1. Identify material testing methods and briefly describe each one of them.

Materials testing is a well-known and well-respected method for determining the physical and
mechanical characteristics of raw materials and components. Tensile testing, compression testing,
coefficient of thermal expansion, beam deflection, shear test, and torsion test are some of the most
common methods.

Tensile testing is a process of subjecting or placing a sample to a regulated tension until it

breaks using equipment known as a universal testing machine. Tensile tests are performed to figure out
how a material would behave under static, axial tensile, or stretch loads. The findings from this test are
frequently used to choose a material in order to ensure quality and to forecast how a material will react
under different sorts of stresses.

Compressive load, on the other hand, tends to squeeze or compact the specimen in
compression testing. Concrete, brick, and various ceramic materials are utilized more frequently in this
manner because their compressive loading qualities are more efficient at resisting compressive loads.
During a compression test, data is collected on the force applied, the resulting deformation or deflection,
and the specimen's condition.

The coefficient of thermal expansion is used to calculate how much time a material expands as a
function of temperature. A specimen is heated at a controlled rate over the appropriate temperature
range in this procedure. The data are then graphed, which can be utilized for design considerations and
to see if thermal stress failure is a concern. Understanding the relative expansion and contraction
properties of two materials in contact is crucial in accomplishing this testing method.

Moving on, bend testing, also referred to as flexure testing or transverse beam testing, is a
method of determining how materials behave to applied beam loads. It is the most typical testing for
brittle materials, and it is done also on reasonably flexible materials, such as polymers, wood, and
composites. A bend test is carried out by positioning a specimen between two support anvils and
bending it using force supplied to the loading anvils.

Shear testing, however, requires the application of a force or load in a direction parallel to the
plane in which the load is applied. Shear forces cause one of a material's surfaces to move in one
direction while the other moves in the opposite direction, causing the material to be strained in a sliding
motion.  Torsion testing, on the other hand, is a sort of material testing that assesses the properties of
materials or devices under angular displacement stress. Torsion testing can divide into two categories:
testing raw materials to determine properties such as shear strength and modulus and testing of
finished products subjected to torsion.