CHAPTER 4

1. Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of
data. 
2. Data is a set of values of quantitative or qualitative variables.
3. One way of organizing discrete data into a more useful format is a frequency table.
4. A frequency table organizes the data by counting the number of occurrences (the frequency) of
each possible outcome.
5. Often, the ‘probability’ column will be labeled relative frequency.
6. If we prefer, we can turn a frequency or a relative frequency into a bar graph.
7. If the data from a frequency or relative frequency table is continuous rather than discrete, we
construct the ‘bars’ with no space between them and call the resulting graph a histogram instead
of a bar graph.
8. If you are counting things, the counts a discrete. But if you are measuring a person’s height, the
values sort of bleed into each other, hence it is continuous.
9. A stem-and-leaf plot is another visual way to display data. In constructing a stem-and-leaf display,
we view each number as having two parts. The left digit is considered the stem and the right digit
is the leaf.
10. We can compare these data by placing the two displays side by side. Some people call this a back-
to-back stem-and-leaf plot.
How to compute for the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a sample data:
Mean= sum of all the numbers in the data
number of the data points
∑ ( x−μ )2
variance (s) =
n
standard deviation (s2) =
√∑( x−μ)2
n

Quartile, decile, percentile formulas:

K
Quartile: Lk= (n+1)
4
K
Decile: Lk= ( n+1)
10
K
Percentile: Lk= (n+1)
100
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