ikBdksa osQ fy, ikB~;oLrq osQ lanHkZ esa fdruk lqifjfpr gS vkSj mudh Hkk"kk Hkh
fdruh vkd"kZd gSA
bl dk;ZØe us ,sls dbZ fl¼kar mRiUu fd, ftls fdlh Hkh cgqHkkf"kd ifjfLFkfr esa bLrseky fd;k tk
ldrk gSA bl dk;ZØe esa vFkZiw.kZ ,oa le`¼ fo"k; oLrqvksa osQ pquko ij ”;knk ”kksj fn;k x;k ftlls lh[kus okyk
[kqn dks tksM+ lds rFkk vkuan izkIr dj losQ tSls dgkfu;k¡] dfork] dgkorsa vkfnA bl rjg osQ lanHkZ Hkk"kk dks
tkuus] i<+us osQ lkFk&lkFk O;kdj.k dks le>us esa Hkh ennxkj gksrs gSaA bls oSQls fd;k tk ldrk gS & ;g dk;ZØe
osQ }kjk rS;kj dh xbZ lkexzh ls Li"V gksrk gS & ^[kq'kh&[kq'kh*] ^dgkuh* vkSj ^dfork laxzg*] vH;kl&iqfLrdk,¡
^igys fy[kks e”kk djks* vkSj lh[kus osQ dkMZ rFkk dfork iksLVjA bl dk;ZozQe us iqLrdky; osQ iz;ksx dks Hkh
c<+kok fn;k vkSj nhokj&v[kckj osQ vH;klksa dks Hkh etcwrh iznku dh rkfd fofHkUUk Hkk"kk dkS'ky fodflr gks
losaQA ;g nwljs lanHkks± esa Hkh iz;qDr gq, gSa vkSj vkxs Hkh fy, tk ldrs gSaA
i<+uk lh[kus ,oa Hkk"kk fodkl osQ vkjaHk fcanq osQ :i esa LFkkuh; ,oa ek¡ dh dgkfu;ksa dk iz;ksx %
½f"koSyh dk;ZØe
½f"koSyh xzkeh.k f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk fodkl vkaèkz izns'k osQ fpÙkkSM+ f”kys esa fd;k x;k gSA bldk ”kksj ,d
cgqLrjh;] cgq Js.kh vkSj lh[kus osQ lanHkZ ij gksrk gS tks ”;knk yphyh ,oa lkewfgd d{kk O;oLFkk osQ Ik{k esa
gSA blosQ fy, f'k{kd osQ tkx:d izf'k{k.k ij ”kksj fn;k tkrk gSA Hkk"kk dks fl[kkus osQ fy, bldk cy ekSf[kd
Hkk"kk osQ foiqy HkaMkj dks fodflr djus ij gSA blosQ rgr iapra=k dh dgkfu;ksa ,oa [k+kldj mu dgkfu;ksa dks
fy;k tkrk gS tks cPpksa osQ ekrk&firk lqukrs gSa ,oa ftUgsa cPps fy[k ysrs gSaA bUgsa eEeh@ikik dh dgkfu;k¡ dgk
tkrk gSA lHkh dgkfu;ksa esa eEeh ,oa ikik dk uke ,oa rlohj gksrh gSA cM+s cPps ftu dgkfu;ksa dks fy[krs gSa
os mUgsa LowQy osQ ckgj i<+dj lqukrs gSaA iapra=k dh dgkfu;k¡ d{kk esa Hkh Ik<+h tkrh gSA tks dgkfu;k¡ izpfyr gks
tkrh gSa mUgsa dBiqryh [ksy esa Hkh [ksyk tkrk gS tks fd bl {ks=k dh ijaijk gSA
ekrk&firk dh rFkk iapra=k dh izfl¼ dgkfu;k¡ iBu osQ dkS'ky lh[kus osQ fy, iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSaA
;s dgkfu;k¡ fofHkUu rjhdksa ls mi;ksxh gksrh gaSA ;g leqnk; dks Ldwy osQ ”;knk utnhd ykrh gSaA (bl dk;ZozQe
esa ;g iz;kl fd;k x;k fd dbZ rjhdksa ls tSls ekrkvksa dh lfefr }kjk] LokLF; dk;ZozQeksa }kjk rFkk izko`Qfrd
cxhpksa }kjk leqnk; dks tksM+k tk,)A cPps bu dgkfu;ksa dks #fp ls i<+rs gSa A D;ksafd dgkuh dk lanHkZ mUgsa irk
gksrk gS rFkk dgus okys dks Hkh og igpkurs gSaA (TkSls ,d canj MoSQRk dh ywV ls Nhudj oqQN lksus osQ flDosQ
 63

,d NksVh xjhc yM+dh dks nsrk gS vkSj tc idM+k tkrk gS rks MoSQr ls NwVus osQ fy, ,d liQy ;kstuk Hkh cuk
ysrk gSA)
;g iz;ksx okLro esa rsyqxq esa 'kq: gqvk ysfdu ½f"koSyh xzkeh.k f'k{k.k osaQnz fofHkUu jkT; ljdkjksa ,oa
vU; laxBuksa ftlesa dFkkdkj] LFkkuh; dykdkj osQ lkFk&lkFk cqf¼thoh ,oa f'k{kd Hkh 'kkfey gSa] osQ lkFk feydj
bl Hkk"kk fodkl osQ vuqHko dk fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa iz;ksx dj jgs gSaA vc rd bldk rfey] ey;kye] dUuM+
,oa fganh esa iz;ksx gks pqdk gSA vHkh rks bldk iz;ksx NksVs oSdfYid LowQyksa }kjk gh gqvk gS ysfdu Hkk"kk osQ bl
igyw dk liQy iz;ksx eq[;èkkjk okys LowQyksa esa Hkh gks ldrk gSA
vatyh uksjksgu
,dyO;
Hkksiky
 64

ifjf'k"V V
(izFke MªkÝ+V ij izkIr dqN izfrfØ;k,¡A geus buosQ }kjk mBk, x, eqnn~ ksa esa ls vfèkdka'k dks izLrqr vkèkkj i=k
esa fn;k gSA)

izks- dfork iatkch

fiz; izksI+ksQlj vfXugks=kh

vkils feydj cgqr [kq'kh gqbZ FkhA ysfdu dk;ZØe osQ ckn Fkd&lh xbZ Fkh] blfy, vkils ”;knk nsj rd ckrphr
ugha dj ikbZA eSaus vkids isij dks 'kq: ls var rd i<+kA eSaus cgqr oqQN blls lh[kk vkSj bls Hkfo"; esa mi;ksx
osQ fy, iQkby essa ”k:j j[kw¡xhA p¡wfd le; dk ncko gS] blfy, eSa nwljs eqn~nksa ij vHkh fiQygky oqQN ugha dgus
tk jgh gw¡ vkSj gSnjkckn esa Hkk"kk vkSj tsaMj ij 'kq: dh xbZ cgl ij ykSVuk pkgw¡xhA
vkidk isij mu dqN isijksa esa ls gS ftlesa tsaMj osQ eqn~ns dks mBk;k x;k gSA ;g [kq'kh dh ckr gS] ysfdu
larks"kizn ughaA vkiosQ xzqi esa ”;knk tkx:d yksx gSa] eSa bldk Hkjiwj iQk;nk mBkrs gq, dguk pkgw¡xh fd tsaMj
osQ lacaèk esa tks b'kkjs fd, x, gSa mUgsa ”;knk foLrkj nsuk o Li"V djuk ”k:jh gSA bldk dkj.k gS Hkk"kk Kku osQ
fuekZ.k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS vkSj tsaMj&lacaèkksa esa Hkh fu.kkZ;d o izHkkoh Hkwfedk esa gksrh gSA ysfdu Hkk"kk
vkSj tsaMj osQ lacaèk osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh dk Lrj bruk fuEu gS fd de ls de ikB~;iqLrd ys[kdksa vkSj f'k{kdksa
osQ fy, ”;knk Li"Vhdj.k o foLrkj esa tkus dh ”k:jr gS] rkfd os mu ckrksa dks le> losaQ tks bl isij osQ
ekè;e ls vki dguk pkgrs gSaA
blfy, ge vius xzqi dh oqQN lkexzh Hkst jgs gSa rkfd bl ij fopkj djosQ vki bls vius isij esa txg
nsaA tsaMj vkSj Hkk"kk osQ eqn~ns ij vki tks oqQN dguk pkg jgs gksa] mlds vfrfjDr ;fn gekjs isij esa dgh xbZ
ckrksa dks vki tksM+ nsa rks vPNk gksxkA D;ksafd Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ij isij i<+us okyksa dh la[;k tsaMj okys isij dks
i<+us okyksa ls fuf'pr gh ”;knk gksxhA
tsaMj osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkk"kk osQ fo'ys"k.k osQ Øe esa vkidk lewg etcwr roZQ djsxk ,slh vk'kk gSA fiQj
feyus dh mEehn osQ lkFkA
dfork iatkch
vè;{k
f'k{kk esa TkasMj eqíksa ij
jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg
 65

MkW- tkudh jktu

fiz; izks- vfXugks=kh

jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg osQ Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ f'k{k.k ij rS;kj fd, x, vk/kj i=k dks ns[kus osQ mijkar ;gk¡ dqN
izfrfØ;k,¡ Hkst jgh gw¡A
vk/kj i=k vR;ar lwpukizn gS vkSj fdlh Hkh ;kstukdkj] ikB~;p;kZ fuekZ.k djus okys] ikB~;iqLrd ys[kd
vkSj f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy, egÙoiw.kZ fn'kkfunsZ'k ns ldrk gSA ;g vk/kj i=k Hkkjr vkSj fo'o osQ fdlh
Hkh dksus esa Hkk"kk f'k{k.k ij gq, vè;;u osQ ekeys esa de ugha BgjrkA lkFk esa nh xbZ bruh vPNh lanHkZ lwph
rFkk Hkk"kk rkfydk,¡ egt Hkk"kk i<+k, tkus osQ ekeys esa iz'kklfud fu.kZ; ysus osQ fy, gh ugha cfYd ,d c`gRrj
<k¡pk Hkh izLrqr djrh gSa] tks gesa laosnu'khy eqn~nksa osQ izfr vkxkg djrh gaSA ;s rkfydk,¡ LowQyksa esa Hkk"kk osQ pquko
osQ fy, ,d cM+h oqQath dk dke djsaxhA dksbZ Hkh ;kstuk lacaèkh fu.kZ; ;fn bu ekinaMksa vkSj lkFk gh ml {ks=k
osQ yksxksa dh Mseksxzki+Qh dks è;ku esa j[kdj fy;k tk, rks ;g Hkk"kk ij xaHkhj cglksa dks tUe nsxk tks Hkkjr esa dHkh
ugha ns[kk x;k] ;gk¡ rd fd f=k&Hkk"kk lw=k dks ysdj Hkh ughaA ;g i=k Hkk"kk f'k{k.k ls lacaèkh cgqr lh fc[kjh gqbZ
fparkvksa dks Hkh ifjizs{; iznku djrk gS tks fd vkof/d rkSj ij lkeus vkrh gSa vkSj ftuosQ fy, fHkUUk jkT; tks
dk;Zuhfr;k¡ viukrs gSa mudk vk/kj mudh orZeku lksp jgrh gS u fd fo'ys"k.kksa ls mHkjk lwfpr vkèkkjA
bruk dgus osQ ckn eSa oqQN mu ckrksa dh vksj è;ku fnykuk pkgw¡xh] lkFk gh ,sls lq>ko Hkh ftuls gj
jks”k gekjk okLrk jgrk gSA eSa muesa ls oqQN lkeus j[k jgh gw¡ vkSj buosQ izfr xaHkhjrkiwoZd lkspus osQ fy, fouez
fuosnu djrh gw¡ %

1- Hkk"kk osQ fofHkUu vk;keksa osQ ckjs esa 1-1 esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA blds vykok ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd cpiu
esa Hkk"kk dk lh[k tkuk ckn esa lh[kus dh {kerk dks izHkkfor djrk gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd fcuk
Hkk"kk lh[ks ;k Hkk"kk ls ifjfpr gq, efLr"d esa fo'ks"k izdkj dh ^U;wjy* lajpuk,¡ fodflr ugha gks ldrhaA
ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd gekjs ns'k esa iwoZ izkjafHkd ckY;koLFkk f'k{kk yxHkx vuqifLFkr gSA lkFk gh Ldwy Hkh
eq[;r% cPps }kjk ?kj esa lh[kh xbZ Hkk"kk dks gh rjthg nsrs gSaA dbZ Hkk"kk,¡ gSa vkSj dbZ rjg ls cPpksa dk
ikyu&iks"k.k Hkh gksrk gSA loky ;g gS fd igyh d{kk esa gh dbZ rjg dh Hkk"kkvksa dks cksyus okys tks cPps
vkrs gSa] mudks ,d lkFk dSls i<+k;k tk,\ lkFk gh fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk osQ dbZ :i gksrs gSaA fganh Hkk"kk dbZ izdkj
dh gS blh izdkj rfey Hkk"kk Hkh dbZ izdkj dh gSA fiQj ckr ikyu&iks"k.k dh Hkh gSA ?kj esa ekrk&firk cPpksa
dks dSls ikysa bldk dksbZ fuf'pr fu;e ugha gSA dbZ ekrk&firk cPpksa ls cgqr gh dM+kbZ ls is'k vkrs gSaA
os lksprs gSa fd cPpksa dks ”;knk iwNrkN ugha djuh pkfg,A mUgsa tks dgk tk, pqipki mldk ikyu djsa
bR;kfn] ;kuh dBksj vuq'kklu dks mfpr ekuk tkrk gSA ,sls esa cPps esa [kqn dks vfHkO;Dr djus dh Hkkf"kd
{kerk fodflr ugha gks ikrhA vkKk ikyu dk Hkko tUe ysrk gSA oqQN ekrk&firk mnkj gksrs gSaA cPpksa dks
[kqn dks vfHkO;Dr djus dh NwwV gksrh gSA geus lquk gS fd Jfedksa osQ ?kj esa pqIih dh laLo`Qfr ikbZ tkrh
gSA bu ?kjksa ls vkus okys cPps fuf'pr gh ?kkVs esa jgrs gSa tcfd is'ksoj oxZ esa cPpksa dks cpiu ls gh Ldwy
tkus ls igys ,slk okrkoj.k feyrk gS tgk¡ os Hkk"kk lh[krs gSa vkSj reke rjg dh jpukRed xfrfofèk;ksa esa
Hkkx ysrs gSaA dbZ laLo`Qfr;ksa esa lhèks cksyus dh ctk; :idksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS tSls] ^^eSa 'kkSpky; tk jgk
gw¡** bldks ,slk dgus osQ ctk; dbZ txg dgk tkrk gS] ¶tjk ?kj osQ fiNokM+s ls vk jgk gw¡A¸ bl rjg
osQ varj ls LowQy oSQls fuiVsxk\
 66

2- f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa ;kstuk cukus okys ,d vtc rjg osQ varfoZjksèk es iQ¡ls gksrs gSaA ;w¡ rks dbZ rjg osQ cPps
gSaA tkfr] èkeZ] Hkk"kk] ySafxdrk vkfn osQ vkèkkj ij u Hkh tk,¡ vkSj eksVs rkSj ij nks gh rjg osQ cPpksa dks
ysa] ,d os tks izkbosV LowQyksa esa tkrs gSa vkSj nwljs os tks ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa tkrs gSaA bu nksuksa gh LowQyksa osQ
cPps nks vyx&vyx oxZ vkSj laLo`Qfr ls gksrs gSaA izkbosV LowQyksa esa vkus okys cPps fy[kus rd dh {kerk
gkfly fd, gq, vkrs gSa tcfd vkfnoklh laLÑfr ls vkus okys cPps ,d etcwr ekSf[kd dkS'ky osQ lkFk
vkrs gSaA ysfdu bl oqQ'kyrk dks os egt dqN lanHkZ esa oqQN [kkl rjg ls gh iz;ksx dj ikrs gSaA loky gS
fd ;kstukdkj bu nks rjg osQ cPpksa dh [kkbZ osQ I+kQklys dks dSls ikVsaxs\
3- Hkk"kk lh[kus esa ySafxdrk egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ikjaifjd rkSj ij fL=k;k¡ vyx rjg dh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx
djrh gSa vkSj Hkkxhnkjh osQ Lrj ij Hkh xkS.k Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA vkjafHkd voLFkk esa bl leL;k ls dSls fuiVk
tk, \ dgk tkrk gS fd ckn dh voLFkkvksa esa yM+fd;k¡ Hkk"kk dk bLrseky djus esa yM+dksa dh rqyuk esa
vPNk izn'kZu djrh gSa] ysfdu D;k ;g lp gS \ esjs iwNus dk eryc ;g gS fd D;k yM+fd;ksa esa dksbZ
tUetkr {kerk gksrh gS vFkok lekt gh mUgsa izkS|ksfxdh fo"k;ksa osQ LFkku ij ekufodh vkSj Hkk"kk tSls fo"k;ksa
dks i<+us dh vksj mUeq[k djrk gSA 'kk;n yM+fd;k¡ Hkh ckrphr djus osQ fy, ;k laizs"k.k osQ fy, Hkk"kk dks
lkekftd rkSj ij Loho`Qr ekè;e osQ :i esa Hkh bLrseky djrh gSaA fdlh Hkh rjg dh Hkk"kk ;kstuk dks cukrs
le; bu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kk tkuk ”k:jh gSA
4- cuZLVhu dk dguk gS fd LowQy lajpukRed o izdk;kZRed Lrj ij gh eè;e oxZ dks ”;knk I+kQk;nk igq¡pkus
osQ fy, gSA LowQy dh Hkk"kk eè;e oxZ dh Hkk"kk dk foLrkj gksrh gS u fd Jfed oxZ ;k gkf'k, ij vofLFkr
oxZ dhA LowQy bls dSls lqy>k,] [k+kldj tgk¡ vHkh Hkh lkearh lksp cuh gqbZ gS ogk¡ tkfr@oxZ osQ vkèkkj
ij 'kCn ?kjksa esa iz;qDr gksrs gSaA D;k ge cPpksa dks lkekftd lajpuk dh bl fo"kerk Hkjh ifjfLFkfr ls ckgj
fudky ldrs gSa] fo"kerk tks Hkk"kk ls izHkkfor Hkh gS vkSj Hkk"kk dks izHkkfor Hkh djrh gS\
5- vPNh [+kklh 'kS{kf.kd i`"BHkwfe okys ?kjksa esa Hkk"kkvksa dh vPNh laink fey tkrh gS tks bu ?kjksa ls vkus okys
cPpksa dks ”;knk {kerk iznku fd, gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] :ch ik;us dk dguk gS fd ge ;fn lekt
dks rhu oxks± esa ck¡Vsa – vehj] eè;e vkSj Jfed oxZ – vkSj mudh [kkfl;rksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsa rks ge ikrs
gSa fd dbZ ckrksa osQ vykok Hkk"kk ,d egÙoiw.kZ lRrk osQ :i esa dke djrh gSA igys nksuksa oxks± osQ cPps
vius ?kjksa esa gh Hkk"kk dh fodflr ijaijk ls dkI+kQh oqQN lh[k tkrs gSaA loky gS Ldwy Jfed oxZ ls vkus
okys cPpksa osQ fy, fdl rjg Ldwy vkSipkfjd Hkk"kk fodflr djs\
6- fnYyh osQ cPps ,d fo'ks"k leL;k ls ijs'kku gksrs gSa % gfj;k.koh cksyh esa tks ¶ek=kk¸ iz;ksx dh tkrh gS
og fganh cksyh dh rqyuk esa dki+Qh fHkUu gksrh gSA bldh otg ls gfj;k.koh cPps fganh esa cgqr gh vkSlr
izn'kZu dj ikrs gSaA bl fHkUurk dks ikVus osQ fy, ;kstuk fuekZrk fdl rjg osQ mik; djsaxs\
7- Ldwy esa ekud Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bldh iSjoh djus okys yksx mPpre U;k;ky; dks m¼`r djrs gSa]
ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd lHkh rduhdh vkSj oSKkfud inkoyh ekud Lrj dh gh gksuh pkfg,A D;k ;g
ikB~;p;kZ 'kq: esa rduhdh 'kCnksa osQ cnys mudh O;k[;k djus dh fli+Qkfj'k djsxh\
8- iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk dk LFkku vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gSA ,slk ik;k x;k gS fd Hkk"kk dh d{kkvksa esa tks 'kCn
 67

fl[kk, tkrs gSa ;k iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa mudk nwljs fo"k;ksa tSls – foKku] xf.kr ;k lekt foKku esa iz;qDr
Hkk"kk ls dksbZ fj'rk ugha gksrkA cPps oSQls mu tfVy rduhdh 'kCnksa dks tknw ls lh[ksaxs ftUgsa mUgksaus dHkh
lquk gh u gks \ ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd gj ,d fo"k; dk viuk 'kCndks'k gksrk gS tks ml fo"k; dks le>us
o lh[kus osQ fy, vfuok;Z gksrk gSA ysfdu ;fn cPpk vHkh fodkl dh gh voLFkk esa gks rks bu fo"k;ksa dh
fof'k"V ”k:jr gh ,dek=k dkj.k ugha gksrh cPps ij viuh ml Hkk"kk dks ykns tkus dk ftls cPpk le>
gh ugha ik,A vkSj blds fy, rdZ fn;k tk;s fd D;k djsa ;g gekjh etcwjh gSA D;k Hkk"kk lewg bl ekeys
esa dksbZ dlkSVh cuk ldrk gS\ eSa ;gk¡ rd dguk pkgrh gw¡ fd ;fn foKku osQ fl¼karksa dks mu ifjHkk"kkvksa
osQ fcuk ugha i<+k;k tk ldrk tks igys ls gh fuf'pr gSa (tks fuf'pr gh o;Ldksa osQ fy, fodflr fd,
tkrs gaS)] vkSj ,sls 'kCnksa ls cuss gq, gaS ftUgsa cPpk ugha le> ldrk gS rks foKku dks pkfg, fd og bu
fl¼karksa dks cPPks dks i<+kus osQ fy, Hkk"kk vkSj ekufodh osQ fy, txg NksM+ nsA de ls de ;gk¡ cPpksa dks
oSKkfud fl¼karksa] dFkkvksa] feFkdksa] dgkfu;ksa vkfn dks 'kkfey dj jkspd cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ,slk Hkh gks
ldrk gS fd foKku vius ekud rjhosQ dks NksM+dj u, rjhosQ fodflr djs vkSj Hkkf"kd rjhdksa dks ”;knk
rjthg nsA D;k Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dks bl ekeys esa gLr{ksi ugha djuk pkfg,\
9- fdlh [kkl laLo`Qfr dh Hkk"kk vius vki esa ijaijk vkSj lH;rkxr Le`fr;ksa dks l¡tks, j[krh gS lkFk gh
dgkorksa] eqgkojksa] dforkvksa] vkfn dks HkhA ekud Hkk"kk osQ <k¡ps esa bu [k”kkuksa osQ fy, dksbZ txg ugha gks
ldrh gSA D;k Hkk"kk&ikB~;p;kZ dksbZ ,sls mik, lq>k jgh gS tks cPps dh le`¼ Hkk"kk {kerk dks LowQyh
ikB~;p;kZ esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku ns vkSj ^izkstsDV* vkfn osQ ekè;e ls mUgsa viuh laLo`Qfr ls tqM+us dk volj
iznku djsA elyu igyh d{kk ls ckjgoha rd dgkorksa] g¡lh&e”kkd] yksdxhr] vkSj vU; ikjaifjd lzksrksa
dks laxgz djus dh vfuok;ZrkA
10- D;k dksbZ ,slk rjhdk gS ftlls cPps fofHkUu voLFkkvksa esa tks 'kCn iz;ksx djrs gSa] mudks ;kstukdkjksa vkSj
ikB~;Øe cukus okyksa dks miyCèk djk;k tk,\ mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ,slk dgk x;k gS fd igyh d{kk esa izos'k
djus okys cPps yxHkx rhu g”kkj 'kCnksa dks fo'okliwod Z iz;ksx djus dh {kerk fy, gksrs gSaA D;k ;g lp
gS\ vkxs dh d{kkvksa esa bUgsa dSls bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gS\ D;k dksbZ rjhdk gS tks bUgsa fyf[kr dh vksj
c<+us esa lgk;d gks \
11- Hkk"kk vkSj laKku % gesa dgk x;k fd ;s lkFk&lkFk fodflr gksrs gSa vkSj bUgsa vyx&vyx ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA ;gh otg gS fd mPp Lrj dh ijh{kkvksa esa Hkkf"kd {kerkvksa dh tk¡p vfuok;Z gksrh gSA vxj ,slh
ckr gS rks D;ksa u ge bls mPp ekè;fed Lrj ij vktek dj ns[ksa rkfd cPps] ekrk&firk vkSj f'k{kd lHkh
le> ldsa fd ;g dgk¡ rd lp gS\
12- O;kdj.k% ekè;fed Lrj osQ ckn gksus okyh pquko ijh{kkvksa esa O;kdj.k dks ysdj ge ,der ugha gSaA dqN
dgrs gSa fd O;kdj.k dks vius vki esa vyx :i ls tkuuk ”k:jh gS vkSj bldh tk¡p gksuh pkfg,A nwljksa
dk ekuuk gS fd O;kdj.k dks tkuuk Hkj egÙoiw.kZ ugha gS cfYd egÙoiw.kZ gS mlds mi;ksx dh {kerk dk
gksukA D;k ;g vkèkkj i=k bl ekeys esa dksbZ fn'kk funsZ'k ns ldrk gS\
13- vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; esa ftl rjg dh lkfgfR;d vkykspuk izpfyr gS og Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj lkfgR;
 68

esa ns[kus dks ugha feyrhA izk;% lkfgR; dks xzaFkksa dh Hkk¡fr i<+k;k tkrk gS A D;k ;g vkèkkj i=k bl fn'kk
esa ”;knk izdk'k Mkyus tk jgk gS fd ikB~;iqLrdksa esa iz;qDr Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dks cPpksa dks i<+k, tkus dh
D;k o”kg gS\ vkf[kj fdlfy, mUgsa lkfgR; i<+k;k tkrk gS \ muls D;k mEehn dh tkrh gS\
14- gkyk¡fd bl vk/kj i=k esa lkSan;kZRedrk vkSj laosnu'khyrk ij ckr dh xbZ gSA ysfdu ;kstukdkjksa dks ;g
è;ku esa j[kuk gksxk fd Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx dSls fd;k tk, tks geesa ,d nwljs osQ izfr lfg".kqrk vkSj laosnuk
dks tUe nsA lkSan;Zcksèk dks vyx ls fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu laosnuk osQ fcuk ;g laHko ugha
gSA ;g i=k bl fn'kk esa D;k lksprk gS\

MkW- tkudh jktu

,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
 69

oqQekj 'kgkuh

fiz; jekdkar vkSj lkfFk;ks

Hkkjr esa Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k vkSj Hkk"kk&fodkl dh leL;kvksa ij bruk vPNk vk/kj i=k rS;kj djus osQ fy, èkU;oknA lkFk
esa cèkkbZ HkhA
eSa vkiosQ }kjk mBk, x, oqQN eqn~nksa dk iwjk leFkZu djuk pkg¡wxk
1- eSa bl ckr ls lger gw¡ fd Hkk"kk ;FkkFkZ dks x<+rh gS vkSj lkFk gh bldk vo;o Hkh gksrh gSA ;g gekjs
lkspus osQ rjhosQ esa fdl dnj varfuZfgr gSA Hkr`gfj osQ le; ls gh] mnkgj.k osQ fy, xqtjkr osQ ,d fdlku
us Hkh esjs oqQN fo|kfFkZ;kas dks dgk dh fuEu dksfV dh okr (cksyh] l¡kl) okrkoj.k dks nwf"kr djrh gSA Åij
fn, x, dk fufgrkFkZ gekjs laKkukRed n`f"Vdks.kksa osQ fy, t:jh gS tks gekjs ,sfrgkfld vuqHkoksa dkss etcwr
dj losQ vkSj rF;kRedrk] foKku] dyk vkfn osQ lacaèk esa gekjs ftu fopkjksa us dbZ lkyksa ls vkSj chrh
dbZ lH;rkvksa osQ nkSjku vfèkdkj tek j[kk gS] mUgsa pqukSrh nsA
2- gekjs laKkukRed yphysiu dks fodflr djuk vR;ar ”k:jh gSA ,slk fdlh fo'ks"k ;akf=kd dkj.k ;k ch-
vkbZ- lh- ,l- osQ fy, gh ugha] cfYd iwjh èkjrh ij – lHkh osQ thou osQ vfLRkRo j{kk gsrq ^v{kj* –
pkgs og fy[kk x;k gks ;k cksyk gqvk – lanHkks±] ifj?kVukvksa vkfn osQ lacèkksa ls izlax ysdj gekjs vuqHkoksa
dks le`¼ cukus dh n{krk j[krk gS vkSj vejRo dh fLFkfr izkIr dj ysrk gSA egt dgha oqQN gS] mldk
izalxA pw¡fd dgha oqQN ,slk gS tks ges'kk gh cny jgk gS] thoar gS] vkdkj ys jgk gSA tc rd fd ge
mls xzg.k djsa vkSj viuh lajpukvksa esa 'kkfey djas ;g ^v{kj* lanHkZ vkSj :i Hkh cny ysrk gSA
3- cPps Hkk"kk dks lcls ”;knk thoarrk o [ksy&[ksy esa iz;ksx djrs gSa] ;g Hkk"kkfonkas dk dguk rks gS gh] ge
Hkh gj jks”k ,slk gksrk ns[krs gSaA
4- ;FkkFkZ ls tks fj'rk Hkk"kk o xf.kr dk gS] ogh fj'rk lHkh dykvksa vkSj lkfgR; dk gSA
5- ehfM;k esa ekuoh; dYiukvksa dks foLrkj nsus dh {kerk gS] ysfdu varr% jkT; vkSj ck”kkjh rkdrsa gh bls
fu;af=kr djrh gSaA ;g gesa osQoy laKkukRed Lrj ij gh ugha oju~ gekjs cks/kRed ladk;ksa dks Hkh (tks thou
osQ mn~Hko osQ le; ls gh lHkh thoksa esa dbZ yk[k o"kks± ls fodflr gks jgh gS) laosnughu cukus ij rqyk
gqvk gSA vkt tsaMj] LkÙkk] vfLerk vkfn iz'uksa dks ysdj Hkk"kk dk dki+Qh xyr bLrseky gks jgk gSA if'pe
esa bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd igys ls gh de”kksj gksrs okrkZykiksa esa Hkk"kk ”;knk ls ”;knk fMdksfMax djus
rd fleV xbZ gSA
6- cgqHkkf"kdrk Hkk"kk vkSj laLo`Qfr osQ mu lHkh i{kksa osQ fy,] thoar] turkaf=kd o n`<+ izfrjksèk dk dke dj
ldrh gS] tks mlosQ fodkl osQ fy, #dkoV curs jgs gSa] dHkh loZZns'kh; lkoZHkkSe izk/kU; {ks=kh; Hkk"kk dks
opZLork dk n”kkZ nsdj] rks dHkh fdlh LFkkuh; rkdroj Hkk"kk dh opZLork ?kksf"kr djosQA
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku }kjk izLrkfor y{;ksa dks izkIr djus osQ iz;kl osQ fy, eSa Hkfo"; dh vksj ns[krk gw¡] rks
jkg èkq¡èkyh gh utj vkrh gSA ftldk dkj.k] u;s :i esa c<+rk vkSifuos'khdj.k vkSj miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dk gekjh
vk¡[kksa ij insZ osQ :i esa Nk tkuk gS tks dYiukRedrk] O;kidrk ,oa lE;d fparu@dk;Zdyki dks yxHkx oqQan
dj jgh gSA izR;sd cPps esa ;s lHkh i{k ekStwn gksrs gSaA ge mUgsa cpk ldrs gSa ;fn dne&dne ij iSQys izpkjksa
dh] feFkdksa dh dkV j[k lossaQA lHkh rjg osQ cgkuksa osQ izn'kZu dh vko';drk gSA ;fn gesa lcls ”;knk fgalkRed
Øwj cyksa ls NwVuk gS vkSj lkFk gh ldkjkRed dk;Zokgh ls leFkZu dks Hkh gVkuk gksxkA badkl us eklwfe;r osQ
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lkFk fcuk 'kd osQ caanwdksa osQ vkxs gkj eku yh tks mudh uSfrdrk (iznku dh xbZ) osQ lkFk&lkFk jghA cps gq,
vesfjdh Hkkjrh; Hkh vrhr osQ xrZ esa Mky fn, x,A vÚhdk us xqykeh osQ nkSj esa lalkj dks vius thou vkSj
lH;rk osQ egkure [kt+kus ns fn,A FkkbZySaM esa lcls ”;knk fu;kZr&dekbZ dk vkt yxHkx 17 izfr'kr] dgk tkrk
gS fd isMksfiQyh;k ls izkIr gksrk gSA Hkkjr dks psrkouh fey pqdh gS fd bls efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa osQ O;kikj osQ
nq"ifj.kke >syus iMs+axsA
bu lHkh osQ lanHkZ esa gesa vius f'k{kdksa dks vkSj cPpksa dks vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd oDrk cukus gsrq
,d tSlk gh iks"k.k nsus dh vko';drk gS – f'k{kk] laLÑfr] 'kksèk vkSj l`tukRedrk osQ lHkh Lrjksa ijA ftl rjg
Lons'kh vkanksyu us oqQN HkkSfrd oLrqvksa dk cfg"dkj fd;k Fkk] mlh rjg gesa Hkh ^vewrZ* oLrqvksa dks cfg"Ñr
djuk lh[kuk pkfg,A blosQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge f'k{kk'kkL=k ls iz'u iwNrs jgsa] u fd tokc nsaA blfy, eSa f'k{kdksa
vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, iwjh lqfoèkkvksa dh miyCèkrk dks leFkZu dk izLrko nsrs gq, ;g Hkh dguk pkgw¡xk fd gesa
lkspuk pkfg, fd D;ksa oqQN Hkk"kk,¡ oqQN n`';&èkkj.kk,¡] laxhr :i] bZfM;e vkfn foyqIr gks x,A ikyh Hkk"kk dks
gh yhft, blus gesa fopkjksa dh fdruh le`¼ ijrsa nha ftUgsa geus [kks fn;kA ,slk ns'k tgk¡ ;g lR; ekuk tkrk
gS fd ;gk¡ cgqr lkjs eqlyekuksa dk èkeZfujis{k ?kj gS vkSj 'kk;n vjch ns'kksa osQ lkFk lcls yacs vkSj yxkrkj
O;kolkf;d lacaèk j[krk vk;k gS] ogk¡ vjc Hkk"kk dks viuh ,d 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk dgus dk fojksèk D;ksa fd;k tkrk
gS\ laLÑr osQ f'k{kdksa dh la[;k Hkh fnu&c&fnu de gksrh tk jgh gSA tks ogk¡ gSa os {ks=kh; i`"BHkwfe ij blosQ
fu:i.k osQ fy, yM+kbZ djrs gSaA bls vkèkqfud vkSj lgt igq¡p okyh Hkk"kk cukus dh osnuk esa oqQN f'k{kd bldh
nksgjh voufr osQ eqís ij gkj eku ysrs gSaA
;g rks ,slk gh gS tSls ekyh vius cxhpksa osQ ikSèkksa osQ uke ugha tkurs gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd ^dne* osQ isM+
dk Hkh ugha ftldh 'kk[kkvksa ij Ñ".k xksfi;ksa osQ oL=k Vk¡x nsrs FksA iqjh] cukjl] psUubZ vkSj f=kfp osQ chp dh
Hkkf"kd vlfg".kqrk ,d nq[k vkSj gkL; osQ feys&tqys Lok¡x dh rjg gS tgk¡ fonw"kd Lo;a gh lkjh&Hkwfedk,¡ fuHkkrk
gSA

oqQekj 'kgkuh
fiQYe funs'Z kd] eqacbZ