DNA structure RNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid) (Ribonucleic acid)

DNA Replication
 Building units
1- dGTP: “deoxyguanosine triphosphates”
A nucleotide composed of guanine, deoxyribose
and three phosphate units.
2- dATP: “deoxyadenosine triphosphates”
A nucleotide composed of adenine, deoxyribose
and three phosphate units.
 Building units

3- dCTP: “deoxycytidine triphosphates”

A nucleotide composed of cytosine, deoxyribose
and three phosphate units.
4- dTTP: “deoxyThymidine triphosphates”
A nucleotide composed of thymine, deoxyribose
and three phosphate units.
 Enzymes and proteins
1. DNA A Protein
2. DNA helicase
3. Single Strand Binding Protein (SSBP)
4. Topopolymerse (type I and II)
5. DNA primase
6. DNA polymerase
7. Sliding Clamp
8. DNA ligase
9. Telomerase
1. DNA A Protein: It recognizes ori sequences.

2.Topopolymerse type I (Topo I ): it relaxes DNA

(i.e., remove supercoils) by cutting, nicking and
sealing or binding one strand of duplex DNA, no
ATP is required for its function.

3.Topopolymerse type II (Topo II) : It cuts both

strands in DNA and needs ATP for its activity.
4- Sliding Clamp: The sliding clamp is a ring-
shaped protein that binds to the DNA
polymerase and tethers it to the DNA template.

5- DNA primase: They catalyze the synthesis of

short RNA molecules used as primers for DNA
polymerases. Primers are synthesized from
ribonucleoside triphosphates and are four to
fifteen nucleotides long.
Primer
 5- Primer
• A primer is a short single-stranded nucleic
acid (RNA) used by all living organisms in the
initiation of DNA synthesis.
• DNA polymerase enzymes are only capable of
adding nucleotides to the 3’-end of an existing
nucleic acid, requiring a primer be bound to
the template before DNA polymerase can
begin a complementary strand.
 Steps of DNA Replication

1. Separation of two DNA strands

2. Formation of RNA Primer
3. Formation of new two DNA strands
4. Excision of primer and replacement
5. ligation
Separation of two DNA strands
DNA Replication
 DNA Polymerase
read: 3’------5’ write: 5’------3’