‫جامعة الملك سعود‬ king Saud university

‫كلية الهندسة‬ college of engineering

‫قسم الهندسة الكهربائية‬ Electrical engineering department

EE455. Section Number:

Experiment Number Experiment # 2

Experiment Title Operation of an Isolated Synchronous Generator

Date of Experiment 7/2/2021

25/6/1442
Date of final report 14/2/2021
2/7/1442

Student’s Name ABDULRAHMAN SAMI BAZARAA

ID Number 437106384

Instructor’s Name ABDULRAHMAN ALI ALARAINI

Grade
OBJECTIVES:

• To familiarize with the TQ power system simulator. Including the operation of

the motor-generator set and the different controllers existing on the simulator.

• To study the voltage regulation of a 3-phase alternator under various operating

conditions.

Background:

• In power systems, the energy is converted from different forms to

mechanical form using prime over.
• The governor controls the speed of the prime mover and the frequency of
the synchronous generator.
• At a steady state operation at constant speed (w), T = T and the frequency
is fs where w = 2ᴨfs .
• Synchronous generator has a three-phase stationary armature winding
where sinusoidal voltages are induced.
• Voltage is generated by magnetic flux.
Procedure #1

In this procedure we operated the generator under resistive load, then we

measured the voltage change if we increase the load without affecting the motor
speed.

Table(1):operation of synchronous generator under resistive load.

RL Iavg Vagv Speed P (w) Q pf Voltage
(Ω) (A) (V) (rpm) (Var) regulation
No 0 220 1800 0 0 1 0
load
50% 2.96 211.1 1800 1084 +0.9 1 4.216%
100% 5.456 194.9 1800 1848.2 +0.92 1 12.88%

Voltage regulation at 50% load

Vnl − Vl 220 − 211.1

Vreg = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100 = 4.216%
vl 211.1

Voltage regulation at 100% load

Vnl − Vl 220 − 194.9

Vreg = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100 = 12.88%
vl 194.9

Comments:

• At 50% load the voltage drop from 220V to 211.1V.

• At 100% load the voltage drop from 220V to 194.9V.
• The voltage regulation results are acceptable.
Procedure #2

In this procedure we operated the generator under 0.9 inductive load, then we
measured the change in voltage and the power factor if we increase the load.

Table (2): operation of synchronous generator under 0.9 inductance load.

RL L1% Iavg Vagv P (w) Q pf Voltage
(Ω) (A) (V) (Var) regulation
No - 0 220 0 0 1 0
load
50% 57 3.04 192.6 913.6 +440 0.9 14.23%
100% 74.5 5.166 163.6 1318.5 +637.4 0.9 34.47%

Voltage regulation at 50% load

Vnl − Vl 220 − 192.6

Vreg = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100 = 14.23%
vl 192.6

Voltage regulation at 100% load

Vnl − Vl 220 − 192.6

Vreg = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100 = 34.47%
vl 192.6

Comments:

• I noticed that when we added inductive load, the power factor reduced.
• The voltage regulation results are not good as the resistive load.
Procedure #3:

In this procedure we operated the generator under 0.8 inductive load, then we
measured the change in voltage and the power factor if we increase the load.

Table (3):operation of synchronous generator under 0.8 inductance load.

RL L1% Iavg Vagv P (w) Q pf Voltage
(Ω) (A) (V) (Var) regulation
No - 0 220 0 0 1 0
load
50% 66.5 3.92 182.7 833 +623.5 0.801 20.42%
100% 87.8 5.3 146.8 1080.5 +808.6 0.8 49.86%

Voltage regulation at 50% load:

Vnl − Vl 220 − 182.7

Vreg = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100 = 20.42%
vl 182.7

Voltage regulation at 100% load:

Vnl − Vl 220 − 146.8

Vreg = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100 = 49.86%
vl 146.8

Comments:

• If we decrease the power factor the voltage decrease.

Procedure #4:

In this procedure we used transformer tapping control under resistive load

variation.

Table (4): operation of transformer tapping control under resistive load.

RL Tap% Iavg Vagv P (w) Q pf Voltage
(Ω) (A) (V) (Var) regulation
No - 0 220 0 0 1 0
load
50% 5 3.038 219.1 1153.7 +1.4 1 0.411%
100% 7.5 5.58 201.1 1944.5 +10.6 1 9.398%

Voltage regulation at 50% load:

Vnl − Vl 220 − 219.1

Vreg = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100 = 0.411%
vl 219.1

Voltage regulation at 100% load:

Vnl − Vl 220 − 201.1

Vreg = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100 = 9.398%
vl 201.1

Comments:

• Tapping transformer control and regulate the voltage to be close to

220 as possible.
Questions:

2) use the data of table (1) to plot variation of speed against real power

Fig (1): variation of speed against real power

3) Assume the motor-generator set is running at synchronous speed (n=1800

rpm) and frequency f = 60 Hz, at no-load. Explain what happens to speed
w and frequency f as the generator is loaded, without adjusting the speed
of the motor.

If we add load to the generator the voltage and the frequency will decrease.

4) Determine the generator induced voltage Eg (L-N) for the recorded

data of Table 1 (refer to Fig. 2).
220
At no load: Eg (L-N) = Vt (L-N) = = 127.017 V
√3

5) Use the data of Table 1 to estimate the value of generator reactance

At 50% load
Eg − Vt 220 − 211.1
Vt = Eg − IL (𝑗 𝑋𝑠 ) → 𝑋𝑠 = = = 1.736 𝛺
𝑗 IL 2.96 ∗ √3
At 100% load
Eg − Vt 220 − 194.9
Vt = Eg − IL (𝑗 𝑋𝑠 ) → 𝑋𝑠 = = = 2.66 𝛺
𝑗 IL 5.456 ∗ √3
 6) use the data of Tables 1,2 & 3 to plot the voltage regulation of the
machine against load real power for three cases unity power
factor, 0.9 lag, and 0.85 lag. pf.

Fig (2): variation of speed against real power

7) From the curve obtained in (6), deduce the effect of increasing

the load power on the voltage regulation.

From fig (2) we can obtain that if we increase the load power, the voltage
regulation will increase

8) From the curve obtained in (6), deduce the effect load power
factor on the voltage regulation.

From fig (2) we can obtain that if decrease the power factor, the voltage
regulation will increase.

9) Propose methods for controlling the load voltage (other than

transformer taps).

1- Voltage control by shunt capacitor.

2- Voltage control by shun &series reactance.
3- Voltage control by synchronous condensers.
Conclusion:

• when we added inductive load, the power factor reduced.

• If we decrease the power factor the voltage decrease.
• When the resistive load increased the speed is same.
• When we increase the power factor the voltage regulation will
decrease.