ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

LECTURE 9: NERVOUS SYSTEM

DR. NADYA FARAH, S.SI., M.SI.
SILABUS
MINGGU TOPIK PENGAJAR
1 Ruang Lingkup Fisiologi Hewan Dr. Nastiti Intan Permata Sari, S.Si, M.Ked.Trop.
2 Sistem Reproduksi Betina Dr. Nastiti Intan Permata Sari, S.Si, M.Ked.Trop.
3 Sistem Reproduksi Jantan Dr. Nastiti Intan Permata Sari, S.Si, M.Ked.Trop.
4 Sistem Pencernaan Dr. Nastiti Intan Permata Sari, S.Si, M.Ked.Trop.
5 Sistem Pernafasan Dr. Nastiti Intan Permata Sari, S.Si, M.Ked.Trop.
6 Sistem Peredaran Darah Dr. Nastiti Intan Permata Sari, S.Si, M.Ked.Trop.
7 Sistem Peredaran Limfatik Dr. Nastiti Intan Permata Sari, S.Si, M.Ked.Trop.
8 Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS)
9 Sistem Saraf Dr. Nadya Farah, S.Si, M.Si.
10 Sistem Indera Dr. Nadya Farah, S.Si, M.Si.
11 Sistem Gerak Otot Dr. Nadya Farah, S.Si, M.Si.
12 Transportasi Membran Dr. Nadya Farah, S.Si, M.Si.
13 Termoregulasi Dr. Nadya Farah, S.Si, M.Si.
14 Osmoregulasi dan Ekskresi Dr. Nadya Farah, S.Si, M.Si.
15 Sistem Hormon II Dr. Kanthi Arum Widayati S.Si, M.Si.
16 Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS)
REFERENCES

and others …..

NERVOUS SYSTEM

 Network of connected cells, tissue, and organs

 The control center for the body
 Regulates all other body systems
 Source of our thinking, movement, emotions,
that makes us unique as individuals
3 MAJOR FUNCTIONS

1. Integrative functions (consciousness & cognition)

2. Sensory functions (taste, touch, smell, sight, and hearing)
 Allow us to respond to stimuli
 Internal stimulus  trigger that occurs inside the body, e.g. viral
infection
 External stimulus  trigger that occurs outside the body
3. Motor functions (ability to move)
These functions of the nervous system help the body to
maintain homeostasis and balance
ORGANIZATION OF
VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Central Nervous System
(CNS)
 Brain
 Spinal cord

 Peripheral Nervous System

(PNS)
 All nerves
 31 pairs of spinal
nerves
 12 pairs of cranial
nerves
ORGANIZATION OF
VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Sensory nerves (afferent)
 Touch
 Pain
 Temperature
 Strech
 Special senses:
 Sight  light waves
 Smell  chemicals
 Taste  chemicals
 Hearing  sound waves

 Motor nerves (efferent)

 Voluntary (somatic)
 Involuntary (autonomic)
BASIC STRUCTURE - NEURONS
 Neuron  basic building block for all
nervous system structure
 Aka nerve cells
 Function  transfer electrical impulses
to/from the brain
 Three main parts:
1. Cell body  contains nucleus and
organelles
2. Dendrites  branches that receive
impulses from neighboring cells
3. Axon  extension that carries
impulse away from the cell body
TYPES OF NEURONS
1. Sensory neuron
 Detect stimuli and transmit signal
to/from the brain
 Detect senses
2. Interneuron
 Located in the brain
 Receive signals from the sensory
neurons
3. Motor neuron
 Pass signal to other tissue, e.g. nerve
attached to muscle
 Muscle reacts by
contracting/stretching
TYPES OF NEURONS
HOW THE THREE TYPES
OF NEURONS CONNECT
EACH OTHER
HOW DO YOU PICK UP
THE ORANGES?
RESTING POTENTIAL
 Neuron at rest
 Intracellular  negative charge due to cytoplasm proteins (although K+ inside)
 Extracellular  positive charge due to abundance of Na+ ions
ACTION POTENTIAL

 Electrical impulse is triggered & moved quickly down

axon
 Generating the impulse:
 Na channels in the membrane open and allow Na+ to
diffuse into the cell
 Area becomes positively charged (impulse), e.g. at
+50 mV
 After the impulse:
 K channels open to allow K+ to exit the cell
 Area returns to negatively charge, e.g. -90 mV
 Process continues down the axon
ACTION POTENTIAL
ACTION POTENTIAL
ACTION POTENTIAL
ACTION POTENTIAL
ACTION POTENTIAL
ACTION POTENTIAL

PROBLEM:
too much Na+ on the inside of the cell
too much K+ on the outside of the cell
ACTION POTENTIAL
 Na+/K+ pump
 Active transport  use
of ATP
 Na+ is pumped back out
of the cell
 K+ is pumped back into
the cell
 Occurs in the cell
membrane, after the
impulse has passed
 Goal  to restore the
initial charge inside and
outside the cell
THE SYNAPSE

 Synapse  gap between

neurons
 Problem: impulse cannot
cross the gap
 Solution 
neurotransmitter
proteins sent from one
cell to another
THE SYNAPSE

Na channels open on neighboring

cell  new impulse created
THE SYNAPSE
GLIAL CELLS
 Derived from Greek word  glue; these cells held the nervous
system together in some way
 Not involved directly in the information processing
 Do not produce electrical impulses/action potential
 Functions:
 Support neuron function, e.g. by providing neurons with
nutrients, maintain ionic balance
 Protection
 Remove waste materials
 Repair tissue damage
GLIAL CELLS

CNS PNS
Astrocyte Satellite cell
Oligodendrocyte Schwann cell
Microglia
Ependymal cell
GLIAL CELLS
IN CNS
ASTROCYTE SATELLITE CELL
 Star shape
 Support function
 No axons or dendrites
 Sensory and
 Support neurons autonomic ganglia
 Maintain chemical
concetration
 Remove waste
 Repair tissue damage
 Blood brain barrier
 etc.
OLIGODENDROCYTE & SCHWANN CELL

 Protection for the

axon
 Myelin sheath
NERVOUS SYSTEM EVOLUTION
NERVOUS SYSTEM EVOLUTION
NERVOUS SYSTEM EVOLUTION

Vertebrates  centralized
nervous system
VERTEBRATES BRAIN EVOLUTION
HUMAN BRAIN
HUMAN BRAIN
HUMAN BRAIN
HUMAN BRAIN
HUMAN BRAIN
REFERENCES

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lveHroOS7hs&ab_channel=ProEdify
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDOq0y0uLYg&ab_channel=BeverlyBiology
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64MgiEDWyRg&ab_channel=AnatomyZone
 Textbook references