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Aspek Keuangan Ritel - 1
Aspek Keuangan Ritel - 1
OGFGLBOBF
RFIXBQ[IUG[ REGYGFG
1379/1313
DGUG SBFMGFUGQ
Suli syudur dgoi ukgpdgf dbngeirgt Uungf Ygfm Ogng Bsg, dgrbfg gtgs abrdgt egf dgrufig-
Fyg dgoi egpgt
egp gt obfyb`bsgidgf pgpbr ‐Djopbfsgsi‟ sbsugi ebfmgf wgdtu ygfm tb`gn eitbftudgf.
Sgpbr ifi obrupgdgf pgpbr Sbfmgftgr Ogfglbobf [uoabr Egyg Ogfusig ygfm sbkgrg dnusus
pboagngsgf eg`go pgpbr ifi eigtur sbeboidigf rupg sbnifmmg ogtbri ygfm eisgopgidgf egpgt
eiobfmbrti egf eipgngoi j`bn pgrg pboagkgfyg.
Sgpbr ifi eiaugt uftud obobfuni sg`gn sgtu tumgs ogtg du`ign Ogfglbobf [uoabr Egyg
Ogfusig sbdg`imus obflgei agngf eisdusi db`jopjd egf obopbreg`go ogftbri. Ebfmgf
eiaioaifm j`bn ejsbf Ogfglbobf [uoabr Egyg Ogfusig ygitu Ers. Djogfm Gregfg, OO. Dgoi
tb`gn abrusgng uftud obfyusuf pgpbr ifi sbagid oufmdif, fgouf dgoi obfygegri agnwg
pbfu`isgf pgpbr ifi ogsin lgun egri sbopurfg eidgrbfgdgf dbtbragtgsgf ygfm dgoi pufyg sbagmgi
ogngsiswg ygfm ogsin eg`go prjsbs pboab`glgrgf. J`bn dgrbfg itu, dgoi obfmngrgpdgf dritid
egf sgrgf ygfm sihgtfyg oboagfmuf eboi pbragidgf pbfbraitgf pgpbr ifi ei ogsg obfegtgfm.
Ngrgpgf dgoi, sbojmg pgpbr ygfm sbebrngfg ifi egpgt oboabri pbfmbtgnugf sbrtg i`ou sbagmgi
pboab`glgrgf agmi pgrg pboagkgfyg.
i
EGHUGQ I[I
ii
AGA I
SBFEGNR@RGF
7.7 @gtgr Ab`gdgfm
Aisfis ritb` obrupgdgf sugtu usgng obfyg`urdgf abragmgi prjeud dbpgeg djfsuobf
uftud ei djfsuosi sbfeiri. Aisfis ritb` obrupgdgf aisfis ygfm sgfmgt obflgflidgf sbirifm
obfifmdgtfyg dbautungf djfsuobf, uftud itu agfygd pb`gdu aisfis ou`gi abr`joag eg`go
obfifmdgtdgf strgtbmi pbflug`gffyg. Agfygd mbrgi oifiogrdbt ygfm tbrai`gfm obfmugsgi
pgsgr egf
e gf ogopu obrgoagn db sb`urun fusgftgrg, agndgf agfygd pbrusgnggf ritb` ygfm
tbrus ob`gdudgf bdspgfsi pgeg egbrgn-egbrgn pjtbfsig` ei pb`jsjd fbmbri.
Sbrdboagfmgf ritb` gtgu pgsgr bkbrgf ygfm abmitu pbsgt, abregopgd sbogdif tifmmifyg
pbrsgifmgf obopbrbautdgf pgfmsg
pgfmsg pgsgr pgeg eufig usgng sggt ifi. Sbrusgnggf ygfm ifm
ifmif
if
abrngsi` eg`go pbrsgifmgf pgeg brg oi``bfiuo ngrus oboi`idi strgtbmi egf pbrbfkgfggf
pbrusgnggf ygfm agid, sg`gn sgtufyg egri gspbd pbrbfkgfggf dbugfmgf pgeg aisfis ritb`,
ojeb` dbugfmgf pgeg aisfis ritb`, ifeidgtjr dbugfmgf pgeg aisfis ritb` egf gspbd dbugfmgf
sbagmgi g`gt kjftrj` eg`go ritb`.
7.1 Quousgf Ogsg`gn
Quousgf ogsg`gn egri pgpbr ifi geg`gn<
7. Agmgiogfg kgrg ob`gdudgf pbrbfkgfggf dbugfmgf eg`go aisfis ritb`:
1. Obfmgpg pbrbfkgfggf dbugfmgf itu pbftifm ei`gdudgf:
7.; Uulugf Sbfu`isgf
Uulugf pbfu`isgf egri pgpbr ifi geg`gn<
7. Rftud obfmbtgnui kgrg obrbfkgfgdgf dbugfmgf eg`go aisfis ritb`
1. Rftud obfmbtgnui obfmgpg pbrbfkgfggf dbugfmgf itu pbftifm ei`gdudgf
;. Rftud obfmbtgnui ojeb` dbugfmgf pgeg aisfis ritb`
5. Rftud obfmbtgnui agmgiogfg gspbd dbugfmgf egpgt obflgei g`gt kjftrj` eg`go aisfis
ritb`
7
AGA II
SBFOAGNG[GF
1.7 Sbrbfkgfggf Dbugfmgf
Dbtidg ritb` Qitb` strudtur jrmgfisgsi abftud jrmgfisgsi egf pbrbfkgfggf
oboutusdgf
ogfglbobf suoabr egyg ogfusigfyg, ogdg ritb` ngrus obfmdjfsbftrgsidgf eiri pgeg
ogsg`gn ogfglbobf jpbrgsijfg`
jpbrgsijfg` ritb`. Bhisibfsi egf bhbdtihitgs ogfglbobf ritb` gdgf sgfmgt
oboagftu dbailgdgf egf dbputusgf ygfm eigoai` j`bn ritb` eg`go obougsdgf agfygd
pingd ygitu pb`gfmmgf, dgrygwgf,
dgrygwgf, ogfglbobf, pboi`id ojeg`.
Obtjeb eg`go obflg`gfdgf jpbrgsijfg` aisfis ritb` gdgf abregopgd pgeg pbflug`gf egf
gdnirfyg abrpbfmgrun tbrngegp dbuftufmgf ygfm
ygfm eipbrj`bn pbrusgnggf ritb`. J`bn dgrbfg
itu dbputusgf ei aiegfm dbugfmgf lumg obrupgdgf ng` ygfm pbftifm eg`go aisfis ifi.
Dbputusgf dbugfmgf geg`gn djopjfbf iftbmrg` pgeg
pgeg sbtigp gspbd strgtbmi ritb`. Sgeg aga
ifi, eieisdusidgf agmgiogfg obfmboagfmdgf strgtbmi uftud obfmboagfmdgf strgtbmi
uftud abrsgifm egf ob`ingt sgrgfg dbugfmgf ygfm eimufgdgf uftud obfmudur egf
obfmbvg`ugsi pbfmb`j`ggf difbrlg sbkgrg dbsb`urungf.
Sbrbfkgfggf egf dbugfmgf sgyg pbridsgdgf prjybdsi-prjybdsi abregsgrdgf stgfegr egf
pbrdboagfmgf egri uopgf ag`id egf prjsbs uftud obopbragidi prbstgsi dbrlg.
Sbrbfkgfggf dbugfmgf obfkgdup pbflug`gf, `gag, egf gdtivg ygfm eiegsgrdgf pgeg strgtbmi
prjeudsi egf pbogsgrgf uftud dboueigf agmgiogfg obfmgtur dbautungffyg.
Ifhjrogsi ygfm egpgt eimufgdgf uftud obfmgfg`isis g`ur pbrputgrgf (turfjvbr pgtn)
pbrusgnggf geg`gn pjs-pjs ygfm abrgsg` egri fbrgkg sg`ej, sbpbrti gssbt, dbwgliagf, egf
sbagmgifyg.
Gsbt gtgu gdtivg (gssbt) geg`gn suoabr-suoabr bdjfjoi (sbpbrti ifvbftgris gtgu
pbr`bfmdgpgfpbr`bfmdgpgf tjdj) ygfm eioi`idi gtgu eidjftrj`
eidjftrj` j`bn pbrusgnggf sbagmgi
Siutgfm usgng (gkkjuft rbkbivga`b) ifi pbftifm agmi ababrgpg ritb`. Kjftjn, ifvbstgsi
]g`-Ogrt pgeg ugfm ygfm eitbriog lgun `bain dbki` egri pgeg Uihhgfy dgrbfg
dbkbfebrufmgf ygfm tifmmi egri djfsuobf ]g`-Ogrt uftud oboagygr tufgi gtgu
obfmmufgdgf dgrtu drbeit pingd dbtimg, sbpbrti Xisg gtgu OgstbrKgre.
❘ Sbrsbeiggf Agrgfm Egmgfmgf
Sbrsbeiggf agrgfm egmgfmgf (obrkngfeisb ifvbftjry) geg`gn suoabr nieup ritb`.
[bagmgi kjftjn, pbrsbeiggf obfkgdup dirg-dirg 1=,73 % egri tjtg` gssbt ]g`-Ogrt egf
;=,2;% egri tjtg` gssbt Uihhgfy. Obsdipuf eboidigf, tbregpgt pbfmbkug`igf ygitu pgeg
ritb`-ritb` `gygfgf sbpbrti njtb`, sg`jf dbkgftidgf, egf `gif-`gif ygfm aigsgfyg tiegd
oboi`idi gtgu ngfyg oboi`idi sbeidit pbrsbeiggf agrgfm.
❘ Dgs egf Gdtivg @gfkgr @giffyg
Dgs tbreiri gtgs ugfm tufgi, siogpgfgf egf rbdbfifm ei agfd, surgt-surgt abrngrmg ygfm
egpgt eipbrlug`ab`idgf, egf piutgfm usgng, sbegfmdgf gdtivg `gfkgr `giffyg ob`iputi
abragmgi pbfmb`ugrgf ogupuf jfmdjs
jfmdjs dirio ygfm ab`uo eiagygrdg
eiagygrdgf
f j`bn pb`gfmmgf.
❘ Gdtivg Ubtgp
Gssbt-sgsbt tbtgp (hixbe gssbts) geg`gn gssbt ygfm oboautundgf wgdtu `bain egri sgtu
tgnuf uftud obfmuagnfyg obflgei tufgi. Eg`go aisfis ritb`, gdtivg tbtgp aigsgfyg
tbreiri gtgs agfmufgf, pbrgajtgf, egf pbrg`gtgf.
Gdtivg tbtgp ? aigyg pbrj`bgf gdtivg ‛ ebprbsigsi
ebprbsigsi
❘ Sbrputgrgf Gdtivg
Sbrputgrgf gdtivg (gssbt turfjvbr) geg`gn udurgf pbfmb`j`ggf dbsb`urungf egri agmigf
gssbt pgeg fbrgkg sg`ej.
sg` ej. Sbrputgrgf gdtivg ifi egpgt eimufgdgf uftud obfmbvg`ugsi egf
oboagfeifmdgf sbabrgpg bhbdtih pgrg ogfglbr obfmmufgdgf gssbt-gsbtfyg.
pg`ifm tiegd eg`go lgfmdg wgdtu sgtu tgnuf. Dbwgliagf ygfm pg`ifm pbftifm geg`gn
utgfm egmgfm, wbsb` agygr, egf utgfmutgfm `giffyg.
j Rtgfm egmgfm geg`gn tgmingf ygfm tbrutgfm dbpgeg pbogsjd uftud pboab`igf
agrgfm egmgfmgf.
j ]bsb` agygr geg`gn aufmg ygfm eipiflgo ritb` pgeg agfd ygfm ob`baini tgfmmg`
egf egpgt eiagygr durgfm egri sgtu tgnuf.
j Rtgfm-utgfm `giffyg tbrogsud utgfm pglgd, utgfm mgli, sbwg, pbogdgigf, egf
dbwgliagfdbwgliagf `gif ygfm ab`uo tbragygrdgf.
j Dbwgliagf lgfmdg pgflgfm geg`gn utgfm?utgfm ygfm gdgf eiagygr sbtb`gn sgtu
tgnuf.
j Ngd pboi`id, lumg eisbaut ngd pgrg pbobmgfm sgngo, obwgdi`i sbluo`gn gssbt
pboi`id pbrusgnggf ritb` sbtb`gn sboug dbwgliagf tbrpbfuni. Eg`go istig`n
gdiftgfsi, nuaufmgf tbrsbaut egpgt eipbrj`bn ebfmgf kgrg<
Ngd pgrg pboi`id ? Ujtg` gdtivg ‛ Ujtg`
Ujtg` Dbwgliagf
Ebfmgf eboidigf, pj`g dbuftufmgf strgtbmis obfmgaufmdgf eug rgsij pbfmb`j`ggf egri
ngsi` pbfegpgtgf egf fbrgkg sg`ej4agtgs dbuftufmgf abrsin egf ngsi` gssbt. Ebfmgf
obfmg`idgf pbragfeifmgf ifi aabrsgoggf, gdgf eipbr`bn pbfmboag`igf gtgs gdtivg
(rbturf jf gssbts) `ingt mgoagr abridut<
[btigp ritb` obfmifmifdgf dbsudsbsgf eg`go ng` dbugfmgf. [g`gn sgtu tulugf dbugfmgf
ygfm pbftifm geg`gn uftud obfkgpgi ioag` ngsi` gtgs gssbt (rbturf jf gssbt ‛ QJG)
QJG) ygfm
tifmmi. Kjftjnfyg, sbaugn pbrusgnggf ritb` m`jag` obfmifvbstgsidgf Qp. 7=5 oi`igr eg`go
oboagfmuf tjdjfyg egf oboab`i agrgfm-agrgfm egmgfmgf ygfm eisigpdgf uftud eilug`.
Ei gdnir tgnuf, pbrusgnggf ritb` tbrsbaut obrgup dbuftufmgf sbabsgr Qp. ;; oi`igr, ygfm
abrgrti obfyuoagfmdgf ngsi` sbabsgr 79 % eiagfeifmdgf ebfmgf ifvbstgsifyg (Qp. ;;
oi`igr < Qp. 7=5 oi`igr). Quous pbrnitufmgf QJG geg`gn sbagmgi abridut<
QJG egpgt eiagmi obflgei eug, ygitu g`ur `gag (prjhit pgtn) ygfm eiudur j`bn ogrmif `gag
abrsin egf g`ur pbrputgrgf `gag ygfm eidudur
eidudur j`bn pbrputgrgf gssbt.
Ogrmif `gag abrsin (fbt prjhit ogrmif) geg`gn sbabrgpg absgr dbuftufmgf (sbtb`gn pglgd)
ygfm eiegpgt pbrusgnggf eiagmi pbflug`gf abrsinfyg. [begfmdgf pbrputgrgf gsbt (gssbt
turfjvbr) egpgt lumg eimufgdgf uftud obfmudur prjeudtivitgs gsbt ygfm eiifvbstgsidgf
eg`go pbrusgnggf, aigsgfyg einitufm ebfmgf oboagmi `gag abrsin ebfmgf tjtg` gsbt.
[begfmdgf rbturf jf gssbt egpgt eipbrj`bn egri ruousgf ei agwgn ifi<
[g`gn sgtu kgrg uftud obflb`gsdgf dbabrngsi`gf dbugfmgf eg`go `ifmdup aisfis ritb`
geg`gn ebfmgf oboabri pgrg pboi`id ojeg` pbrusgnggf ngsi`
n gsi` gtgu pbfmboag`igf ygfm agid
gtgs ifvbstgsi obrbdg. Obsdipuf ritb` obfmblgr tulugf dbugfmgf ygfm sgog, ritb` egpgt
obfmmufgdgf strgtbmi ygfm abrabeg eg`go obfkgpgi dbuftufmgf tbrsbaut.
Sbflug`gf Abrsin
Ogrmif Djtjr
Ngrmg Sjdjd
Sbf ug`gf @gag Abrsin
sbab`uo g gd
sbab`uo
@gag abrsin
sbtb`gn g gd
sbtb`gn Ogrmif @gag
Abagf Jpbrgsi
Abrsin
Sglgd
Abagf Ujtg`
Sbflug`gf Abrsin
Abagf Aufmg
J
Siutgf Rsgng
G
Gdtivg @gfkgr
Ujtg`
Sbrsbeiggf
Agrgf eg gf gf
Gdtivg Ujtg`
Sbrputgrgf Gdtivg
Dgs
Sbflug`gf Abrsin
Gdtivg Ubtg4p
Gdtivg @gfkgr `gif
Sj`g Dbuftufmgf [trgtbmis Sj`g dbuftufmgf strgtbmis sgfmgt abrmufg agmi ritb` dgrbfg pj`g
ifi obfmmgaufmdgf eug agmigf pbfmgoai`gf dbputusgf ‛ ogfglbobf pboagtgsgf egf
ogfglbobf gssbt sbnifmmg pgrg ogfglbr egpgt obfiflgu nuaufmgf gftgr ogfglbobf
tbrsbaut. Sj`g dbuftufmgf strgtbmis lumg egpgt eimufgdgf uftud obfmbvg`ugsi egopgd
dbugfmgf egri strgtbmi agru sbab`uo strgtbmi-strgtbmi tbrsbaut ei`gdsgfgdgf.
Ubregpgt ababrgpg ifeikgtjr ygfm egpgt eimugfdgf eg`go obfmudur difbrlg dbugfmgf
eg`go aifis ritb` gftgrg `gif<
7. Ogrmif djtjr
• Sbrsbftgsb ogrmif djtjr
• Gfg`isi pbr dgtbmjri
• Ogrdejwf/ dbrusgdgf
• Sbrsbeiggf agrgfm
• Aigyg sbwg
• Ebprbsigsi
• @istrid
•
Sbragfeifmgf gftgr tjdj egf rgtg-rgtg pbrusgnggf.
Gspbd Dbugfmgf sbagmgi G`gt Djftrj` eg`go Obfbtgpdgf pbfbtgpgf tulugf pbfmb`j`ggf
dbugfmgf tbrogsud (7) ngsi` pbfmb`j`ggf, (1) dbrgfmdg wgdtu ei ogfg tulugf ngrus eikgpgi,
egf (;) suoabr egyg ygfm eipbr`udgf uftud obfkgpgifyg tulugf. Sbfbtgpgf tulugf
pbfmb`j`ggf dbugfmgf egpgt eisusuf ebfmgf obopbrngtidgf ng`-ng` sbagmgi abridut<
;. @gfmdgn-`gfmdgn pbfmb`j`ggf
5. Lbfis ‛ lbfis
lbfis pbfmudurgf
• Gueit pbflug`gf
• Mrghid pbflug`gf
• Srjeud pgrbt
• Difbrlg dgsir
•
Rpegtb ngrmg
2. Dbfeg`i tbrngegp pbrsbeiggf
• Sbfbrioggf agrgfm
• Sbfyiopgfgf agrgfm
• Agrgfm ni`gfm
• Agrgfm rusgd
>
AGA III
SBFRURSGF
;.7 Dbsiopu`gf
Sbrbfkgfggf Dbugfmgf geg`gn prjsbs egri Obfmgfg`isis pbrusgnggf egf pi`ingf
ifvbstgsi ygfm tbraudg agmi pbrusgnggf, Oboprjybdsidgf grus ogsg ygfm gdgf egtgfm
gdiagt dbputusgf ifi, mufg obfmniegri ng`-ng` ygfm tiegd tbreumg egf nuaufmgf gftgrg
dbputusgf sggt ifi egf ogsg ygfm gdgf egtgfm, Obfbftudgf g`tbrfgtih ogfg ygfm gdgf
eipi`in, Obfmudur ngsi` sb`gflutfyg tbrngegp tulugf tulugf dbugfmgf. [btigp ritb`
obfmifmifdgf dbsudsbsgf eg`go ng` dbugfmgf.
[g`gn sgtu tulugf dbugfmgf ygfm pbftifm geg`gn uftud obfkgpgi ioag` ngsi` gtgs gssbt
(rbturf jf gssbt ‛ QJG)
QJG) ygfm tifmmi. QJG egpgt eiagmi obflgei eug, ygitu
ygit u g`ur `gag (prjhit
pgtn) ygfm eiudur j`bn ogrmif `gag abrsin egf g`ur pbrputgrgf `gag ygfm eidudur j`bn
pbrputgrgf gssbt. Ubregpgt ababrgpg ifeikgtjr ygfm egpgt eimugfdgf eg`go obfmudur
difbrlg dbugfmgf eg`go aifis ritb` gftgrg `gif ogrmif djtjr, Aigyg Jpbrsijfg` tjdj sbagmgi
pbrsbftgsb pbflug`gf, egf ogrmif djftriausi. Gspbd Dbugfmgf sbagmgi G`gt Djftrj` eg`go
Obfbtgpdgf pbfbtgpgf tulugf pbfmb`j`ggf dbugfmgf tbrogsud (7) ngsi` pbfmb`j`ggf, (1)
dbrgfmdg wgdtu ei ogfg tulugf ngrus eikgpgi, egf (;) suoabr egyg ygfm eipbr`udgf uftud
obfkgpgifyg tulugf.
;.1 [grgf
[btb`gn pboagkg egpgt obogngoi pbftifmfyg gspbd dbugfmgf pgeg aisfis ritb`, ogdg
eisgrgfdgf gmgr pboagkg egpgt obobtid pboab`glgrgf egri ogtbri eigtgs egf g`gfmdgn
agidfyg lidg pboagkg
pboagkg egpgt obfbrgpdgf gpg ygfm tb`gn ei eipgpgrdgf eigtgs dbeg`go eufig
aisfis ygfm gdgf gtgu suegn eilg`gfdgf j`bn pboagkg ogtbri ifi, egf pboagkg lumg
eisgrgfdgf gmgr egpgt abragmi i`ou ygfm tb`gn eiegpgt egri ogtbri ifi dbpgeg jrgfm sbditgr
gmgr egpgt oboabridgf ogfhggt dbpgeg jrgfm agfygd.
EGHUGQ SR[UGDG