41.1 Day and night We live on the Earth. During the day; we can see the Sun in the sky: Sometimes we can also see the Moon, Atnight, the sky is dark. We we can also see the Moon. ‘an see stars, Sometimes ‘The Sun, Moon and stars are all ebjects in space, far from the Earth. By observing these objects, astronomers have been able to discover a lot about space. An astronomer at work, studying objects in space through a telescope. 1 Which word means ‘scientists who study sp 2. Nadia says, We see the Sun during the day and the Moon at night.” Is she correct? Expl The pattern of a day Every day; the Sun rises in the cast. [travels across the sky and sets the west. It is highest in the sky at midday: sunrise , a How can we explain this pattern? = . east ? There are two ways to explain the ‘22S¢isiaaalna correct, the other pattern, One is wrong Sun Sun e.> ) \ arty 4 v B | wrong xX tight) Here is the wrong explanation. The Here is the correct explanation. The Earth is not Earth sits still in space. The Sun travels still. Itspins around on its axis, once every day. This around the Earth once every day. makes the Sun appear to travel around the Earth. axis ~Ses north ‘The Earth’s axis is the line joining the North Pole to the Pals South Pole. It is as if there was a long stick passing through the Earth from top to bottom. ‘The Sun appears to travel from east to west. This tells us that the Barth must be turning the other way, from west to east. . Earth spins on its axis. South Pole ©) 44 The Earth and beyond Scanned with CamScanner14.4 Day and night @ If you watel the stars in the night g the sky; fiom cast 10 west, Here YOu will see that they also move across isa way to model this One student sits on a revolving office chain, ‘The must keep looking straight ahexd, represent the Bard They ‘The rest of the students stand at differ: sitions ai 1¢ chair. One ts stand at diferent positi ens len a positions around the cha represents the Sun. The others represent the st . sad ‘The teacher turns the chair towards the ti what they see. ight. The ‘Earth’ stuclent describes Predict what they will see if the chair is turned to the left. Around the world Acany moment, only the half of the Earth that faces the Sun is in . 5 daylight. As the Earth turns, this ae part moves into darkness. This is night-time. Africa India In the picture, itis day-time in Africa and Europe. India is just moving into darkness. It is the - middle of the night in Australia. Australia 3 If your part of the Earth is turned away fiom the Sun, is it day or night? % Look at the picture of the Earth turning. Who will see the Sun rise first, someone in India or someone in Australia? Reet rrou Bang 5 5 eee ce uk from west to east. : 44 The Earth and beyond (@ Scanned with CamScanner A PPEReaDe kuii 14.2 The starry skies are no cloud you cam see the stars, pt in the night sky At night, if ther They We cannot sce the stars during the day. light from the Sun makes the sky too bright bright spots of Ti ppeat his is bee ants Moving stars IF you sit and wateh the stars, you will see that they se to move across the sky. The photograph on the right shows how the stars appear to move Each star follows a path ac : tt This photograph was made using a Each star follows a path across the sky from east Ce eee, tow this, 2. Look at the photograph of the star tracks. How ean | just like the Suggest a xplanatic i the Sun, Suggest an explanation Tae ates you tell that some stars are brighter than other Star patterns The brightest stars in the night sky seem to form patterns. These patterns are called constellations. Although the stars of a constellation look close together in the sky, they may be very far apart in space. ‘The pictures on the right show two constellations with shapes that are easy to remember: Many The stars of The stars of constellations were given their names by the ancient the Orion the Cassiopeia s, over 2000 years ago. constellation, constellation, TSE) tis useful to be able to recognise the patterns of some constellations. Then __ you will be able to sce how the night sky changes during the year, | 4. Use a reference book to find pictures of the constellations. Using black paper and aluminium foil, make a chart of your chosen constellation. 2 Share your chart with others in the class. How many constellations can | you learn in 10 minutes? © 3. Acconstellation may look diflerent depending on where you view it from on ~ the Earth's surface, Try to explain why this is. ®@) ‘44 The Earth and beyond Scanned with CamScanner11.2 The Starry skies i) = Through the year We see dillérent constellations times of the year at different For example, Orion is y to see from November to Fehrnary put it eamot be seen fiom May to july This happens because of the movement of the Earth. The Eavth is in orbit around the Sun, It follows a path through space. This path is called its orbit, July ar for the Barth to wav round its orbit. The diagram shows the position of the Earth in January and in, july ion cannot be seen in July. Ma simple copy of the d gram and mark To sce the stars, you need to be on the side of the Earth. The di: you will sce diflerent st am shows why s in January and July. Activity 33.28) The Earth iniits orbit s is going to make a model of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun, | You can use the diagram above to guide you. Put a large ball or a lamp in the centre of the room to represent i | the Sun. Use a smaller ball to represent the Earth. Use chalk, or pethaps string, to mark a circle on the floor about two metres across, with the ‘Sun’ at the centre This represents the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Mark the Earth’s positions in January and July. 3 Stick your constellation diagrams from Activity 11.2A around the walls of your classroom. Find out how to put them in the correct order. 4 Take it in turns to carry the ‘Earth’ around its orbit, As you do so, keep your back to the ‘Sun’. (In this way, you will be on the night-time side of | the Earth,) Note the stars that you can see at different times of the year: alt ISS etSe caucus spe MuneK ata from east to west, This happens because the Earth is turnin LiTU MNT -t OMT iu eO UEC TC UIE Le icc Tc) NAM rec n UUM Ce NEM irate CTs MAC ST eC TU Scanned with CamScannerFor thousands of years, people have watehed the stars in the night sky, They tried to make sense of ations. the patterns of the const They noticed that the patterns of stars stay the same from one year to the next, But noticed something surprising, Five of the stars gradually changed their positions, ey also They called these the ‘wandering stars’ or ‘planets Now we know that the planets are not stars at all Through the telescope The stars look like tiny points of light in the night sky: If you look at a star through a telescope, it still Tooks tiny. If you look at the planets through a telescope, you can see that each planet looks different. Some are small, some are large. Some have rings. Today, we have photographs of all the planets. These were taken using cameras on board spaceeralt which flew through space to take a closer look. Let Say Oks 1 Which planet do we live on? 2 Which planct has rings? What is a planet? ‘The Earth is one of cight planets in our solar system. A planet is a large object that orbits a sta All of the planets orbit the Sun. Each planet hi own orbit. The planets do not drift off into space. They are held in their orbits by the pulling force of the Sun's gravity. its The solar system The Sun and all the orbiting planets and their moons make up the solar system. ©) 44 The Earth and beyond 1.3, The moving planets. Earth Mars Jupiter : Saturn Neptune The solar system, Scanned with CamScanner11.3 The moving planets (@ € Read the strange semence bye = Ton Hs cou one of the planets! How could ithelp yan torememberthe | [My Voy Edu ted Mother Just Showed Us Nanue | Two lypes of planets : “The four planers lesest test ale Sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth called the rocky plans ‘The four planets further fiom the Sun (upiter, Sa big. cold planets, They ate called te kas giants carbon dioxide and other substances whieh aren and Mary) are the: IS because their surfaces are made of rock, nel Neptune) are ule of frozen and Neptune w not discovered until lier the teleseape wats won for this, PV Ee MUI OTR EIE he planets orbit the Sun, y have a shape calles heir orhi uot quite circular, Van ellipse Here is how to draw citeles and ellipses, 4 41 Place a lange a byoard, Pash a nail j through the paper into the board. ‘This represents the Sun, : i 2. Join the ends of « pivce of string oF ribbon to make a loop. drawing a circle } Laround the nail, Mave the peneil a round, keeping the string stretched. This will draw a ] circular orbit around the 4 “Vo draw an ellipse, push } into the board, «few centimetres from the first, Now draw: ‘ a © anonbit ay belore, with the string looped around both nails. drawing an ellipse 5 Look at your ellipse. © the planet is closest to the Sun, e the planet is furthest from the Sun. STILL © The planets orbit the Sun, * The Be and the planets together make up the solar system. 44 The Earth and beyond © Scanned with CamScannerWhatis a star? Nstar isa giant ball of hot, losing gas # The snnfice of a star may be ay hits 1o00DsC, # Inside, its temperanite may be over 10 million’, The Sun is a star “The Sum is our local stan Leis amnich chaser tous than the other stars, This means that it looks much bigger and brighter than then, vous to look diteetly at the Sun, nul blind you, Astronomers never ly at the Sun, Weis dan, Us light look dire The Sun, photoxtaphed by a spacectalt showing a vhapred huge solar flare, af the Sun, Sometinies you eat see giant Hhues all telescopes to photograph the sunt Astrmomers have used spe sping up into space “a ELUTE EY Aion It is dangerous to look at the Su or using binoculars or a telescope, Here is a sili way to make an image of the Sun, Oo Piackpaver | | 4 Stick a piece of black paper over one end of a long \ | cardboard tbe, Sr 2 Stick a pieve of greaseproof paper over the other end of tube he AL with the naked eye, the tube, 10 make a screen, 3. Using pin, make a hole in the cents of the Blick paper, EANSRPFOAT {Point the pinhole towels the Sun ancl look atthe screens | Move the tube around a litle until yout see a bright cele on the sere ‘This ivan image of the Sun, Light fiom the Sun is passing through the | pine and making dhe mage on he eer, You conve | Which gives a bigger image, a short tube or long tube? A wide tube or | Cau ©) ‘44 The Earth and beyond Scanned with CamScanner14.4 Seeing stars and planets )) How we See stars and planets The stars are hot, They glow with 7 \ / fight. We say that the stars ate _ light from Sun sources of light Wesce the stars because their . planet light wavels through space and enters our eyes, Planets are much colder than stars, eer Si reflected They do not glow: light So how do we s from the When sunlight reaches a planet, reflects off the planet. Some of the i n reflected light reach ce the planets? Light dls out into spa Hsp our eyes, ECU TEE WA) Planet in albox You are going to look into a cardboard box through a small slit. There are wo things inside the box: *+ a ball, to represent a planet + alamp, to represent the Sun, 1 Look into the box through the slit, with the lamp switched off. Can you sce the planet? 2 Switch on the lamp. Can you sce the planet? Is the whole of the planet lit up? Describe and explain what you see. Include a diagram. 3. Damisi says Give the scier “We sce planets because sunlight bounces off them.” fic word she shoutd use instead! of ‘bounces’. Se E A eCMeIC koncert coi See Srchscoilqen Secor cus Tees ea cicesn sO 4 44 The Earth and beyond ((q Scanned with CamScanner(SOF Sen Ne CREE TREE AE SEE en Se RY SFE he Moon and its phases 11.5 What is the Moon? The Moon is a ball of rock which we can see in the sky Sometinies we see it shining brightly in the ight sky, Sometimes it appears in the sky during the daytinwe People have different ways of describing the Moon, Some people think that the fall Moon looks like a person's fac other parts of the world, people say they can see a rabbit, a moose or a dragon. The Moon's changing face ‘The shape of the Moon seems to change as the days pass. We say th Moon shows different phases. There is a pattern in these changes. ‘The full Moon is when the Moon's face is a complete circle. ‘The new Moon is when the Moon's face is completely dark. It takes about two weeks for the Moon to change from new Moon to full Moon. After another tvo weeks, it returns to being anew Moon, new Moon full Moon new Moor days ° 4 8 12 16 19 23 27 29 Ittakes about a month for the Moon to show all its phases. Reflecting sunlight ‘The Moon is a cold object. It docs not give out its own light. We see the Moon because it reflects sunlight. ‘The Moon is shaped like a sphere. Only half of the Moon is lit up by sunlight. ‘The other hall is in darkness, / so we cannot sec it. Earth The Moon reflects light from the Sun to our eyes. Fo) 414 The Earth and beyond Scanned with CamScannerYou ca 1 use «i Model to show why the Moon has phases, 3 You need «cardboard bos with a ball hanging inside, holes to look through to represent the Moon, Cut one hole in the eardboard bos to shine a torch (llashlight) through. ‘The torch represents the Sun. 2, Cut four other holes for looking through, as shown, 3. Shine the light of the toreh so that ic ights up one side of the ball, Look through the first, viewing hole, Describe what you see, 4 Draw a cagram of the box, viewed from above. Sho the on anise a the aes a Include a drawing to show how the ball looks from the. id | _ viewing le ‘S ne balloons SOME from thread) through hole) 5 Look through each of the other viewing holes in 3 _ rae. turn and record your observations. ~3 Explaining the Moon’s phases - ‘The Moon is in orbit around the Earth, 11 takes view Re half about one mot 10 complete an orl Moon about one month to complete an from Moon wr ‘The diagram shows the Moon at different points a in its orbit, The side of the Moon facing the Sun is always bright. The phase of the Moon changes, an “ s new Earth because we see it from diflerent angles. Hen * When the Moon Sun, its dark side faces E: anew Moon. + When the Moon is in the opposite direction to the Sun, its sunlit side Faces Earth, We see a full Moon, the same direction asthe = a sunlight rth, This is when we sce 2 Draw a diagram to show the positions of the Sun, Joon and Earth when we sec at half Moon, Re eer Ras eeamC Mora } eee ocean Auer aT wes because it reflects sunlight. By ee Cl Gin Se oust o) Pat MC Les because we see it from different angles. 444 The Earth and beyond © Scanned with CamScannerthat the Barth and planets w ay, all scientist tw Sun, Hur itiook many ce move around Uh convince everyer Wein used 108 across the shy: The So it was natural far people to think that the Barth va stationary celve orbitedd the Baath nel everythi shows this idea, which lasted for aver ocentrie model herause (The Barth is called goos it s Wiscalled a th isat the cent Greek.) veted with the l alleon The problem of the planets weil There was a problem with the People have mad thousands of y model of the solar syste the planets, rs. Astronomers made up comp! 1510 a Polish astn answer, He sug He also suggested that the other stars were ¥ his is called a heliocentric model be Phe Sun is called fitine in Greek.) There model use the Si 3 Inthe heliocentri ® 44 The Earth and beyond Moon and stars mescinne pservations of the planets id stars for cutvic - We eould not explain the unustial motion of heir positions in the Lerwury and Venus at dawn, before “This shows that they do nicus came up with at simpler rnd planets all ravel round the Sun, 1 isat the centre, picture of the heliocentric 11.6 A revolution in astronomy SCHEMA DR MISE HESTON TE Adlagram of the solar system, published In 1524, The Earth is at the centre with the Moon, planets and Sun orbiting it. ante away. wis it? Scanned with CamScanner14.6 A revolutlon In astronomy @ wate! arth That moves Sgwortticas teal al tatty gy tte (yet Vihats as the Bont tavels anand thie situa, vee get a allemt pour vt tbe pslaniets att stats Thats ahiy yee wey cliletent starsat aiflerent times ah witt Captaris tee bs sige way a eyplainigg ngplieated ser vations scloantists teuially pacter a ainapte explanation (Ei will explain all the availatle aang anata ils i eS SOO Yau rnceed toy sg entttatete: tur dla this aetivityy Week Har romp of five students, © Ojw represents the Stay thy athens reptesent the fost Kame planets VYoe planets anon atonal lye Stn, cal Uy fy ener abit Phe peryon ashe yypesente the Tatty needs a notebook te tera observations, Vint wut row My see flay Batty savy, Neve ane Mary seen ti fagnge thelr positions ats Gallloo and the toloscope Galileo vas any Haan astuaneannner wie lived VA) yeans antler Cpetavients, He wvay taekys Phe Aclescape nal just beer inyentent et it G0, The vec atite ie ast paces te aie a tele sep 10 Java at the Mort ati stars, Galilew atiscovetedt that fupiter fae four areoney avbbitingy it, This shuasend that not everything conbits the Bath, Many people were ontaappy with the jars ef Capentivats an Gatien, Ehhey ssanted tn ete that the Varth was at the conti al’ the Universe, julien did't really have onomals evidence 10) ave Ts iets age ey oe Bae tat eh of artiat he betiegead iv carne: Sree GIe Mune Rene Scie Reus PURO ccs modol, th olght planets, aC (ura Earth, orbit the Sun, sainetonvanarernd (@® Scanned with CamScanner11.7 400 years of astronomy. Four centuries have passed since Galileo first looked at the sky through his telescope. In that time, astronomers have made mau interesting discoveries about the Universe. The Universe is made up of all the matter ancl ‘energy that exist. Its everything that we ean sce or ever hope to sce in space. + They discovered two more planets, Uranus and Neptune. + They discovered the asteroid belt between ‘Mars and Jupiter. An asteroid is a small lump of rock in orbit around the Sun, *+ They discovered that the Sun is just one of the stars which make up a galaxy called the Milky Way. A galasy is made up of many billions of stars, clustered! close together in space. + They discovered that there are many billions of galaxies in space. That means that there is an enormous number of stars in the Universe. i 4 Put these items in order, from smallest to biggest: astar aplanet anasteroid the Universe a galaxy the solar system. Our galaxy, the Milky Way cone, with spiral arms. The expanding Universe You need a powerful telescope to sce the distant galaxies. A hundred years ago, two American astronomers made an amazing discovery when they looked at galaxies through a big telescope. + Henrietta Leavitt measured how far away the galaxies were. + Edwin Hubble measured how fast the galaxies were moving, ‘Their results showed that all of the galaxies are spreading out in space. The Universe is getting bigger and bigger — itis expanding Henrietta Leavitt. @) srrv0:a04 sve Scanned with CamScanner11.7 400 years of astronomy @® ‘his means that, a long time ago, the verse was much smaller than itis today. ve know that the Universe started about 13.7 billion years ago. ‘Phe start is called the Big Bang. The Universe started toexpand from a tiny point in space. ‘The Universe is still expanding. It may go on expanding for ever, Nobody knows. (Gelb ies Goeeliselaeti This activity will help you to imagine how ies which make up the Universe are spreading apart. 4 Draw six galaxies on paper, making each about 2em across. 2 Cut them out. 3. Use sticky tape to stick them to a toy balloon, 1 4 Carefully blow up the balloon. As it expands, what happens to the galaxies? | Can you think of another way to represent a | the expanding Universe, using a long, wide | | clastic band? ! j esis 2 What name is given to the time wl 3 How old do scientists believe the Universe i? ‘hen the Universe started? Mey miei: Sipe acu up eect ie is made up of billions of stars. Goede eae and energy that nse ccd fe arclchoy 44 The Earth and beyond (@ Scanned with CamScanner11.8. Journey into space The first person to go into space was a Russi called Yuri Gagarin, in 1961. Since then, hundreds of people have been int § ‘To get into space, you have to travel above the Earth’s atmosphere. ‘This is the thin layer of air around the Earth, If you go more than 10km above the Earth's surface, the air is too thin to breathe. There is no air in space. A spaceeralt must be equipped with supplies of oxygen so that the astronauts on board can breathe, Yuri Gagarin in his spacecraft 4 Suggest some other things that will be needed if people are to spend several days in a spacecrali We have lift-off IE you throw a ball upwards, it falls down again. The harder you throw the ball, the higher it goes. But it will never go into space. Te takes a big force to push a spacecraft into space, This is beca ¢ a spacecraft is heavy ~ it weighs several tonnes. Giant rockets are needed to push the spacecraft upwards. Each rocket can push with a force of thousands of newton. ‘The rockets contain chemicals which burn. They supply the energy needed to lif the spacecraft into space. 2 What type of energy store does a rocket have? GED | 3. The rockets push the spacecraft upwards. ‘The spacecrali’s energy increases. What type of energy does it gain? A rocket takes off, carrying a spacecraft into space. @) 2 Th Eath and beyond Scanned with CamScanneronthe Moon jn 1969, the Apollo 11 spacecraft took the first people tothe Moon. They explored part of its surface. It was a dangerous journey but they returned safely. ‘The Moon has no atmosphere. An astronaut showed that a feather fell at the same speed as a hammer. There was no air resistance to make the feather fall more slowly ‘The Moon's gravity is much weaker than the Earth’ ‘This made it much easier for the astronauts to move around, even though they were wearing spacesu 4 Astronauts on the Moon must carry a supply of oxygen. Explain why. Astronaut on the surface of the Moon. Feisyerns Journeyito}Mars) ~ One day, astronauts may travel to the planet Mars. This will be a difficult and dangerous journey. It will take several months to get theve-Plan the trip to Mars. Think about these questions. + What will the astronauts need during the journey? + What will they do when they land on Mars? | + How will they communicate with Earth? + How will they get back to Earth? ‘The information in the table may help you. This rover explored the surface of Mars Present your ideas to the rest of the class. in 2006. ese d [There is no atmosphere to breathe. There are no rivers, lakes or seas. } Gravity is less than half as strong a5 on Earth. = i rue) : Rarer era osu OU oa Oa a Pe eee ernst ite Scur cUSOiaaae nt eu ua avel, astronauts sa the arth and beyond (@®) Scanned with CamScannerUnit 41. end of unit questions @® si The drawing shows the Earth and the Sun. It shows the Earth's position in January : Make a copy of the diagram and answer the following questions, Earth January @ Marka point on the Earth where it is night-time. Label this “night’. ty b_ Apperson on the Earth looks at the stars in the night sky. Add an arrow to the diagram to show the direction in which they will see stars. Wy ¢ Draw the position of the Earth six months later, in July. Label this July” wu Use the diagram to explain why the stars we see in July are different from the stars we see in January: el 44 The Earth and beyond © ee Scanned with CamScanneraa?’ 42.4 a In which direction is the Sun when it rises! " During the day: we sce the Sun appear to moye across the sky Choose the coreet expla + The Sun orbits the Earth once every day, + The Earth orbits the Sun once every day, fon from the list below, + The Earth turns around once every day + The Sun turns around once every day: Oy € Describe how the stars move in the sky at (2) 32.2 Choose words from the list to answer the questions below. Moon Jupiter = Milky Way Earth = Sun a Whatis the Moon in orbit around? fl) b Whatis the name of our galaxy? 0) € Which object in the list is a star? (] d ist are planets? QI @ Which two objects in the list are sources of light? 2] f Which objects in the list are parts of the solar system? 2] 14.3. The diagram shows the Sun, Earth and Mars. We see Mars because it reflects light from the Su Copy the diagram. Complete it to show the path of sunlight which allows us to see Mars. ) Mars Earth ® 44 The Earth and beyond Scanned with CamScanner