Ave Maria College

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

School ID No. 402686 Gov’t Permit No.0059 s.2015

COURSE PACKET IN
SS HUM G112: PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND
GOVERNANCE
Prepared By:

Rex Jean E. Lendio

Course Facilitator

2021
AMC, Vallesville – Fatima, Liloy, Zamboanga del Norte, 7115
 PHILIPPINE POLITICS
AND GOVERNANCE

Prepared by: Mr. Rex Jean E. Lendio

Course Facilitator 

2
 
Preface

Understanding politics may be a complex task, but this course packet simplifies
both concepts and issues in Philippine Politics and Governance. This course designed not
only to equip the learners with fundamental learning or idea in politics, but also to make
them active and responsible citizen as well, by helping them to gain a better
understanding of their roles in the larger community.

The subject is divided into two units. The first unit introduces the basic concept of
politics and governance and discusses the Historical development and structure of
Philippine democratic politics. The second unit explores the Philippine political
landscape, with focus on state-society incorporate the theories they have learned from the
classroom and practice them later in their community and beyond.

It is thus the intention of this course packet, is to engage learners in actively in

nation building and in Philippine development. More than that, it also helps the youth to
become more responsible in terms of leadership, and enlighten their mind that this course
is not only applicable in school, but also in their real life.

Rex Jean E. Lendio

Facebook Account: Rex Jean
Contact No. 09280755673
G-mail: (lendiorexjean@gmail.com)
For Exclusive Use of Courses in Philippine Politics and Governance
1st Semester, SY 2020 – 2021
(Not to be cited or used as a referenced material)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE ……………………………………………………………………………. i

PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………………… ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………….. iii
COURSE OUTLINE …………………………………………………………………….. vi

WEEK 1
LESSON 1:
I. THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF POLITICS …………………………………………… 3
A. The Meaning of Politics …………………………………………………………….. 3
1. Origins of Politics ……………………………………………………………….. 3
2. Definition of Politics ……………………………………………………………. 3
3. Five Reasons To Study Politics …………………………………………………. 4
B. How Politics Can be Studied? ………………………………………………………. 4
1. Normative vs. Positive Approach ……………………………………………….. 4
2. Behavioral Approach ……………………………………………………………. 4
3. Rational Choice Approach ………………………………………………………. 4
4. The Different Views on Politics ………………………………………………… 4
C. Characteristics of Politics …………………………………………………………… 5
D. The Meaning of the Governance ……………………………………………………. 5
1. Characteristics of Good Governance ……………………………………………. 5
LESSON 2:
II.POLITICAL IDEAS AND IDEOLOGIES …………………………………………… 7
A. Political Ideology ……………………………………………………………………. 7
B. Distinguish Ideologies from ………………………………………………………… 7
C. Characteristics of Ideology …………………………………………………………. 7
D. Features of Ideology ………………………………………………………………… 8
E. Functions of Ideologies ……………………………………………………………. 8
F. Societal Role of Ideologies …………………………………………………………. 8
G. Ideologies ……………………………………………………………………………. 8
1. Liberalism ……………………………………………………………………….. 8
1.1 Set of values and beliefs of Liberalism …………………………………….. 8
1.2 Types of Liberalism ………………………………………………………… 9
2. Conservatism …………………………………………………………………….. 9
3. Socialism …………………………………………………………………………. 9
3.1 Social Democracy ……………………………………………………………….. 10
4. Communism ………………………………………………………………………. 10
5. Fascism …………………………………………………………………………… 10
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 6. Religious Fundamentalism ……………………………………………………….. 11
7. Feminism …………………………………………………………………………. 11
8. Environmentalism ………………………………………………………………… 11
LESSON 3:
III. WHAT IS POWER? ………………………………………………………………… 12
A. The Concept of Power ……………………………………………………………… 12
1. Dimension of Power 12
………………………………………………………………
2. Sources of Power ……………………………………………………………… 12
2.1 Organizational Power ………………………………………………………… 12
2.2 Individual Power or Personal Power ………………………………………… 13
3 Symbols of Powers ……………………………………………………………….. 13
4 Ways to expand power …………………………………………………………… 13
B. Authority …………………………………………………………………………... 14
C. Types of Authority ………………………………………………………………… 14
1. Charismatic Authority 14
…………………………………………………………….
2. Rational – Legal Authority 14
……………………………………………………….
3. Traditional Authority 14
……………………………………………………………..
4. Coercive Authority ……………………………………………………………... 14
LESSON 4:
IV.STATES, NATION, AND GLOBALIZATION ……………………………………... 15
A. Meaning of State …………………………………………………………………… 15
1. Elements of State ………………………………………………………………. 15
1.1 People ………………………………………………………………………. 15
1.2 Territory ……………………………………………………………………. 15
1.3 Government ………………………………………………………………… 16
1.4 Sovereignty ………………………………………………………………… 16
2. Origin of State…………………………………………………………………... 16
2.1 Devine right theory ………………………………………………………… 16
2.2 Necessity or Force Theory …………………………………………………. 16
2.3 Paternalistic Theory ……………………………………………………… 16
2.4 Social Contract Theory …………………………………………………….. 16
3. Types of State…………………………………………………………………… 16
B. State distinguished from Nation ……………………………………………………. 17
C. State distinguished from Government ……………………………………………… 17
1. Purpose and necessity of Government …………………………………………. 17
2. Forms of Government ………………………………………………………….. 18
2.1 Distribution of Power ………………………………………………………. 18
3. Citizen Participation ……………………………………………………………. 18
3.1 Autocracy …………………………………………………………………... 18
3.2 Oligarchy …………………………………………………………………… 18

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 3.3 Democracy …………………………………………………………………. 19
3.4 Legitimacy …………………………………………………………………. 19
4. Executive and Legislative Relationship……………………………………….. 19
4.1 Presidential …………………………………………………………………. 19
4.2 Parliamentary ………………………………………………………………. 19
D. Concept of Globalization …………………………………………………………... 19
1. Globalization …………………………………………………………………… 19
2. Forms of Globalization ………………………………………………………… 20
Weekly Exam 1- Politics and Power..……………………………………………… 22
Activity 1: Political Cartooning about what Good Governance Look Like……………..… 25
WEEK 2
LESSON 5:
V. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE DEMOCRATIC POLITICS 28
A. Pre- Colonial Period (before 1565) ………………………………………………… 28
29
B. Spanish period (1565-1898) …………………………………………………….......
31
C. Revolutionary Period (1868-1898) …………………………………………………
32
D. American Period (1868-1898) ……………………………………………………..
E. Japanese Occupation (1941-1945) …………………………………………………. 33
F. Post-war era or the Third Philippine Republic (1946-1971) ……………………….. 34
G. Martial Law era (1972-1981) and the Fourth Republic (1981-1986) ……………… 35
H. Post-EDSA or the Fifth Republic (1986-present) ………………………………….. 36
LESSON 6:
VI. ARTICLE VI: LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT ………………………………… 38
A. The role and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House of
Representatives …………………………………………………………………….. 38
Weekly Exam 2- Historical Development …………………………………………. 46
Activity 2: Historical Timeline ….,…………….…………………………………... 48
WEEK 3
LESSON 7 :
VII. ARTICLE VII: EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT ………………………………… 51
A. The Role of the Philippine President in relation to his/her Powers. ……………….. 51
B. Philippine Presidents during Contemporary Period (Fifth Republic ………………. 57
LESSON 8:
VIII. ARTICLE VIII: JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT …………………………………… 63
A. The Role and Responsibilities of the Philippine Judiciary ………………………… 63
LESSON 9:
IX. DECENTRALIZATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ……………………….. 67
A. Decentralization, Democratization, and Governance ……………………………... 67
B. Local Government Units in the Philippines ………………………………………. 67
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 C. The Structure of Local Government ………………………………………………. 69
D. Criteria for the Creation of LGU ………………………………………………….. 70
Weekly Exam- Executive, Judicial, and 5th Republic Presidents………………… 72
Activity 3: Data Retrieval Sheet ………………………………………………….. 74
WEEK 4
LESSON 10:
X. SUFFRAGE ……………………………………………………………………………. 77
A. Suffrage ……………………………………………………………………………. 77
B. Views on Suffrage …………………………………………………………………. 77
1. A mere privilege ……………………………………………………………….. 77
2. A political right ………………………………………………………………… 77
C. Theories on Suffrage ……………………………………………………………….. 77
1. The Natural Right Theory ……………………………………………………… 77
2. The Legal Theory ………………………………………………………………. 77
3. The Ethical Theory …………………………………………………………….. 77
4. The Tribal Theory ……………………………………………………………… 77
5. The Feudal Theory ……………………………………………………………... 78
D. Types of Vote ……………………………………………………………………… 78
1. One Man One Vote …………………………………………………………….. 78
2. Single Transferable Vote ………………………………………………………. 78
3. Plural Voting …………………………………………………………………… 78
4. Open Ballot …………………………………………………………………….. 78
5. Secret Ballot ……………………………………………………………………. 78
E. Scope of Suffrage …………………………………………………………………... 78
1. Election ………………………………………………………………………… 78
2. Plebiscite ……………………………………………………………………….. 78
3. Referendum …………………………………………………………………….. 78
4. Initiative ………………………………………………………………………... 78
5. Recall …………………………………………………………………………... 78
F. Age & Residence Qualification ……………………………………………………. 79
LESSON 11:
XI. CIVIL SOCIETY AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT …………………………………... 79
A. Defining Civil Society …………………………………………………………….. 79
B. Types of Civil Society Organizations ( CSOs) ……………………………………. 80
C. What Are Social Movements? …………………………………………………….. 82
D. Civil Society in the Philippines …………………………………………………… 84
E. Social Movements in the Philippines ……………………………………………... 86
1. From Spanish Period to the 1896 Philippine Revolution ………………………. 86
2. The American Occupation …………………………………………………….. 87

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 3. The Japanese Occupation and Post- Independence Period …………………….. 87
4. The Martial Law Period ………………………………………………………... 87
5. Post – 1986 Period …………………………………………………………….. 88
F. Issues, Prospects, and Challenges …………………………………………………. 89
Weekly Exam4- Philippine Society …………………………………………….… 91
Activity 4: Poster Making …………………………………………………………. 93
WEEK 5
LESSON 12:
XII.CITIZENSHIP ……………………………………………………………………….. 96
A. What Is Citizenship? ………………………………………………………………. 96
B. Identify, the Self, and the Community ……………………………………………. 97
C. Expression of Citizenship in Democratic Governance ……………………………. 98
D. The Value of Citizenship: Becoming a Filipino Citizen ………………………….. 99
Weekly Exam 5- A Good Citizen ………………………..……………………….. 103
Activity 5: Codes of a Good Citizen ……………………..……………………….. 104
WEEK 6
LESSON 13:
XIII.INTEGRATION …………………………………………………………………….. 108
A. Political Engagement and the Youth ……………………………………………….. 108
B. Youth and Participation: A Look at Some Major Issues and Cases ………………. 109
C. Empowering the Filipino Youth: Some Programs …………………………………. 111
D. The Legal and Institutional Environment ………………………………………….. 111
E. Some Cases of Youth Engagement ………………………………………………… 112
F. Challenges and Prospects ………………………………………………………….. 114
Weekly Exam 6- Community Participation ………….…………………………….. 119
Activity 6: Project Proposal/plan………….…………………….…………………. 120
WEEK 7
Submission and partial checking of the Project Proposal/Plan …………………………….. 123
WEEK 8 – QUARTER EXAMINATION …………. 125
WEEK 9 – SUBMISSION OF MAJOR COURSE OUTPUT …………………………. 127

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 Ave Maria College
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
School ID No. 402686 Gov’t Permit No. 0059 s. 2015

COURSE OUTLINE

Course REX JEAN E. LENDIO

Facilitator
Course Code SS HUM G112: Philippine Politics and Governance
and Title
Course Pre- None
requisite
Course This course introduces the students to the basic concepts and vital elements of politics
Description and governance from a historical-institutional perspective. In particular, it attempts to
explain how the important features of our country’s political structures/institutions,
processes, and relationships developed across time. In the process, the course helps the
learners gain a better appreciation of their rights and responsibilities as individuals and
as members of the larger socio-political community to strengthen their civic
competence.
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
a. demonstrate an understanding of politics and political science, governance,
political ideologies, power, states, nations, and globalization as shown in their
Course individual portfolio;
Objectives b. identify a specific current issue related to youth empowerment by conducting an
interview to the Sangguniang Kabataan Officials in your community; and
c. develop a project proposal/plan to address the identified issue..
No. of Hours 8 Hrs/Week x 10 Weeks = 80Hrs
Flexible Modular Distance Learning / Blended
Learning
(Home Learning Aided by Course Packet)

Week Lessons / Teacher’s Activity Flexible Students’ Activity

(Input) (Output)
Week 1 General Class and Course Orientation 1. Get Oriented About the Course,
1. Discuss Course Outline, Requirements Requirements,
(Outputs), Submission Protocols

2. Distribute Course Packet 2. Receive Course Packet

At the end of this week, students should be able to:
 answer correctly at least 85% of the questions in the Weekly Exam and;
 draw an illustration of your depiction of good governance.
LESSON 1: HOME LEARNING:
I. THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF POLITICS Read, Watch, and Listen Lesson 1,
2,3, and 4. Then do;

vii
 E. The Meaning of Politics
1. Weekly Exam 1- Politics and
4. Origins of Politics Power
5. Definition of Politics 2. Activity 1: Political Cartooning
6. Five Reasons To Study Politics about what Good Governance Look
F. How Politics Can be Studied? Like
5. Normative vs. Positive Approach
6. Behavioral Approach
7. Rational Choice Approach
8. The Different Views on Politics
G. Characteristics of Politics
H. The Meaning of the Governance
1. Characteristics of Good Governance
LESSON 2:
II.POLITICAL IDEAS AND IDEOLOGIES

H. Political Ideology
I. Distinguish Ideologies from Ideas
J. Characteristics of Ideology
K. Features of Ideology
L. Functions of Ideologies
M. Societal Role of Ideologies
N. Ideologies
2. Liberalism
2.1 Set of values and beliefs of
Liberalism
2.2 Types of Liberalism
2. Conservatism
3. Socialism
3.1 Social Democracy
4. Communism
5. Fascism
6. Religious Fundamentalism
7. Feminism
8. Environmentalism

LESSON 3:
III. WHAT IS POWER?

D. The Concept of Power

1. Dimension of Power
2. Sources of Power
a.Organizational Power
b. Individual Power or Personal
Power
2. Symbols of Powers
3. Ways to expand power

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 E. Authority
F. Types of Authority
1. Charismatic Authority
2. Rational – Legal Authority
3. Traditional Authority
4. Coercive Authority

LESSON 4:
IV.STATES, NATION, AND
GLOBALIZATION

A. Meaning of State
1. Elements of State
1.5 People
1.6 Territory
1.7 Government
1.8 Sovereignty
2. Origin of State
1.1 Devine right theory
1.2 Necessity or Force Theory
1.3 Paternalistic Theory
1.4 Social Contract Theory
2. Types of State
B. State distinguished from Nation
C. State distinguished from Government
1. Purpose and necessity of
Government
2. Forms of Government
2.1 Distribution of Power
3. Citizen Participation
3.1 Autocracy
3.2 Oligarchy
3.3 Democracy
3.4 Legitimacy
4. Executive and Legislative
Relationship
4.1 Presidential
4.2 Parliamentary
D. Concept of Globalization
1. Globalization
2. Forms of Globalization
Week 2
Collect and Receive Week 1 Outputs (Weekly 1. Submit Week 1 Outputs
Exam 1 and Activity 1)
(Weekly Exam 1 and Activity 1)
At the end of this week, students should be able to:
 answer correctly at least 85% of the questions in the Weekly Exam and;
 create a historical timeline of the development of the Philippine Democratic
Politics.
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 LESSON 5: HOME LEARNING:
V. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF Read Lesson 5, 6, & 7. Then do;
PHILIPPINE DEMOCRATIC
POLITICS 1. Weekly Exam 2- Historical
Development
A. Pre- Colonial Period (before 1565)
B. Spanish period (1565-1898) 2.Activity 2: Historical Timeline
C. Revolutionary Period (1868-1898)
D. American Period (1868-1898)
E. Japanese Occupation (1941-1945)
F. Postwar era or the Third Philippine
Republic (1946-1971)
G. Martial Law era (1972-1981) and the
Fourth Republic (1981-1986)
H. Post-EDSA or the Fifth Republic (1986-
present)

LESSON 6:
VI. ARTICLE VI: LEGISLATIVE
DEPARTMENT

A. The role and responsibilities of the

Philippine Senate and the House of
Representatives

LESSON 7 :
VII. ARTICLE VII: EXECUTIVE
DEPARTMENT

A. The Role of the Philippine President in

relation to his/her Powers.
B. Philippine Presidents during
Contemporary Period (Fifth Republic)

Week 3 1. Collect and Receive Week 2 Outputs 1. Submit Week 1 Outputs (Weekly
(Weekly Exam 2 and Activity 2 ) Exam 2 and Activity 2 )
2. Return Checked Weekly Outputs for 2. Receive Checked Outputs for
Week 1 Week 1

At the end of this week, students should be able to:

 answer correctly at least 85% of the questions in the Weekly Exam and;
 present printed data that illustrate the Programs, Issues and the Controversies
during the incumbency of a president.
LESSON 8: HOME LEARNING:
VIII. ARTICLE VIII: JUDICIAL Read Lesson 7, 8, and 9. Then do;
DEPARTMENT 1. Weekly Exam 3- Executive,
Judicial, and 5th Republic
A. The Role and Responsibilities of the Presidents

x
 Philippine Judiciary 2. Activity 3: Data Retrieval Sheet

LESSON 9:
IX. DECENTRALIZATION AND LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
A. Decentralization, Democratization, and
Governance
B. Local Government Units in the
Philippines
C. The Structure of Local Government
D. Criteria for the Creation of LGU
E. Issues and Challenges

Week 4 1. Collect and Receive Week 3 Outputs 1. Submit Week 3 Outputs (Weekly
(Weekly Exam 3 and Activity 3 ) Exam 3 and Activity 3 )
2. Return Checked Weekly Outputs for 2. Receive Checked Outputs for
Week 2 Week 2

At the end of this week, students should be able to.

 answer correctly at least 85% of the questions in the Weekly Exam and;
 produce a collage showing the different kinds of Civil Society Organizations
and state their functions.
LESSON 10: HOME LEARNING:
X. SUFFRAGE Read Lesson 10, 11 & 12 and do;

A. Suffrage 1. Weekly Exam 4- Philippine

B. Views on Suffrage Society
2. Activity 4: Poster Making
3. A mere privilege
4. A political right
C. Theories on Suffrage
1. The Natural Right Theory
2. The Legal Theory
3. The Ethical Theory
4. The Tribal Theory
5. The Feudal Theory
D. Types of Vote
1. One Man One Vote
2. Single Transferable Vote
3. Plural Voting
4. Open Ballot
5. Secret Ballot
E. Scope of Suffrage
1. Election
2. Plebiscite
3. Referendum
4. Initiative
5. Recall
F. Age & Residence Qualification
xi
 LESSON 11:
XI. CIVIL SOCIETY AND SOCIAL
MOVEMENT

A. Defining Civil Society

B. Types of Civil Society Organizations
( CSOs)
C. What Are Social Movements?
D. Civil Society in the Philippines
E. Social Movements in the Philippines
1. From Spanish Period to the 1896
Philippine Revolution
2. The American Occupation
3. The Japanese Occupation and Post-
Independence Period
4. The Martial Law Period
5. Post – 1986 Period
F. Issues, Prospects, and Challenge

Week 5 1. Collect and Receive Week 4 Outputs 1. Submit Week 4 Outputs

(Weekly Exam 4 and Activity 4) (Weekly Exam 4 and Activity 4)
2. Return Checked Weekly Outputs for 2. Receive Checked Outputs for
Week 3 Week 3
At the end of this week, students should be able to.
 answer correctly at least 85% of the questions in the Weekly Exam and
 create their own set of rules on being a good citizen.
LESSON 12: HOME LEARNING:
XII.CITIZENSHIP Read Lesson 12 and do;

1. What Is Citizenship? 1. Weekly Exam 5- A Good

2. Identify, the Self, and the Community Citizen
3. Expression of Citizenship in Democratic 2. Activity 5: Codes of a Good
Governance Citizen
4. The Value of Citizenship: Becoming a
Filipino Citizen
Week 6 1. Collect and Receive Week 5 Outputs 1.Submit Week 5 Outputs (Weekly
(Weekly Exam 5 and Activity 5) Exam 5 and Activity 5)
2. Return Checked Weekly Outputs for 2. Receive Checked Outputs for
Week 4 Week 4
At the end of this week, students should be able to:
 answer correctly at least 85% of the questions ion the Weekly Exam and
 plan a project proposal regarding youth issues.
LESSON 13: HOME LEARNING:
XIII.INTEGRATION Read Lesson 13 and do;

A. Political Engagement and the Youth 1. Weekly Exam 6- Community

xii
 B. Youth and Participation: A Look at Participation
Some Major Issues and Cases 2. Activity 6: Project Proposal/plan
C. Empowering the Filipino Youth: Some about Youth Issue
Programs
D. The Legal and Institutional Environment
E. Some Cases of Youth Engagement
Challenges and Prospects

Week 7 1. Collect and Receive Week 6 Outputs 1. Submit Week 6 Outputs

(Weekly Exam 6 and Activity 6)
2. Return Checked weekly outputs for
Week 5
Week 8 QUARTER EXAMS. WEEK
1. Proctor Second Quarter Exams
(Weekly Exam 6 and Activity 6)
2. Receive Checked Outputs for
Week 5
1. Submit the full blown Activity
6- Project Proposal.
2. Take the Second Quarter Exam

Week 9
1. Receive the Full Package of the Individual 1. Submit the full package of
Portfolio for the course of SS HUM G122. their Individual Portfolio for
the course of SS HUM G112.

Congratulations! You have just completed your Course on SS HUM G112: Philippine Politics and
Governance
Major Output / Project
Assessment Details
Task
Individual This is a compilation of all the students’ outputs that include Activities, Political
Portfolio and Cartooning, Essays, Journal Entry, Slogan, Poster Making, T- chart, Reaction Paper,
Project Plan Judicial Framework, and Project Plan etc. Results of both Short and Long Quizzes are
also included in the package. The whole Portfolio serves as evidence of the students’
performance in the said course.
Grading Written Work = 40%
System Performance Task = 60%
Total = 100 %
Submission The following classroom policies are in addition to the Institutional Policies and
Policies Regulations as stipulated in the AMC Student Handbook.
1. Wear facemask all the time.
2. Observe physical distancing.

List of References

Books:
De Leon. H . Sr. & De Leon H. Jr. ( 2011). Textbook on the Philippine Constitution REX Printing
Company INC. Florentino st., Quezon City, Philippines

Pulma Dr. E. & Tubajen Dr. R. ( 2016)., Philippine Politics and Governance. JFS Publishing Services ,
Pasay City Philippines

xiii
Villanueva, Prince Aian ( 2016) Philippine Politics and Governance. DIWA Learning System INC.
Legaspi.

Websites:

Cholayil, Dr. S., (2013). Power and Authority. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/RD0BUrIQINK
on July 20, 2020

Ermac, M. (2020). HUMSS LESSONS for Grade 11and Grade 12: Philippine Politics and
Governance. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/zz66IcZhng0 on July 10, 2020

Villaflor, A. ( 2018). Politikal na Ideolohiya: Ano ngaba ito?. Retrived from

https://youtu.be/n0A4ZfF2Ut8 on July, 10, 2020

xiv
 Week 1
SS HUM G112: PHILIPPINE
POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

xv
 Ave Maria College
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
School ID No. 402686 Gov’t Permit No. 0059 s. 2015

The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the

Philippines

PREAMBLE

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of almighty

God, in order to build a just and humans society, and establish a
Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote
the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to
ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and
democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice,
freedom, love, equality and peace, do ordain and promulgate this
Constitution.
 Ave Maria College
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
School ID No. 402686 Gov’t Permit No. 0059 s. 2015

SS HUM G112: PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

To my students in Philippine Politics and Governance:

Welcome to the First Semester of S.Y. 2020-2021, in general and to this course Philippine
Politics and Governance in particular. I am Mr. Rex Jean E. Lendio your facilitator for this
course.
This course focuses on the development of listening and speaking skills and strategies for
effective communication in various situations.

At the end of this course you should be able to:

a. demonstrate an understanding of politics and political science, governance, political

ideologies, power, states, nations, and globalization as shown in their individual
portfolio;
b. identify a specific current issue related to youth empowerment by conducting an
interview to the Sangguniang Kabataan Officials in your community; and
c. develop a project proposal/plan to address the identified issue..

Your course will run for 10 weeks of home learning where you will be aided by this
course packet. This course packet contains the course outline, the weekly lessons, the
weekly and major course requirements, and the grading system.

At the end of each lesson you are required to answer the comprehension check and work on
the activities which you are expected to submit to the course facilitator at the beginning of the
following week through email or print copies which you can place in an envelope and drop in
the box provided at the designated place of the school. In addition, you are required to take the
quarterly examinations in school at the designated date and time.

You can go through the course outline at the beginning of this course packet to have a
glimpse of the specific lessons and the equivalent requirements for each week.

If you have questions for clarifications you can text, call or email your course facilitator.

GOD BLESS 

2
 To my students:

You are now about to start the lesson for Week 1. Read and watch the learning materials below
then answer Weekly Exam 1 and do Activity 1.

At the end of this week, you should be able to:

 answer correctly at least 85% of the questions in the Weekly Exam and;
 Draw an illustration of your depiction of good governance.

COURSE INTRODUCTION:

WATCH AND LISTEN:

HUMSS Lessons for Grade 11 and Grade 12 _ Philippine Politics and Governance _ DepEd
Guide.mp4

LESSON 1:
I. The Basic Concepts of Politics and Governance

A. The Meaning of Politics

1. Origins of Politics
a. POLIS – city-state
b. POLITES – citizens
c. POLITIKOS – government officials

2. Definition of Politics
POLITICS
 Is derived from the Greek word polis, which means “city-state”, a small independent
self- contained political society.
 “the Heart of Political Science”.
 It is the activity of people where they create, preserve and amend laws under which
they live.
POLITICS as the art of government.
 Politics is what defines the activities of the government and of the state. All government
officials and all those working government are participating in politics.
POLITICS POLITICAL SCIENCE
Focuses its study on the actual actions or An academic discipline deals with the
decisions of the state. theoretical study of the state and
government.
Politics is concerned with issues, A political scientist observes how o state
problems and activities of the state while makes decision, and how the state’s
political science is concerned on how the decision affects people.
state originated, its nature and its
functions.
In the modern perspectives, political science studies politics. The state and
government are the key factors in the study of political science and politics.

Thus, political science cannot be differentiated from politics.

3
 3. Five Reasons To Study Politics

 Politics will help you to know your rights.

 Politics clarifies what you yourself believes.
 Politics is a living, breathing subject.
 Politics helps you to understand our nation’s parties.
 Politics prepares you for adult life.

B. How Politics Can Be Studied?

1. Normative vs. Positive Approach

Focuses in answering the question:

 ( What is ) Positive Approach
Example: “The Department of Education documented more than , 1, 700 cases of child
abuse and bullying in school year 2013-2014.

 (What should be?) Normative Approach

Example: “ Bullying and other forms of violence in schools should be viewed not just a
school problem but societal problem as well.”

2. Behavioral Approach

Focuses on the study of the individual (voter, leader, etc.) particularly the actors of
the political system, their emotions, biases and predisposition.

Behaviourists, there more, study the political process by looking at how it relatives or
influences the individual’s behaviour motivations, personalities or feelings of human
actors. ( Orji, 2009)

3. Rational Choice Approach

Focuses on the study of human behaviour, wherein individuals are motivated by

their wants, their self-interest or goals, which will explain their preferences.

Furthermore, according to this approach, humans act to maximize their outcome, that is,
to get the most benefit and profit from their actions.

4. The Different Views on Politics

Views on Politics:
Politics as:….
Art of Government
Public Affairs
Compromise and Consensus
Description of Politics
Politics concerns the state. It focuses on the
personnel and machinery of the government.
Politics is the conduct of the management of
public interest and therefore, political affairs.
Politics attempts to resolve conflict through
discussion, compromise, bargaining, and
4

Power and the distribution of resources
consensus, wherein people arrive at a binding
decision.
Politics involves the exercise of authority in
the production, distribution, and use of
resources. This describes who gets what and
under circumstances

C. Characteristics of Politics

1. Politics always involves the making of collective decisions for group of people;
2. Those decisions are made by some members of the group exercising power over other
members of the group exercising power over other members of the group.

D. The Meaning of the Governance

The concept of “governance” is as old as human civilization. Governance was defined as

“the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not
implemented)”. Governance can be viewed in the following context: corporate governance,
international governance, national governance and local governance (UNESCO for Asia and
the Pacific). Good governance assures that corruption is minimized; the views of minorities
are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in
decision- making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs society.

Good governance entails sound public sector management (efficiency, effectiveness, and
economy), accountability, exchange and the free flow of information (transparency), and a
legal framework for development (justice, respect for human rights and liberties). Good
governance is defined focusing on legitimacy (government should have the consent of the
governed), accountability (ensuring transparency, being answerable for actions and media
freedom), competence (effective policymaking, implementation and service delivery), and
respect for law and human rights.

1. Characteristics of Good Governance

 Participation
Participation as one the aspects of good governance, by both men and women,
must partake directly or indirectly (having e representative) in every
governmental process. This is because participation is an essential cornerstone of
good governance.

 Rule of Law
The rule of law means to say that good governance manifested through the
impartiality of fair legal framework such as the promotion of a full protection of
human rights and dignity especially those members of minorities.

 Transparency
Transparency means to say decisions were taken, and enforcement is done in a
manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely
available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions
and their enforcement. It also means that enough information is provided and
that it is provided in easily understandable forms of media.
5
 Responsiveness
Good governance requires institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders
within a reasonable timeframe.

 Consensus oriented
Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach
a broad consensus in society on what is the best interest of the whole community
and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective
on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the
goals of such development.

 Effectiveness and efficiency

Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet
the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The
concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the
sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment.

 Accountability
Accountability is a crucial requirement for good governance. Not only
governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society
organizations must be accountable to the public and their institutional
stakeholders.

Government Governance
Instrument for the purpose of governance.Exercise of political, economic and
administrative authority to manage nation’s
affairs.
Groups of people with authority govern a Process of decision-making and the process
country or state. by which decisions are implemented.

KEEP IN MIND:

You have learned that politics is characterized by an interaction

between individuals whose relationship is characterized by conflict and
cooperation. Politics also involves the presence of binding solutions that
will solve such differences, although politics is no utopian solution. A
particular form of social interaction could be considered political if it involves relationships
that have something to do with the art of governance, public affairs, compromise and
consensus, and power relations, which all fall within political research.

The ability to determine what is political is important in researching about or

studying politics. The use of particular approaches in political science- whether the
scientific, philosophical, or empirical ones- is crucial in understanding what politics entails.

6
LESSON 2
II. Political Ideas and Ideology

A. Political Ideology

Antoine Destrutt de Tracy (1754-1836) coined the term Idelogy during the French
Revolution and subsequently used in public in 1796. Ideologie according to Tracy is a new
‘science of ideas’ from literal term ide-logy. Ideology becomes a political weapon to condemn or
criticize opposing arrays of ideas or belief system. Beliefs are people’s assessement of reality and
what they hold to true whereas, Values are people’s ideas about right and wrong. Therefore , when
beliefs and values are put together in a coherent system, they form an ideology.

Some of the meaning attached to ideology as enumerated by Heywood are:

 a political belief sytem;
 an action oriented set of political ideas;
 the ideas of the rulling class;
 the world view of a particular social class or social groups;
 political ideas that embody or articulate class or social interests; ideas that propagate false
consciousness amongst the exploited or oppressed;
 ideas that state the individual within a social context and generate a sense of colletive
belonging;
 an officially sanctioned set of ideas used to legitimate a political system or regime;
 an allembracing political doctrine that claims a monopoly of truth;
 and an abstract and highly sytematic set of political ideas. Thus, Political ideologies could
be seen as commitments in order to change political system (Roskins, etc., 2012)

B. Distinguished Ideologies from Ideas

 Comprehensivness. An ideology covers ideas pertaining many great matters, such as

human beings place in the universal domain, man’s relationship to the Divine being, the
highest goals of society and government, the essential nature of people, and the best means
of ahieving the hihghest social and poltical objectives.

 Persuasiveness. The set of ideas has not only been known for a long time but has shaped
the political beliefs and actions of many people. Before Christ, democracy, oligarchy, and
autocracy are widely talked about, and that great movements has fought those ideologies
for over 2,000 years.

 Extensiveness. The set of ideas is held by a large number of people and palys a vital role in
nations and states political affairs.

 Intensiveness. The set of ideas commands a strong commitment from many of its
adherents and significantly influences political beliefs and actions.

C. Characteristics of Ideology

 Ideologies have their levels end in-ism.

7
  Ideologies provide an explanation for problem that confronts modern societies by providing
futuristic vision.
 Ideology is action- oriented.
 Ideologies mobilize a large number of people.

D. Features of Ideology

 It offers an action of the existing order, usually in the form of a ‘world view’.
 It advances a model of the desired future, a vision of the good society.
 It expalins how political change can and should be brought about- how to get from the two
other features.

E. Functions of Ideologies

 Ideology address a basic human psychological needs such as safety, freedom, and
community.
 Ideology provides its believes with a sense of understanding history and with clues about
what kinds of things they should pay attention to or ignore.
 Ideology is essential.
 Ideology is powerful.

F. Societal Role of Ideologies

 Ideologies answer eternal questions and cutt off competing beliefs and values;
 Ideologies explain how the universe works and why it works that way; and
 Ideologies tell us how to behave; tey help us predict the future.

G. Ideologies

1. Liberalism ( The Left)

The term Liberalism derived from the Latin word ‘liber” which means “free men” in
short, men who were neither or serfs nor slaves. A view that sees more need for change and
improvement in social relations requiring governmental involvement and that society must be
free, if it is possible, free from government intervention. It supports promoting the indivual
welfare supporting civil rights and accepts peaceful political, social change within the existing
political system.

It is a belief that man is generally good and that his ability to reason allows him to attain
economic, political, social progress (Dooley,2013). Thus, the central theme of liberal ideology
is a commitment to the individual and the desire to construct a society in which man satisfy
their interests and achieve fufillment (Heywood, 2012).

1.1 Set of values and beliefs of Liberalism ( Heywood,2012)

 Individualism- It is the belief in the supreme importance of the individual any

social group or collective body.

8
  Freedom- The ability to think or act as one wishes, a capacity that can be
associated with the individual, a social group or a nation. Belief in the supreme
importance of the individual leads naturally to a commitment to individual freedom.
Individual liberty is the supreme political value ant the unifying principle of
liberal ideology.

 Reason- The power of reason gives human beings the capacity to take charge of
their own lives and fashion their own destinies. Humankind was emancipated from
the grip of the past and the weight of custom and tradition.

 Justice- It is a moral standard of fairness and impartiality. It is as well denotes

giving what is due to each person.

 Toleration- It is forebearance. Willingness to accept views or action with which

one is in disagreement.

1.2 Types of Liberalism

 Classical liberalism – as Heywood ( 2012) puts it, subcribed to egotistical

individualism; have a belief in negative freedom; the state is regarded at best as a
‘necessary evi’; and have a broadly positive of civil society.

 Neoliberalism- posits that states are constatnly interacting with each other and that
they value coperation a part of their own interest. It is equated with a belief in
market fundamentalism- the absolute faith in the market, reflecting the that the
market mechanism offers solutions to all economic and problems.

2. Conservatism (The Right)

The term “conservatism” derived from the term conservation. A political philosophy tends
to support the status qou and advocates change only in moderation upholding the value of
tradition and seeks to preserve all that is good about the past (Dooley, 2013). A point of view
that emphasizes tradition and established institutions and give greater attention to social
entities than to individuals having the inclination to oppose any change in political
environment.

3. Socialism

The term socialism derived from the word ‘socialist’ in Latin social meaning to combine or
to share.
As Scheme (2011) puts it socialism is an economic and political doctrine advocating
governmental ownership and direction of production and services but which would retain
existing institution as the means of regulating them. It is also viewed as an ideology which
opposed capitalism and tries to provide a more humane and socially valuable substitute.
Moreover, cooperation is preferred over the competition. Further, socialism adheres to social
equality, which is the main way to attain social stability and cohesion (Heywood, 2011).

 Distinctive ways of understanding socialism:

 Socialism is seen as an economic model.
9
  Socialism as an instrument of the labour movement.
 Socialism as a political creed encompasses community, cooperation, equality,
class politics and collective ownership.

3.1 Social Democracy

It is moderate or reformist brand of socialism that favour a balance between the

market and the state rather than the abolition of capitalism, on the one hand, and state
intervention, on the other side. Social democracy lacks a systematic underlying theory and
inherently vague (Heywood, 2011). Moreover, it is the mildest form of socialism stressing
welfare measure but not state ownership of industry (Roskins, 2012), have abandoned the
state property. They further said that social democracies have become welfare sates that
focus on the improvement of living conditions such as unemployment and medical
insurance, generous pensions, and subsidized food and housing.

4. Communism

It is an economic, social, and political system seeking government ownership of the

means production and services directed by a process of scientific administration and
universal assent (Schrems, 2011). It is an extreme left-wing ideology, based on the
revolutionary socialist teachings of Karl Mar, characterized by collective ownership and a
planned economy. Thus, each should work to their capability and wall receive according to
their needs.

5. Fascism

Fascism is derived from ‘ fasces’, an Italian word, which means a bundle of rods with an
axe-blade protruding that signified the authority of magistrates in Imperial Rome
( Heywood,2011). In the 1890’s, an Italian word fascia was used which refers to political
group or band not until Benito Mussolini employed the term fascism to describe the armed
paramilitary squads he formed during and after World War I.

Fascism is a movement that stands for outmoded, repressive social and political
conditions rejecting democracy, repudiates constitutionalism and stresses that all values arise
from the state against which the individual has no rights. Moreover, authentic freedom is in
subjugation to an authoritarian, totalitarian, and omnipotent state, thus, rejecting equality and
replaces the principle of hierarchy to a supreme leader whose will is law ( Moten and Islam,
2011 ). Fascism has a strong anti-rational, anti-liberal, anti-conservative, anti-capitalism,
anti-bourgeois, anti- communist and so on.

Salient Feature of Fascism:

 Totalitarianism
 Nationalism
 Anti – liberalism
 Militarism and Violence
 Leadership

10
 6. Religious Fundamentalism

Religious fundamentalism is an unusual political ideology. The word

fundamentalism is taken from the Latin word fundamental, meaning base. It is associated
with inflexibility, dogmatism, authoritarianism or worst violence. It is characterized by a
rejection of the distinction between politics and religion (Heywood, 2011).
The following are the themes of religious fundamentalism:
 Religion as politics
 The fundamentalist impulse
 Anti-modernism
 Militancy
7. Feminism

Feminism is, derived from a Latin word, Femina meaning women or female, concerned
with the attainment of gender equality in the political, economic and social spheres of life. Its
primary focus is the position of women in the society. The basic idea of feminism is that
women experience a poor state in society as a consequence of the patriarchy, male
domination of women, which has historically characterized all social relationships and that
this disadvantage can and should be overthrown ( Heywood, 2012). Feminists contend that
patriarchy continues to b manifested in the systematic deprivation of individual choices,
political power, economic, opportunities, and intellectual recognition currently experienced
by women.

8. Environmentalism

Environmentalism is an ideology focusing on the idea that environment is endangered

and must be preserved through regulation and lifestyle changes (Roskin et.al.,2012). Its
concern is about the natural environment and particularly about reducing environmental
degradation that is more of a policy orientation that is more of policy orientation rather than
an ideological stance (Heywood, 2012). The regulation was only part of the environment
credo.

WATCH AND LISTEN:

1. Politikal na Ideolohiya_ Ano nga ba ito_.mp4
KEEP IN MIND:

You have learned the importance of ideas in shaping the behaviour of an

individual at the micro level and the society. Political ideologies are powerful
such that they shape the structure of a society—the institutions and the ways of
doing things. These ideologies are comprised of beliefs and value systems that
give rise to political processes; they also constitute ideas about change and its desired future.
Ideologies vary from the classical to contemporary ones. These ideologies have different
perspectives on various issues, but also have similarities on a number of respects. The relevance of
these ideologies rises and falls depending on their significance to explain current social, political,
and economic circumstances.

11
LESSON 3:

III. What is Power?

A. The Concept of Power

Politics always involves the exercise of power by one person or persons to another person or
persons (Shively, 2012). Power is the ability to get someone to do something he/she wants to
accomplish, thus making things happen in the way he/she wants. In having such ability, along with
exercise of power is an influence. Thus, influence is the process by which a person affects the
behaviour and feeling of another person. In order to influence a person there must an authority,
which is the right to change another person. Power is as well a prime ingredient of politics.
However, there are instances that power becomes cynical, brutal, and self- destructive that
affirmed Lord Action’s dictum. “Power tends to corrupt: absolute power corrupts absolutely.”

1. Dimension of Power

Power is perceived as the influence on the

Power as decision-making content of decisions. Who decides, what to be
made, and how to execute such decision all
power.
Power involves the ability to set or control
Power as agenda setting political agenda, highlighting one a t the
exclusion of other issues.
Power as thought control Power is seen as an ideological indoctrination
or a psychological control where one has the
ability to change or shape how another thinks
or behaves.

2. Sources of Power

2.1 Organizational Power- is a power derived from a person’s position in an organization and
from control over valuable resources afforded by hat position

 Reward Power- It is the extent to which a leader can use extrinsic and intrinsic rewards
to control and influence other people.

 Coercive Power- It is the degree to which a leader can deny desired reward or
administer punishments to control other people and let them follow his wants.
 Legitimate Power- It is the extent to which a leader can use subordinates’ internalized
values or beliefs that the boss has a right of command to control his subordinate’s
behaviour. That if legitimacy is lost, authority will not be accepted by subordinates. It is
otherwise known as formal hierarchical authority.

 Information Power- The leader has the access to and control of information. This
complements legitimate hierarchical power. This could be granted to specialists and
managers in the middle of the information system. The people may protect information
in order to increase their power.

12
  Process Power – The leaders has full control over the methods of production and
analysis. Thereby, placing an individual in the position of influencing how inputs are
transformed into outputs as well as managing the analytical process used to make
choices.

 Representative Power- The legal right conferred to speak by the firm as a

representative of a potentially significant group composed of individuals from
departments or outside the firm. Helps complex organizations deal with a variety of
constituencies.

2.2 Individual Power or Personal Power- is a power derived from personal characteristics that
are value to the organization.

 Expert Power- The ability to control another person’s behaviour through the possession
of knowledge, experience, judgement that the other person needs but does not have.

 Rational persuasion- The ability to control another person’s behaviour by convincing

the other person of the desirability of a goal and reasonable way of achieving it.

 Referent power- The ability to control another’s behaviour because the person wants to
identify with the power source.

3. Symbols of Powers
Since organizational charts only reveal authority and not power, it is important to
determine what the symbols of power are across most organization. One of the more easily
identified power symbols is that of a uniform for a police officer.
 Kanter's Symbols of Power
The primary characteristic of Kanter's seven symbols of power is that they provide
an ability to aid or assist another person. Her symbols are active and other-directed.
The symbols are:
 Ability to intercede for someone in trouble.
 Ability to get placements for favored employees
 Exceeding budget limitations
 Procuring above-average raises for employees
 Getting items on the agenda at meetings
 Access to recent information
 Having top managers seek out one's opinions.

 Kanter's Symbols of Powerlessness

Powerlessness is a lack of power, which may have different symptoms in managers at
various levels of the organization.

 Korda's Symbols of Power

Korda's symbols of power are easier to determine, and they include office furnishings,
time power, and standing by.

4. Ways to expand power (Schermerhorn,2003)Clearly define roles and responsibilities.

 Provide opportunities for creative problem solving coupled with the discretion to act.
 Emphasize different ways of exercising influence.
13
  Provide support to individuals so they become comfortable with developing their
power.
 Expand inducements for thinking and acting, not just obeying.

B. Authority

Authority is the right given to a manger to achieve the objectives of the organization. It is a right
to get the things done through others. It is a right to take the decisions.

C. Types of Authority ( Weber in Ethridge & Handelman, )

1. Charismatic Authority
It is an influence possessed by person by virtue of their personal magnetism. They have the
capacity to gain respect and even adulation to the point of moving followers to make great
sacrifices. It flows not from the legal basis of one’s power of one’ power but an individual’s
personal “gifts”.

2. Rational –Legal Authority

It is a leader based on established law. People obey the leader or executive because they
accept his or her power under the law.

3. Traditional Authority
The leadership is based from the culture that is people often give allegiance to the one who
occupy the institutional positions.

4. Coercive Authority
The power to use force such as police or military force to demand obedience from
subordinate.

WATCH AND LISTEN:

1. Power and Authority (1).mp4
KEEP IN MIND:

Politics cannot be studied without having a focus on power. Power is the ability
to influence another. It can also be seen as coercion or the use of intimidation to get
desired outcomes. Power can also be legitimate – that is, the exercise of influence
is recognized and that governed accords obedience to the leader. Power comes in
various forms and dimensions, and it exists in different levels of relationships: from
the personal level, to the governmental, and up to the international level. It has different consequences,
but what is notable is that it defines all types of relationships. After all, power involves who gets what,
when, and how much.

14
LESSON 4:
IV. States, Nation, and Globalization

A. Meaning of State

A state is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite

portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants
render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control." The Philippines is a state.

1. Elements of State
The modern state has four (4) essential elements.

1.1 People

This refers to the inhabitants living within the state. Without people, there can be
no functionaries to govern and no subjects to be governed. There is no requirement as to
the number of people that should compose a state. Ideally, it should be neither too small
nor too large: small enough to be well-governed and large enough to be self-sufficing.

Reputedly the smallest state in point of population is the Vatican. Its estimated
900 citizens, mainly clerics and some Swiss guards, are ruled by the Pope.« The island
Republic of Nauru" has a total population of only about 9,000. China is the largest state
in point of population placed at 1,314,480,000 at the end of 2006 according to China's
National Bureau of Statistics.

The Philippines is estimated to have a population of about 88,574,614 as of

August 1, 2007," composed mostly of Malays and Chinese.

1.2 Territory

It includes not only the fixed portion of land over which the jurisdiction of the
state extends (territorial domain), but also the rivers and lakes therein, a certain area of
the sea which abuts upon its coasts (fluvial and maritime domain) and the air space above
the land and the waters (aerial domain). Thus, the domain of the state may be described
as terrestrial, fluvial, maritime, and aerial.
The smallest state in point of territory is Vatican, located just outside the western
boundary of Rome with an area of only 0.17 square mile or 0.44 square kilometer. It
would fit in Rizal Park in Manila. It is the smallest independent nation in the world. The
Republic of Nauru has an area of about eight (8) square miles or 21 square kilometers.

The former Soviet Union" was the largest state in point of territory with its total
land area of about 8,599,776 square miles or 22,273,410 square kilometers. Canada has
an area of about 3, 849,674 square miles or about 9,970,610 square kilometers which
covers a surface nearly as large as Europe.The Philippines has a total land area of about
115,813 square miles or about 299,955 square kilometers.

15
 1.3 Government

It refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed
and carried out. The word is sometimes used to refer to the person or aggregate of those
persons in whose hands are placed for the time being the function of political control.
This "body of men" is usually spoken of as "administration." The ordinary citizens of a
country are a part of the state, but are not part of the government; and

1.4 Sovereignty

The term may be defined as the a supreme power of the state to command and
enforce obedience to its will from people within its jurisdiction and corollarily, to have
freedom from foreign control.
It has, therefore, two manifestations:
 Internal or the power of the state to rule within its territory; and
 External or the freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection to
or control by other states.

2. Origin of State
There are several theories concerning the origin of states, among which are:

2.1 Divine Right Theory- It holds that the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained
by God to govern the people. Reference has been made by advocates of this theory to the
laws which Moses received at Mount Sinai;

2.2 Necessity or Force Theory - It maintains that states must have been created through
force, by some great warriors who imposed their will upon the weak;

2.3 Paternalistic Theory - It attributes the origin of states to the enlargement of the family
which remained under the authority of the father or mother. By natural stages, the family
grew into a clan, then developed into a tribe which broadened into a nation, and the
nation became a state; and

2.4 Social Contract Theory - It asserts that the early states must have been formed by
deliberate and voluntary compact among the people to form a society and organize
government for their common good. This theory justifies the right of people to revolt
against a bad ruler. It is not known exactly, which of the above theories is the correct one.
History, however, has shown that the elements of all the theories have played an
important part in the formation and development of states.
3. Types of State

Types of State Characteristics

Effective  The state controls and taxes the entire territory.
 Laws are mostly obeyed.
 The state provides general welfare and security.
 There exits only minor corruption.
Weak  Crime has presented politics
 Government is weak in fighting lawlessness, corruption, and

16
 poverty.
 Justice is bought and elections are often rigged.
 Governmental revenues go to private pockets.
Failed  No national government exists.
 The state is ruled by warlords, private army, and militias
 “Gun” is the law.
 Education and health standards decline

B. State distinguished from Nation

Nation should not be confused with state as they are not the same.

1. The state is a political concept, while nation is an ethnic concept. A nation is a group of
people bound together by certain characteristics such as common social origin, language,
customs, and traditions, and who believe that they are one and distinct from others. The term
is more strictly synonymous with "people";

2. A single state may consist of one or more nations or peoples and conversely, a single
nation may be made up of several states. The United States is a melting pot of several
nationalities. On the other hand, the Arab nation is divided politically into several sovereign
states. Among them are: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and others. The
Philippines is a state composed of one nation.

C. State distinguished from Government

In common speech, they are usually regarded as identical. As ordinarily, the acts of the
government (within the limits of the delegation of powers) are the acts of the state, the former is
meant when the latter is mentioned, and vice versa.

The government is only the agency through which the state articulates its will. The
former is the agent, the latter is the principal. A state cannot exist without a government, but it is
possible to have a government without a state. Thus, we had various governments at different
periods of our history, from pre-Spanish times to the present. There was no Philippine state
during those periods when we were under foreign domination..

A government may change, its form may change, but the state, as long as its essential
elements are present, remains the same.

1. Purpose and necessity of Government

 Advancement of the public welfare. – Government exists and should continue to exist
for the benefit of the people governed. It is necessary for (a) the protection of society and
its members, the security of persons and property, the administration of justice, the
preservation of the state from external danger, dealings of the state with foreign powers
(constituent functions) and (b) the advancement of the physical, economic, social and
cultural well-being of the people.(ministrant functions).

 Consequence of absence. - Government exists to do these things, which by their very

nature, it is better equipped to administer for the public welfare than any private individual
17
 or group of individuals. It is obvious that without an organized structure of government,
anarchy and disorder, and a general feeling of fear and insecurity will prevail in society,
progress and development will not be possible, and values taken for granted in a free
modern society such as truth, freedom, justice, equality, rule of law, and human dignity
can never be enjoyed. The need for government is so apparent that even the most primitive
societies, history shows, had some form of it.

2. Forms of Government

a. Distribution of Power

 Unitary Government power - is held by one central authority. Example: Philippines,

Denmark, Italy, Finland, Peru, Rwanda.

 Confederation- It is a voluntary association of independent states that often only

delegate a few powers to the central government. Weak or lose organization of states
agrees to follow a powerful central government.
Example: The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) formerly known as the
Soviet Union, Switzerland's canton system.

 Federal Government power- Is divided between one central and several authorities.
Example: Malaysia, USA, Nigeria, Australia.

3. Citizen Participation

a. Autocracy - Form of government wherein one person possesses unlimited power. The
citizen has limited, if any, role in government. The leader is from a family, from a social
class, or from a strong party. In addition, Monarchy is a government in which the
supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch who reigns over a state or territory,
usually for life and by hereditary right; the monarch may be either a sole absolute ruler or
a sovereign - such as a king, queen, or prince - with constitutionally limited authority.

 Forms of Autocratic Government

Absolute or Totalitarian Dictatorship- The ideas of a single leader glorified.
Government tries to control all aspects of social and economic life. Moreover,
the government is not responsible to the people. Thus, the people lack the power
to limit their rulers. Examples: Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin

Absolute Monarchy- The king, queen, or emperor exercises the supreme and
unlimited powers of government v wherein the position is usually inherited.
Absolute monarch rules by divine right are rare today but from the 1400s to the
1700s they ruled most of Western Europe. Example: King of Saudi Arabia. The
counterpart of absolute monarchy is limited monarchy wherein the ruler has a
limited power as mandated by the constitution.

b. Oligarchy- It is the government by the few. Sometimes a small group exercises control,
especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The group gets its power from military power,
social power, wealth, religion or a combination. In here, the citizen has a very limited
role. Thus, political opposition is usually suppressed-sometimes violently. Example:

18
 Communist countries such as China. Leaders in the party and armed forces control
government.

Note: Autocracy and oligarchy sometimes claim they rule for the people but in reality,
the people have very little say in both types of government. They may hold elections
with only one candidate or control the results in various ways.

Moreover, even when these governments have a legislature or national assembly, they
often approve decisions made by the leaders.

c. Democracy- It is a government based on the consent of the governed. The people are the
sovereign, thus, they hold the highest political authority. Citizens have freedom to
criticize their leaders because they are the one who elected them in the position. People
have a high degree of participation in every government processes.

Democracy has two forms: Indirect democracy or representative democracy is a

form of democratic government wherein the people directly elect their leader who will
govern them and perform governmental functions; and Direct democracy is a form of
government wherein the people will convene in a mass assembly and directly formulate
and expressed the will of the state.

d. Legitimacy
a. De jure. It is a form of government where in it has the peoples' support possess
constitutional mandate. Therefore, it is legitimate government.

b. De facto. It is a form of government supported by the people but no constitutional

mandate or legal support.

4. Executive and Legislative Relationship

a. Presidential
A form of government in executive branch exists separately from the legislature.
The president is constitutionally independent the legislature because they are elected
directly by the people.
b. Parliamentary
A form of government in which members of an executive branch (the cabinet and
its leader -a prime minister, premier, or chancellor) are nominated to their positions by a
legislature or parliament, and are directly responsible to it. The members of executive
branch are also members of the parliament or the legislature. Moreover, this type of
government can be dissolved at will by the parliament (legislature) by means of a no
confidence vote or the leader of the cabinet may dissolve the parliament if it can no
longer function.

D. Concept of Globalization

1. Globalization is considered the most important threat to the nation-state. But what is this
phenomenon? What impact does it have to people and nation-states? Heywood (2013) defined
globalization as the process through which societies have become so intertwined or
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 interconnected that events and decisions in one part of the world have significant effects on
the lives of people in the other part of the whole world.

Transformations in production of goods and the flow of financial capital can be a result
of the further integration of economies in the world economy. For example, changes in domestic
politics and economy of the Philippines can actually be caused by events happening in different
countries. To illustrate this, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Integration
may have caused the developments in Philippine educational policies (e.g., the implementation
of the K to 12 Basic Education Program) so that the movement of students within the member-
countries will be "free-flowing" too. How and why does this happen? What are the
characteristics of globalization as a phenomenon? Heywood (2013) enumerates its features.

 Declining relevance of geographical distance

 Lessening significance of territorial boundaries
 Deepening and broadening of political processes, such that the local, national, and global
events constantly interact.

Globalization resulted in a growing interdependence among actors, activities, and

processes all over the world. Several forms of globalization can be identified, of which

Heywood (2013) listed three economic, cultural, and political. The following table
summarizes the key features of these forms of globalization and enumerates some examples.

2. Forms of Globalization

Forms Features/Characteristics Manifestations

All economies have been  Internationalized production
Economic integrated in a global  Financial capital flowing freely
Globalization economy. between countries
Information, commodities,  McDonalization or what George Ritzer
Cultural and images from one part (1993) called as rationalization that
Globalization of the world make cultural Max Weber found in bureaucracies
differences between extended to fast-food chains. This then
nations and individual less leads of processes such as production.
significant.  Information revolution
 Global brands penetrating the local
Political The importance of  Influence on domestic issues of
Globalization international organizations such as the United
organizations, Nations, World Trade Organization,
transnational World Bank, Asian Development
organizations, and Bank, International Red Cross, and
nongovernmental World Wide Fund for Nature.
organizations is being
recognized.

WATCH AND LISTEN:

1. ANO ANG STATE AT NATION_ _ KAHULUGAN AT PAGKAKAIBA NG STATE AND
NATION.mp4
2. Globalization (Contemporary World ).mp4
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 KEEP IN MIND:

In ordinary language, the terms nation, state and government are used
interchangeably. In this module, you have seen how different these terms are
from each other. The Philippines is both a state and nation. As a state, it is
composed of elements such as territory, government, and sovereignty. As a
nation, the Philippines is comprised of individuals who share certain commonalities as to
language, identity, tradition, or history and who share a feeling of unity and belongingness with
that imagined community. Globalization as phenomenon poses threats to the existence of the
Philippine nation-state, or at least, for those who are skeptic about it.

List of References:
Books:
De Leon,Hestor S. & De Leon, Hector. Jr. (2011). Textbook on the Philippine Constitution.
REX Printing Company,INC. Florentino St., Quezon City, Philippines.

Pulma, Dr. E Tubajen, Dr. R. . (2016). Philippine Politics and Governance.JFS Publishing
Services. Pasay City, Philippines

Website:
Cholayil, Dr. S., (2013). Power and Authority. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/RD0BUrIQINK
on July 20, 2020

Ermac, M. (2020). HUMSS LESSONS for Grade 11and Grade 12: Philippine Politics and
Governance. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/zz66IcZhng0 on July 10, 2020

Villaflor, A. ( 2018). Politikal na Ideolohiya: Ano ngaba ito?. Retrived from

https://youtu.be/n0A4ZfF2Ut8 on July, 10, 2020

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 Ave Maria College
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
School ID No. 402686’Gov’t Permit No. 0059 s. 2015

Weekly Exam 1- Politics and Power

NAME: ______________________________________ DATE: ____________________
PROGRAM & YEAR __________________________ SCORE: ___________________
I. Instruction: Write your answer on the space provided before each number.

___________________ 1. The group gets its power from military power, social power, wealth, religion
or a combination. In here, the citizen has a very limited role.
___________________ 2. Form of government wherein one person possesses unlimited power. The
citizen has limited, if any, role in government.
___________________ 3. It is a government based on the consent of the governed. The people are the
sovereign, thus, they hold the highest political authority.
___________________ 4. It holds that the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God to
govern the people.
___________________ 5. This refers to the inhabitants living within the state.
___________________ 6. It attributes the origin of states to the enlargement of the family which
remained under the authority of the father or mother.
___________________ 7. It is a voluntary association of independent states that often only delegate a
few powers to the central government.
___________________ 8. It is the extent to which a leader can use extrinsic and intrinsic rewards to
control and influence other people.
___________________ 9. An ideology focusing on the idea that environment is endangered and must be
preserved through regulation and lifestyle changes.
___________________ 10. Means to say decisions were taken, and enforcement is done in a manner
that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely
available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions
and their enforcement.
___________________ 11. A view that sees more need for change and improvement in social relations
requiring governmental involvement and that society must be free, if it is
possible, free from government intervention.
___________________ 12. A movement that stands for outmoded, repressive social and political
conditions rejecting democracy repudiates constitutionalism and stresses that all
values arise from the state against which the individual has no rights.
___________________ 13. Concerned with the attainment of gender equality in the political, economic
and social spheres of life. Its primary focus is the position of women in the
society.
___________________ 14. It means to say that good governance manifested through the impartiality of
fair legal framework such as the promotion of a full protection of human rights
and dignity especially those members of minorities.
___________________ 15. It is a moral standard of fairness and impartiality. It is as well denotes giving
what is due to each person.

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II. Instruction: Complete the diagram by supplying the characteristics of the different types of authority
and pinpoint its significance to one’s life and leadership. Use short bond paper for your entry.

Types of
Authority

23
III. Instruction: Answer the following questions.

1. What did you understand in politics and government?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2. Differentiate government from governance. What are their major differences?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

3. Differentiate power and authority.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

4. What is globalization? What are its characteristics?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

5. How are Filipinos affected by globalization? To what extent has your family been influenced by
this phenomenon?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

24
 Ave Maria College
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
School ID No. 402686’Gov’t Permit No. 0059 s. 2015

Activity 1: Political Cartooning about what Good Governance Look Like

NAME: ________________________________________ DATE: ____________________

PROGRAM & YEAR ____________________________ SCORE: ___________________

Instruction: Use your creativity in creating a political cartoon about what good governance should
look like. Make it eye catching. You may use or add some unique dramatic figures in your work to make
it more meaningful. Use short bond paper for your output.

25
REMINDER:

Keep all your outputs in your Portfolio and then make sure to submit them to your
course facilitator before you proceed to Week 2.

Great job! Congratulations.

End of Week 1

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