Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Case Study Japanese Households IDEA Feb 2018
Case Study Japanese Households IDEA Feb 2018
Case Study Japanese Households IDEA Feb 2018
Case study:
Japanese Households –
IDEA database
Content
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3
2 Goal and scope .................................................................................................... 3
3 Data collection and used materials ................................................................... 4
4 Modelling Procedures ......................................................................................... 5
5 Amount setting procedure ................................................................................. 5
5.1 Fish-paste products example .................................................................................................................... 6
5.2 Fresh fruits example: ................................................................................................................................... 6
5.3 Electricity usage example: ........................................................................................................................... 7
6 Results and Analysis ........................................................................................... 7
6.1 Climate change – GWP 100 category analysis .......................................................................................8
6.2 Ozone layer depletion - ODP steady state category analysis ................................................................ 9
6.3 Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels ............................................................................................... 10
7 Sensitivity analysis ............................................................................................ 11
8 Feedback & Contact ........................................................................................... 13
APPENDIX I..................................................................................................................... 14
Use advice .................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Flows and respective amounts used in the model ...........................................................................................17
2
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
1 Introduction
This case study aims to investigate the modelling possibilities given by IDEA (Inventory
Database for Environmental Analysis) and demonstrate the use of this database by showing
a specific, non-trivial application, since IDEA is a unique database specifically for Japanese
products from manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors.
The process of creating the model involved a brief research about the goods consumed in a
Japanese household and their amounts, water and electricity consumption, private and
public transportation usage and at last the average size and lifespan of a Japanese house.
After this initial data research, a process, flow and product system were created to enable a
Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the results obtained from the data provided
in IDEA.
Finally, to make sure the obtained results are reliable, some comparisons and cross-checks
to available data from other sources were made.
The goal of this case study was to build a sensible model involving several different flows
that allow an evaluation of the possibilities provided by the database and that is
representative at the same time. Therefore, a Japanese household was the chosen
functional unit.
No new datasets were introduced, and no new processes or flows were created. Hence, the
results were obtained uniquely with the already available datasets within IDEA. The
household consumption was calculated for 1 year and 2 or more household members.
Consumption values as well as the product list were based on data provided by the Japanese
government.1
The model was created in openLCA and comprises the consumption of a Japanese
household with 2 or more members over the period of one year. This functional unit was
chosen due to the possibility of investigating how wide and complete is the range of
processes and flows offered in the database. Therefore, 58 processes involved in a day by
day Japanese household routine were considered.
1
http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/
3
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
A more detailed review of the database and of individual data sets was not part of the goal
for the case study; in a separate report, a detailed review of the entire database and of
selected data sets was performed.
To perform the study, a set of tools was needed, the software and life cycle assessment
methods used were both from openLCA and can be found on the openLCA website2, the
IDEA database was provided by the Department of Product and Environmental Aspects,
Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry and the provided version was
further refactored by Green Delta. The life cycle impact assessment method used was CML
(baseline) [v4.4, January 2015], a midpoint oriented LCIA method developed by the Institute
of Environmental Sciences of the University of Leiden.
The data used to perform the study was obtained from several websites, but most of it was
taken from the Japanese Statistics Bureau owned by the Japanese Government. The main
source for building the product list was the “Summary of the Latest Month on Family Income
and Expenditure Survey” of 2017 available at the Japanese Statistics Bureau website 2, the
expenses were converted in consumption amount using the product prices available in
IDEA.
Consumption values for water, electricity, transportation usage (public and private) and
average size of a Japanese house were retrieved from different sources available on the
internet. All the sources for this information can be found on table 1.
Table 1: List of materials and main data sources used for modelling.
2
http://www.openlca.org/download/
4
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
Impact assessment
CML (baseline) [v4.4,
method for the included into openLCA LCIA methods v.1.5.6
January 2015]
analysis
Latest Month on Family Income and Expenditure
Household products
Data Survey (2007),
consumption
http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/kakei/156.htm
Electricity usage in http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.K
Data
Japan H.PC?locations=JP&name_desc=false
https://www.mlit.go.jp/tochimizushigen/mizsei/wa
Data Water usage in Japan
ter_resources/contents/current_state2.html
Transportation usage http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/pdf/
Data
(public and private) 2009all.pdf
Average size of a http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/kokusei/2010/
Data
Japanese House poj/pdf/2010ch09.pdf
4 Modelling Procedures
For the model, a new process in openLCA 1.7.0 was created. A single process aggregated all
the input flows for the household model of which the exact list of flows can be found in
APPENDIX I.
In the next step, the amounts for each flow were set, the exact procedure to determine the
amounts to each flow is described in detail in section ”5 Amount setting procedures”.
Finally, the product system for the Japanese Household process was created, Japanese
Household flow was set as the reference product, flow property was set to “Market value,
bulk prices” , the life cycle impact assessment was performed using the CML (baseline) [v4.4,
January 2015] method and a sensitivity analysis was made using the ReCiPe Midpoint (H)
[v1.11, December 2014]. Furthermore, the results for Climate change – GWP 100, Ozone layer
depletion – ODP steady state and Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels, were compared
with data published by the UN and World bank.
Figure 2: Model graph generated in openLCA for the Japanese Household product system.
A similar procedure was adopted to calculate the transportation, water and electricity
usage. The exact procedure is explained in “5.3 Electricity usage example“.
Regarding the housing, it was assumed a 30-year life span, privately owned, 90m2 big
traditional wood house, for these assumptions data from the Japanese statistics
department was used.3
5.1 Fish-paste products example
The "Latest Month on Family Income and Expenditure Survey - 2007" has a specific item for
fish paste expenditures, the same item can be found in IDEA, under the code 092300000.
Because no more detailed information on fish paste products consumption is given by the
survey, the "092300000 fish paste product, 4 digit" was chosen. Hence, it includes a mix of
fish paste products ranked according to statistics used to build the database which is
appropriated for this general study case.
Table 2: Fish-paste products input amount calculation for the model.
The survey has a Fresh fruits item which does not specify the kind of fruit consumed, on the
other hand IDEA does not provide a general fruit item, instead it provides 5, 4 digit,
categories of fruit, namely pomaceous fruit, citrus fruit, drupe fruit, tropical fruit and
miscellaneous fruit, in this case the total family expense was divided in 4 and the same
value was allocated for each 4 digit fruit category apart from miscellaneous fruit
(pomaceous fruit, citrus fruit, drupe fruit and tropical fruit).
Table 3: Calculation example for products included in the same category at the survey.
Price
Survey Database Family given Monthly Yearly
Product item Expenditure in consumption consumption
IDEA
Fresh 014100000 251.33
568.5 Yen 2.262 kg 27.144 kg
fruits pomaceous Yen/kg
3
The most important data sources are provided in table 1.
6
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
Price
Survey Database Family given Monthly Yearly
Product item Expenditure in consumption consumption
IDEA
fruit, 4
digit
014200000
Fresh 145.59
citrus fruit, 568.5 Yen 3.905 kg 46.860 kg
fruits Yen/kg
4 digit
014300000
Fresh 444.57
drupe fruit, 568.5 Yen 1.279 kg 15.348 kg
fruits Yen/kg
4 digit
014400000
Fresh tropical 486.95
568.5 Yen 1.167 kg 14.004 kg
fruits fruit, 4 Yen/kg
digit
The data on electricity usage in Japan was obtained from the World Bank website4.
According to the latter, 7836 kWh were used per capita in Japan in 2016. The unit for
electricity in IDEA is MJ and therefore, a conversion from kWh to MJ was necessary, besides
the final value was multiplied by 3 to represent a household usage.
1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
7,836 kWh1 = 28,209.6 MJ
Household electricity usage over a year: 28209.6 MJ × 3 = 84,628.8 MJ
The CML (baseline) [v4.4, January 2015] method has 11 categories of impacts. The table below
shows the results for each category of which the highlighted items were analysed in detail.
Table 5: Caption: Life cycle impact analysis results for CML (baseline) method.
4
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC?locations=JP&name_desc=false
7
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
According to the World Bank website5, the Climate change – GWP 100 value obtained using
the CML (baseline) method was 23.53 tons CO2 eq. Worldwide, the average emissions of CO2
per capita was 4.996 tons and in Japan the CO2 emissions per capita Japan were 9.764 tons.
Therefore, considering a Japanese household consumption for two or more people over a
year and that the difference between the value given by the World Bank statistics and the
model was of only 17% this is a plausible value.
The following Sankey diagram shows some of the processes that contribute to this impact
category and how they are connected.
Figure 3: Sankey diagram generated in openLCA, from the CML (baseline) LCIA for the Climate Change – GWP
impact category.
The biggest contributions to this impact category come from electricity consumption from
331111014 electricity, Japan, 2014FY – JP, process which is responsible for 60.57% of the CO2
emissions, this is due to the energy matrix in Japan that relies mostly on fossil fuels for
energy production, hence 29.30% of the emissions come from electricity by liquefied natural
5
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC?locations=JP&name_desc=false
8
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
gas (LNG), 21.47% come from electricity by coal, Japan – JP and 4.78% from electricity by
heavy oil, Japan – JP.
The second process with the biggest contribution is the 183112000 fuel gasses (including blast
furnace gas and coke oven gas) – JP, contributing with 8.67% of the emissions, followed by
061100000 house (wooden structure), 4 digit – JP, contributing with 7.24%.
Figure 4 shows a list of the 7 processes contributing the most with the CO2-equivalent
emissions.
Figure 4: List of the 7 major contributing processes for the CO2-equivalent emissions (Impact category:
Climate change – GWP100).
Ozone layer depletion is given by the consumption of substances with Ozone Depletion
Potential (ODP), the unit is in kg of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) -11 equivalent. In this category
the LCIA delivered 0.00067 kg CFC-11 eq, at United Nations data website the CFC-11 eq.
emissions for Japan in 2002 was 19.5 tons in total. Dividing this number by the total
population of Japan – 126,903,000 – the emissions are of 0.000154 kg/capita, considering
the emissions for three people this amounts 0.000462 kg/household, there is a difference
of 31% between those values therefore this is a plausible amount.
Figure 5: List of the major contributing processes for the Ozone layer depletion - ODP steady state impact
category.
Figure 5 above shows the main processes contributing to Ozone layer depletion, the process
contributing the most is 061100000 house (wooden structure), 4 digit, which is responsible
for 44.89% of the emissions.
9
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
Further analysing this process through the contribution tree tab in openLCA reveals that the
component responsible for the biggest contribution is the “gypsum board and its products”
which produces chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22, or R-22).
Figure 6: Breakdown of the upstreaming processes from 061100000 house (wooden structure), 4 digit that
contribute the most for the Ozone layer depletion impact category.
The last impact category analysed in detail was the depletion of fossil fuels due to the
easiness to find data on energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita), per country.
According to the World Bank website6 the energy usage in Japan in 1998 was of 3963.251 kg
of oil eq. per capita, the conversion of this value to match the unit provided in openLCA CML
(baseline) method analysis gives 497,800 MJ, for a household (3 people) the consumption of
oil eq. per capita is 165,933 MJ.
The value obtained from the model in openLCA was 342,796 MJ, there is a difference of 31%
between both values, and therefore this is a plausible result.
Table 6: Comparison between the reference value provided by the World Bank and the value obtained from
openLCA model for Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels impact category.
World Bank Energy usage in 3963.251 (kg of oil equivalent per capita) = 165933.39 MJ
Japan (1998) data 497,800.17 MJ (2 or more people household)
openLCA model 342,796 MJ
Difference between the two 31%
values
The figure below shows the main contributions to this impact category and reveals that
most of the fossil fuels depletion occurs to supply electricity production demands.
6
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE?locations=JP
10
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
Figure 7: Chart representing the 6 main direct contributions to the Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels
impact category.
7 Sensitivity analysis
To analyze the deviation of the results due to another choice of impact assessment method,
a new analysis using the ReCiPe midpoint (H) was made and the similar impact category
values were compared.
As shown in table 7 Climate change, Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels, Human
toxicity and Ozone layer depletion impact category values are very similar for the two
methods while Terrestrial ecotoxicity, Freshwater ecotoxicity, Marine aquatic ecotoxicity.
This happens because both methods consider different substances and process for the
impact calculations.
Table 7: Comparison of the LCIA results obtained with CML baseline method and ReCiPe midpoint (H) method,
for the same Product System in openLCA.
Impact category CML baseline Recipe midpoint Reference unit Results relative
method (H) difference
Climate change 23,526.30 23,331.20 kg CO2 eq -0.83%
Depletion of 342,796.00 311,595.02* MJ -9.10%
abiotic resources
- fossil fuels
Human toxicity 190.46 411.78 kg 1,4-DB eq 116.21%
Ozone layer 0.00067 0.00067 kg CFC-11 eq 0.00%
depletion
*Value converted from kg oil eq. to MJ for comparison purposes. (original value 7442.31918 kg oil eq.)
In the figures below, one can see that the two LCIA methods point the same processes as
contributors for fossil fuels impact category, nevertheless each method calculates it
differently, which results into different values, in any case both values are plausible.
11
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
For terrestrial, fresh water and Marine aquatic ecotoxicity impact category are calculated
differently by the two methods, therefore their results are not comparable with each other.
12
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
If you have other questions not addressed by this document, need further clarifications on
any of the points commented, please contact us:
Tel. +49 30 48 496 – 030
Fax +49 30 48 496 – 991
gd@greendelta.com
GreenDelta GmbH
Müllerstrasse 135
D-13357 Berlin, Germany
www.greendelta.com
13
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
APPENDIX I
Use advice
It should be noted that the prevailing impact assessment methods among the Japanese and
European LCA community differ. Most commonly, LIME2 characterization and CML (baseline)
are used in Japan and Europe, respectively (a comparative overview of the individual impact
categories is given in Table 9Fehler! Verweisquelle konnte nicht gefunden werden.). The
IDEA v2 (Inventory Database for Environmental Analysis) with its original elementary flows
is not fully compatible with the CML (baseline) v4.4 impact assessment method and their
combination may lead to inaccurate and possibly incomplete results. Therefore, an
additional version of the IDEA v2 is available that has been mapped in accordance with
openLCA reference flows.
openLCA users are strictly advised against using IDEA v2 with original elementary flows in
combination with the CML (baseline) v4.4 impact assessment method. However, no
restrictions apply when using IDEA v2 version with openLCA reference flows with either the
Lime2 characterization or CML (baseline) v4.4 impact assessment method (Table 8).
Table 8: Compatibility of the IDEA v2 with original elementary flows and openLCA reference flows with specific
impact assessment methods.
14
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
Table 9: Comparative overview of impact categories of the LIME2 characterization and CML (baseline) [v4.4, January 2015] impact assessment methods for the product system
‘Japanese household’.
IDEA v2 version with original elementary flows IDEA v2 version with openLCA reference flows
Impact assessment method: LIME2 characterization Impact assessment method: CML (baseline) [v4.4, January 2015]
Impact Impact
Impact category Unit Impact category Unit
result result
CH_Biological toxity 536.71282 kg-CO2eq
CF_Ozone depletion 0.00046 m2a Ozone layer depletion – ODP steady state 0.00067 kg CFC-11 eq.
15
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
IDEA v2 version with original elementary flows IDEA v2 version with openLCA reference flows
Impact assessment method: LIME2 characterization Impact assessment method: CML (baseline) [v4.4, January 2015]
kg-CFC-
CH_Toxic chemicals (cancer) 0.36743
11eq
Human toxicity – HTP inf 190.4572 kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq.
Photochemical oxidation – high Nox 1.36902 kg ethylene eq.
16
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
17
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
18
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
19
Case study Japanese Households – IDEA database
20