_ Soil praperfves- _Lngineering prejler fer Sorl Llechanics: Lp pean Tie hich Saves tigates. the properpies sf fle. atfereat pypes| [ae | of sails and fhe- effect of lands applred xa Abe — | 4eking inte account jhe _ppescace of wearer inten | soil pores and its sfatiesupetber it is. cate ar nat. eel Ry Aas | 4% phase_relationships ant compaction. p- Sheers fpeagth——» soil stecbilihy — | 2. compressibility 5 sefplament of. structures | os. pecimenbifity > _Water_refention structures A physia ican 3. ghein size characfer/sties 1 Composition ef so, minerak — | 2. OR ABRAGC _reatsians. EERERERREBEBEE ae —s processes f° dissolwhion — precipitation f. salls. ia | Se masses —______ tn | ext * —— — Craig's Sail (echancs by RL Crary | 2" Sou Mechanics” by FT W. Lambe_anc RY btbfmanSeis defined ws any uncemented ar weakly & a Ra te Jaewed by weet LL aoa so the, products of weathering, pemain el a | NERY Ze FR /20(0002. 72 a ee OE | Aransperted soil: when weathering prodscts ee, chy - 4 renty, pind, water or glaciers) and | ae ____dapesi'ted sn distant locations. _|___ a Gah ave Lomed Prom rocks by ether chemical ar | | physical processes. | Soils Yormed hy physical ere erp ladon | and _allecnabwe 7reezing aud. Maveiny mater cr the Cracks. of tacks) generally will pave (le Jiliauanry properhres. 1. phe wmnerals of phe set pratticles wilt be the some es Mek of fhe parent reck. a. Practicles with bewe ‘bedpy' form cand Mberr shapes are described as anpectete » rounded, atop x ees Flat _and_elengeted. | 5- He size of soil parhicles_wuill Fell ina wery we te Joom" boulders” fo ver cry five rock Flour. y The soil structure +s Called ” Single grein struck Ln this. strecture, tach seil per ticle rs in tirecl Cenkesct with adjacent particles avithoud real. boncling bebreen fren. * Sed structure: Ate moune~ hy whieh sed Parhile ere | aurvanged fo Porn. Lhe soil mineral skeleton.3 ~)_ fracas of acid cir el eely uygen ane corben dioxide) 1 fhe ramerals ill be LPB rent Seem ial of tel —_panent peck, which ore called" clay carnaval” | | 2 mast cle mnexad_porficles_are af plates léke ar | sheet lke shapes hich are called flakes same pumes.| 3. Sizes f Parficks, formed Ay Chemical wienthering C Poipetocls poi ficles) care. HEL. Sinai ($2202 ym or < 24m). | Such s-2es_are_catted | Collar dal sizes. | —__| | 4As_a_pesebly such soit: wih have avery high speci, surface since phe sprerfe searface ss soveesly proporki | 4e Ae _pacfpele size- | sper fre_ceurfzce._flbe sen. of Hie teuchece area Lhe — z parheles1n curt mess of fre soil cof y-_~lee structure ff the sail Ygrmed by depesiben of bese parfitles x by Ail affected b by surface forces. Starface fore forces : forces of 2 fpraction ail repelsron | between adjaceat parhitles Jae to Me| | electrastatic ahacget eanatly avetloble 2 | the surfaces x Mase par fictes. — ale fe nef offedl L Phere Forces 1s‘ repulsion. phe\ | Pottitls wih be arranged (re face ~fo face Potter during depasifen girs what socalled dispersed’ structure. SN . SSS TS | a 2 ae 5 rspersed sHieechuregy A. Le Are 1s pet attraction. ormperiania | fer err | Lepe stron _tubrehe—wrll. ane oe Le ” Yeculabed sfouchure a oa pie | beste sbrecctiypel titypse. — rnbalances. Zheyefore fbey do pot onl ta seelabion. a | Vnuulul ae Levitulabed asi . Tan sppuctuye ZN ae ——— ae shuchupal wnits Ely rca - Mosp A Hae clay minern le Da 0 be flr 2 sn wn bylaah cceei oo Aheanimuns 0 Mydroxy/ | These cuatts Carry Det eget hve Charge s Cue fo valency Combine fo form Sheet structures as shown syrbotcaly Lelow ZN © CI Silica sheet Gibbsite sheet (refrains neh nigative ) (neurral) "BE.: _Abrise 1 | Sheek sApuctares as given bre lane, __________|— | Aiwa bape sheet - handing of. gibbsite sheet with | ene sthca sheet Ao srlica sheets : } | | Aree. layer Sheet NO - Cay minerals parheles. consist of stacks 2X. Abeta laper | prictures ure. different forms uf banding bebe be. Examples; - seam 4 Twe- leper sheet .spruchufe i a. Kachnite | a a | relahively trang fh bend hydrogen bond | Seinen foe Piss — bend, layer sheet warts (oye ame Pal) Q. Three. layer sheet sfrucfares a- Lite - a | _relahwely veewh bonding ——_t betrceen Phe p-layer steef + ubrtr ie po pofassium = L2mm) | fo Key fue Particles vA @llo;dal sizes CS 0: 202ah). dering? , @ Soil 4 has a smecth Concave distribution curve % it is deserbed as “well yreded | Det praded soil is Hhe soil whith aatains ne °MECeSS in any size range land ne tohermediefe sizes are Jacking. | | ; | SelB jactedes. prgh percentage of its particles hasitg |De -_2.02 mm : 1 Lhe sal) +s sang. Daeferminewhefber| “bit cent js Well graded or featly grad __| es a Ca» Pe, ad ta ee (Pr a ont as Ver Do USK OOB Cz -not_betweon 1 ane 5 not af}| i) (Ls Plasticity of Ane soils: Plasticity is dePined ax He | ability of the material fo anderge permanent Cirrecoverable) / lp Far Clay20 ) Wata-— plastics y 7 _a —— | Lpuidity Jadea Ll or ly fe ee ee | here tu = natural weer cappent af He soil sprennen i, for 2 soil ty 2 1554, Hen LL = 355-21 ose =O bo nv. _v plastic lyptt Ctéps tap) ov li 30 \/ump rail a make surface xpash — >do0 * Cu: undrained shear stremghhLE Soil Chassificalion Sysems t- | | £ any sysrems Yor sot elect ealion had beer develped 4o be vised for Abe diferent! frelds if cet! engineering Classi ealtons far ow, Frost’ eave suscephibility’, “highway aenstructiers ant eur feel aonitructon" have been used as an “aid” in phe | Solabron pf sai/ problems. | Jo solve a_soc/ problen, We have pre approaches. (DO Phe direct approach : mevsermy fae soil. property needed ancl MSY ir vekee in some rational egiedtion| fo detamipne pte answer. _@. Phe radlirect approach : here, a soil £s fOr of sok all having similar engineering sorting /s called “classification. Ja seme cnyneeriny presleen| _bhe pavement obsegn Haare are he rectional expressions aretleble Ler Hse “soluben. leo he mensucemenb of the fandamenbal sat) proper hes ke permeabth), shear stronoph ancl aempressiblty cn be bPicull, Capensite Soi| Classification joerouss Lobe Pt sorted intoa. } behavior Such| | | ancl Aime Cop Sawin aus fo solve simple Sai) problems» ancl. puree program (Pte BY B-culfy evel importance of he prob sinphies further saveshyatioh- Le To. Ae practical ond casefid, ‘a. classification. gitem must be based on simple index pes7s._/classificatin system will: tose tts Malue if if is based on. and. elenated pasts. The most cammanly used sgstens utilize plashiity - ; endfor gradation » Ohe of, te most ated. wilely used plea Me | Lhfled Soil Classifecation Syston. USCS) discussed ia Me ert pages |la Led ol cee Si tea CSCS. : Act. Casegiaade He 1S. acmy | GY). Line een | wn” new standardized in ASTI D2. — like Lh ~ systems, Hhe USCS ss not limifted te cay rheular kind fp t, it isan all. y AL has ee me the_mast Cenrnad ser classification y fen vil 4 ers - 7 - = — = he systents based f fhe minus nm (Sin) size traction, aad aad refuined ca fhe Zinn sieve1s considered as “toch 4 ether than Sail" Alccarding be tii 9s nt, Hie park a je encladed Prom jhe classi franfien procedure but mustbe mediaed Lathe Pp eS a ——e i gracliation— (ei j2lastic nathted es the bi resell bowl LE ads gaan iat on ea “Nea Ay a Zadion c yl | As aresult, there are (26) groups aaerding fo fps fam_| | endl any soil ature Shi tn oni of C - E wie ” z earn Gor oa meshly f 2 ie yn arena nf. Get innate Ze vin soil ss_very (As fr if cogphly seul by shear ep pein 7 Peat sei] 1: Logan ae er ain28 I a {__ - | len te ae has Hc etch. He etic as | Pika -- tp spubal-s Pt a ! anes ei Peaf —_ a ZR 11 He cemplede classi Becadton for highly eggannt sails | __ | acccarding po the USCS. | lefer13_ et hath fe soe tp Ze — ‘fe if 7 PETALS peat rs The_secand Lktess called fhe clay cana 1 fers _ | 4othe mast tmpertant (property. a “el fmany aad | io _ Secendany tefhees ane their uisaninys are given below. | Bama defer Lary) fe seilfype S. sand VAL vated graded 2 gundesl | i 7 1 | I 1 I 1 me S he s R & & (iS Rg lat Yaw plashie‘hy (Li<52) 0: a = H: off tish plas tei (ZL259) — | Symbe ke CELA) meceo. gure a COM) —_ eigen se) of bh plerhily , and (SP) means peady graded | sete. and sea ‘aa. Sieseeeeeceeeeceeeecaeneaeesy — fe Zhe praperlies J sone soilr make Her av le boarder | eAveen- yes. Tn_teis case, fhe Sail will be pie (aa fe yun ffol. E Ye symbol: L he two desh! Exounples -f that are syn a eo eet eee ees eee eTre MOE EL (nore (4p | 2 UPLISS | A “Lutbonh ames! dfn assigniles be 4 ep symbol 7