ont COMRETATIONA, CS OT, 262-284 (1993) Dispersion-Relation-Preservin, for Computatio: g Finite Difference Schemes nal Acoustics (CuinistopHer K, W. Tas AND JAY C. Wena Department of Mathematis, Farida tote nivesty, Tallatasee, Frid 32906-3027 Received February 18, 992; revised September 14,1992 ‘Acoustics problems are governed by the linearized Euler equations. -Agcording to wave propaeation thoy, the nombe" of wave made and their wave propagation characteristic ae all encaded inthe dispersion relations of the goveraing equations. Thus ona is assured that the ‘merical solutions of 2 high order finite diference scheme wil have 0 amo numbor of wevo maces (namely. the acoustie, vortety ond ‘entropy waves), the abme wave propagation charactvsic (namely rondisporsive, nonlasipntive, and isotopic) and the same wave speeds as those ofthe solutions of the Euler equations i bth systems ‘of equations have the same isposion relations. Finite aiference ‘chames which have the some dispersion relations asthe exginl partial itferntal equations ae rete to a8 disperson-telaton: preserving (DAP) schemes. A way to eonstvct time marching DAP schemes by ‘optimizing the finite citference approximations ofthe space and time ervatves inthe wave nimber and frequency, proposed. The Stabitty ofthese sthemos is analyzed and 2 suffciem condition for umorical stability is established. A set of radiation ond outtlowe ‘boundary conditions comestibie with the DAP schemes is constucted Those conditions are derived trom the asymptotic soltions of the ‘governing equations. The asymptotic solutions are ound by the Use ‘0f Fourier-Laplecs vansforms and the method of stationary phase. [A sequenca of numerical simulations has been card out. These ‘Simulations ate designed 1 texte effectiveness of the ORP schemes {and the radiation ond outflow boundary conditions, The computed solutions agree very favorably withthe exact solutions. The relation boundary conditions perform satisfactorily causing litle acoustic, teflections. The outflow boundary conditions are found to be quite "wansporent 19 outgoing distbences even when the disturbances are ‘made up of 8 combination of acoustic, vortcty, and entropy waves, 1 183 Asse Ps INTRODUCTION ‘Most current computational uid dynamics (CFD) finite difference schemes are designed for the solution of time independent problems. In the formulation of these schemes the requirements of consistency and numerical stability are imposed. By invoking the Lax equivalence theorem the con- vergence of these schemes is then assured. The quality of CFD schemes is generally ranked by the order of (Taylor series) truncation, It is expected that a fourth-order scheme is better than a second-order scheme and so on, For time om-sima sen cy Copyright © 198) by Academic Pre. to ‘ni hts of eprosuction im ay form ror independent problems the above criteria are quite suficient. ‘Great progress has been made over the years in the applica- Lion of CFD methods to aerodynamies and aireraft design problems (see Refs. (1-9]). For time dependent problems, especially acoustics problems, a consistent, stable, and convergent high order scheme docs not guarantee a good quality numerical wave solution. A simple analysis of the linearized compressible Euler equations reveals that in a uniform mean flow the partial differential equations support three types of waves, namely, the acoustic, the entropy, and the vorticity waves. ‘The acoustic waves are isotropic, nondispersive, non- dissipative and propagate with the speed of sound. The entropy and vorticity waves afe_nondispersive, non- dissipative, and highly directional. They propagate (con- vected) in'the direction of the mean flow with the same speed as the flow. There is no guarantee in most of the popular CFD schemes that the finite difference equations support waves with these characteristics. In fact, many current CED codes are dispersive, anisotropic, and even highly dissipative (sometimes artificial dissipation terms are deliberately added to improve numerical stability, eg, Ret. (4]). Thus by using existing CFD codes for acoustics computations one is certain of obtaining a numerically stable solution but whether the solution (for finite Ax. 4y) adequately simulates the wave solution of the governing, partial differential equations is an open question. ‘The main objective of this paper is to present a new ‘optimized high order finite difference scheme which not only meets the usual conditions of consistency, stability, and hence convergence but also supports, in the case of small amplitude waves, wave solutions which have (as nearly as possible) the same characteristics as those of the linearized Euler equations. A second objective of this paper is to present a set of radiation and outflow boundary conditions ‘which are compatible with the proposed high order finite difference scheme, It is well known in wave propagation theory (eg, Whitham [10]) that the propagation characteristics ofthe ‘waves governed by a system of partial differential equationsDRP-SCHEME FOR COMPUTATIONAL ACOUSTICS are encoded in the dispersion relation in the frequency and wave number space. The dispersion relation is a functional ‘elation between the angular frequency of the waves and the ‘wave numbers of the spatial variables. This relation is usually obtained by taking the space and time Fourier transforms of the governing equations. The dispersiveness, damping rate, isotropy or anisotropy, group and phase velocities of ail the waves supporied by the medium governed by the partial differential equations are all deter- ‘mined by the dispersion relation. With this understanding it is clear that what is needed is a finite difference scheme ‘whieh has the same or almost the same dispersion relation as the original partial differential equations. In a discretized system a minimum of five mesh points is needed to define a period ofa sine wave. Hence the above statement neods only to be true for waves with wave numbers 2, f such that a 4x, BAy rata) UG. 12. Inversion contours and pole inthe complex plane. where the function z depends on the initial conditions and the source distributions. A2 Vorticity Waves ‘The vorticity wave solution can be found by inverting the Fourier-Laplace transforms of the second vector of (39). That is, vende | I sas xen +A 00 do dB de. (a2) Since the first and last elements of X; are zero, there is no density or pressure fluctuation associated with the vorticity waves. The poles of the above a-integral are the same 3s those of the entropy waves. The integral can, therefore, be evaluated in the same manner yielding xa uss 95 = 4 89° 0, x neo «sy eae Hay t=} ar? ss where Y= Ura 2) A. Acoustic Waves The acoustic wave solution can be obtained by inverting the Fourier-Laplace transforms of the last two vectors of (39). On writing out in full che formal solution becomes syamns 279 PV psf pondlads + BC,)+ (w= a Gls (@— ay) = aga + BY 1 x] af fete dd do i) 1 (Fi 5 (oso AG + BE Ma? + B)+ Gulpe (wate? — ala? +f) xf tert ae dp cn [ile ts dB ce (as [Now the integrals of (Ad) will be evaluated in the limit (22+ 92) a0. The B integral will be evaluated first. The poles in the P-plane are at B.. which are given by penn eaeey” (46) ‘The branch cuts of the above square root function in the aeplane ae taken to be ayn a | oo where the left (right) equality sign is to be used when co is, real and positive (negative), The branch cut configuration, and the position of the inverse a-contour are shown in Fig. 13. This configuration is valid regardless of whether co {s real and positive or negative. In the f-plane the integrand, of (A4) has a simple pole at f., in the upper half plane and, Seca 2 (at) ta) FIG, 13. The branch cut configuration and inversion contour in the complensplane280, a simple pole at f_ in the lower half plane (sce Fig. 14), For ¥>0 (<0) the inversion contour may be closed in the ‘upper (lower) half plane by adding a large semi-circle as shown. By invoking the residue theorem, the expressions for pand p simplify to ‘Aan Spr lnonitods + B..85) o +(@~ao) Ga] a fe 1 (as) .8)r— tec, In(A8) rand @ are the polar coordinates and ® = 1 cos 0+ ia? (—au)?/a3) sin 8 In the far field, where r—+ co, the a-integral of (A8) can be evaluated by the method of stationary phase, A straight forward application of this method gives [JP Givsiet.+0.60 ay Flo ayuo)Ga) | a 1 ° Arh + aoe dy, (as) where , isthe stationary phase point, ,= f.(2,), "(a,)= PO fea", —,, and V(0)= to 008 6+ ay ~ up sin? H/a9)", (A9) may be rewritten in the more convenient form : [e]-nuy=u afar ao) : > Fete) FIG, 14. ‘The poles and inversion contour inthe complex plane TAM AND WEBB Finally, by evaluating the integrals of (AS) in exactly the same way, the asymptotic solution given by (3.18) can be easily derived. APPENDIX B: EXACT SOLUTIONS OF THE. LINEARIZED EULER EQUATIONS, Consider wave disturbances generated by initial excita- tions in a uniform mean flow of Mach number M. If the amplitude of the waves are small they are governed by the linearized Euler equations. To construct exact solutions of the linearized Euler equations it is advantageous to use a coordinate system moving with the mean flow. Let (x,y, 1) and (x’, y1') be the Cartesian coordinates and time of the stationary and moving coordinate systems, respectively. It will be assumed that dimensionless variables (with respect to the scales given in Section 8) are used. The relationship between the two coordinate systems are Mt, yay. (Bl) In the moving frame of reference the linearized Euler equations may be written in the form $ =0, (2) Dees BI. Acoustic Waves ‘Acoustic wave solutions can be found in terms of the velocity potential g which i related to the physical variables by 6 ye P v=V8 0p p (B3) Iis easy to find from (B2) and (B3) that the governing equation for ¢ is the simple wave equation. Consideration will now be restricted to cylindrical waves. For this family of waves the simple wave equation reduces to (a where r’ is the radial distance in polar coordinates. Let the initial conditions be 7% a (Bay ror ae am 80) o=0, (B5) In (BS) the function g is arbitrary. The initial value problem[DRP-SCHEME FOR COMPUTATIONAL ACOUSTICS of (B4) and (BS) can be solved by means of the order-zero Hankel transform, If (é) is the Hankel transform of the initial data it is straightforward to find that the velocity, potential is given by or) [" BE) Sime) Soler’ dE, (BB) where Jj is the Bessel function of order zero. Substituting, (6) into (B3) it is readily found that in terms of the physical variables the initial conditions are F=0, uxvn0, ("9 Offnterest to the direct numerical simulation in Seetion 8 is a Gaussian initial pressure distribution. For this case the full solution in the stationary frame of reference may be written as pep (3) t=0 4 (88) ie oe (et ayn xsim(Et) Jun) € de (Bo) ana SUF [epi i OF ly wx sin(ge) JE) & (B10) pls d=pazt fi enem xcos(Et) Jon) & dé, (Bi) where = [bx Mi)? + y?}" and J, is the Bessel function of order one. The parameter a, is related to the half-width, of the Gaussian, b, by 4; =In 2/62 B2. Entropy Waves In the moving coordinate system a family of entropy wave solutions is given by 0, p= POy") (Br) where is arbitrary. Ifthe initial distribution is Gaussian the full solution in the stationary coordinate system is oe A ’ 0 paegen ree (Bis) BB. Vorticity Waves In the moving coordinate system a family of vorticity ‘waves is given by the time independent solutions of vv p=p=0 (Bis) 281 ‘Suppose the initial velocity distribution is £20, weeyyle™, os este“ (BIS) It is easy to check that (BIS) satisfies (B14). The full solution in the stationary frame of reference is ante ane 6) eye (B16) pa nase My) ont ate#97, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, ‘This work was supported by the NASA Lewis Research Center Grant NAG 3:(267 and in part by the olf of Naval Research Grant No- 'N0001449-11836 andthe Florida State University through time granted fom its Ceay-YMP supeteompater REFERENCES, 1 RW. MacCormack, AIAA Paper 620358, 1969, 2. RM Beam and RF. Warming, ALAA J 16, 33 (197) 3.1L Steger and RF, Warming. J. Comput, Phys 40, 263 (1981) 4A Jameson, W. Schl and E. Tarkel, AIA Paper 811259, 1981 5. P Roa, J Comput Phys 48,386 (1981) {6 8 Osher and F. Solomon, Moth, Comput 8,339 1982). 2. A Harten, J. Compu. Pho 49, 357 (1983), & $ Osher and S. 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