Marcadores discursivos o Conectores

Los marcadores discursivos o conectores son palabras o frases que tienen por función relacionar
dos enunciados o secuencia de enunciados. Es decir, son elementos lingüísticos que enlazan las
distintas partes de un texto y especifican cómo lo que sigue está sistemáticamente conectado con
lo anterior.

Su finalidad se centra fundamentalmente en servir de guía o instrucción para la adecuada

comprensión del texto.

 Conectores de adición: unen ideas similares o presentan una idea y agregan

información.

“She is kind-hearted and cooperative.”

“She is kind-hearted and cooperative as well.”

“She is kind-hearted, as well as cooperative.”

“In addition to being kind-hearted, she is also cooperative.”

“She is kind-hearted. She is cooperative, too.”

“She is kind-hearted. Moreover,/Furthermore she is cooperative.”

 Conectores de causa (razón): indican la relación de causa entre dos

proposiciones.

“The government decided to change the economic policy because/ due to the fact that/ since/ as it
seemed fair.”

 Conectores consecutivos (resultado o efecto): manifiestan el efecto o la

consecuencia de una acción.

“He passed his exams so/ consequently/ as a result/ as a consequence/ therefore, he was able to
go to university.”

 Conectores de contraste: conectan ideas opuestas.

“The essay was flawless, but it was not the chosen one.”

“Although/ Even though/ Though the essay was flawless, it was not the chosen one.”

“In spite of/ Despite being flawless, the essay was not chosen.”

“Despite her fears, he managed to finish the task.”

“He was well-qualified for the job. However, / Nevertheless, he did not get it.”

“Your essay is long, while/whereas mine is short”

 Conectores de secuencia: ordenan ideas y argumentos.

How to make an English cup of tea

“First of all, you have to boil water in a kettle. Then, you warm the teapot with boiling water. After
that, put some tea into the teapot. Next, leave it for 2-4 minutes, depending on the tea. Later, pour
the tea into the cup. Finally, you can put some milk into the cup, and your “cuppa” is ready! Enjoy!”
Completa el siguiente resumen con los conectores correspondientes.

First Furthermore
Even though After that
Moreover In conclusion

Treatment response in subtypes of borderline personality disorder

Based on the frequently noted heterogeneity in symptom representation and treatment amongst
clients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), this study sought to investigate whether a
sample of 77 people with severe personality disorder could be grouped into meaningful
subtypes. ___________________1, another question was whether the subtypes would respond
differently to a specialist intervention.

Participants were public mental health clients referred to a specialist residential treatment
programme in Victoria, Australia. _______________ 2 cluster analysis was applied to identify
subtypes based on various demographic, clinical and psychological variables. _____________ 3
post-treatment analyses were carried out to investigate change in self-harm, suicide attempts,
depression and dissociation.

_______________4, it was expected to find four groups, three different subtypes were
identified. ________________ 5, the subtypes responded differently to the treatment, with the
withdrawing-internalizing subtype showing reduced levels of dissociation and the anxious-
externalizing subtype responding by large reductions in levels of depression. The third group,
the severely disturbed-internalizing subtype did not improve significantly.

________________6, these findings suggest that subtypes can be identified amongst clients
with BDP (Borderline Personality Disorder), and that the subtypes may be related to treatment
outcomes.

APA FORMAT ABSTRACT

Format the Abstract Page in APA Style, 6th Edition
If you are writing a paper according to APA style—guidelines set forth by the American Psychological
Association—you may need to include an Abstractpage as part of your paper. Although the Abstract
page is optional, many professors and readers find this page useful (especially as part of a long
dissertation or thesis paper) and, thus, your professor may request that you include one. The Abstract
page plays an important role in summarizing the overall purpose of your paper to help readers decide if
your paper is worth reading.

I will show you exactly how to format the Abstract page in APA style, 6th edition (the most recent edition)
and what you must include on this page. I have added visual examples so you can easily remember the
format, layout and specs of a correct Abstract page.

The Abstract Page

This is what an Abstract page looks like as part of a paper adhering to APA style.

Elements of
the Abstract
Page
A Different View of the Same Abstract Page

The Purpose of the Abstract Page

The Abstract page has one function: to summarize—in one paragraph—the main points of your paper.
Your Abstract needs to identify all four components of an "empirical" paper (i.e., the Introduction, the
Method, the Results, and the Discussion).

Your Abstract may include:

1) Your research topic

2) Questions you will attempt to answer
3) Data analysis that you've conducted
4) Any conclusions that you've reached.

You need to write the abstract concisely and succinctly. Do not explain odd terminology--you can do this
later in the main body of your paper. Even though the Abstract is the second page of your paper, you
can work on it last after you've completed the majority of your paper. It is much easier to write an
abstract once you have fully fleshed out the premise of your paper. You can easily write a purposeful
abstract by briefly discussing each of the four questions above.

One caution: NEVER copy the first few paragraphs of your main body text and place it on the Abstract
page to save time.

Parts of the Abstract Page

Let me elaborate on the individual parts that compose a correct Abstract page.
Part 1: THE TITLE
The Abstract page should have a single-word title, "Abstract" at the top of the page, on the line just
under the heading. The word Abstract is always singular, never plural (so never add an "s" to it). Center
the title between the right and left margins.

Part 2: THE MAIN BODY

The paragraph that contains the abstract should follow on the line after the title. Because we are double-
spacing, this paragraph is two lines below the title. Use the same font as the rest of the paper, which is a
12-point, Times New Roman. Use your own words to compose the abstract; do not include any citations,
quotes, or outside sources on this page.

Part 3: PARAGRAPH INDENTS

Do NOT indent the paragraph; it should be in a block format. All lines of the abstract should be flush
against the left margin of the paper. The abstract should only be one paragraph in length.

PART 4: SPACING
As with the rest of your paper, you will double-space the entire Abstract page. Also use the same margin
sizes, which are 1 inch on all four sides of the paper.

PART 5: KEYWORDS (Optional)

You can include a single brief paragraph of keywords under the abstract body text if your professor or
publisher requests you too, otherwise you can skip this.

Journal publishers sometimes want keywords on the Abstract page so that when they distribute and/or
index your paper online or in databases, readers and researchers can find your paper quickly and more
easily.
On the line after the abstract paragraph, indent the next paragraph and type "Keywords:" in italics. Then
list your keywords in normal text, with each keyword separated by a comma. Adding a keywords
paragraph is optional.

Length of Abstract
Paragraph
Unless your professor has requested a different word count, you should aim for 150 to 200 words to
meet with APA style. This equates to 10 and 20 lines of text. You will have no problem fitting your
abstract in one text block on one page. Most professors prefer a word count under 200 words.

Additional Tips
1) Do not use bold, italics, or underlined text anywhere in the abstract paragraph.

2) Capitalize all proper nouns, just as you would in the main text.

3) One aspect of the Abstract page that differs from the main text is using numbers in the block
paragraph. Use numerals (Arabic numerals) for all numbers inside the Abstract block of text, rather than
spelling out the word for any number. The exception is if you begin a sentence with a number, then you
spell out the number.

4) Write in third person—avoid "I," "we," "us," and "you."

5) The Abstract page is always page number 2.

It is common to wind up with plenty of white space in the lower half of the Abstract page. In fact, if your
text runs into the lower half of the page, this may indicate that your Abstract is going above the word
limit. Never start your main text on the lower half of the Abstract page. Just leave the white space as is,
and start the main body of text on the third page of your paper.

Consigna de trabajo: Redactar un abstract con la siguiente información. Recuerden utilizar las
frases introductorias típicas, letra, tamaño y espaciado.

 Background: Destructive consequences of bullying behavior in US schools. Concern for

students’ safety.
 Purpose: Prevalence of bullying and victimization among students in grades 7 and 8.

Relationship of bullying and victimization to gender, grade level, ethnicity, self-

esteem and depression.

 Methodology: 3 survey instruments. 454 public school students.

 Results: - 24% bullying involvement, more male than female bullying involvement,

-7th graders more involvement than 8th graders.

-No significant differences in involvement based on ethnicity

-Both bullies and victims: higher levels of depression than other students.

-No significant differences in self-esteem.

 Conclusion: The variable which most affected both victims and bullies was suffering
depression. Another study on the level of depression and participation in bullying.