HEAT TRANSFER

Heat Transfer and Thermodynamics

• Heat is the form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another as
a result of temperature difference.
• Heat transfer :
The science that deals with the determination of the rates of such energy
transfers, concerning non-equilibrium phenomenon.
• Thermodynamics:
A study of the effect of work and energy on a system. Concerning equilibrium
condition.
Thermodynamics Laws Framing Heat
Transfer
• The first law requires that the rate of energy transfer into a system be equal to
the rate of increase of the energy of that system.
• The second law requires that heat be transferred in the direction of decreasing
temperature.
Application of Heat Transfer
Requirement of Heat Transfer
• The basic requirement for heat transfer is the presence of a temperature difference.

• The heat transfer problems encountered in practice can be considered in two

groups:
• (1) rating and
• (2) sizing problems.
Forms of Energy
• The forms of energy related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree
of the molecular activity are referred to as the microscopic energy. The sum of all
microscopic forms of energy is called the internal energy of a system, and is
denoted by U (or u on a unit mass basis)

• Internal energy may be viewed as the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of
the molecules. The portion of the internal energy of a system associated with the
kinetic energy of the molecules is called sensible energy or sensible heat.
Forms of Energy
• The internal energy associated with the phase of a system is called latent energy
or latent heat

• The internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a molecule is called
chemical (or bond) energy,
• whereas the internal energy associated with the bonds within the nucleus of the
atom itself is called nuclear energy
Energy of Fluid
• For the sake of simplicity and convenience, this combination is defined as
enthalpy h. That is, h = u + Pv where the term Pv represents the flow energy of the
fluid
Problem Solving Techniques
• Problem Statement
• Schematics
• Assumption and Approximations
• Physical laws
• Properties
• Calculations
• Reasoning, verification, discussion
THANK YOU