Pharmacognosy

ingeneral
♦ Readallintroductionparts
♦ StandardizationleafconstantandtheirformulalikeSI,SN,PR,bitterindextest,
♦ Alltestgiveninintroduction,WHOlimitsofcontamination
♦ Biogeneticpathwayssikkimic,malvonicacidpathway
♦ Aminoacidprecursorsforcorrespondingalkaloids,ExtractionmethodforAlkaloids
glycosidesvolatileoils
♦ Introduction,identificationtest,Nameofreagentcolorobtainedinreactions
♦ Generalmicroscopy&macroscopy
♦ Specificidentificationtestfor
✴Alkaloids✴Glycosides✴Tannins
✴Terpenoides✴Carbohydrateslipidsfats
✴IndividualDrugsforallaboveclassesreadfollowingpoints
Synonym &names,biologicalsources
Microscopy:stomata,caoxalate,specificmicroscopiccharacters,noofvittewherever
applicable,trichomesforleafydrugs
Chemicalconstituents:watersoluble/insoluble,whichisdextro/levorotetory,racemic,which
ismainconstituent,whichisactive/inactive,whichisresponsiblefortaste/odor,activein
%whereverapplicable
Uses(specific) Adultrants&it'sidentifyingcharacters
♦ Marinedrugsonlytheirnames,actions,sources
Booksrecommended
✴Gokhalekokatepharmacognosy,✴Biren&shahpharmacognosy,walies,TreesEvans
pharmacognosy✳Practicalpharmacognosybykhandelwalor✴ Deore&khadbadi

Pharmacology

✴ Introductionpart
Receptors,types,location&theirsecondarymessengersagonist/antagonists
Adversedrugsreaction,typesmechanism,synonyms,terrotogenicityetc
Clinicaltrials,phases&subjectincludedin,aimsofphases
Routesofadministrations,specificdrawbacks,bioavailabilitiesdifferececomparison,first
passeffectliability/nonliability
ADMEprocessindetailsenzymeinducers/inhibitors
✴ Topicwisepointsforeveryclassofdrugs
Classificationpharmacological,selective/nonselectivelong/shortacting
Mechanism ofactionindeep
Metabolism active/inactivemetaboliteselimination&excretioninvariousissues&fluids
Specificuses,Drugofchoice
Specificsideeffectsofdrugsofeachclass
✴ Antibioticslikeallabove
✴ Recommendbooks
⚫ Rang&DalePharmacology
⚫ Lipincottpharmacology
⚫ SatoskarBhandarkar,Vidtasagarpharmacology
⚫ KDTripathipharmacology,GoodmanGilmancology
Medicinalchemistry

Introduction,Receptorsbindingsites,QSARstudies&techniqueselecrochemical&steric
properties
✴Classification(medicinal)
✴Structure,differenceamongclasses
✴StructureActivityRelationships(SAR)increase/decrease/active/inactive/changeinactionin
derivatives
✴Metabolism isimportantwhichisactive/inactive
Synthesisofimportantdrugs
Antibioticssameasabove
Recommendedbooks
⚫ Willason&Griswoldmedichem,⚫ Patrickmedichem
⚫ Algarswamyvol1&2,⚫ Kadam mahadikBothramedichem
⚫ Aushitoshkar,⚫ Foyesmedichem

Organicchemistry

Reactionintermediates
ReactionsindetailSN1,SN2,E1,E2steriochemistryofsamefavorable/unfavorableproducts
IUPACnomenclature
Sterichemistry,typesofisomers,prioritiesofgroups,confirmationsofbutane,cyclohexane
Heterocycliccompounds,names,synthesis,properties,basicitycomparison
Rearrangementreactionnames,intermediate&productonly
Recommendedbooks
⚫ ClaidanOC,FinarOC
⚫ JerryMarch,Wilson'sOC
⚫ Bhal&BhalOC

Biochemistry

✳ Carbohydrates:monosacharidesdifference&examplesofaldose&ketoseD&Lisomers
Diasacharidesandtheirmonomerslikelactose,maltose,sucroseinversion&invertsugar,
epimersexamples&correspondingcarbonnumbermutarotation,polysaccharideswater
soluble/insolubleportion,inulin,Monomersofdisaccharidestructureofagarstructureof
pectin,
✳ Lpids:essentialnonessentialfattyacids.Unsaturatedfattyacidspropertiesandtestof
triacylglycerol,saponificationvaluerancidityem number.Importantphospholipid
✳ Proteinsandaminoacids:classificationofaminoacidsdependingontheirstructures,
essentialnonessentialaminoacid,specificfunctionalgroupinaminoacidsacidicorbasic
behaviour,
ClassificationanddetailsofstructureofPrimarysecondaryandtertiaryproteindifferentbonds
presentingstructure.Colourreactionsofproteinsandaminoacids.Deficiencydiseases
✳ NuclicacidandnucleotidescomponentsofnucleosideandnucleotidestructureofDNA
AlphahelicalandbetapleatedsheetstructureofDNAnucleotideBondpresentinthem typesof
DNAstructure.TypesofRNAandtheirname,structuretheirrespectivepercentageincell
✳ Enzymes:classificationphysicochemicalpropertiesfactorsaffectingenzymecatalyzed
reactioninretailenzymekineticseffectofPHconcentrationetcenzymeinductionandandand
innovation,Markerenzymesindiseases
✳ Vitamins:classification,srucureringpresentin,deficiencydiseases,Dailyrequirements
✳ Metabolism ofCarbohydratesproteinsfatsallimportantcyclestheirsynonymsrate
limitingstepsandnumberofATPformedrecycle,startingmaterialandendproductofallcycles.
Recommendedbooks
BiochemistrybySatyanarayana,Harper,leninger

Pharmaceutics

⭕ Commonpointsfortabletcapsule
✳ Excipientsusedinaboveformulationallindetailslikeglidantdisintegrantdiluentstheir
reactionwhereverapplicable
✳ qualitycontroltestoftabletandcapsule.Differenttypeofmachinesfortabletandcapsule
manufacturing
✳ variousdefectsinformulationofbothtabletandcapsule,coatingoftablet.
✳ Emptycapsuleshellmanufacturingandtheirspecifications
⭕ suspensionemulsionsuppository:
✳ theorybehindtheformulationidentificationtestofemulsionlocationdeflocculation
suspension
✳ detailsofclassificationandnatureofspendingandemulsifyingagenthlbvaluestability
problemsinSuspensionandemulsionremedyforthesame
✳ NovelDrugDeliverySystem indetail
✳ parenteralproductsindetailLVP,SVPcontainersusedforthem alongwiththeir
specificationandqualitytest,qualitycontroltestfortheseformulations,additivesusedinthis
formulationsvehiclepreservativeantioxidants.Aseptictechniquetypesareas
✳ Prescriptionandit'spart,Latinterms,posologydosecalculationformulas,
✳ cosmeticsformulation
✳ Pharmaceuticalpackaging

Pharmaceuticalengineering:

✳ sizereduction,mechanism differenttypeofmillusedforsizereductionandtheir
machanism productobtainedcomparisonamongstthem theoriesofsizereduction
✳ Sizeseparationtheory,methods
✳ Evaporationtheorytypesofevaporators
✳ Crystalizationtheoryheattransfernachanism &theories,corrosion
Importantchapters:micromeritics,interstitialphenomenon,surfacetension,rheologychemical
kinetics
Theoriesandmethodsofdeterminationparticlesizeshapesurfacearea,typesofflowand
exampleofitindetails.
Laws&Equationsreatstedallofabove,methodstodeterminesurfacetension

Biopharmaceutics

ARME,theory,machanism,examplesofdrugsinrelationtoit,distributioninteractionsofdrugs
plasmaproteinbindingtypes&examples,Vd,Metabolism phasesindetailinducersinhibitors
exampleofmetabolism,eliminationofdrugsinspecifictissue&it'sadverseeffects
Compartmentmodeling
Recommendbooks
LachmanLeon,Anesal,Remingtonpharmaceutics
Cooper&Gundispensingforpharmcystudents
RMMehta1&2
CVSsubramanyam pharmaengineering
Vimladevicosmetics
Brahmankar,Shergillbiopharmaceutics
Martin,bhal&bhalphysicalpharmcy

Analysis

Basicdefinitionsmolarity,normality,molality,formality,definitionrealatedtotitrations
Theoriesoftitrations,methods,applicationsdrugsanalysed,examplesofprimary&secondary
standard
Standardizationinrelationalltitrations,
Non-aqueous,complexometric,potensiomerty,iodo&iodimertry,diazotization

InstrumentalmethodsUVIRNMR,MASStheoryandapplications,samplehandling,detectors
forallspectroscopy,UV chromophorestypesofshift,absorptionMaximacommondrugs,
problemsetc.
RangesofgroupsinIR,shildingdeshieldingdeltavaluesofvariousgroups,applicationsof
NMR,
Framentationpattern,differentionsproduced,ionazationtechnique,massanalysers
KFreagent&it'scontent
Recommendbooks
Silvestein,Pavia,chatwal,Skooginstrumentalanalysis
Vogel,kuchekarvolumetricanalysis

Jurisprudence:

Allactsandtheirenforcementyears
Pharmcyact,ER,constitution,functionsofState,DTAB,centralcouncilpenalties
D&Cact,Allschedules,Allforms,
Labelingrequirementsofscheduledrugs
PenaltiesrelatedtoD&Cact
Narcotic&Psychotropic(NDPS)act,definitions,Regulations,regulatorybodies,manufactured
drugs,penalties.
Drug&magicremedyact,definitions,prohibitedadvertisementpenalties
Medicinal&toiletpreparationactbondednonbondedlab,dutiesonpreparationexamplesof
toiletpreparations&Medicinalpreparation
Medicalterminationofpregnancyact,conditionsinpregnancyisterminatedpenalties
Petantact,IPR,Copyright,poisonact
Microbiology&Biotechnology
Booksrecommend
ForensicpharmacybyBMMittal
JurisprudenceNKjain,kokate

Microbiology&Biotechnology

Classification,typesofmicroorganism,differenttypesofmicroscope&it'sparts,staining
techniques,differenceinGram positive&negatives,growthofbacteria,viruses,fugus,targets
forantibiotics,antimicrobialassay,sterilizationindetails

Biotechnology

Planttissueculture,vectors,protoplastfussion,geneticallymodifiedplants,fermentation,
productionofsecondarymetabolites.
Booksrecommend
Hugo&Russellmicrobiology
Anantnarayan&Panikar,kokaremicrobiology
Satynarayan,kokarebiotechnology
DaanJ.A.CrommelinorSmithbiotechnology