Nama : Abdul Wahid Al Mahdi Kelas : 1C

NIM : 2223210071 Dosen : Yusti Fargianti, M.Pd.

The Summary of The Types of Text

1. Narrative Text
A. The definition of narrative text
narrative text is an imaginative story or fairy tale to entertain people
B. The purpose of narrative text
The Purpose of Narrative Text is to amuse or to entertain the readers or listeners
with a story
C. Generic Structures of Narrative Text
1) Orientation ; The part to introducing the character, the time and the setting of
story
2) Complication ; Tells the beginning of the problems which leads to the crisis
(climax) of the main participants.
3) Resolution ; The problem (the crisis) is resolved, either in a happy ending or in a
sad (tragic) ending
4) Re-orientation/Coda ; This is a closing remark to the story and it is optional. It
consists of a moral lesson, advice or teaching from the writer.
D. The Characteristics / Language Feature of Narrative Text
– Past tense (killed, drunk, etc)
– Adverb of time (Once upun a time, one day, etc)
– Time conjunction (when, then, suddenly, etc)
– Specific character. The character of the story is specific, not general. (Cinderella,
Snow White, Alibaba, etc)
– Action verbs. A verb that shows an action. (killed, dug, walked, etc)
– Direct speech. It is to make the story lively. (Snow White said,”My name is Snow
White). The direct speech uses present tense.

2. Descriptive Text
A. The definition of descriptive text
Descriptive Text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose
is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
B. Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
# Identification: (contains about the introduction of a person, place, animal or object
will be described.)
# Description: contains a description of something such as animal, things, place or
person by describing its features, forms, colors, or anything related to what the writer
describe.
 C. Purpose of Descriptive text
– To describe person, thing or place in specific
– To describe a particular person, thing or place.
D. Language Feature of Descriptive Text
– Specific participant : has a certain object, is not common and unique (only one). for
example: Bandengan beach, my house, Borobudur temple, uncle Jim
– The use of the adjective (an adjective) to clarify the noun, for example: a beautiful
beach, a handsome man, the famous place in jepara, etc.
– The use of simple present tense: The sentence pattern used is simple present
because it tells the fact of the object described
.– Action verb: verbs that show an activity (for example, run, sleep, walk, cut etc….

3. Report Text
A. The definition of report text
The term report text is often also known as informational report. The Report, in
Concise Oxford Dictionary 10th Edition, is defined as 1) an account given of a matter
after investigation or consideration. 2) a piece of information about an event or
situation. It can be concluded, in term of language, the report text is a text that
function to provide information about an event or situation, after holding
investigation and through various considerations.
B. Generic Structure of Report text
# General Classification ; Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal,
public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
# Description : tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts,
qualities, habits or behaviors.
The other says that the generic structure of Report Text are :
* General information ; General information is the part that mentions general
information from the written objects discussed.
* Bundles of Specific Information ; Then, the Bundles of specific information, is the
descriptions of objects in detail.
C. Purpose of Report text
Every text must have the purpose why it was written. So do this. Some experts
mention that the purpose of the report text is:
Its social purpose is presenting information about something. They generally describe
an entire class of things, whether natural or made: mammals, the planets, rocks,
plants, countries of region, culture, transportation, and so on.
It can be concluded, the purpose of report text is to convey information of observation
through systematic analysis. The information described in the report text is usually
general, whether natural or artificial like mammals, planets, rocks, plants, states,
culture, transportation, and so forth. In high school level books, it is mentioned that
the purpose of report text are :
 – To describe something in general.
– To presenting information about (something), as it is.
– To describe the way things are..
D. Language Feature of Report text
– Use of general nouns, eg hunting dogs, rather than particular nouns, eg our dog;
– Use of relating verbs to describe features, eg Molecules are tiny particles;
– Some use of action verbs when describing behavior, eg Emus cannot fly;
– Use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, eg Tropical cyclones always
begin over the sea;
– Use of technical terms, eg Isobars are lines drawn on a weather map;
– Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organize bundles of information; repeated
naming of the topic as the beginning focus of the clause.

4. Recount Text
A. The definition of recount text
Literally, recount means “to tell.” So recount text can be interpreted as “Text
that tells”. If we refer to the information in school books (Read: Junior High School /
Senior High School), recount text is a text that tells the reader about one story, action
or activity. Its goal is to entertaining or informing the reader. But Inside Recount Text
there is no complication just like in Narrative Text.
B. Generic Structure of Recount Text
# Orientation : tells who was involved, what happened, where the events took place,
and when it happened.
# Events : tell what happened in chronological sequence.
# Re-orientation : consists of optional-closure of events/ending.
C. Purpose of Recount Text
The purpose of a recount is to list and describe past experiences by retelling
events in the order in which they happened. Recounts are written to retell events with
the purpose of either informing or entertaining their audience (or both). In a simple
word the purpose of recount text is To retell past experience
D. Language Feature of Recount Text
– Using the simple past tense, past continuous tense, past perfect tense, and past
perfect continuous tense.
– Using temporal sequence, e.g. On Saturday. On Monday, On Sunday
– Focus on specific participant, e.g. I (the writer)
– Using the conjunctions, such as: then, before, after, etc.
– Using action verb, e.g. went, stayed

5. Explanation Text
A. The definition of explanation text
 Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural,
social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’
of the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history
text books.
B. Generic Structure of Explanation Text
– General statement ; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
– Sequenced of explanation ; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
C. Purpose of Explanation Text
– Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social,
scientific, and cultural phenomena.
– To explain how or why something happens.
According to Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson (1997: 82) says that the
explanation text type is often used to tell how and why thing (phenomena) occur in
nature.
D. Language Features of Explanation Text
– Using simple present tense
– Using abstract noun (no visible noun)
– Using Passive voice
– Using Action verbs
– Containing explanation of the process ..

6. Procedure Text
A. The definition of procedure text
There are three definition about procedure text : (1)Texts that explain how
something works or how to use instruction / operation manuals e.g. how to use the
video, the computer, the tape recorder, the photocopier, the fax. (2) Texts that instruct
how to do a particular activity e.g. recipes, rules for games, science experiments, road
safety rules. (3) Texts that deal with human behavior, e.g how to live happily, how to
succeed
B. Generic Structure of Procedure Text
# Goal : (e.g : How to make spaghetti)
# Material or Ingredient : (e.g : the material to cook omelette are egg, onion,
vegetable oil, etc. )
# Step : (e.g : first, wash the tomatoes, onion, …., second cut the onions becomes
slice. . . )
C. Purpose of Procedure Text
– To explain/tell (the reader) how to make/operate/do something through a sequence
of actions or steps.
– To explain steps/instruction to make/operate/do something
D. Language Feature of Procedure Text
 – Use adverbial of sequence / Using temporal conjunction (e.g: first, second, third,
the last)
– Use command / imperative sentence (e.g : put the noodles on the . . ., cut the
onion. . ., wash the tomatoes. . . )
– Using adverbials (Adverbs) to express detail the time, place, manner accurate, for
example, for five minutes, 2 hours, etc.
– Using action verbs, e.g : make, take, boil, cook
– Using Simple Present Tense

7. Discussion Text
A. The definition of recount text
Discussion is a process of finding common ground between two different
thoughts, views or opinions. And discussion text can be defined. Discussion text is a
text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from
different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and
social text. In other word, Discussion is a kind of genre used to present (at least) two
points of view about an issue.
B. General structure of Discussion Text
– Issue : stating the issue which is to discussed
– Argument pro : presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
– Argument cons : presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
– Conclusion / recommendation : stating the writer’ recommendation of the discourse
C. Purpose of Discussion text
– To present two points of view about issue or problem.
– To present arguments from differing points of view about issue or problem..
D. Language feature of Discussion text
– Introducing category or generic participant
– Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
–Using contrastive conjunction; however, on the other hand, but, in other side,
although, etc
– Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
– Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
– Simple present

8. Review Text
A. The definition of review text
Review text is an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie, video game,
musical composition, book; a piece of hardware like a car, home appliance, or
computer; or an event or performance, such as a live music concert, a play, musical
theatre show or dance show.
B. Generic Structure of Review Text
 # Orientation : Background information of the text.
# Evaluations : Concluding statement : judgement, opinion, or recommendation. It
can consist ot more than one.
# Interpretative Recount : Summary of an art works including character and plot.
# Evaluative Summation : The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line
of the art works being criticized.
In other word :
Orientation : places the work in its general and particular context, often by comparing
it with others of its kind or through an analog with a non–art object or event.
Interpretive Recount : summarize the plot and/or providers an account of how the
reviewed rendition of the work came into being
Evaluation : provides an evaluation of the work and/or its performance or production;
is usually recursive
Actually, the generic structure of text review does not have to be exactly same as
above, perhaps for the reason of “summarizing” the lesson, so the three or four
generic structure above just become general description about the structure in review
text, okay.
Still confused? I also still confused.. 🙂 Okey, let’s just discuss some examples of
review text, which is hopefully can understand more about this kind of text.
But before go to the example of review text, let’s discuss about its purpose and
language features.
C. Purpose of Review Text
Review text is used to evaluate/review/critic the events or art works for the reader or
listener, such as movies, shows, book, and others.
D. Language Features of Review Text
– Present tense.
– Using long and complex clauses
I Just mention those language feature of review text above because those are the main
language feature of review text that can be used to identify review text easily.

9. Hortatory Exposition Text

A. The definition of recount text
As Analytical Exposition Text, Hortatory Exposition Text is a kind of English
text that belongs to the argumentative text. Hortatory Exposition is a type of English
text which represents the author’s attempt to influence the reader to do something or
act in a particular way. In Hortatory Exposition Text, the authors give some opinions
about certain things to reinforce the main idea of the text.
Unlike Analytical Exposition Text, Hortatory Exposition Text presents
Recommendation in the end of paragraph of Hortatory Exposition Text. In this
Recommendation, the author tries to invite and persuade the reader to do something.
This is very different from the Analytical Exposition which puts Reiteration or
 rewrites the main idea of the text as the closing of the text without invitation or
recommendation.
Here, I will present definition of Hortatory Exposition Text that usually
mentions in the Indonesian English books:
Hortatory exposition is a text which represents the attempt of the writer to have
the addressee do something or act in certain way.
That is the simple definition of hortatory exposition text, if you are still
difficult to understand this text. Let’s look at the generic structure and language
feature ..
B. Generic structure Hortatory Exposition
# Thesis ; The writer point of view about the topic discussed.
# Arguments ; Series of argument which strengthen the thesis stated before.
# Recommendation ; The writer gives recommendation to the reader.
C. Purpose of Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory exposition is used to persuade the reader or listener that something should
or should not be the case or be done.
D. Language feature of Hortatory Exposition
1. Simple present tense
2. There are several arguments that begin with, firstly, secondly, thirdly ..
3. It contain recommendation that begins with :
– In my opinion, it’s better …
– I think … should ….
– I think … should be ……
– For these reasons …. Should …

10. Analytical Exposition Text

A. The definition of recount text
Definition of analytical exposition text is actually very easy to understand.
Word “Analytical” means, “examining or liking to examine things very carefully”
(Cambridge). That is, (examining or relating to checking / testing something
carefully). Then, the meaning of exposition, as I have explained in the article about
hortatory exposition, that is “a comprehensive description” or a broad explanation.
Thus, the definition of Analytical Exposition can be understood as a text that
tries to provide a comprehensive explanation of a problem by displaying the opinions
that support it carefully.
While the main purpose of analytical exposition text is, “to try/attempt to
influence the reader to believe something by presenting one side of the argument.” It
means trying to convince the reader to believe something by giving one side of
opinion only. “
 Referring to the purpose of analytical exposition, this does not mean that
analytical exposition text contains only one argument, but it contains various
arguments that have the same purpose.
In school books in Indonesia it is often mentioned, Analytical exposition text
is a text that elaborates the writer’s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. It means
analytical exposition text is a text that contains an idea about the phenomenon
surrounding. Of course it is also followed by some argument to support it.
B. Generic Structure of Analytical exposition Text
Every text must have generic structure which is different with another text. Analytical
Exposition Text also has generic structure, those are :
# Thesis: it contains writer’s opinion about something. It also introduces topics and
indicates the writer’s position.
# Argument : it contains the argument to support the writer’s position. The number of
arguments may vary, but each argument must be supported by evidence and
explanation.
# Reiteration: Restating the writer’s point of view / to strengthen the thesis. We can
use the following phrase to make conclusion in reiteration :
– From the fact above …
– I personally believe …
– Therefore, my conclusion is …
– In conclusion …
C. Purpose of Analytical Exposition Text
– To analyze the topic and to convince or influence the reader that this opinion is
correct and supported by arguments
– To convince the reader that the topics presented was an important topic to be
discussed or gained attention by way of providing arguments or opinions that
support the main idea or topic
D. Language Feature of Analytical exposition Text
# Using Simple Present Tense
# Use word that link argument, such as firstly, secondly, in addition, furthermore
# It contains these phrases :
– From the fact above …
– personally believe ….
– Therefore, my conclusion is ….
– In conclusion …

11. Anecdote Text

A. The definition of Anecdote Text
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or
imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers. (Text yang menceritakan kembali
kejadian ganjil atau kejadian yang tidak biasa baik fakta maupun imajinasi)
B. Generic Structure of Anecdote Text
# Abstract : Pada bagian Abstract, biasanya penulis mulai mengenalkan kejadian
ganjil atau tidak biasa apa yang akan diceritakanya. Terdapat beberapa Abstract
dari Anecdote Text diawali dengan penggunaan kalimat tanya, tetapi tidak semua
Abstract dari Anecdote Text menggunakan kalimat tanya. (Pemberian tanda /
sinyal akan adanya sesuatu yang tidak lazim; biasanya mengandung pertanyaan
retorik). Misalnya : Have you ever talked to someone who in fact has died? Guess
what happened when …. ; Can you imagine….?
# Orientation : Seperti halnya di Narrative Text, Orientation di Anecdote Text juga
menceritakan siapa, kapan, dan di mana kejadian ganjil atau kejadian tidak biasa
tersebut terjadi.
# Crisis : Pada bagian ini menceritakan kejadian ganjil atau kejadian tidak biasa
tersebut terjadi. Penulis menceritakan kejadian tersebut dengan detail.
# Reaction / Incident : (Tindakan) ; Tentang bagaimana reaksi tokoh
# Coda. (Cerminan evaluasi dari kejadian tersebut; atau bisa juga perubahan yang
terjadi pada tokoh dan pelajaran yang dapat dipetik dari cerita tersebut).
C. The Characteristics / Language Feature of Anecdote Text
– Menggunakan past tense (Waktu lampau), seperti: I found it last night.
– Menggunakan rhetoric question (pertanyaan retorika), seperti: Listen to this ! Do
you know what? Can you imagine? It’s very shameful, isn’t it?
– Menggunakan conjuction of time (kata sambung waktu), seperti: then, afterward,
etc.
– Menggunakan action verb (kata kerja aksi), seperti: went, wrote, jumped, etc.
– Menggunakan imperative sentece (kalimat perintah), seperti: listen to this.
– Menggunakan exclamation sentence (kalimat seru), seperti: it’s awful, it’s
wonderful, etc.