Wind

As with all energy supply options, wind energy can have adverse environmental impacts, including the
potential to reduce, fragment, or degrade habitat for wildlife, fish, and plants. Furthermore, spinning
turbine blades can pose a threat to flying wildlife like birds and bats.

Chemical Elements

Chemicals released into the environment can have adverse effects on ecosystems and the benefits they
provide to people (i.e. ecosystem services). ... Feeding inhibition is a sensitive and general response to
chemical exposure that is linked to important ecological functions including nutrient cycling and pest
control.

Atmosphere

The compounding effects of climate change are leading to many changes in ecosystems. Coral reefs are
vulnerable to many effects of climate change: warming waters can lead to coral bleaching, stronger
hurricanes can destroy reefs, and sea level rise can cause corals to be smothered by sediment

Water

Changing water levels and a lack of streamside vegetation can also lead to increased erosion. For
example, the lack of vegetation along the shoreline means that a river or reservoir can start cutting
deeply into its banks. This can result in further changes to a riparian zone and the species which it can
support.

Temperature and Light

Temperature is an important factor of an ecosystem. Temperature regulates the distribution of living

organisms. Optimal temperature promotes diversity. Temperature also regulates the physical state of
water.

Cells are considered as the structural, functional, and biological units of all living organisms.

A cell replicates on its own independently and is called as the building blocks of life.

By understanding how cells work in healthy and diseased states, cell biologists working in animal, plant
and medical science will be able to develop new vaccines, more effective medicines, plants with
improved qualities and through increased knowledge a better understanding of how all living things live.

Studying cells helps us understand how organisms function. Cellular components work together to carry
out life functions. Cellular processes enable organisms to meet their basic needs.
Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function, and it revolves around the concept that the cell is
the fundamental unit of life.

Cell biology has got a rapid growth in the medical sector and it has proven one stop solution for even
human fertility issues

Every cell typically contains hundreds of different kinds of proteins that function together to generate
the behavior of the cell

Competition & Predation

Predation is when one organism eats another organism to obtain nutrients. The organism that is eaten is
called the prey. Examples of predation are owls that eat mice, and lions that eat gazelles. Competition is
when individuals or populations compete for the same resource, and can occur within or between
species. When organisms compete for a resource (such as food or building materials) it is called
consumptive or exploitative competition. When they compete for territory, it is called interference
competition. When they compete for new territory by arriving there first, it is called preemptive
competition. An example is lions and hyenas that compete for prey.

Commensalism

Commensalism is a relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor
harmed. Examples are barnacles that grow on whales and other marine animals. The whale gains no
benefit from the barnacle, but the barnacles gain mobility, which helps them evade predators, and are
exposed to more diverse feeding opportunities. There are four basic types of commensal relationships.
Chemical commensalism occurs when one bacteria produces a chemical that sustains another bacteria.
Inquilinism is when one organism lives in the nest, burrow, or dwelling place of another species.
Metabiosis is commensalism in which one species is dependent on the other for survival. Phoresy is
when one organism temporarily attaches to another organism for the purposes of transportation.

Parasitism

Parasitism is a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed, but not
always killed. The organism that benefits is called the parasite, and the one that is harmed is the host.
Parasitism is different from parasitoidism, which is when the host is always killed, such as when one
organism lays its egg inside another organism that is later eaten by the hatchlings. Parasites can be
ectoparasites -- such as ticks, fleas, and leeches -- that live on the surface of the host. Parasites can also
be endoparasites -- such as intestinal worms – that live inside the host. Endoparasites can be further
categorized into intercellular parasites, that live in the space between cells, or intracellular parasites,
which live inside of cells. There is also something called hyperparasitism, which is when a parasite is
infected by another parasite, such as a microorganism living in a flea, which lives on a dog. Lastly, a
relationship called social parasitism is exemplified by an ant species that does not have worker ants,
living among another ant species that do, by using the host species’ workers.
Mutualism

Mutualism is a relationship in which both species benefit. Mutualistic interaction patterns occur in three
forms. Obligate mutualism is when one species cannot survive apart from the other. Diffusive mutualism
is when one organism can live with more than one partner. Facultative mutualism is when one species
can survive on its own under certain conditions. On top of these, mutualistic relationships have three
general purposes. Trophic mutualism is exemplified in lichens, which consist of fungi and either algae or
cyanobacteria. The fungi's partners provide sugar from photosynthesis and the fungi provide nutrients
from digesting rock. Defensive mutualism is when one organism provides protection from predators
while the other provides food or shelter: an example is ants and aphids. Dispersive mutualism is when
one species receives food in return for transporting the pollen of the other organism, which occurs
between bees and flowers.

predation, one organism, the predator, locates and eats another, the prey. Often the prey is killed.
Predators come in all forms and sizes, and include spiders, toads, snakes, tigers, wolves and sharks.
Predation affects individual organisms: one survives and the other dies. It also has an impact on the
species. If predators go about their business successfully, their numbers will be on the rise, while the
quantity of prey decreases. Although we generally think of predators as animals, some plants, such as
the Venus fly trap, don’t produce all of their own food from photosynthesis. They also feed on insects
they’ve captured. Bacteria can be predators, too, preying on other tiny organisms to get energy for life
functions.