The diagram shows a typical fractionating column used to separate crude oil into fractions.

gasoline

kerosene

diesel

fuel oil
crude oil

(a) The diagram shows the names of some of the fractions.

State the name of fraction A and the name of fraction F.
(2)
bitumen
fraction A .. ....... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. .

refinery gasses
fraction F .. ....... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. .

(b) Most compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons.

State the meaning of the term hydrocarbons.
(2)
a combination of hydrogens and carbons only
. ... ... .. ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................................................................................... .......... ... .. ... .. ... .. .

. ... ... .. ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................................................................................... .......... ... .. ... .. ... .. .

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) Describe how the boiling point, colour and viscosity of the fuel oil fraction differ
from those of the gasoline fraction.
(3)
fuel oil is more viscous than gasoline
. .... .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

fuel oil has higher boiling point than gasoline

. .... .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

fuel oil has a darker colour than gasoline

. .... .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

. .... .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

. .... .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

. .... .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

(d) Some fuel oil undergoes catalytic cracking. This involves the conversion of
long-chain alkanes into alkenes and short-chain alkanes.
(i) A temperature of about 650°C is used in this process.
Identify a catalyst that is used.
(1)
aluminium oxide
. .... .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

(ii) The alkane tridecane can be cracked to produce octane and two different alkenes.
Complete the equation to show the formulae of the two alkenes.
(2)

C2H4 - ethene C3H6- propene

C13H28 C8H18 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .............................................. + ..............................................................

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (e) When hydrocarbons undergo incomplete combustion, a poisonous gas can form.
(i) State the condition that causes incomplete combustion.
(1)
not enough oxygen
... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

(ii) Identify the poisonous gas.

(1)
carbon monoxide
... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

(iii) Explain why this gas is poisonous.

(1)

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

it competes with the red blood cells to get the oxygen.

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

(f ) Another problem with using hydrocarbon fuels is the formation of substances

that cause an environmental problem. This sequence of equations shows how
one of these substances forms.

S + O2 SO2

2SO2 + O2 2SO3
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
(i) State the name of the product of each of these reactions.
(2)
sulphur dioxide
SO2 ...... ...... ....... ...... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... ......... ... .. .. .. ... .. ...

sulphur trioxide
SO3 ...... ...... ....... ...... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... ......... ... .. .. .. ... .. ...

sulphuric acid
H2SO4 ..... ....... ...... ...... ... . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .............................. ................................................................................................................... .. ... .. ... .... .. .

(ii) Describe one environmental problem caused by the H2SO4 formed.

(2)

... .... . ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... ... .. ...
the sulphuric acid in the air binds with the water molecules in the clouds and creates acid rain which damages
skin of some animals and kills fish and other living organisms. also corrodes buildings.
... .... . ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... ... .. ...

... .... . ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... ... .. ...

... .... . ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... ... .. ...

(Total for Question = 17 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 The diagram shows the separation of crude oil into fractions.

Typical number of carbon

Fraction
atoms per molecule

A 1–4

B 5 – 10

C 11 – 16

D 17 – 20

E 21 – 30
crude oil
vapour
F more than 30

(a) What is the name of this method of separation?

(1)
fractional distillation
.. .... .. ...... ...... ...... ....... ...... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

(b) Complete the table by giving the correct fraction, A, B, C, D, E or F, for each
description.
You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all.
(3)

Fraction Description

A contains only gases

f is the most viscous

F contains bitumen

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) State the relationship between the number of carbon atoms per molecule and
the boiling point of the fraction.
(1)
as the number of carbons per molecules increase the boiling point increases
... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Crude oil is a mixture of substances.

(a) Which word best describes the main substances in crude oil?
(1)
A bases
B carbohydrates
C elements
D hydrocarbons
(b) This apparatus can be used to separate the substances present in a sample of crude oil
into several fractions.

heat

These sentences describe the steps in the method for separating the substances
into fractions, but the steps are in the wrong order.

R Connect a delivery tube to the boiling tube.

S Pour crude oil into a boiling tube.
T Collect each fraction in a different test tube.
U Fit a thermometer into the boiling tube.
V Heat the crude oil gently at first, then more strongly.

Put a letter in each box to show the correct order. One has been done for you.
(2)

r
sr U R v t

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(Total for Question = 3 marks)
 Crude oil is an important source of organic compounds.

(a) The diagram shows how crude oil is separated into fractions in the oil industry.

C
crude oil A

(i) What happens to the crude oil in A?

(1)
it is heated
. .... .. .. ....... ...... ....... ...... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

. .... .. .. ....... ...... ....... ...... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

. .... .. .. ....... ...... ....... ...... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

(ii) Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons.

What is meant by the term hydrocarbons?
(2)
compound containing hydrogen and carbon only
. .... .. .. ....... ...... ....... ...... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

. .... .. .. ....... ...... ....... ...... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (iii) Compare the hydrocarbons in fractions D and F in terms of
boiling point
size of molecules
viscosity
(3)

.. .... .. ..... ....... ...... ....... ...... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. .... .. ..... ....... ...... ....... ...... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. .... .. ..... ....... ...... ....... ...... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. .... .. ..... ....... ...... ....... ...... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. .... .. ..... ....... ...... ....... ...... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. .... .. ..... ....... ...... ....... ...... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. .... .. ..... ....... ...... ....... ...... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. .... .. ..... ....... ...... ....... ...... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. .... .. ..... ....... ...... ....... ...... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (b) Some of the fractions are catalytically cracked. The general equation for some reactions
in this process is
alkane alkane + alkene
(i) State two conditions used in catalytic cracking.
(2)
catalystis, silica or alumina
1 .. .. ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... ..... .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . ........................................................................................................................ ........ ... .. ... .. ... .. ...

... ... .. ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ................................................................................................................................................... ... .. ... .. ... .. .

2 . . . ...... ...... ....... ...... ....... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................................................................................... .......... ... .. ... .. ... .. .

... ... . . ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................................................................................... ......... ... ... .. ... .. ... .

(ii) How does the bonding in an alkene molecule differ from the bonding in an
alkane molecule?
(1)
temperature range - 600-700 oC
. .... .. .. ....... ...... ....... ...... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

. .... .. .. ....... ...... ....... ...... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

(iii) The chemical equation for one cracking reaction is

C16H34 C8H18 + 2C3H6 + compound Q
Deduce the molecular formula of Q.
(1)

C5H10
. .... .. .. ....... ...... ....... ...... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) The compound with molecular formula C3H6 can be used to make a polymer.
(i) Give the name of the compound C3H6
(1)
propene
.. ... .. . ..... ...... ....... ...... ...... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

(ii) Complete the table of information about this compound.

(3)

Type of formula Formula

molecular
o 3
H6

general formula CnH2n

empirical formula CH2

displayed

(iii) Complete this structure to show the part of the polymer formed from two
molecules of C3H6
(2)

––C––C––C––C––

(Total for Question = 16 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 Decane is a hydrocarbon found in crude oil.
The diagram shows the structure of a decane molecule.

H H H H H H H H H H

H C C C C C C C C C C H

H H H H H H H H H H

(a) (i) Explain why decane is described as a hydrocarbon.

(2)

.. .... .. ...... ...... ...... ....... ...... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

.. .... .. ...... ...... ...... ....... ...... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

(ii) Give the molecular formula for decane.

(1)
c10h22
.. .... .. ...... ...... ...... ....... ...... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

(b) Decane and ethene, C2H4, are produced during the cracking of eicosane, C20H42
Ethene is used to make poly(ethene).

H H H H H H
C C + C C + C C
H H H H H H
ethene

⎛H H H H H H
⎝⎜
⎜ ⎜
⎜C C C C C C ⎜
⎜ ⎜
⎜⎝ ⎛
H H H H H H
poly(ethene)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (i) What is the name given to this type of polymerisation?
(1)
addition polymerisation
... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

(ii) Use the diagram to state two changes that occur during the formation of
poly(ethene).
(2)
1. removal of double bonds
... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

2. increase in carbon no. per mol

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

(c) Explain why cracking is an important process in the oil industry.

(4)

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .
-cracking is turning a large molecule to a smaller molecule
-can be more useful because theres a greater demand for smaller hydrocarbons
... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .
-e.g. petroleum is for cars
-less energy is required to combust smaller hydrocarbons —> cheaper
... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

... ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....................................................................................................................................... .......... .. ... .. ... ... .. .

(Total for Question = 10 marks)

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 The alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons obtained from the fractions in
crude oil.
(a) Describe how crude oil is separated into fractions in industry.
(4)
1. crude oil is a mixture of all of the hydrocarbons
... ... . .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... .. ... .

2. Heated in a fractional distillation column —> for separation

... ... . .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... .. ... .

3. the... ...bigger molecules stay at the bottom and the smaller ones
. .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... .. ... .
rise to the top in different fractions because they are less dense
and the
... ... . ....molecules
....... ...... ...... ....... ...... . . . . . . . .have
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . different
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boiling points
. . . . . . .. .. .................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... .. ... .

4. they then leave the distillation column in different fractions

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... ... . .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... .. ... .

... ... . .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... .. ... .

... ... . .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... .. ... .

... ... . .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... .. ... .

... ... . .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... .. ... .

... ... . .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... .. ... .

... ... . .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... .. ... .

(b) (i) State the general formula of the alkanes.

(1)
CnH2n
... ... . .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .................................................................................................................................................. .. ... .. ... .. ... .

(ii) State two characteristics, other than having the same general formula, of
members of a homologous series.
(2)
same types of reactions with chemicals/ similar chemical properties
1 . .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .... .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . ................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

. .... .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................ ......... .. ... .. ... .. ... ..

similar functional group

2 . .... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... .... .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . ................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

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 (c) Propane is an alkane used as a fuel.
Balance the equation for the complete combustion of propane.
(1)
5 3 4
C3H8 + ........................ O2 ........................ CO2 + ........................ H2O

(d) Incomplete combustion of propane leads to the formation of a poisonous gas.

(i) Identify this gas.
(1)
carbon monoxide
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(ii) Explain why the gas is poisonous.

(1)
competes with rbcs for oxygen
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.. .... .. ...... ...... ...... ....... ...... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................................................................................................................................. ... .. ... .. ... .. ..

(iii) During the combustion of propane at high temperatures, gases represented

by the formula NOx can form.
Which two elements combine to form these gases?
(1)
nitrogen oxygen
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(e) The alkane C5H12 has three isomers.
The displayed formula of one of these isomers is

H C H
H H

H C C C H

H H
H C H

Draw the displayed formulae of the other two isomers.

(2)

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(f ) Methane is used in many countries as a fuel in houses. It has no smell, so substances
are mixed with it to allow any leaks to be identified.
One of these substances is compound X which has this composition by mass.

C = 53.3%, H = 11.1% and S = 35.6%

(i) Use this information to calculate the empirical formula of X.
(3)

empirical formula of X........................................... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .

(ii) The relative formula mass of X is 90
What is the molecular formula of X?
(1)

molecular formula of X........................................... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .

(Total for Question = 17 marks)

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