Interim Constitution On Nepal, 2063 Nepali

www.lawcommission.gov.
np
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

k|d f0fLs/0f / k|sfzg ldlt
@)^#÷!)÷!
;+zf]wg
!= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_,@)^# @)^#÷!!÷#)
@= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -bf];|f] ;+ zf]wg_, @)^$ @)^$÷@÷#)
#= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -t];|f] ;+ zf]wg_, @)^$ @)^$÷)(÷!#
$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -rf} yf]] ;+zf]wg_, @)^% @)^%÷)@÷!^
%= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -kfrf}] ;+ zf]wg_, @)^% @)^%÷)#÷@(
^= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -5}] 7f}} ;+ zf]wg_, @)^% @)^%÷)*÷#)
&= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -;ftf}+ ;+ zf]wg_, @)^^ @)^^÷!)÷!&
*= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -cf7f}}+ ;+ zf] wg_, @)^& @)^&÷)@÷!$
(= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -gjf+} ;+ zf]wg_, @)^* @)^*÷)@÷!$
!)= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -bzf}+ ;+ zf] wg_, @)^* @)^*÷)%÷!$
!!= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -P3f/f}F ;+ zf] wg_, @)^* @)^*÷)*÷!$
!@= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -afx| f}F ;+zf]wg_, @)^( @)^(÷)@÷)&
k|: tfjgf M xfdL ;fj{e f}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL hgtfÙ

g]kfnL hgtfn] @))& ;fn klxn]b]lv xfn;Dd k6s k6s ub}{ cfPsf P]ltxfl;s ;+3if{ /
hgcfGbf] ng dfk{mt nf]stGq, zflGt / cu|udgsf kIfdf k|s6 ePsf] hgfb] zsf] ;Ddfg ub}{Ù
b]zdf ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}+lËs ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ /fHosf] cu|u fdL
k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ ;ÍNk ub}{Ù
k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/,
dfgj clwsf/, aflnu dtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rg, k"0 f{ k|] ; :jtGqtf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf tyf
sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff nufot nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfk|ltsf] k"0 f{ k|lta4tf JoQm ub}{Ù
g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfˆgf] nflu cfkm} ;+ljwfg agfpg kfpg] / eod'Qm jftfj/0fdf ;+ljwfg
;efsf] :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{ rgdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] k| Tofe"lt ub}{Ù
nf]stGq, zflGt, ;d[l4, cu|u fdL cfly{s–;fdflhs kl/jt{g tyf b] zsf] ;fj{e f}ldstf,
cv08tf, :jtGqtf / :jfledfgnfO{ s]Gb|df /fVb}Ù
www.lawcommission.gov.np
1

/fhtGqsf] ljlwjt\ cGTo u/L g]kfn Ps ;+3Lo, nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo ePsf]
3f]if0ff ub}{,
cfh;Ddsf qmflGt / cfGbf] ngaf6 k| fKt pknlAwx¿nfO{ ;+: yfut ug{ ;+ ljwfg ;efaf6
gofF ;+ljwfg gag] ;Ddsf] nflu /fhg} lts ;xdltaf6 tof/ ePsf] of] g] kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ ljwfg, @)^# hf/L ePsf] 3f]i f0ff ub{ 5f}+ .
efu !
k|f/lDes
!= ;+ljwfg d"n sfg"gM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] d"n sfg"g xf] . o; ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] sfg"g
aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]5 .
-@_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug'{ k|To]s JolQmsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
@= ;fj{e f}d;Qf / /fhsLo;QfM
/fhsLo;QfM g]kfnsf] ;fj{ ef}d ;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt
/xg]5 .
#= /fi6«M ax'hftLo, ax' eflifs, ax' wfld{s, ax' ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm, ;dfg cfsfª\Iff /
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, cv08tf, /fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg\ /xL Pstfsf]
;"qdf cfa4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6 ¿kdf /fi6« xf] .
$= g]kfn /fHoM
/fHoM -!_ g]kfn Ps :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ ef}d;Qf;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj] zL
✔
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs, u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf] .
-@_ g]kfnsf] If]q b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M–
-s_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avtsf] If]q, /
-v_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 k| fKt x'g] If]q .
%= /fi6« efiffM
efiffM -!_ g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿ /fi6« efiff x'g\ .
-@_ b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 .
-#_ pkwf/f -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg :yfgLo lgsfo tyf
sfof{ nodf dft[efiff k|of]u ug{ s'g} jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . To;/L k| of]u ul/Psf]
efiffnfO{ /fHon] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffdf ¿kfGt/ u/L clen] v /fVg]5 .

rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk
✔
rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .
2
^= /fli6«
/fli6«o em08fM
em08fM l;ld|s /Ësf] e'OF / uf9f gLnf] /Ësf] lsgf/f ePsf] b'O{ lqsf]0f clnslt
hf]l/Psf], dflyNnf] efudf v'k]{ rGb|sf] aLrdf ;f] x|df cf7 sf]0 f b]lvg] ;]tf] cfsf/ / tNnf]
efudf afx| sf]0fo'Qm ;" o{sf] ;]tf] cfsf/ clÍt ePsf], k/Dk/fut em08f g]kfnsf] /fli6«o
em08f xf] . ;f] em08f agfpg] tl/sf / tT;DaGwL c? ljj/0f cg' ;"rL–! df pNn]v eP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
&= /fli6«o ufg OToflbM
OToflbM -!_ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ufg / lgzfgf 5fk g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f
u/]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ g]kfnsf] /fli6« o k"mn nfnLu'/fF;, /fli6«o /Ë l;ld|s, /fli6«o hgfj/ ufO{ /
/fli6«o k+IfL 8fF km] x'g]5 .
efu @
gful/stf
*= “bfsf avtsf] gful/stf M -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fb fsf avt g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg k|f/De x'bfsf
gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] / o; efu adf]lhd gful/stf k|fKt ug{ of]Uo JolQmx¿ g]kfnsf
gful/s x'g]5g\ .
-@_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt g]kfndf :yfoL a;f]j f; ePsf] b]xfosf] JolQm
j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/s 7xg]{ 5M–
-s_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g'eGbf cl3 j+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stf k| fKt
u/]sf] JolQm,
-v_ s'g} JolQmsf] hGd x'Fbfsf avt lghsf] afa' jf cfdf g]kfnL
gful/s /x]5 eg] To:tf] JolQm .
-#_ g]kfn ;/xbleq k]mnf k/]sf] lkt[ Tj dft[Tjsf] 7]ufg gePsf] k|To]s gfafns
lghsf] afa' jf cfdf k]mnf gk/];Dd j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/s 7xg]{ 5 .
-$_ g]kfnleq ufleg] u/L s'g} If]q k|fKt ePdf ;f] If]qleq a;f]jf; ePsf] JolQm
k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfnsf] gful/s x'g] 5 .
-%_ ;+jt\ @)$^ ;fn r}q d;fGt;Dd g]kfn ;/xbleq hGd eO{ g]kfndf :yfoL
¿kn] a;f]j f; ub}{ cfPsf] JolQmn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd hGdsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf]
gful/stf k|fKt ug]{5 .
3
t/ o; Joj:yf cGtu{t gful/stf k| fKt ug{ k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP

adf]lhd Ps k6ssf] nflu tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq lgj]bg lbO;s]sf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-^_ g]kfnL gful/s;Fu j}j flxs ;DaGw sfod u/]sL ljb] zL dlxnfn] rfx]d f k| rlnt
sfg"g adf]lhd cËLs[t g]kfnL gful/stf lng ;Sg]5 .
-&_ o; wf/fdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljb]zL gful/s;Fu ljjfx
u/]sL g]kfnL dlxnf gful/saf6 hlGdPsf] JolQmsf] xsdf lghsf] g]kfndf hGd eO{
g]kfndf g} :yfoL a;f]jf; u/]sf] / afj's f] gful/stfsf] cfwf/df lghn] ljb]zL d'n'ssf]
gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] /x]g5 eg] lghn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfnsf] cËLs[t
gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5 .
(= cËLs[t jf ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stfM wf/f * df n]lvP afx]s sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cËLs[t jf ;Ddfgfy{ g]kfnL gful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!)= gful/stfsf] k|flKt / ;dflKtM gful/stfsf] k|flKt, ;dflKt nufot cfjZos cGo Joj:yf
k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] 5 .
!!= gful/stf 6f]nL v6fOg]M g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd gful/stf
kfpg of]U otf k'u]sf JolQmnfO{ gful/stf k|bfg ug{ gful/stf ljt/0f 6f]nL v6fpg
;Sg]5 .
efu #
df}lns xs
!@= :jtGqtfsf] xsM
xsM -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afF Rg kfpg] xs x'g]5 / d[To' b08sf]
;hfo x'g] u/L s'g} sfg"g agfOg] 5}g .
-@_ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf ckx/0f x'g] 5}g .
-#_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ b] xfosf] :jtGqtf x'g]5M–
-s_ ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf,
-v_ lagf xftxltof/ zflGtk" j{s e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf,
-u_ /fhg}lts bn vf]Ng] :jtGqtf,
-3_ ;+3 / ;+: yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf,
-ª_ g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf cfjthfjt / a;f]j f; ug]{ :jtGqtf,
4
-r_ s'g} k] zf, /f]huf/, pBf] u / Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf .

t/,
-!_ v08 -s_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{e f}d;Qf, cv08tf
jf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ jf ;Dk|bfox¿sf aLrsf]
;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{ jf ufnL a]OHhtL jf cbfntsf]
cjx] ngf x'g] jf ck/fw ug{ b'?T;fxg lbg] jf ;fj{hlgs
lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstfsf] k|lts" n x'g] sfo{df dgfl;a
k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf]
dflgg] 5}g .
-@_ v08 -v_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{e f}d ;Qf, cv08tf
jf ;fj{hlgs zflGt / Joj:yfdf vnn kg]{ sfo{d f
dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf]
dflgg] 5}g .
-#_ v08 -u_ / -3_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{e f}d;Qf,
cv08tf jf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ jf ;Dk|bfox¿sf
aLrsf] ;' ;DaGwdf vnn kg]{ jf lx+;fTds sfo{ ug{
b'?T;flxt ug]{ jf ;fj{ hlgs g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{df
dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf]
dflgg] 5}g .
-$_ v08 -ª_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] ;j{ ;fwf/0f hgtfsf] lxt jf
ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ jf ;Dk|bfox¿sf aLrsf]
;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{ sfo{df dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L
sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-%_ v08 -r_ sf] s'g} s'/ fn] ;j{ ;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;fj{hlgs
:jf:Yo jf g}l tstfsf] k|lts" n x'g] sfo{df /f]s nufpg] jf
s'g} vf; pBf]u , Jofkf/ jf ;]j f /fHon] dfq ;~rfng ug]{
jf s'g} pBf] u, Jofkf/, k]zf jf /f]huf/ ug{sf] nflu s'g}
zt{ jf of] Uotf tf] Sg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf]
dflgg] 5}g .
5
!#= ;dfgtfsf] xs M -!_ ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf]
;dfg ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g .
-@_ ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf s'g} klg gful/sdfly wd{, j0f{, lnË, hft, hflt,
pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g .
-#_ /fHon] gful/sx¿sf aLr wd{ , j0f{, hft, hflt, lnË, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s
cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g .
t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbaf;L hghflt, dw] zL jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cfly{s,
;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, j[4 tyf ckfË jf zf/Ll/s jf
dfgl;s ¿kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if
Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-$_ ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLr kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf
e]befj ul/g] 5}g .
!$= 5'jf5't tyf hflto e]befj lj?4sf] xsM -!_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hft, j+ z, ;d'bfo jf
k]zfsf cfwf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] 5'jf5' t tyf hflto e]befj ul/g] 5}g . o:tf] e]befjk"0f{
Jojxf/ b08gLo x'g]5 / kLl8t JolQmn] sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{
kfpg]5 .
-@_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hft hfltsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs k|of]udf /x]sf ;]j f,
;'ljwf jf pkof]usf s'/fx¿ k|of]u ug{af6 jf ;fj{ hlgs :yn jf ;fj{hlgs wfld{s :yndf
k|j]z ug{ jf wfld{s sfo{ ug{af6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g .
-#_ s'g} j:t', ;]j f jf ;'ljwf pTkfbg jf ljt/0f ubf{ To:tf] ;]j f, ;'ljwf jf j:t'
s'g} vf; hft, hfltsf] JolQmnfO{ vl/b jf k|fKt ug{af6 /f]s nufpg jf To:tf] j:t', ;]jf
jf ;'ljwf s'g} vf; hft, hfltsf] JolQmnfO{ dfq laqmL ljt/0f ul/g] 5}g .
-$_ s'g} hft, hflt jf pTklQsf JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] ;d" xsf] pr gLr bzf{pg],
hft, hfltsf] cfwf/df ;fdflhs lje]bnfO{ Gofof]lrt 7x/fpg] jf hflto ;jf{]Rrtf jf
3[0ffdf cfwfl/t ljrf/sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{] jf hflto lje]b nfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dn] k| f]T;fxg
ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
-%_ pkwf/f -@_, -#_ / -$_ ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ sfg"g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5 .
6
!%= k|s fzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkfvfgf ;DaGwL xsM

xsM -!_ ljB'tLo k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkf
nufotsf cGo h'g ;'s} dfWodaf6 s'g} ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, n] v, /rgf jf cGo s'g}
kf7\ o, >Jo b[io ;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug{ jf 5fKg k"j{ k|ltaGw nufOg] 5}g .
t/ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf jf cv08tf jf ljleGg hft, hflt jf ;Dk|bfo aLrsf]
;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{, /fHob|f]x, ufnL a]OHhtL jf cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g] jf ck/fw ug{
b'?T;fxg ug]{ jf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstf k|lts"n x'g] sfo{df dgfl;a k|ltaGw
nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-@_ s'g} >Jo, >Jo b[io jf ljB'tLo pks/0fsf] dfWodaf6 s'g} ;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzg
tyf k|;f/0f u/] jf 5fk] jfkt To:tf] ;fdu|L k|sfzg tyf k| ;f/0f ug]{ jf 5fKg] , /]l8of],
6]lnlehg, cgnfOg jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] l8lh6n jf ljB'tLo, 5fkf jf cGo ;~rf/
dfWodnfO{ aGb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h ul/g] 5}g .
-#_ s'g} ;dfrf/ n]v, ;DkfbsLo, /rgf jf cGo s'g} kf7\ o ;fdu| L d'b|0f jf
k|sfzg u/] jfkt s'g} ;dfrf/kq, klqsf jf 5fkfvfgf aGb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h ul/g]
5}g .
-$_ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} 5fkf, ljB'tLo k| ;f/0f tyf 6]l nkmf]g nufotsf
;~rf/ ;fwgnfO{ cj?4 ug{ ;lsg] 5}g .
!^= jftfj/0f tyf :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs M -!_k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afF Rg] xs
x'g]5 .
-@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfwf/e" t :jf:Yo
;]jf lgMz'Ns ¿kdf kfpg] xs x'g] 5 .
!&= lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs M -!_ k|To]s ;d'b fonfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd
cfˆgf] dft[ efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg] xs x'g] 5 .
-@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd dfWolds tx;Dd
lgMz'Ns lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-#_ g]kfndf a;f]jf; ug{] k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;f+:s[lts
;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{] xs x'g]5 .
!*= /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL xsM -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP
adf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] xs x'g]5 .
7
-@_ dlxnf, >lds, j[4, ckfË tyf czQm / c;xfo gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf
eP adf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g] 5 .
-#_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd vfB ;Dk|e'Qfsf] xs x'g]5 .
!(= ;DklQsf] xsM -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{,
ef]u ug]{, a]rlavg ug]{ / ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]af/ ug]{ xs x'g]5 .
-@_ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu afx]s /fHon] s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ clwu|x0f jf k| fKt
ug]{ jf To:tf] ;DklQ pk/ c? s'g} k|sf/n] s'g} clwsf/sf] l;h{gf ug]{ 5}g .
t/ cj} w 9Ën] cfh{g u/]sf] ;Dkltsf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g] 5}g .
-#_ j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu" ubf{ jf ;fj{ hlgs lxtsf] nflu /fHon] s'g}
JolQmsf] ;DklQ clwu| x0f jf k| fKt ubf{ jf To:tf] ;DklQ pk/ s'g} clwsf/sf] l;h{gf ubf{
sfg"g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 . Ifltk"lt{ / ;f]sf] cfwf/ / sfo{ k|0ffnL sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f
ul/P adf]lhd x'g] 5 .
@)= dlxnfsf] xs M -!_ dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] e]befj ul/g] 5}g .
-@_ k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg :jf:Yo tyf k|hgg ;DaGwL xs x'g]5 .
-#_ s'g} klg dlxnf lj?4 zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] lx+;fhGo sfo{
ul/g] 5}g / To:tf] sfo{ sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 .
-$_ k}t[s ;Dkltdf 5f]/ f / 5f]/LnfO{ ;dfg xs x'g] 5 .
@!= ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsM
xsM cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt,
cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{ , u/La ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts
;dfj] zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5 .
@@= afnaflnsfsf] xsM
xsM -!_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] klxrfg tyf gfdsf] xs x'g]5 .
-@_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ kfngkf]if0f, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k| fKt
ug]{ xs x'g] 5 .
-#_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} klg lsl;dsf] zf]if0f
lj?4sf] xs x'g]5 . o:tf] zf]if0fhGo sfo{ sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 / To:tf] Jojxf/
ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 .
8
-$_ c;xfo, cgfy, ;':t dgl:ylt, åGåkLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+ hf]lvddf k/]sf ;8s
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'lglZrt eljiosf] nflu /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;'ljwf kfpg] xs x'g] 5 .
-%_ s'g} klg gfafnsnfO{ s'g} snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo s'g} hf]lvdk"0f{
sfddf nufpg jf ;]gf, k|x/L jf åGådf k| of] u ug{ kfO{g] 5}g .
@#= wd{ ;DaGwL xsM
xsM -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ k| rlnt ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fsf] dof{bf
/fvL k/fk" j{b]lv rlncfPsf] cfˆgf] wd{sf] cjnDag, cEof; / ;+/If0f ug{] xs x'g]5 .
t/ s;}n] s;}sf] wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg kfpg] 5}g / Ps csf{sf] wd{df vnn kfg{]
u/L s'g} sfd, Jojxf/ ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
@$= Gofo ;DaGwL xsM -!_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf glbO{ y'gfdf
/flvg] 5}g .
-@_ kqmfpdf k/]sf JolQmnfO{ kqmfp k/]sf] ;dodf g} cfk"mn] /f]h]sf] sfg"g
Joj;foL;Fu ;Nnfx lng kfpg] xs x'g]5 . To:tf] JolQmn] cfˆgf] sfg"g Joj;foL;Fu u/]sf]
k/fdz{ / lghn] lbPsf] ;Nnfx uf]Ko /xg]5 / To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] sfg"g Joj;foLåf/f
k'k{If ug{] xsaf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g .
:ki6Ls/0fM
:ki6Ls/0f o; pkwf/fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu æsfg"g Joj;foLÆ eGgfn] s'g} cbfntdf s'g}
JolQmsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ sfg"gn] clwsf/ lbPsf] JolQmnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
-#_ kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] ;doaf6 af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}a L;
306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg{] 5 / To:tf] clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z
ePdf afx]s kqmfp ePsf JolQmnfO{ y'g fdf /flvg] 5}g .
t/ pkwf/f -@_ / -#_ df n]l vPsf s'/fx¿ lgjf/s gh/aGb / zq' /fHosf]
gful/ssf] xsdf nfu" x'g] 5}g .
-$_ tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gn] ;hfo gx'g] s'g} sfd u/] jfkt s'g} JolQm ;hfosf]
efuL x'g] 5}g / s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s;"/ ubf{sf] cj:yfdf k|rlnt sfg"gdf tf]lsPeGbf
a9L ;hfo lbOg] 5}g .
-%_ s'g} cleof]u nufO{Psf] JolQmnfO{ lghn] u/]sf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft geP;Dd
s;"/bf/ dflgg] 5}g .
-^_ s'g} klg JolQm lj?4 cbfntdf Ps} s;"/df Ps k6seGbf a9L d'2f
rnfOg] / ;hfo lbOg] 5}g .
9
-&_ s'g} s;"/sf] cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] lj?4 ;fIfL x'g s/
nufOg] 5}g .
-*_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lgh lj?4 ul/Psf] sf/afxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs
x'g]5 .
-(_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5
;'g'jfOsf] xs x'g]5 .
-!)_ c;dy{ kIfnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf] lhd lgMz'Ns sfg"gL ;] jf
kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
@%= lgjf/s gh/aGb
gh/aGb lj?4sf] xsM
xsM -!_ g]kfn /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d ;Qf / cv08tf jf ;fj{hlgs
zflGt / Joj:yfdf tTsfn vnn kg]{ kof{Kt cfwf/ geO{ s;}nfO{ klg lgjf/s gh/aGbdf
/flvg] 5}g .
-@_ lgjf/s gh/aGb /fVg] clwsf/Ln] sfg"g ljk/Lt jf ablgotk"j{s s;}nfO{
gh/aGb /fv]df gh/aGb /x]sf] JolQmn] sfg"gåf/f tf]lsP adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] 5 .
@^= oftgf lj?4sf] xsM
xsM -!_ cg';Gwfg, txlssft jf k'k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf jf c? s'g} lsl;dn]
y'gfdf /x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s oftgf lbOg] jf lgh;Fu lgd{d,
cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ul/g] 5}g .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfo{ sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 / To:tf] Jojxf/ ul/Psf]
JolQmnfO{ sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 .
@&= ;"rgfsf] xsM
xsM k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf
dfUg] jf kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
t/ sfg"gåf/f uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{ ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg s;}nfO{ s/ nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
@*= uf]kgLotfsf] xsM
xs M s'g} klg JolQmsf] hLp, cfjf;, ;Dklt, lnvt, tYofÍ, kqfrf/, rl/q
;DaGwL s'/fx¿sf] uf]kgLotf sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s cgltqmDo x'g] 5 .
@(= zf]if0f lj?4sf] xsM
xsM -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs x'g] 5 .
-@_ k|yf, k/Dk/f / k|rngsf] gfddf jf s'g} klg lsl;dn] s;}nfO{ zf]if0f ug{
kfOg] 5}g .
-#_ dflg;nfO{ a]r–lavg ug{, bf; jf afF wf agfpg kfOg] 5}g .
10
-$_ s;}nfO{ klg lghsf] OR5f lj?4 sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5}g .
t/ o; pkwf/fdf plNnlvt Joj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs k|of] hgsf] nflu gful/snfO{
clgjfo{ ;]j fdf nufpg ;lsg] sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
#)= >d ;DaGwL xsM
xsM -!_ k|To]s sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ plrt >d cEof;sf] xs x'g]5 .
-@_ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd k| To]s sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ cf–cfˆgf lxt
/Iffsf] lgldQ 6«]8 o'lgog vf]Ng], ;Ël7t x'g] / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{] xs x'g]5 .
#!= b]z lgsfnf lj?4sf] xsM
xsM s'g} klg gful/snfO{ b]z lgsfnf ul/g] 5}g .
#@= ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xsM
xsM o; efuåf/f k|bQ xssf] k|rngsf nflu wf/f !)& df n]l vPsf]
tl/sf cg';f/ sf/afxL rnfpg kfpg] xs ;'/lIft ul/Psf] 5 .
efu $
/fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿
##= /fHosf] bfloTj M /fHosf] bfloTj b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M–
-s_ g]kfnL hgtfdf cGt/lglxt ;fj{ ef}d;Qfsf] Jofjxfl/s k|Tofe"lt ug]{ ljifonfO{
cfTd;ft\ ub}{ ;+jt\ ∗@)^$ ;fn ♣======== leq :jtGq / lgikIf ¿kdf ;+ljwfg
;efsf ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{ /fHon] ;Dk"0f{ Wofg s]Gb|Lt ug]{,
-v_ b]zdf cu|u fdL /fhg}lts–cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;'lglZrt ug]{,
-u_ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf :jLs[t cfwf/e" t dfgj clwsf/, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{ Tds
nf]stflGqs k|0ffnL, hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ ef}d;Qf / hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, ;+j} wflgs
;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f, sfg"gsf] zf;g, ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtf, :jtGq
Gofokflnsf, cfjlws lgjf{rg, gful/s ;dfhsf] cg'udg, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf,
hgtfsf] ;" rgfsf] clwsf/, /fhg}lts bnx¿sf lqmofsnfkx¿df kf/blz{tf /
hjfkmb]lxtf, hg;xeflutf, lgikIf, ;Ifd tyf :jR5 k|zf;gtGqsf
cjwf/0ffx¿sf] k"0 f{ kl/kfngf ug]{ /fhg}lts k|0ffnL cjnDag u/L e|i6frf/ /
b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ub}{ ;' zf;g sfod ug]{,
-3_ juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}lËs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ub}{
dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw] zL, pTkLl8t, pk]lIft / cNk;ª\ Vos
∗
bf];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .
♣
t];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlsPsf]
11
;d'bfo, lk5l8Psf If]q nufotsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf] wg ug{ /fHosf] jt{dfg

s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj] zL, nf]stflGqs / cu|ufdL
k'g;{+/rgf ug]{,
•
-3!_ d'n'ssf] /fHo ;+/rgfsf ;a} cËx?df dw] zL, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dlxnf,
dhb"/, ls;fg, ckfË, lk5l8Psf ju{ / If]q ;a} nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf]
cfwf/df ;xefuL u/fpg],
-ª_ ;fdGtjfbsf ;a} ¿kx¿sf] cGTo ug]{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] Go"gtd
;femf sfo{s|d to u/L nfu" ub}{ hfg],
-r_ ;fdGtL e" –:jfldTjsf] cGTo ub}{ j}1 flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfo{s|d nfu" ug]{ gLlt
cjnDag ug]{,
-5_ /fli6«o pBf]uwGbf / ;fwg;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{g ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{,
-h_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L / vfB ;Dk|e'tfdf ;a} gful/ssf] clwsf/ :yflkt
ug]{ gLlt lng],
-em_ ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, xlnof, x/jf r/jf nufotsf cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8
k/]sf ju{nfO{ hUuf nufot cfly{s ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt lng] ,
-`_ ;/sf/L nfesf] kbdf /x]/ e|i6frf/ u/L u}/ sfg"gL ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{x¿ pk/
s8f sf/afxL u/L bl08t ug]{ gLlt lng],
-6_ b]zsf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f Pj+ Gofosf ;fy} b]znfO{ l56f] ;d'Ggt /
cfly{s ¿kn] ;d[4 zfnL agfpg Ps ;femf ljsf; cjwf/0ff lgdf{0 f ug]{,
-7_ >ldssf k]zfut clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ub}{ pBf]u wGbf, Jofkf/, lgof{t k|jw{g
cflbsf nflu nufgL j[l4 u/L /f]huf/L Pj+ cfo cfh{gsf cj;/x¿sf] Jofks j[l4
ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{,
-8_ /fHo kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}t fsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{G jog ug]{,
-9_ ;a} lje]bsf/L sfg"gsf] cGTo ug]{,
-0f_ d'n'sdf ljBdfg hn;| f]t nufot k| fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] /fi6« lxtdf k| of] u ug]{,
•
klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk .
12
-t_ ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf dfl/Psfx¿sf] kl/jf/nfO{ tyf o; qmddf 3fOt] eO{ ckfË /
czQm ePsfx¿nfO{ plrt /fxt, ;Ddfg tyf k'g:yf{ kgfsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
-y_ ;z:q åGbsf] qmddf j]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ul7t 5fglag
cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df To:tf JolQmx¿sf kLl8t kl/jf/x¿nfO{ /fxt
pknAw u/fpg],
-b_ ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf lj:yflktx¿sf] k'g:yf{ kgf ug{, gi6 ePsf lghL tyf
;fj{hlgs ;DklQx¿sf] xsdf /fxt k|bfg ug{ tyf Wj:t ;+/rgfx¿sf] k'glg{df0f
ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{,
❒
-b!_ P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngdf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{ x u/L ;Djt\ @)^# ;fn
sflt{sd @@ ut] ;xdlt sfod ug]{ k|d' v /fhg}lts bnx? tyf ;+ljwfg ;efdf
k|ltlglwTj ug]{ cGo /fhg}lts bnx? ;d]t ;“u ;xdlt, ;dembf/L / ;xsfo{ u/L
d'n'ssf k|d'v /fhgLlts ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug]{,
-w_ ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g ug]{ tyf dfgjtf lj?4sf]
ck/fwdf ;ª\nUg JolQmx¿sf] af/]df ;To cGj]i f0f ug{ tyf ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf]
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ pRr:t/Lo ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof] u u7g ug]{ .
#$= /fHosf
/fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿M
l;4fGtx¿M -!_ hgtfsf] hLp, wg, ;dfgtf / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f
u/L ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ /fhg}lts If]q nufot /fli6« o hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf Gofok"0f{
Joj:yf sfod u/L v'nf ;dfhdf cfwfl/t nf]ssNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf] clej[l4 ug{' /fHosf]
k|d'v p2] Zo x'g]5 .
-@_ ;dfhdf zflGt / Joj:yf sfod u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+ j4{g ub}{
;fj{hlgs lxtsf] k|jw{g ug{] / :jfoQ zf;gsf] dfWodåf/f hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf clwsflws
dfqfdf ;lDdlnt x'g] cj;/ h'6fO{ nf]stGqsf nfex¿sf] pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf sfod
ug{' /fHosf] p2]Zo x'g] 5 .
-#_ g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;+3if{s f] k|ltkmn:j¿k k| fKt nf]stGqnfO{ ;+: yfut ub}{ ;f]sf
nfex¿sf] pkef] u ug{ kfpg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ub}{ ;d'Ggt / ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0f ug]{
/fHosf] /fhg}lts p2]Zo x'g] 5 .
-$_ b]zdf pknAw cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ ;Lldt JolQmx¿df s]Gb|Lt x'g glbO{
;fdflhs Gofosf] cfwf/df cfly{s pknlAwsf] Gofof]l rt ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ s'g} klg
❒
kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f yk .
13
hflt, lnË, ju{ , pTklQ jf JolQm pk/ cfly{s zf]if0f x'g gkfpg] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s
c;dfgtf x6fpFb} :jb] zL lghL Pj+ ;fj{hlgs pBdnfO{ k| fyldstf / k|>o lbO{ /fli6«o
cy{tGqnfO{ :jtGq, cfTdlge{/ Pj+ pGgltzLn u/fpg' /fHosf] d"ne"t cfly{s p2] Zo
x'g]5 .
-%_ ;a} lsl;dsf] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs c;dfgtf x6fO{ ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{,
efiff, j0f{, ;d'bfo / ;Dk|bfosf aLr ;fdGh:o :yfkgf u/L Gofo / g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t
:j:y ;fdflhs hLjgsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug{' /fHosf] ;fdflhs p2]Zo x'g]5 .
-^_ b]zsf] ;fj{e f}d;Qf, cv08tf / :jtGqtfnfO{ sfod /fvL cGt/f{li6« o hutdf
/fli6«o ;Ddfgsf] clej[l4 ug]{ lbzfdf /fHosf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lgb]{lzt x'g]5 .
#%= /fHosf gLltx¿ M-!_ b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s nufgLsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f
u/L ;a} If]qsf hgtfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, cfjf; / /f]huf/L h:tf cfwf/e"t
s'/fx¿sf] ljsf; u/L hg;fwf/0fsf] hLjg:t/ j[l4 ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 .
-@_ ;/sf/L, ;xsfl/tf / lghL If]qsf] dfWodaf6 d' n'sdf cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{
gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 .
-#_ ljleGg wd{, ;+:s[lt, hflt, ;d'bfo, ;Dk|bfo, pTklQ / efiff efifLx¿sf aLr
;dfgtf Pj+ ;xcl:tTjsf cfwf/df :j:y / ;'dw'/ ;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsl;t u/L ;a}sf]
efiff, ;flxTo, lnlk, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;dfg ljsf;åf/f b]zsf] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf sfod
/fvL /fli6«o PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{]5 .
-$_ /fli6«o lxt cg's"n pkof]uL Pj+ nfebfos ¿kdf b]zsf] k| fs[lts ;| f]t tyf
;Dkbfsf] kl/rfng ubf{ :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag
ug]{5 .
-%_ /fHon] jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5 . hg;fwf/0fdf
jftfj/0fLo :jR5tfsf] r]tgf a9fO{ ef}lts ljsf; ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿åf/f jftfj/0fdf
k|lts"n c;/ kg{ glbg Pj+ jftfj/0f tyf b'n{e jGohGt's f] ljz]if ;+/If0fdf /fHon]
k|fyldstf lbg]5 . jg / jg:klt tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, bLuf] pkof]u / To;af6
k|fKt nfedf ;dGoflos afF 8kmfF 8sf] Joj:yf ug]{5 .
-^_ /fHon] ls;fgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L s[lif If]qdf pTkfbsTj a9fO{ s[lifdf cfwfl/t
clwsf+ z hgtfsf] cfly{s pGglt x'g] cj:yfx¿sf] l;h{gf u/L s[lifnfO{ pBf] usf] ¿kdf
ljsf; ug]{5 .
14
-&_ b]zsf] d'Vo ;fdflhs cfly{s zlQmsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] >dzlQmnfO{ /f]huf/
pknAw u/fO{ sfd kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/L pgLx¿sf] xs / lxtsf] ;+/If0f ub}{
pBdsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xeflutf a9fpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 .
-*_ dlxnf ju{sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/L /fli6« o ljsf;df
clwsflws ;xefuL agfpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 .
-(_ /fHon] Psn dlxnf, cgfy, afnaflnsf, c;xfo, j[ 4, ckfË, czQm /
nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf] ;+/If0f / pGgltsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt
cjnDag ug]{5 .
-!)_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, vfB;Dk|e'tf / /f] huf/Ldf lglZrt ;dosf nflu
cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kn] lk5l8Psf cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL,
blnt nufot ;LdfGts[t ;d'b fo tyf ul/aLsf] /] vfd'gLsf dhb'/ ls;fgsf] pTyfg ug]{
gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 .
-!!_ b]zsf] pGgltsf nflu lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] gLlt
/fHon] cjnDag ug{'sf ;fy} :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{] gLlt cjnDag ug{]5 .
-!@_ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nflu :jb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ b]zdf j}b]lzs k"F hL
/ k|ljlwnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 .
-!#_ ax';+Vos u|fdL0f hgtfsf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL u| fdL0f ljsf;sf] ultnfO{
tLj|t/ agfpFb} n}hfg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 .
-!$_ /fHon] dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, d'l:nd nufot cNk;+Vos,
e"ldxLg, ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, ckfË, lk5l8Psf If]q tyf ;d'bfo / åGå kLl8tsf nflu
;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 .
-!%_ d'Qm sd}ofsf] ;+Vof olsg u/L pgLx¿sf] a;f]jf;sf] nflu cfwf/e"t e"ld /
/f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 .
-!^_ ls;fg, dhb'/ nufot >ddf cfl>t ju{sf] ljsf;sf] nflu k|fljlws lzIff,
tfnLd, k|lzIf0fsf] cfjZos k"jf{ wf/sf] Joj:yf u/L pgLx¿nfO{ /fHosf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf
;xefuL u/fpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 .
-!&_ j[4, czQm dlxnf tyf a]/f]huf/nfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/L eQf lbg] gLlt
cjnDag ug]{5 .
15
-!*_ d'n'sdf ljBdfg k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk / cEof;sf] klxrfg / ;+/If0f ub{}
To;nfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{]5 .
-!(_ d'n'sdf :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+: yfsf] ;~rfng /
Joj:yfkgdf lgodg ug{ /fHon] ljz]if gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 .
-@)_ b]zsf] ljsf;df o'j f hgzlQmnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ /fHon] ljz]if gLlt cjnDag
ug]{5 .
-@!_ /fHon] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkq, c;+nUgtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, cGt/f{li6«o
sfg"g / ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt lng]5 .
-@@_ l5d]sL ldq /fi6«x¿ / ;+;f/sf c? ;a} d' n'sx¿l;t cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+
cGo If]qdf ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df ;xof]u fTds ;';DaGw sfod u/L g]kfndf zflGtnfO{
cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfut ub{} hfg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 .
#^= cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg g;lsg]M -!_ o; efudf n]lvPsf ljifox¿ sfof{Gjog eP jf
gePsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g .
-@_ /fHon] o; efudf plNnlvt l;4fGt tyf gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZostf
cg';f/ ;|f]t / ;fwg kl/rfng ug]{ jf u/fpg]5 .

efu $s=
/fi6«klt tyf pk/fi6«klt

#^s= /fi6«klt M -!_ g]kfndf Pshgf /fi6«klt /xg]5 .
-@_ /fi6«klt d'n'ssf] /fi6«WoIf x'g]5 / ;f] xL x}l ;otdf o; ;+ljwfg / k| rlnt
sfg"g adf]lhd lghn] cfÎgf] gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{5 .
-#_ ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngf ug'{ /fi6«kltsf] k|d'v st{ Jo x'g] 5 .
▲
#^v= /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg M -!_ /fhg}lts ;xdltsf cfwf/df /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg ;+ljwfg ;efn]
ug]{5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;xdlt sfod x'g g;s]df ;+ljwfg ;efdf tTsfn sfod
/x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+ Vofsf] ax'dt k| fKt ug]{ JolQm /fi6«kltsf] kbdf lgjf{lrt ePsf]
dflgg]5 .

▲
kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .
16
-#_ /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg ;DaGwL cGo sfo{ljlw ;+ljwfg ;efn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
-$_ lgjf{rg, dgf]gog jf lgo'lQmåf/f k"lt{ x'g] s'g} klg /fhg}lts kbdf axfn
/x]sf] s'g} JolQm /fi6«kltsf] kbdf lgjf{lrt ePdf lghsf] To:tf] kb :jtM l/Qm x'g]5 .
#û= /fi6«kltsf] kbfjlw M /fi6«kltsf] kbfjlw ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 hf/L x'g] ;+ljwfg k|f/De
geP;Ddsf nflu x'g] 5 .
#^3= /fi6«kltsf] of]Uotf M /fi6«klt x'gsf] nflu s'g} klg JolQmn] b] xfosf] of] Uotf k"/f u/]sf] x'g'
kg]{5 M–
-s_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o x'g of]Uo ePsf] ,
-v_ sDtLdf k}+tL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] .
#^ª= /fi6«klt kbd'Qm x'g]g] cj:yf M b]xfosf] cj:yfdf /fi6«klt cfÎgf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5 M–
-s_ lghn] pk/fi6« klt ;dIf /flhgfdf lbPdf,
-v_ lghn] ;+ljwfgsf] uDeL/ pNn+3g u/]sf] cf/f]kdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf tTsfn sfod
/x]sf] ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:ox?sf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 lghsf] lj?4 dxfleof]usf]
k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf, jf
-u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf .
→
#^r= /fi6«kltsf] zkyM
zky -!_ /fi6«kltn] cfk\mgf] sfo{e f/ ;DxfNg' cl3 cg';"rL – !s= adf]lhdsf]
9fFrfdf ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] g]kfnL efiffdf k|wfg GofofwLz ;dIf kb tyf uf] kgLotfsf]
zky lng' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ df h'g ;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf klg /fi6«kltn] g]kfndf af]lng]
cfˆgf] dft[e fiffdf zky lng rfx]df ;f] xL pkwf/f adf]lhdsf] zkysf] 9fF rfsf] Joxf]/f
cfˆgf] dft[e fiffdf cg'j fb u/L To:sf] Psk|lt zky u| x0fsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] ldlt eGbf
rf}jL; 306f cufj} /fi6« kltsf] sfof{ no ;dIf k] z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ o; wf/f adf]lhd /fi6«kltn] zky lnPkl5 cfk"m n] lnPsf] zkysf] k|ltdf
x:tfIf/ u/L /fi6«kltsf] sfof{no ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
→
;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt .
17
t/ g]kfndf af]l ng] cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf zky lnPsf]df ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] g]kfnL
efiff / cfk"mn] zky lnPsf] cGo g]kfnL dft[e fiffsf] zkysf] k|ltdf ;d]t x:tfIf/ u/L
/fi6«kltsf] sfof{ no ;dIf k] z ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
-$_ o; wf/f adf]lhd lnPsf] zkysf] clen]v /fi6«kltsf] sfof{non] /fVg] 5 .
#^5= pk/fi6«klt M -!_ g]kfndf Pshgf pk/fi6«klt /xg]5 .
-@_ wf/f #^ª= adf]lhd /fi6«klt kbd'Qm eO{ csf]{ /fi6«klt lgjf{lrt geP;Dd jf
/fi6«kltsf] cg'kl:yltdf /fi6«kltaf6 ul/g] sfo{ x? pk/fi6«kltaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/g]5 .
❒
-#_ lgjf{rg, dgf]gog jf lgo'lQmåf/f k"lt{ x'g] s'g} klg /fhg}lts kbdf axfn
/x]sf] s'g} JolQm pk/fi6«kltsf] kbdf lgjf{l rt ePdf lghsf] To:tf] kb :jtM l/Qm x'g]5 .
#^h= pk/fi6«klt kbd'Qm x'g] cj:yf M b]xfosf] cj:yfdf pk/fi6«klt cfÎgf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5 M–
-s_ lghn] /fi6«klt ;dIf /flhgfdf lbPdf,
-v_ lghn] ;+ljwfgsf] uDeL/ pNn+3g u/]sf] cf/f]kdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf tTsfn sfod
/x]sf ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:ox?sf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 lghsf] lj?4 dxfleof]usf]
k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf, jf
▲
#êm= pk/fi6«klt ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf M -!_ pk/fi6«kltsf] of]Uotf, lgjf{rg k|lqmof tyf
kbfjlw ;DaGwL Joj:yf /fi6«kltsf] ;/x x'g]5 .
→
-@_ pk/fi6«kltn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ef/ ;DxfNg' cl3 cg';"rL –!s= adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf
;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] g]kfnL efiffdf /fi6«klt ;dIf kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky lng' kg]{ 5 .

-#_ pkwf/f -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]l vPsf] eP tfklg pk/fi6«kltn] g]kfndf
af]lng] cfˆgf] dft[e fiffdf zky lng rfx]df ;f]xL pkwf/f adf]lhdsf] zkysf] 9fF rfsf]
Joxf]/f cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf cg'jfb u/L To:sf] Psk|lt zky u| x0fsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] ldlt
eGbf rf}jL; 306f cufj} /fi6«kltsf] sfof{ no ;dIf k] z ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
❒
▲
→
;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt .

;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg4f/f yk .
18

-$_ o; wf/f adf]lhd pk/fi6« kltn] zky lnPkl5 cfk"mn] lnPsf] zkysf] k|ltdf
x:tfIf/ u/L /fi6«kltsf] sfof{no ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
t/ g]kfndf af]l ng] cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf zky lnPsf]df ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] g]kfnL
efiff / cfk"mn] zky lnPsf] cGo g]kfnL dft[e fiffsf] zkysf] k|ltdf ;d]t x:tfIf/ u/L
/fi6«kltsf] sfof{ no ;dIf k] z ug'{ kg]{ 5 .

-%_ o; wf/f adf]lhd lnPsf] zkysf] clen]v /fi6«kltsf] sfof{non] /fVg] 5 .
#^`= /fi6«
/fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf]
ltsf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf M /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] kfl/>lds tyf
cGo ;'ljwf Pgåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 / To:tf] P]g gag];Dd g]kfn ;/sf/n]
lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
▲
#^6= /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no M -!_ /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] sfo{nfO{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpgsf] nflu 5'§ f5'§} sfof{ no /xg]5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfof{ nosf] sfd sf/afxL ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos
sd{rf/L tyf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx? g]knf ;/sf/n] Joj:yf ug]{ 5 .
efu %
sfo{kflnsf
#&= sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ M -!_ g]kfnsf] sfo{s fl/0fL clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g
adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt x'g] 5 .
-@_ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo
lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifb\ pk/ x'g]5 .
-#_ g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL sfdx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g]5 .
-$_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g] lg0f{o jf cfb] z / tT;DaGwL
clwsf/kqsf] k|df0fLs/0f sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
#*= dlGqkl/ifb
dlGqkl/ifb\
fbsf]
\sf] u7gM
u7gM -!_ /fhg}lts ;xdltsf cfwf/df k| wfgdGqL / lghsf] cWoIftfdf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g x'g]5 .
✄
M=============
▲ kfFrf}F ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .

✄
kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlsPsf] .
19
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;xdlt sfod x'g g;s]df Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] σ tTsfn
sfod /x]s f] ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] ax'd tsf] cfwf/df k|wfgdGqL lgjf{lrt x'g] 5 .
-#_ cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;+/ rgf / sfo{ ljefhg cfk;L ;xdltaf6 to ul/g]5 .
-$_ dlGqkl/ifb\df cfjZostf cg';f/ pk–k| wfgdGqL / cGo dGqLx¿ /xg] 5g\ .
:ki6Ls/0fM o; wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ædGqLÆ eGgfn] dGqfnosf] 5'§} sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg]
/fHo dGqL ;d]t nfO{ hgfpg]5 .
-%_ k|wfgdGqLn] dGqL lgo'lQm ubf{ ;DalGwt bnsf] l;kmfl/;df Joj:yflksf–
;+;bsf] ;b:ox¿ dWo]a f6 lgo'lQm ug'{ kg{] 5 .
-^_ k|wfgdGqL / cGo dGqLx¿ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bk|lt ;fd"lxs ¿kdf pQ/bfoL
x'g]5g\ / dGqLx¿ cfˆgf dGqfnosf] sfdsf nflu JolQmut ¿kdf k|wfgdGqL / Joj:yflksf–
;+;bk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g]5g\ .
-&_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf k| wfgdGqL cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g] 5M–
✔
-s_ lghn] /fi6«klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,
Ψ
-s!_ wf/f %%s= adf]lhd lghsf] lj?4 cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf,
-v_ lgh Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ;b:o g/x]d f, jf

-*_ pk–k| wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHo dGqL tyf ;xfos dGqL b] xfosf cj:yfdf cfˆgf]
kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5g\ M–
-s_ lghn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,
-v_ pkwf/f -&_ adf]lhd k| wfgdGqL cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm ePdf,
-u_ ;DalGwt bnsf] l;kmfl/;df jf ;DalGwt bn;F usf] ;Nnfxdf
k|wfgdGqLn] lghnfO{ kbd'Qm u/]df, jf
-3_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf .
σ
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .
✔
Ψ
bf];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk .
20
-(_ pkwf/f -&_ adf]lhd k| wfgdGqL cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm ePklg csf]{ dlGqkl/ifb\
u7g geP;Dd ;f] xL dlGqkl/ifb\n] sfo{ ;~rfng u/L /xg]5 .
-!)_ k|wfgdGqLsf] d[To' ePdf gofF k| wfgdGqLsf] rog geP;Ddsf] nflu pk–
k|wfgdGqL jf jl/i7td dGqLn] k| wfgdGqLsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{5 .
#(= /fHo dGqL / ;xfos dGqLM
dGqLM -!_ k|wfgdGqLn] Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ;b:ox¿ dWo]af6
;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnsf] l;kmfl/;df /fHo dGqL lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ k|wfgdGqLn] s'g} dGqLnfO{ lghsf] sfo{ef/ ;~rfngdf ;xfotf ug{
Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ;b:ox¿ dWo]af6 ;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnsf] l;kmfl/;df ;xfos
dGqL lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 .
$)= Joj:yflksf–
Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;b:o gePsf] JolQm dGqL kbdf lgo'Qm x'g ;Sg]M wf/f #* / #( df
h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|wfgdGqLn] ψ /fhg}lts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df Joj:yflksf–
;+;bsf] ;b:o gePsf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ pk–k| wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHo dGqL jf ;xfos dGqL
kbdf lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
$!= kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwfx¿M
jwfx¿M k|wfgdGqL, pk–k|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHo dGqL / ;xfos
dGqLx¿sf] kfl/>lds / cGo ;'ljwfx¿ P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f x'g]5 . ;f] adf]lhd P]gåf/f
lgwf{/0f geP;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g] 5 .
✔
$@= zkyM
zkyM k|wfgdGqLn] /fi6« klt ;dIf / pk–k|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHo dGqL tyf ;xfos dGqLn]
k|wfgdGqL ;dIf cfˆgf] kb / uf] kgLotfsf] zky u| x0f ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
$#= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;~rfngM
;~rfngM -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;~rfng ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf]
efjgf, /fhg}lts ;xdlt / ;xsfo{sf] ;+:s[lt cg'¿k ul/g]5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;~rfngsf] gLltut cfwf/ cfk;L ;xdltaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] Go"gtd ;femf sfo{qmd
x'g]5 .
-@_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t lgodfjnL adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg /
sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g] 5 .
-#_ pkwf/f -@_ cGtu{ tsf] lgodfjnLsf] kfngf eof] jf ePg eGg] k|Zg s'g}
cbfntdf p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g .
ψ
✔
21
$$= ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g ePkl5sf] dlGqkl/ifb\

dlGqkl/ifbM\ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g ePkl5 sfo{sfl/0fL
clwsf/sf] k|of]u, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g / tT;DaGwL cGo s'/f cfjZos x]/km]/ ;lxt o;}
efudf n]lvPsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd x'g] 5 .
efu ^
Joj:yflksf–
Joj:yflksf–;+;b
✄
$%= ===================
ᴲ
$^= ====================
ᴲ
$&= ====================
ᴲ
$*= ===================
ᴲ
$(= ====================
====================
ᴲ
%)= ====================
▲
%!= clwj]zgsf] cfJxfg / cGtM
cGtM -!_ /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df ;do ;dodf
Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] clwj]zg cfJxfg ug]{5 .
▲
-@_ /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] clwj] zgsf] cGt
ug]{5 .
Ψ
-#_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] clwj] zg jf a} 7s rfn" g/x]sf] jf :ylut /x]s f]
cj:yfdf clwj] zg jf a} 7s af] nfpg jf~5gLo 5 egL Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bdf tTsfn
sfod /x]s f ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:o ;+ Vofsf] sDtLdf Ps rf} yfO{ ;b:ox?n] ;dfj]bg u/]d f
;dfj]bg u/]s f] ldltn] kGw| lbg leq a} 7s a:g] u/L # /fi6kltn]
/fi6kltn] ldlt / ;do tf]sL
To:tf] clwj] zg jf a}7s af]nfpg] 5 / To;/L tf]lsPsf] ldlt / ;dodf Joj:yflksf–
;+ ;bsf] clwj] zg jf a} 7s k| f/De x'g] jf a:g]5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; pkwf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu æ;dfj]bgÆ eGgfn] lgj]bg k]z ug]{ JolQmsf]
x:tfIf/ ePsf] lnvt ;Demg' k5{ .
✄
▲
Ψ
#
5}7f} ;+zf]wg2f/f ;+zf]lwt
22
✔ ✔
%@= /fi6«kltaf6
ltaf6 ;Daf]wg M /fi6«kltn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] clwj]zgdf ;/sf/sf] jflif{s gLlt
sfo{qmd k|:t't u/L ;Daf]wg ug{]5 .
%#= u0fk"/s ;+VofM
ofM o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] s'g} klg
a}7sdf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+ Vofsf] Ps rf}yfO{ ;b:o pkl:yt geP;Dd s'g} k|Zg jf k|:tfj
lg0f{ofy{ k|:t't ul/g] 5}g .
%$= ;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm /x]sf] cj:yfdf a}7ssf] sfo{ ;~rfng M -!_ Joj:yflksf–
;+;bsf] s'g} ;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm 5 eg] klg Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;~rfng
ug{ ;Sg]5 / Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] s'g} sf/afxLdf efu lng gkfpg] s'g} JolQmn] efu
lnPsf] s'/f kl5 kQf nfUof] eg] klg eO{;s]sf] s'g} sfo{ cdfGo x'g] 5}g .
-@_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ;b:o g/x]sf] dGqL, /fHo dGqL jf ;xfos dGqLn]
Joj:yflksf–;+ ;b jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt x'g ;Sg] 5 .
t/ lghnfO{ dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] 5}g .
%%= dtbfgM
dtbfgM o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] s'g} klg a}7sdf
lg0f{osf] nflu k|: t't ul/Psf] h'g;'s} k|Zgsf] lg0f{o pkl:yt eO{ dtbfg ug]{ ;b:ox¿sf]
ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 . cWoIftf ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;fdfGotM dt lbg] clwsf/ x'g] 5}g .
t/ dt a/fa/ ePdf lghn] cfˆgf] lg0ff{ os dt lbg]5 .
ψ
%%s= ljZjf;sf] dt M - !_ k|wfgdGqLn] s'g} klg avt cfk"mdfly Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ljZjf; 5
eGg] s'/f :ki6 ug{ cfjZos jf pko'Qm 7fg]df ljZjf;sf] dtsf] nflu Joj:yflksf–;+;b
;dIf k|: tfj /fVg ;Sg] 5 .
-@_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf Ps rf}yfO{ ;b:on]
k|wfgdGqL pk/ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ljZjf; 5}g egL lnlvt ?kdf cljZjf;sf] k|: tfj
k]z ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
t/ Pp6} k|wfgdGqL pk/ 5 dlxgfdf Psk6seGbf a9L cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj k]z
ug{ ;lsg] 5}g .
-#_ pkwf/f -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhdsf] k|:tfjsf] lg0f{ o Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bdf tTsfn
✄
sfod /x]s f ;b:o ;+Vofsf] =========== ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 .
✔
ψ
23
%^= ljz]ifflwsf/M -!_Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7sdf k"0f{ jfs :jtGqtf /xg] 5 / ;f] a}7sdf
JoQm u/]sf] s'g} s'/f jf lbPsf] s'g} dtnfO{ lnP/ s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ kqmfp ug{, y'gfdf
/fVg jf lgh pk/ s'g} cbfntdf s'g} sf/afxL rnfpg ;lsg] 5}g .
-@_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bnfO{ cfˆgf] cfGtl/s sfd sf/afxL lgoldt ug{] k"0f{ clwsf/
/xg]5 / s'g} sf/afxL lgoldt jf clgoldt 5 jf 5}g egL lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/
Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bnfO{ dfq x'g]5 . o; ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k| Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g .
-#_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] s'g} klg sfd sf/afxLnfO{ To;sf] c;n lgotaf/] z+sf
p7fO{ s'g} l6sf l6Kk0fL ul/g] 5}g / s'g} ;b:on] af] n]sf] s'g} s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf hfgL–hfgL
unt jf e| fds cy{ nufO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] k|sfzg tyf k| ;f/0f ul/g] 5}g .
-$_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bn] lbPsf] clwsf/ cGtu{ t s'g} lnvt, k|ltj]bg, dtbfg jf
sf/afxL k|sflzt u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ s'g} JolQm pk/ cbfntdf sf/afxL rnfpg ;lsg]
5}g .
:ki6Ls/0fM
:ki6Ls/0fM pkwf/f -!_, -@_, -#_ / -$_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu æJoj:yflksf–;+;bÆ
eGgfn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] / To;sf] s'g} ;ldlt ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
-%_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] clwj]zg
cjlwe/ kqmfp ul/g] 5}g .
t/ s'g} kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf s'g} ;b:onfO{ sfg"g cg';f/ kqmfp ug{ o;
pkwf/fn] jfwf k'¥ ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . To;/L s'g} ;b:o kqmfp ul/Pdf kqmfp ug{]
clwsf/Ln] To;sf] ;"rgf Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] cWoIftf ug{] JolQmnfO{ t'?Gt lbg' kg{] 5 .
-^_ o; wf/fdf pNn] v ePsf s'g} s'/f pNnª\3g ePdf Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf]
ljz]ifflwsf/ xgg x'g] / Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ljz]i fflwsf/sf] xggnfO{ Joj:yflksf–
;+;bsf] cjx] ngf dflgg]5 . s'g} ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] lg0f{o ug{]
clwsf/ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bnfO{ dfq x'g]5 .
-&_ s;}n] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] cjx] ngf u/]df ;f] ;DaGwL a} 7ssf] cWoIftf ug{]
JolQmn] a}7ssf] lg0f{ oaf6 ;f] JolQmnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg, gl;xt lbg jf tLg dlxgfdf
ga9\g] u/L s}b ug{ jf b; xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] hl/jfgf lghn]
r'Qmf gu/]df ;/sf/L afFs L ;/x c;' n pk/ ul/g]5 .
✄
24
t/ Joj:yflksf–;+;bnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g] u/L lghn] Ifdf ofrgf u/]df Joj:yflksf–

;+;bn] Ifdf k|bfg ug{ jf tf]ls;s]sf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL ug{ jf 36fpg ;Sg]5 .
-*_ o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Pb]lv afx]s ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿
sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/P adf]lhd x'g]5g\ .
%&= sfo{ ;~rfng ljlwM
ljlwM o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bn] cfˆgf] sfo{
;~rfng /fhg}lts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ug]{ 5 / Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] a}7ssf] ;' Joj:yf
sfod /fVg / ;ldltx¿sf] u7g, sfd sf/afxL / cGo s'/f lgoldt ug{sf] nflu
lgodfjnL agfpg]5 . To:tf] lgodfjnL gag];Ddsf] nflu Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bn] cfˆgf]
sfo{ljlw cfkm}+ lgoldt ug{]5 .
▲
%&s= ljkIfLo bn M -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf ljkIfL bn / To;sf] g]tf /xg]5 .
-@_ ljkIfLo bnsf] g]tfsf] kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwf sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
%*= ;ldltM Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bdf o;sf] lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfjZos ;+ Vofdf
;ldlt / pk–;ldltx¿ /xg] 5g\ .
#
%(= ;+ljwfg ;efn] Joj:yflksf–
Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{]M o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd
Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePkl5 o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf–
;+;bsf] clwsf/ ;+ljwfg ;efn] k| of]u ug{]5 .
^)= ax;df aGb]hM -!_ g]kfnsf] s'g} cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] s'g} d'2 f ;DaGwdf tyf
GofofwLzn] sQ{Jo kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf u/]sf] Goflos sfo{sf] ;DaGwdf ;bgdf 5nkmn
ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
t/ dxfleof] usf] k| : tfjdf 5nkmn ubf{ GofofwLzsf] cfrf/ ;DaGwdf s'g} s'/ f
JoQm ug{ o; wf/fn] jfwf k'¥ ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ df ul/Psf] of] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg ;efdf ;d] t nfu" x'g]5 .
^!= Joj:yflksf–
Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno M -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] sfd sf/afxL ;~rfng tyf
Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu Ps ;lrjfno /xg]5 . To:tf] ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf / ;f] ;DaGwL
cGo s'/f sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
▲
bf];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk eO{ kfFrf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .
#
5}6f} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .
25
-@_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] sfd sf/afxL ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos x'g]
sd{rf/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg]5 .
±
^!s= Joj:yflksf–
Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] dxf;lrj / ;lrj M -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf Pshgf dxf;lrj /
Pshgf ;lrj /xg]5g\ .
-@_ dxf;lrj / ;lrjsf] lgo'lQm Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ;efd'vsf] l;kmfl/;df
✔
/fi6«kltn] ug]{ 5 .
-#_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] dxf;lrj / ;lrjsf] of]U otf, sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ tyf
;]jfsf cGo zt{ x¿ sfg'gåf/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]5 .
^@= kfl/>ldsM Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ;efd' v, pk–;efd'v, ;b:o tyf ;ldltsf
;efkltx¿sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 / To;/L lgwf{/0f
geP;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
efu &
;+ljwfg ;ef
^#= ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7gM
u7gM -!_ g]kfnL hgtf cfkm}+n] gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug{ o;
;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL Ps ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g x'g]5 .
-@_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De eP kl5 ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:osf] lgjf{rg g]kfn ;/sf/n]
tf]s]sf] ldltdf x'g]5 .

-#_ ;+ljwfg ;efdf ;dfg hg;+ Vof / ef}uf]l ns cg's"ntf tyf ljlzi6tfsf
cfwf/df / dw]zdf hg;+ Vof k|ltztsf] cfwf/df sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ldl>t
lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg'?k b] xfo adf]lhd lgjf{lrt / dgf]gog x'g] b]xfosf ;+ Vofsf ;b:ox?
/xg]5g\ M–
-s_ k| zf;sLo lhNnfnfO{ lgjf{rg lhNnf sfod u/L ;+ljwfg ;efsf]
lgjf{ rg x'g' eGbf cl3sf] /fli6« o hgu0fgfaf6 lglZrt ePsf]
hg;V+ ofsf] cfwf/df To:tf lhNnf / ;b:o ;+ VofaLrsf] cg' kft
oyf;Dej ;dfg x'g] u/L wf/f !%$s= adf]l hd Joj:yf ePsf]
±
t];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk .
✔
klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .
26
♠
lgjf{ rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]uaf6 lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd b'O {;o
rfnL; lgjf{ rg If]q sfod u/L k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qaf6 Pshgfsf
b/n] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{ rg k|0ffnLcg' ;f/ lgjf{l rt
;b:o,
-v_ ;Dk"0f{ d'n's nfO{ Ps lgjf{rg If]q dfgL /fhg}lts bnnfO{ dt lbg]
;dfg' kflts lgjf{ rg k|0ffnL cg' ;f/ ♠ lgjf{lrt x'g] tLg ;o k}QL;
;b:o,
-u_ /fli6«o hLjgdf dxTjk"0 f{ of] ubfg k'¥ ofPsf ♠ ljlzi6 JolQmx¿ /
v08 -s_ / -v_ adf]lhdsf] lgjf{ rgaf6 k|ltlglwTj x'g g;s]sf
cflbaf;L hghfltdWo]af6 ;xdltsf cfwf/df dlGqkl/ifb\af6
dgf]gog x'g] ♠ 5AaL; hgf ;b:o .
•
-#s_ pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -s_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;f] v08
adf]lhd lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;+jt\ @)%^ ;fndf tTsfn sfod /x]sf] k|ltlglw;ef
;b:osf] lgjf{rg x'Fb fsf avt k| rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sfod /x]sf k| zf;sLo
lhNnfx?sf lgjf{rg If]qsf] ;+VofnfO{ oyfjt\ /fvL lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qdf hg;+ Vof
j[l4sf] cfwf/df lgjf{rg If]q j[l4 ul/g]5 / To;/L lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{ dw] zsf]
hg;+Vofsf] k|ltztsf] cfwf/df lgjf{rg If]qsf] ;+Vof sd ePsf dw] zsf k| zf;sLo
lhNnfsf] lgjf{ rg If]q j[l4 ul/g]5 .
-$_ pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd /fhg}lts bnx¿n] pDd]bjf/ rog ubf{
;dfj] zL l;4fGtnfO{ Wofg lbg' kg]{5 / v08 -v_ adf]lhd /fhg}lts bnx¿n]
pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"lrs[t ubf{ dlxnf, blnt, pTkLl8t hflt÷cflbjf;L hghflt, lk5l8Psf]
If]q, dw] zL nufot cGo ju{ ;d] tsf] sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTj u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-%_ pkwf/f -$_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg dlxnfsf] xsdf pkwf/f -#_ sf]
v08 -v_ adf]lhd ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjdf x'g] ;ª\Vofdf ;f] pkwf/fsf] v08 -s_ cg';f/
lbOg] pDd]bjf/Lsf] ;+Vof hf]8]/ s'n ;+Vofdf Go"gtd Ps ltxfO{ pDd]bjf/L lbg' kg]{5 .
♠
t];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .
•
27
-^_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:ox¿sf] lgjf{rg sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd uf]Ko

dtbfgåf/f x'g]5 .
-&_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] k| of]hgsf] nflu ;+jt\ @)^# ;fn dª\l;/
d;fGt;Dd c7f/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] k| To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP
adf]lhd dtbfg ug{] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
❒
-&s_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd lgjf{lrt jf dgf]lgt ;b:osf] :yfg s'g} sf/0fn] l/Qm
ePdf To:tf] :yfg h'g k|lqmofåf/f lgjf{lrt jf dgf]gLt ePsf] xf] ;f] xL k|lqmofåf/f k| rlnt
sfg"g adf]lhd k"lt{ ul/g]5 .
Χ
-&v_ pkwf/f -&_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -s_
adf]lhd lgjf{lrt ;b:osf] :yfg s'g} sf/0fn] l/Qm eO{ pkwf/f -&s_ adf]lhd lgjf{ rgåf/f k" lt{
ug'{kbf{ To;/L lgjf{rg ul/g] ;fneGbf tTsfn cl3Nnf] ;fnsf] r}q d;fGt;Dd c7f/ jif{ pd]/
k"/f ePsf] k| To]s g] kfnL gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf] lhd dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 .
-*_ o; wf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'/fx¿sf] cwLgdf /xL ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg / ;f]
;DaGwL cGo s'/f sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g] 5 .
^$= ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfnM
fnM ;+ljwfg ;efn] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L cufj} lj36g u/]sf]df afx]s
;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a} 7s a;]sf] ldltn] rf/ jif{sf] x'g] 5 .
t/ d'n'sdf ;+s6sfnLg l:yltsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] sf/0fn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{] sfd k"/f
x'g g;s]df ;+ljwfg ;efn] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn yk 5 dlxgf;Dd
a9fpg ;Sg]5 .
^%= ;b:osf] of]U otfM
otfM ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o x'gsf nflu s'g} klg JolQmn] b]xfosf of]Uotf k"/f
u/]sf] x'g' kg{] 5M
-s_ g]kfnL gful/s,
-v_ sDtLdf kRrL; jif{ pd]/ k"/ f u/]sf] ,
-u_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L s;"/df ;hfo gkfPsf] ,
Ψ
-u!_ s'g} sfg"gn] cof]Uo gePsf],
❒
Χ
5}6f+} ;+zf]wgåf/f yk .

P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .
28
-3_ s'g} nfesf] kb wf/0f gu/]sf] .

:ki6Ls/0fM v08 -3_ sf] k| of]hgsf nflu ænfesf] kbÆ eGgfn] lgjf{rg jf dgf]g ogåf/f
k"lt{ ul/g] /fhg}lts kb afx]s s'g} ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 kfl/>lds jf cGo s'g} cfly{s ;'ljwf
kfpg] cGo s'g} kbnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
^^= ;b:osf] cof]Uotf ;DaGwL k|Zgsf] lg0f{oM ;+ljwfg ;efsf s'g} ;b:o wf/f ^% adf]lhd
cof]Uo 5 jf x'g uPsf] 5 eGg] k|Zg p7]d f To;sf] clGtd lg0f{ o ;+ljwfg ;ef cbfntn]
ug]{5 .
^&= ;b:osf] :yfgsf] l/Qmtf M ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:osf] :yfg b]xfosf] cj:yfdf l/Qm ePsf]
dflgg]5M
-s_ lghn] lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,
-v_ wf/f ^% adf]lhd lghsf] of]Uotf gePdf jf g/x]df,
-u_ ;efnfO{ ;"rgf glbO{ nuftf/ b;j6f a}7sdf cg'kl:yt /x]d f,
-3_ h'g /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o eO{ lgjf{lrt ePsf] xf] ;f] xL bnn] sfg"gdf Joj:yf
eP adf]lhd lghn] bn Tofu u/]sf] jf bnsf] ;b:otf sfod g/x]sf] s'/f ;"lrt
u/]df,
-ª_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf .
:ki6Ls/0fM
:ki6Ls/0fM v08 -3_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf jf pkfWoIfsf] xsdf nfu" x'g]
5}g .
^*= ;b:osf] zkyM
zkyM ;+ljwfg ;efsf k|To]s ;b:on] ;+ljwfg ;ef jf o;sf] s'g} ;ldltdf
klxnf] k6s efu lng' cl3 sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd zky lng' kg{]5 .
^(= ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7s M -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:ox¿sf] clGtd lgjf{rg kl/0ffd lgjf{rg
cfof]u n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] PSsfO; lbgleq k|wfgdGqLn] cfJxfg u/] adf]lhd ;+ljwfg
;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a:g]5 / To;kl5sf a}7s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cWoIftf ug{] JolQmn]
tf]s]sf] ldlt / :yfgdf a:g]5 .
Ψ
29
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;+ljwfg ;efsf sDtLdf Ps
rf}yfO{ ;b:on] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a} 7s af] nfpg cfjZos 5 egL sf/0f ;lxt ;+ljwfg ;efsf
cWoIf ;dIf lgj]bg u/]df cWoIfn] kGw| lbgleq ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7s af]nfpg' kg{]5 .
⇒
&)= ;+ljwfgsf] ljw]os kfl/t ug{] ljlw M -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efn] ;+ljwfgsf] ljw] os kfl/t ug'{ cl3
;f] ljw]ossf] k|:tfjgf / wf/fx? ;+ljwfg ;efdf lg0f{ ofy{ k|: t't u/L kfl/t ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfgsf] k|: tfjgf / wf/fx? kfl/t ubf{ ;+ljwfg ;efdf
tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+ Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:ox?sf] pkl:yt ePsf]
a}7ssf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf ;lxt ;Dk"0 f{ wf/fx? kfl/t ePkl5
;+ljwfgsf] ljw]os kfl/t ul/of];\ eGg] k|: tfj ;+ljwfg ;efdf k] z ul/g]5 .
-$_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfgsf] ljw]os kfl/t ul/of];\ eGg] k|:tfj ;+ljwfg
;efsf] dt ljefhgåf/f lglZrt ul/g]5 .
-%_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd k] z ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ljw] os ;+ljwfg ;efdf tTsfn
sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+ Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf To:tf]
ljw]os kfl/t ePsf] dflgg]5 .
&!= ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf / pkfWoIfM
pkfWoIfM -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;DaGwL cfˆgf] sfo{
▲
k|f/De ug'{ cl3 cfˆgf ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 /fhgLlts ;xdltsf cfwf/df Pshgf cWoIf /
Pshgf pkfWoIfsf] lgjf{rg ug{]5 .
❒
-!s_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;xdlt sfod x'g g;s]df ;+ljwfg ;efdf tTsfn
sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+ Vofsf] ax'd t k|fKt ug]{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o ;+ljwfg
;efsf] cWoIf jf pkfWoIf kbdf lgjf{lrt ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-@_ σ pkwf/f -!_ jf pkwf/f -!s_ adf]lhd lgjf{rg ubf{ cWoIf / pkfWoIf
;+ljwfg ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug{] cnu–cnu /fhg}lts bnaf6 k|ltlglwTj ug{] ;b:o x'g'
kg{]5 .
-#_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd cWoIf / pkfWoIfsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg geP ;Dd pd]/sf
lx;fan] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;a}eGbf h]i7 ;b:on] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cWoIftf ug{]5 .
⇒
afx|f}F ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .
▲
❒
σ
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgåff ;+zf]lwt .
30
-$_ cWoIf jf pkfWoIfn] o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd cfˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ s'g} klg
/fhg}lts bnsf] kIf jf ljkIfdf g/xL t6:y JolQmsf] x}l ;otn] ug{]5 .
&@= cWoIf / pkfWoIfsf] :yfg l/Qmtf M -!_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf cWoIf / pkfWoIfsf] kb l/Qm
x'g]5M–
-s_ lghn] lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,
-v_ ;+ljwfg ;efdf lghsf] ;b:otf g/x]d f,
-u_ lghn] kb cg's"nsf] cfr/0f u/]sf] 5}g eGg] k|:tfj ;+ljwfg
;efsf ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:o ;+ Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:osf]
ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf, jf
-@_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cWoIfn] kb cg's"nsf] cfr/0f u/]sf] 5}g eGg] k|:tfj pk/
5nkmn x'g] a}7ssf] cWoIftf pkfWoIf jf cGo s'g} ;b:on] ug{]5 / ;f] k|:tfjsf]
5nkmndf cWoIfn] efu lng / dt lbg kfpg]5 .
&#= u0fk"/s ;+VofM
ofM o; efudf cGoyf n]lvPsf]d f afx]s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7sdf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o
;+Vofsf] sDtLdf Ps rf} yfO{ ;b:o pkl:yt geP;Dd ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u0fk"/s ;+Vof
k'u]sf] dflgg] 5}g / s'g} k| Zg jf k|:tfj lg0f{osf nflu k|:t't x'g] 5}g .
σ
&$= ;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{ ;~rfng M -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf]
s'g} ;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm /x] klg ;+ljwfg ;efn] cfkmgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg] 5 /
cof]Uotfsf] sf/0f ;+ljwfg ;efsf] s'g} sfd sf/afxLdf efu lng gkfpg] s'g} JolQmn]
efu lnPsf] s'/f kl5 kQf nfUof] eg] klg eO;s]sf] sfd sf/afxL cdfGo x'g] 5}g .
-@_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o g/x]sf] eP klg dGqL, /fHodGqL, ;xfosdGqLn]
;+ljwfg ;ef jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt x'g ;Sg] 5 .
t/ lghnfO{ dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] 5}g .
&%= dtbfgM
dtbfgM o; efudf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]d f afx]s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lg0f{ osf] nflu k|:t't
h'g;'s} k|Zg jf k|:tfjsf] lg0f{o pkl:yt eO{ dtbfg ug{] ;b:ox¿sf] ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 .
cWoIftf ug{] JolQmnfO{ ;fdfGotof dt lbg] clwsf/ x'g] 5}g .
t/ dt a/fa/ ePdf lghn] cfˆgf] lg0ff{os dt lbg]5 .
31
&^= cglws[t pkl:yt ePdf jf dtbfg u/]d f ;hfo x'g]M wf/f ^* adf]lhd zky glnO{ jf
;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o x'gsf] nflu cfjZos of]Uotf k'u]sf] 5}g eGg] yfxf kfpFbf kfpFb }
s'g} JolQm ;+ljwfg ;ef jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ePdf jf lghn]
dtbfg u/]df lghnfO{ ;f] a}7sdf cWoIftf ug{] JolQmsf] cfb]zn] To;/L pkl:yt ePsf]
jf dtbfg u/]sf] k|To]s k6ssf nflu kfFr xhf/ ¿k} ofF hl/jfgf x'g]5 . o;/L ePsf]
hl/jfgf lghn] r'Qmf gu/]df ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;'n pk/ ul/g]5 .
&&= ljz]ifflwsf/ M -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7sdf k"0f{ jfs :jtGqtf /xg]5 / ;f] a}7sdf JoQm
u/]sf] s'g} s'/f jf lbPsf] s'g} dtnfO{ lnP/ s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ kqmfp ug{, y'gfdf /fVg
jf lgh pk/ s'g} cbfntdf sf/afxL rnfOg] 5}g .
-@_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] k|To]s a}7snfO{ cfˆgf] cfGtl/s sfd sf/afxL lgoldt ug{]
k"0f{ clwsf/ /xg]5 / s'g} sfd sf/afxL lgoldt jf clgoldt 5 jf 5}g egL lg0f{o ug{]
clwsf/ ;DalGwt a}7snfO{ dfq x'g]5 . o; ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fOg] 5}g .
-#_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] s'g} klg sfd sf/afxLnfO{ To;sf] c;n lgotaf/] z+sf p7fO{
s'g} 6Lsf l6Kk0fL ul/g] 5}g / s'g} ;b:on] af]n]s f] s'g} s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf hfgL–hfgL unt
jf e| fds cy{ nufO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ul/g] 5}g .
-$_ ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 lbPsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t s'g} lnvt, k|ltj]bg, dtbfg jf
sf/afxL k|sflzt u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ s'g} JolQm pk/ cbfntdf sf/afxL rnfOg] 5}g .
:ki6Ls/0fM pkwf/f -!_, -@_, -#_ / -$_ sf] k| of]hgsf nflu æ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a} 7sÆ eGgfn]
;+ljwfg ;ef / To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7s ;d]t nfO{ hgfpg]5 .
-%_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfne/ kqmfp ul/g]
5}g .
t/ s'g} kmf}Hbf/L cleof]udf s'g} ;b:onfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd kqmfp ug{ o;
pkwf/fn] jfwf k'¥ ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . To;/L s'g} ;b:o kqmfp ul/Pdf kqmfp ug{]
clwsf/Ln] To;sf] ;"rgf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cWoIftf ug{] JolQmnfO{ t' ?Gt lbg' kg{]5 .
-^_ o; wf/fdf pNn]v ePsf s'g} s'/f pNnª\3g ePdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ljz]ifflwsf/
xgg x'g] / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xggnfO{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cjx]ngf dflgg]5 .
s'g} ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ ;f] ;efnfO{ dfq x'g]5 .
32
-&_ s;}n] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cjx] ngf u/]df ;f] ;DaGwL a} 7ssf] cWoIftf ug{]
JolQmn] a}7ssf] lg0f{ oaf6 ;f] JolQmnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg, gl;xt lbg jf tLg dlxgfdf
ga9\g] u/L s}b ug{ jf bz xhf/ ¿k} ofF ;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg] 5 . To:tf] hl/jfgf lghn]
r'Qmf gu/]df ;/sf/L afFs L ;/x c;' n pk/ ul/g]5 .
t/ ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g] u/L lghn] Ifdf ofrgf u/]d f ;+ljwfg ;efn] Ifdf
k|bfg ug{ jf tf]ls;s]sf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL ug{, 36fpg jf sfof{Gjog gu/fpg ;Sg]5 .
-*_ o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Pb]lv afx]s ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿
sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/P adf]lhd x'g]5g\ .
&*= sfo{ ;~rfng ljlwM
ljlwM o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+ljwfg ;efn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{
a}7ssf] ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg / ;ldltx¿sf] u7g, sfd sf/afxL / cGo s'/f lgoldt
ug{sf] nflu lgodfjnL agfpg]5 . To:tf] lgodfjnL gag];Ddsf] nflu ;+ljwfg ;efn]
cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm}+ lgoldt ug{] 5 .
&(= ;ldltM
;ldltM ;+ljwfg ;efdf sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfjZos ;+Vofdf ;ldlt /
pk;ldltx¿ /xg] 5g\ . cfjZostf cg';f/ ljz]if1x¿sf] ;xof]u lng ;lsg]5 .
*)= ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;lrjfno M -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu Ps
;lrjfno /xg] 5 . To:tf] ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf / ;f] ;DaGwL cGo s'/f sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f
eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfd sf/afxL ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos x'g] sd{rf/L g]kfn
;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg]5 .
*!= kfl/>ldsM
kfl/>ldsM ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf, pkfWoIf, ;b:o tyf ;ldltsf ;efkltx¿sf] kfl/>lds
/ ;'ljwf sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 / To;/L Joj:yf geP;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/n]
lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
*@= ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lj36gM
lj36gM ;+ljwfg ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] lbgb]lv
;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfd ;dfKt x'g] 5 .
t/ ;+ljwfg ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] lgjf{rg
geP;Ddsf nflu Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] sfd sf/afxL ;f] ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfgdf
pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
33
*#= Joj:yflksf–
Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] x}l;otdf sfd ug{]M -!_ o; efudf cGoq h'g ;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
eP tfklg ;+ljwfg ;ef sfod /x]sf] cjlwe/ ;f] ;efn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] sfd ;d]t
ug{]5 / lgoldt ljwfog ;DaGwL cfjZos sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;+ljwfg ;efn] 5'§} ;ldlt
u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf tyf pkfWoIf Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf qmdzM ;efd'v /
pk–;efd' v x'g] 5g\ .
-#_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;lrjfno / To;sf sd{rf/Lx¿ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf]
;lrjfno / sd{rf/L x'g] 5g\ .
-$_ ;+ljwfg ;efn] Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] x}l;otdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ efu * sf
Joj:yfx¿ cfjZos x]/km]/ ;lxt ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ nfu" x'g]5g\ .
efu *
Joj:yfkg
Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw
*$= ljw]os k|: t't ug{ ;Sg]M -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] s'g} klg ;b:on] ;bgdf ljw] os k|:t't
ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
:ki6Ls/0fM
:ki6Ls/0fM o; efusf] k|of]hgsf] nflu æ;bgÆ eGgfn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;bg /
æ;b:oÆ eGgfn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;b:onfO{ hgfpg]5 .
-@_ cy{ ljw] os tyf g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L, g]kfn k| x/L nufot ;'/Iff
lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt ljw] os ;/sf/L ljw] ossf] ¿kdf dfq k|:t't ul/g]5 .
-#_ æcy{ ljw] osÆ eGgfn] b]xfodf plNnlvt ;a} jf s'g} ljifol;t ;DaGw /fVg]
ljw]osnfO{ hgfpg]5M–
-s_ s/ nufpg], p7fpg], vf/]h ug]{, 5"6 lbg], kl/jt{g ug]{ jf s/
k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ ljifo,
-v_ ;l~rt sf]if jf cGo s'g} ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] ;+/If0f ug]{, To:tf]
sf]ifdf /sd hDdf ug]{ jf To:tf] sf]ifaf6 s'g} /sd ljlgof]hg jf
vr{ ug]{ jf ljlgof]hg jf vr{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] /sd 36fpg],
a9fpg] jf vf/]h ug]{ ljifo,
34
-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] C0f k| fKt ug]{ jf hdfgt lbg] ljifo Jojl:yt ug]{
jf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lnPsf] jf lng] cfly{s bfloTj ;DaGwL sfg"g
;+zf]wg ug]{ ljifo,
-3_ ;/sf/L sf]ifdf k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] /fh:j, C0f c;'nLaf6 k|fKt
/sd / cg'bfgsf] /sd lhDdf /fVg], nufgL ug]{ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
n]vfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ ljifo, jf
-ª_ v08 -s_ b]lv v08 -3_ ;Ddsf ljifox¿;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw ePsf
k|f;ª\lus ljifox¿,
t/ s'g} cg'dltkq b:t'/, lgj]bg b:t'/, gljs/0f b:t'/
h:tf z'Ns, b:t'/ nufpg] jf s'g} hl/jfgf jf s}b x'g] Joj:yf jf
:yfgLo lgsfon] nufpg] s'g} s/, b:t'/ jf z'Ns ePsf] sf/0fn] dfq
s'g} ljw]os cy{ ljw]os dflgg] 5}g .
-$_ s'g} ljw]os cy{ ljw]os xf] jf xf]Og eGg] k|Zg p7]df Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf]
;efd' vsf] lg0f{ o clGtd x'g] 5 .
*%= ljw]os kfl/t ug]{ ljlwM
ljlwM -!_ ;bgdf ljw] os k|:t' t ug{ rfxg] ;b:on] ljw]os k|:t't
ug'{ eGbf sDtLdf ;ft lbg cufj} ;f]s f] ;" rgf dxf;lrj jf ;lrjnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
t/ ;/sf/L ljw]ossf] xsdf kfF r lbg cufl8 ;"rgf lbg' kof{K t x'g] 5 .
-@_ ljw]os k] z x'g] lbgeGbf b'O{ lbg cufj} k| To]s ;b:onfO{ ljw] ossf] k|lt
pknAw u/fOg]5 .
-#_ ljw]os k|: t'tstf{ ;b:on] ;bg ;dIf ljw]osdfly ljrf/ ul/of] ;\ eGg]
s'g} k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhdsf] k|:tfj :jLs[t ePdf To:tf] ljw]os dflysf] bkmfaf/
5nkmn ;bgdf jf ;DalGwt ;ldltdf x'g]5 .
-%_ ;bgdf bkmfaf/ 5nkmn ePsf]d f ;f] ;dfKt ePkl5 / ;ldltdf bkmfaf/
5nkmn ePsf]d f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg dflysf] 5nkmn ;dfKt ePkl5 ljw]os k|: t'tstf{
;b:on] ljw] os kfl/t ul/of] ;\ eGg] k|:tfj k|: t't ug]{ 5 .
-^_ pkwf/f -%_ adf]lhd k|:t't ePsf] k|:tfj ;bgsf] s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] ;fdfGo
ax'dtaf6 :jLs[t ePdf ljw] os kfl/t ePsf] dflgg]5 .
35
*^= ljw]os lkmtf{ lng]M ljw]os k|:t'tstf{ ;b:on] ;bgsf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ljw] os lkmtf{ lng
;Sg]]5 .
✔
*&= ljw]ossf] k|df0fLs/0fM
f0fLs/0fM ;bgaf6 kfl/t ljw]os /fi6«kltåf/f k|df0fLs/0f ePkl5 P]g
aGg]5 .

t/ /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg eO{ sfo{ef/ g;Dxfn] ;Dd ;efd' våf/f g} k|df0fLs/0f
x'g]5 .
**= cWofb]zM -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] clwj]zg jf a}7s rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s cGo
✔
cj:yfdf tTsfn s]xL ug{ cfjZos k/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf /fi6«klt ;Gt'i6 ePdf o;
✔
;+ljwfgdf n]lvPsf s'/fx¿sf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df cfjZos
cWofb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd hf/L ePsf] cWofb] z P]g ;/x dfGo x'g] 5 .
t/ To:tf] k|To]s cWofb]z,–
-s_ hf/L ePkl5 a;]sf] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7sdf k]z ul/g]5 /
To:tf] a}7sn] :jLsf/ gu/]df :jtM lgliqmo x'g]5,
✔
-v_ /fi6«kltaf6 af6 h'g;'s} avt vf/]h x'g ;Sg]5, /
-u_ v08 -s_ jf -v_ adf]lhd lgliqmo jf vf/]h gePdf Joj:yflksf–
;+;bsf] a} 7s a;]sf] ;f7L lbgkl5 :jtM lgliqmo x'g]5 .
efu (
cfly{s sfo{ k|0ffnL
*(= sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg jf C0f lng gkfOg] M -!_ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g}
s/ nufOg] / p7fOg] 5}g .
-@_ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f s'g} C0f lnOg] / hdfgt lbOg] 5}g .
()= ;l~rt sf]ifMfM u'7L /sd afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf /fh:j, /fh:jsf]
lwtf]df lnOPsf ;a} shf{ x¿ / P]gsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t lbOPsf] h'g;'s} C0f c;' n x'Fbf
✔

36
k|fKt ePsf] ;a} wg tyf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] cGo h'g;'s} /sd Ps ;/sf/L
sf]ifdf cfDbfgL afFlwg]5 h;nfO{ ;l~rt sf]if elgg]5 .
t/ lghL u' 7L afx]ssf] cGo u' 7Lsf] /sdsf] xsdf sfg"g agfO{ lgoldt ul/g]5 .
(!= ;l~rt sf]if jf ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 JooM
JooM b]xfosf /sd afx]s ;l~rt sf]if jf cGo s'g}
;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 s'g} /sd lemSg ;lsg] 5}gM–
-s_ ;l~rt sf]i fdfly Jooef/ ePsf] /sd,
-v_ ljlgof]hg ug]{ P]gåf/f vr{ x'g] /sd,
-u_ ljlgof]hg ljw]os ljrf/fwLg /x]s f cj:yfdf k]:sLsf] ¿kdf P]gåf/f vr{ x'g ]
/sd, jf
-3_ ljz]if cj:yfdf Joosf] ljj/0f dfq ePsf] pwf/f] vr{ P]gåf/f Joo x'g] /sd .
t/ cfsl:ds sf]ifsf xsdf wf/f (* adf]lhd x'g]5 .
(@= ;l~rt sf]i fdfly Jooef/M
Jooef/M b]xfosf ljifo;F u ;DalGwt vr{ x¿ ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/
x'g]5g\M–
✔
-s_ /fi6«klt tyf pk/fi6«kltsf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf] /sd,

-s!_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf k|wfg GofofwLz tyf cGo GofofwLzx?nfO{ lbOg] kfl/>lds,
;'ljwf / lgj[lQe/0fsf] /sd,
-v_ lgDg lnlvt kbflwsf/LnfO{ lbOg] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf /sdx¿M–
-!_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf ;efd' v / pk–;efd'v,
-@_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf,
-#_ clVtof/ b' ¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmx¿,
-$_ dxfn] vfk/LIfs,
-%_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿,
-^_ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx¿, /
-&_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ .
✔

37
-u_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfnt, clVtof/ b' ¿kof]u cg' ;Gwfg cfof]u, dxfn] vfk/LIfs, nf]s ;]jf
cfof]u , lgjf{rg cfof]u / /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u ;DaGwL k|zf;lgs
Joox¿,
-3_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bfloTjsf] C0f ;DaGwL Jooef/,
-ª_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lj?4 cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf jf cf1lKt cg';f/ ltg'{ kg]{ /sd,
/
-r_ sfg"gn] ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/ x'g] egL lgwf{/0f u/]sf] /sd .
(#= /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg M -!_ cy{ dGqLn] k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yflksf–
;+;b ;dIf b] xfosf s'/fx¿ ;d]t v' nfO{ jflif{s cg'dfg k] z ug{' kg]{5 M–
-s_ /fh:jsf] cg'dfg,
-v_ ;l~rt sf]i fdfly Jooef/ x'g] cfjZos /sdx¿, /
-u_ ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f Joo x'g] cfjZos /sdx¿ .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd jflif{s cg'dfg k]z ubf{ cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{df k|To]s
dGqfnonfO{ 5' 6\ofOPsf] vr{s f] /sd / ;f] vr{ cg';f/sf] nIo xfl;n eof] jf ePg
To;sf] ljj/0f klg k]z ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
($= ljlgof]hg P]gM ljlgof]hg P]g cg' ;f/ Joo x'g] cfjZos /sd zLif{sx¿df lglb{i6 u/L
ljlgof]hg ljw]osdf /flvg] 5g\ .
(%= k/s
"/s cg'd fgM
fgM -!_ s'g} cfly{s jif{d f b]xfosf] cj:yf kg{ cfPdf cy{ dGqLaf6
Joj:yflksf–;+ ;b ;dIf k"/s cg'dfg k]z ul/g]5 M–
-s_ rfn" cfly{s jif{sf lgldQ ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f s'g} ;]jfsf] nflu vr{
ug{ clVtof/L lbOPsf] /sd ckof{Kt ePdf jf To; jif{s f lgldQ
ljlgof]hg P]gn] clVtof/ glbPsf] gofF ;] jfdf vr{ ug{ cfjZos
ePdf, jf
-v_ To; cfly{s jif{d f s'g} ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f clVtof/L lbPsf]
/sdeGbf a9L vr{ x'g uPdf .
-@_ k"/s cg'dfgdf /flvPsf] /sd zLif{sx¿df lglb{i6 u/L k"/s ljlgof]hg
ljw]osdf /flvg]5g\ .
38
(^= k]:sL vr{M -!_ o; efudf h'g ;'s} s'/ f n]l vPsf] eP tfklg ljlgof]hg ljw] os
ljrf/fwLg /x]s f] cj:yfdf cfly{s jif{s f nflu cg'dfg ul/Psf] Joosf] s'g} c+ z cufj}
k]:sLsf ¿kdf P]gåf/f vr{ ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
-@_ wf/f (# df ul/Psf] Joj:yf cg' ;f/ /fh:j / Joosf] cg'd fg k] z
gul/P;Dd k]:sL vr{ ljw] os k| :t' t ul/g] 5} g / k]: sLsf] /sd cfly{s jif{s f] Joo
cg'd fgsf] t[ tLof+ zeGbf a9L x'g] 5}g .
-#_ k]:sL vr{ P]g cg';f/ vr{ ePsf] /sd ljlgof] hg ljw] osdf ;dfj] z ul/g]5 .
❒
(^s= /fh:j / Joo ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf M -!_ o; efudf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP
tfklg rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] nflu /fh:j / Joosf]
cg'dfg Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k] z x'g g;Sg] ljz]i f kl/l:ylt pTkGg ePdf rfn'
cfly{s jif{s f] cfly{s P]g adf]lhd /fh:j ;Íng ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] kl/l:ylt pTkGg ePdf cy{ dGqLn] To;sf] sf/0f
v'nfO{ rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] s' n Joosf] Ps t[tLof+ zdf ga9\g] u/L cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf]
nflu vr{ ug]{ clwsf/sf] ljw] os Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k] z ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd vr{ ePsf] /sd ljlgof]hg ljw]osdf ;dfj]z ul/g]5 .
-$_ o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd
Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k]z ePsf] ljw]os ;f] ljw]os k] z ePsf] lbgdf g} 5nkmn k|f/De
u/L kfl/t ug{ ;lsg]5 .
(&= pwf/f] vr{M o; efudf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|fs[lts sf/0f jf jfx\o
cfqmd0fsf] cfzÍf jf cfGtl/s lj£g jf cGo sf/0fn] ubf{ :yfgLo jf /fi6«JofkL ;Í6sf]
cj:yf ePdf wf/f (# cGtu{t rflxg] ljj/0f v'nfpg cJofjxfl/s jf /fHosf] ;'/Iff jf
lxtsf b[li6n] cjf~5gLo b]lvPdf cy{ dGqLn] Joosf] ljj/0f dfq ePsf] pwf/f] vr{
ljw]os Joj:yflksf–;+ ;b ;dIf k] z ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
(*= cfsl:ds sf]ifMfM P]gåf/f cfsl:ds sf]ifsf gfdn] Pp6f sf]if :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg]5 / To:tf]
sf]ifdf ;do ;dodf P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP cg';f/sf] /sd hDdf ul/g]5 . ;f] sf]if g]kfn
;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /xg]5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f] sf]ifaf6 cfsl:ds sfo{sf] nflu vr{ ug{
;Sg]5 . To:tf] vr{sf] /sd P]gåf/f oyfzLw| ;f] wegf{ ul/g]5 .
❒
39
((= cfly{s sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL P]gM P]gåf/f ljlgof]lht Ps zLif{saf6 csf]{ zLif{sdf /sd ;fg]{
/ cfly{s sfo{ljlw;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿ P]gåf/f Jojl:yt x'g]5 .
efu !)
Gofokflnsf
!))= Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ cbfntaf6 k|of]u x'g]M -!_ g]kfnsf] Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ of]
;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g tyf Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ cbfnt tyf Goflos
lgsfox¿af6 k|of]u ul/g]5 .
-@_ g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfn] :jtGq Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff /
d"NodfGotfnfO{ cg';/0f u/L nf]stGq / hgcfGbf] ngsf] efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ o;
;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4 /xg] 5 .
!)!= cbfntx¿M
cbfntx¿M -!_ g]kfndf b] xfo adf]lhdsf cbfntx¿ /xg]5gM–
-s_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfnt,
-v_ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, /
-u_ lhNnf cbfnt .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s vf; lsl;d / k|s[ltsf d'2fsf] sf/afxL /
lsgf/f ug{ sfg"gåf/f cGo cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf / u7g ug{
;lsg]5 .
t/ s'g} vf; d'2 fsf] nflu cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0fsf] u7g ul/g]
5}g .
!)@= ;jf]{Rr cbfntM
cbfntM -!_ Gofokflnsfsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] tx ;jf]{ Rr cbfnt x'g]5 .
-@_ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;DaGwL cbfnt afx]s g]kfnsf cGo ;a} cbfnt / Goflos
lgsfox¿ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf dftxtdf x'g]5g\ . ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] cfˆgf] dftxtsf cbfnt
/ Goflos lgsfox¿sf] lg/LIf0f Pj+ ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ / cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfnt clen] v cbfnt x'g]5 . o;n] cfˆgf] / cfˆgf dftxtsf
cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfox¿sf] cjx]ngfdf sf/afxL rnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd ;hfo ug{
;Sg]5 .
40
-$_ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;DaGwL cbfntsf] If]q flwsf/leq kg]{ ljifodf afx]s o;
;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gsf] JofVof ug]{ clGtd clwsf/ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntdf lglxt /xg] 5 .
-%_ ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k|wfg GofofwLzsf] cltl/Qm a9Ldf rf}w hgf;Dd cGo
GofofwLzx¿ /xg]5g\ . s'g} ;dodf ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf d'2 fsf] ;+ Vof a9\g uO{
GofofwLzx¿sf] ;+Vof ckof{Kt x'g uPdf s'g} lglZrt cjlwsf nflu c:yfoL GofofwLz
lgo'Qm ug{ ;lsg]5 .
✔
otfM -!_ /fi6«kltn] ;+j} wflgs kl/ifb\sf]
!)#= ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm / of]U otfM
l;kmfl/;df ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k| wfg GofofwLz / k| wfg GofofwLzn] Gofo kl/ifb\sf]
l;kmfl/;df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf cGo GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 . k| wfg GofofwLzsf]
kbfjlw wf/f !)% sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -v_ sf] cwLgdf /xL lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltaf6 5
jif{sf] x'g] 5 .
-@_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz kbdf sDtLdf tLg jif{ sfd u/]sf] JolQm ;jf]{ Rr
cbfntsf] k| wfg GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g of]U o dflgg]5 .
-#_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] GofofwLz jf ;f] ;/xsf] Gofo ;]jfsf] s'g} kbdf ;ft jif{
jf Gofo ;]j fsf] /fhkqflÍt k| yd >]0fL jf ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] kbdf sDtLdf afx| jif{ sfd
u/]sf] jf sfg"gdf :gfts clwjQmf jf jl/i7 clwjQmfsf] x}l;otdf sDtLdf kGw| jif{
jsfnt u/]sf] jf sDtLdf kGw| jif{;Dd Gofo jf sfg"gsf] If]qdf sfd u/L ljlzi6
sfg"gljb\sf ¿kdf Voflt k|fKt u/]sf] JolQm dfq ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] kbdf
lgo'lQmsf nflu of]U o dflgg]5 .
-$_ k|wfg GofofwLzsf] kb l/Qm ePdf jf c:j:ytfsf] jf c? s'g} sf/0fn] k| wfg
GofofwLz cfˆgf] kbsf] sfd ug{ c;dy{ ePdf jf labf a;]s f] jf g]kfn aflx/ uPsf]
sf/0fn] k| wfg GofofwLz ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf pkl:yt gx'g] cj:yf k/]d f ;jf]{ Rr
cbfntsf] jl/i7td GofofwLzn] sfod d's fod k| wfg GofofwLz eO{ sfd ug]{ ] 5 .
-%_ k|wfg GofofwLz / ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf cGo GofofwLzx¿ k};6\7L jif{sf] pd]/
gk'u];Dd cfkmgf] kbdf jxfn /xg]5g\ .
!)$= k|wfg GofofwLz tyf GofofwLzsf]
GofofwLzsf] ;]j fsf zt{ tyf ;'ljwfM
jwfM -!_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] k| wfg
GofofwLz tyf sDtLdf kFfr jif{ sfd u/]sf] ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] :yfoL GofofwLzn] cjsfz
k|fKt ubf{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]5g\ .
✔
41
-@_ o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf Joj:yf ul/Psf]df afx]s ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg

GofofwLz tyf GofofwLzsf] kfl/>lds, labf, eQf, lgj[lQe/0f / ;]jfsf cGo zt{ x¿
sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt x'g]5g\ .
-#_ pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg dxfleof]uåf/f kbd'Qm
ePsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k| wfg GofofwLz tyf GofofwLzn] pkbfg jf lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]
5}g .
-$_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLznfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L lghsf]
kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf jf ;]jfsf cGo zt{ ablng] 5}g .
!)%= k|wfg GofofwLz tyf ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz kb d'Qm x'g]M -!_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf
k|wfg GofofwLz jf ;jf{] Rr cbfntsf] cGo s'g} GofofwLz cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm ePsf]
dflgg]5M–
✔
-s_ k|wfg GofofwLzn] /fi6«klt ;dIf / GofofwLzn] k| wfg GofofwLz
;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,
-v_ lghsf] k}+;¶L jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f ePdf,
-u_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;baf6 dxfleof] u k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf,
-@_ k|wfg GofofwLz jf cGo s'g} GofofwLz sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj, v/fa cfr/0f,
OdfGbf/Lk"j{s cfˆgf] kbLo st{ Josf] kfng gu/]sf], zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s sf/0fn] sfo{
;Dkfbg ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf dxfleof] u k|:tfj k|:t't
ug{ ;lsg]5 / ;f] k|:tfj tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'd taf6
kfl/t ePdf lgh :jtM kbd'Qm x'g] 5 .
t/ To:tf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLznfO{ ;kmfO k]z ug]{ df}s faf6 jlGrt
ul/g] 5}g .
-#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd dxfleof] usf] sf/afxL k| f/De ePkl5 ;f] sf/afxLsf] 6' Ëf]
gnfu];Dd cf/f]k nfu]s f] k| wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLzn] cfˆgf] kbsf] sfo{ ug]{ 5}g .
✔
42
!)^= k|wfg GofofwLz tyf GofofwLznfO{ cGo s'g} kbdf sfddf nufpg gx'g]M -!_ ;jf]{ Rr
cbfntsf] k| wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLznfO{ GofofwLzsf] kbdf afx]s cGo s'g} kbdf
sfddf nufOg] jf sfhdf v6fOg] 5}g .
t/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Gofo kl/ifb\;F+u k/fdz{ lnO{ ;jf{] Rr cbfntsf] k| wfg GofofwLz
jf GofofwLznfO{ Goflos hfF ra'emsf] sfddf jf s]xL vf; cjlwsf] nflu sfg"g jf Gofo
;DaGwL cg';Gwfg, cGj]i f0f jf /fli6« o ;/f]sf/sf] cGo s'g} sfddf v6fpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLz eO;s]sf] JolQm wf/f !#!
sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] kbdf afx]s s'g} klg ;/sf/L kbdf lgo'l Qmsf]
nflu u|fXo x'g] 5}g / lghn] s'g} klg c8\8f cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ ax; k}/ jL ug{
kfpg] 5}g .
!)&= ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]qM -!_ o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xs pk/ cg'l rt
aGb]h nufOPsf]n] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g of] ;+l jwfg;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fb f ;f]
sfg"g jf To;sf] s'g} efu ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfpF egL s'g} klg g] kfnL gful/sn] ;jf]{ Rr
cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] 5 / ;f] cg' ;f/ s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;F u aflemPsf] b]l vPdf ;f]
sfg"gnfO{ k| f/Deb]l v g} jf lg0f{ o ePsf] ldltb]l v cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f
clwsf/ ;jf] {Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g] 5 .
-@_ o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf csf]{ pkrf/sf]
Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg ;f] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg
b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg"gL xssf] k| rngsf] nflu jf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]s f/sf] s'g}
ljjfbdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;+j} wflgs jf sfg"gL k| Zgsf] lg¿k0fsf] nflu cfjZos /
pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L To:tf] xssf] k| rng u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'Ëf] nufpg] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 . ;f] k| of] hgsf] nflu k"0f{ ¿kdf Gofo u/L plrt pkrf/
k|bfg ug{ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntn] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z, pTk|]if0f, k|ltif]w, clwsf/k[ R5f
nufot h'g;'s} pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
t/ clwsf/ If] qsf] cefj ePsf]d f afx]s Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bn] rnfPsf]
ljz]i fflwsf/sf] sf/afxL / tT;DaGwdf tf]s ]s f] ;hfodf o; pkwf/f cGtu{ t ;jf]{ Rr
cbfntn] x:tIf] k ug]{ 5}g .
-#_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd z'? d'2f x]g]{, k'g/fj]bg
;'Gg], ;fws hfF Rg], d'2 f bf] x¥ofpg] jf lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
43
-$_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf cj:yf / zt{df cfkm\gf] km};nf jf

clGtd cfb] zsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;/L k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ klxnf km};nf ubf{sf
GofofwLz afx]s cGo GofofwLzn] ug]{5g\ .
-%_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cGo clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f tf]lsP adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
!)*= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] :yfkgf, Joj:yf / clwsf/ If]qM o; ;+ljwfgsf]
cwLgdf /xL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lhNnf cbfnt tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt dftxtsf cGo
cbfnt tyf Goflos lgsfox¿sf] :yfkgf / Joj:yf sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 .
!)(= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm, of]U otf / ;]j fsf zt{ tyf
;'ljwfx¿M
jwfx¿M -!_ k|wfg GofofwLzn] Gofo kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] d'Vo
GofofwLz / GofofwLz tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 .
-@_ sfg"gdf :gftsf]kflw k| fKt u/L lhNnf GofofwLz jf Gofo ;]j fsf] /fhkqflÍt
k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf sDtLdf ;ft jif{ sfd u/]sf] jf sfg"gdf :gfts jl/i7 clwjQmf jf
clwjQmfsf] ¿kdf sDtLdf b; jif{ jsfnt u/]sf] jf sDtLdf b; jif{ sfg"gsf] cWofkg,
cGj]if0f jf sfg"g jf Gofo ;DaGwL cGo s'g} If]qdf sfd u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/s k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] d'Vo GofofwLz jf GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo dflgg]5 .
-#_ sfg"gdf :gftsf]kflw k|fKt u/L Gofo ;] jfsf] /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fLsf] kbdf
sDtLdf tLg jif{ sfd u/]sf] jf sfg"gdf :gfts clwjQmfsf] ¿kdf sDtLdf cf7 jif{
jsfnt u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/s lhNnf GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo dflgg]5 .
-$_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd sfg"gdf :gfts clwjQmfnfO{ lhNnf GofofwLzdf lgo'lQm
ubf{ Gofo kl/ifb\af6 lnOg] lnlvt / df}lvs k/LIffaf6 pQL0f{ ePsf JolQmnfO{ lgo'lQm
ul/g]5 . To:tf] k/LIff k|0ffnL / cGo sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-%_ Gofo kl/ifb\n] o; wf/f adf]lhd of]U o ePsf] JolQmnfO{ of]U otf, Ifdtf,
cg'ej, Gofo k|ltsf] lgi7f / of]ubfg, ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf cfh{g u/]sf] VoftL, pRr g}lts
rl/q ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] kbdf
lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug{] 5 .
-^_ of] wf/f jf o; kl5sf cGo wf/fx¿df k| of]u ePsf] GofofwLz eGg] zAbn]
ljifo jf k| ;Ëaf6 csf]{ cy{ gnfu]d f cltl/Qm GofofwLz ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg] 5 .
44
-&_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] d' Vo GofofwLz, GofofwLz tyf lhNnf cbfntsf]

GofofwLzsf] kfl/>lds, eQf, lgj[lQe/0f, labf, pkbfg / ;]jfsf cGo ;'ljwf / ;] jfsf
cGo zt{ x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g] 5g\ .
-*_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] d'Vo GofofwLz / GofofwLz tyf lhNnf cbfntsf]
GofofwLznfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L lghsf] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf / ;]j fsf zt{ ablng] 5|}g .
-(_ pkwf/f -&_ df h'g ;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg pkwf/f -!)_ sf] v08 -u_
adf]lhd kbd'Qm ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzn] pkbfg tyf
lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] 5}g .
-!)_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt jf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLz cfˆgf]
kbaf6 d'Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M–
-s_ lghn] k|wfg GofofwLz ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,
-v_ lghsf] lq;¶L jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f ePdf,
-u_ sfo{ I fdtfsf] cefj, v/fa cfr/0f, OdfGbf/Lk"j {s cfˆgf] kbLo
st{ Josf] kfng gu/] sf] , zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s sf/0fn] sfo{
;Dkfbg ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] , Gofodf ljrlnt ePsf] eGg]
cfwf/df kbd'Qm ug]{ egL Gofo kl/ifb\s f] lg0f{ o adf]l hd k| wfg
GofofwLzaf6 kbd' Qm ePdf,
o; v08 adf]lhd cf/f] k nfu]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf
lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ cfˆgf] ;kmfO{ k] z ug{ dgfl;a
df}sf lbOg]5 / ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu lgh;Fu aofg lng, k|d f0f
;Íng ug{ / /fo ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ Gofo kl/ifb\n]
hfFra'em ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;f] ;ldltsf] sfo{ljlw
sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t x'g] 5 .
-!!_ pkwf/f -!)_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]l hd sf/afxL k| f/De ePkl5 ;f] sf/afxLsf]
6' Ëf] gnfu] ;Dd cf/f] k nfu]s f] To:tf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf]
GofofwLzn] cfˆgf] kbsf] sfo{ ug]{ 5}g .
45
!!)= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ cGo s'g} kbdf ;?jf ug{ jf
sfddf nufpg gx'g]M -!_ s'g} GofofwLznfO{ GofofwLzsf] kbdf afx]s cGo s'g} kbdf
;?jf ul/g], sfd nufOg] jf sfhdf v6fOg] 5}g .
t/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Gofo kl/ifb\\;Fu k/fdz{ lnO{ k'g/fj]bg tyf lhNnf cbfntsf]
GofofwLznfO{ Goflos hfF ra'emsf] sfddf jf s]xL vf; cjlwsf] nflu sfg"g jf Gofo
;DaGwL cg' ;Gwfg, cGj]if0f jf /fli6« o ;/f]sf/sf] cGo s'g} sfddf v6fpg ;Sg]5 .
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt jf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] xsdf k| wfg GofofwLzn] Gofo
kl/ifb\\;Fu k/fdz{ u/L plNnlvt sfd / lgjf{ rg h:tf sfddf nufpg ;Sg] 5 .
-@_ Gofo kl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df k| wfg GofofwLzn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf
cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ Ps cbfntaf6 csf]{ cbfntsf] GofofwLzdf ;?jf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ d'2fsf] ;+ Vof / Goflos lg¿k0f ul/g' kg]{ ljjfbsf] ljifo ;d]tsf] cfwf/df s'g}
cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ s]xL ;dosf] nflu ;dfg txsf] cGo cbfntdf GofofwLz eO{
sfd sfh ug{ k|wfg GofofwLzn] k7fpg ;Sg]5 .
-$_ s'g} If]qdf /x]sf GofofwLznfO{ ef}uf]lns b[li6n] glhssf] If]qsf] ;dfg txsf]
cGo cbfntdf /x]sf] d'2fsf] sf/afxLsf]] qmddf sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ljB'tLo
pks/0fsf] dfWodaf6 jf cGo dfWodaf6 k|f/lDes tyf cGtl/d cfb]z lbg] clwsf/
;jf]{ Rr cbfntn] k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!!!= d'2 f ;fg{ ;Sg]M s'g} cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] d'2f ;f] cbfntaf6 ;'g'jfO{ x'Fbf Gofo k| efljt
x'g] cj:yf 5 eGg] sf/0f;Fu ;jf]{ Rr cbfnt ;Gt'i6 ePdf To:tf] d'2 f ;dfg txsf] cGo
cbfntaf6 ;'g'jfO{ ug{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfb] z lbg ;Sg]5 .
!!@= k|wfg GofofwLzsf] lhDd]j f/LM
f/LM d'n'ssf] Gofo k| zf;gnfO{ k|e fjsf/L agfpg] clGtd
lhDd]jf/L k|wfg GofofwLzsf] x'g]5 / ;f] k| of] hgsf] nflu lghn] o; ;+ljwfg tyf cGo
sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;jf{] Rr cbfnt tyf dftxtsf cbfntnfO{ cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg
;Sg]5 .
!!#= Gofo kl/ifb\
kl/ifbM\ -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, cg'zf;g ;DaGwL
sf/afxL, avf{;L / Gofo k| zf;g ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿sf] l;kmfl/; ug{ jf k/fdz{ lbg
Pp6f Gofo kl/ifb\\ /xg]5 h;df b] xfo adf]lhd cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ x'g] 5g\M–
-s_ k|wfg GofofwLz – cWoIf
46
-v_ Gofo dGqL – ;b:o

-u_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf jl/i7td GofofwLz Pshgf – ;b:o
▲
-3_ /fi6«kltn] k| wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df dgf]gLt u/]sf]
Pshgf sfg"gljb\ – ;b:o
-ª_ g]kfn af/ Pzf]l ;Pzgsf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfg
GofofwLzåf/f lgo'Qm jl/i7 clwjQmf jf sDtLdf
aL; jif{s f] cg'ej k| fKt clwjQmf – ;b:o
:ki6Ls/0fM o; efusf] k| of] hgsf nflu ædGqLÆ eGgfn] :jtGq sfo{ef/ ePsf] /fHo dGqL
;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -3_ / -ª_ adf]lhdsf] ;b:osf] kbfjlw rf/ jif{sf] x'g]5
/ lghsf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] ;/x x'g]5 .
-#_ pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -3_ / -ª_ adf]lhdsf] ;b:onfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf]
GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 .
-$_ Gofo kl/ifb\\sf] cWoIf nufotsf ;b:on] s'g} GofofwLzsf] ;DaGwdf kg{
cfPsf] ph'/ L;F u ;Da4 d'2 fsf sfuhft tyf kmfon dufO{ cWoog u/L Gofo kl/ifb\df
To;sf] hfgsf/L lbg ;Sg]5 .
-%_ s'g} GofofwLzsf] ljifodf kg{ cfPsf] ph'/ Lsf] ;DaGwdf k| f/lDes 5fglag
u/fpFbf ljz]if1af6 lj:t[t 5fglag ug'{ kg{] b]lvPdf Gofo kl/ifb\n] hfFra'em ;ldlt u7g
ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
-^_ Gofo kl/ifb\\sf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
!!$= Gofo ;]j f cfof]u M -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg"g adf]lhd Gofo ;] jfsf] /fhkqflÍt kbdf
lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jf ubf{ jf To:tf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo
ubf{ Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; adf]lhd ug]{5 .
t/ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf axfn g/x]sf] JolQmnfO{ Gofo ;]j fsf] /fhkqflÍt kbdf gofF
egf{åf/f :yfoL lgo'lQm ubf{ jf Gofo ;]j fsf] /fhkq cglÍt kbaf6 Gofo ;] jfsf]
▲
47
/fhkqflÍt kbdf a9'jf ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] nf]s ;]j f cfof] usf] l;kmfl/; adf]lhd ug'{
kg]{5 .
-@_ Gofo ;]jf cfof]udf b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ x'g]5g\ M–
-s_ k|wfg GofofwLz – cWoIf
-v_ Gofo dGqL – ;b:o
-u_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] jl/i7td GofofwLz – ;b:o
-3_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf – ;b:o
-ª_ dxfGofoflwjQmf – ;b:o
-#_ Gofo ;]j f cfof]usf] cGo sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f
eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
!!%= cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{M Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{d f ;jf]{ Rr cbfnt / cGo
cbfntx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / dftxtsf ;a} sfof{no jf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]
st{Jo x'g]5 .
!!^= cbfntsf] cfb]z / lg0f{onfO{ dfGg' kg{]M -!_ d'2f dfldnfsf] /f]xdf cbfntn] lbPsf] cfb]z
jf lg0f{osf] ;a} n] kfng ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ d'2f dfldnfsf /f] xdf ;jf]{ Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg
u/]sf] sfg"gL l;4fGt g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ;a} c8\8f cbfntx¿n] dfGg' kg]{5 .
✔
!!&= jflif{s k|ltj]bgM -!_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntn] k|To]s jif{ cfˆgf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6«klt ;dIf
✔
k]z ug]{ 5 / /fi6«kltn] k| wfgdGqL dfkm{t To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k]z
ug]{ Joj:yf ug{]5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k] z ul/g] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fx¿sf] cltl/Qm
b]xfosf] ljj/0f v'nfpg' kg]{ 5M–
-s_ ;jf{] Rr cbfnt / dftxtsf cbfntdf btf{ ePsf d'2fsf]
;+VofTds ljj/0f,
-v_ v08 -s_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd btf{ ePsf d'2f dWo] km5\of{}6
ePsf / gePsf d'2fsf] ;+ Vof / km5\of{}6 x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f,
✔
48
-u_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkfbg ePsf gofF ghL/x¿sf] ljj/0f,

-3_ ;jf{] Rr cbfntaf6 k'g/fjnf]sg ePsf] d''2fsf] ;+ Vof,
-ª_ ;jf{] Rr cbfntn] dftxtsf cbfntsf] s'g} GofofwLzsf] Gofo
;Dkfbgsf] ;DaGwdf sfo{Ifdtf ;DaGwL ljifodf s'g} Goflos
l6Kk0fL u/]sf] eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f,
-r_ b08 jf hl/jfgf c;' n pk/ ePsf] /sdsf] ljj/0f,
-5_ km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ljj/0f,
-h_ ;jf{] Rr cbfnt tyf dftxtsf cbfntnfO{ ljlgof]hg ePsf] ah]6
/ vr{sf] ljj/0f .
-#_ ;jf{] Rr cbfntn] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ubf{ Gofo kl/ifb\ /
Gofo;]j f cfof] uaf6 ePsf sfd sf/afxLsf] ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v ug'{ kg{] 5 .
!!*= ;+ljwfg ;ef ;DaGwL cbfntM -!_ lgjf{rg ;DaGwL ph'/L x]g{ Ps ;+ljwfg ;ef cbfnt
u7g ul/g]5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;+ljwfg ;ef cbfntsf] u7g, If]q flwsf/ / cGo
ljifox¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g] 5 .
-#_ o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoq h'g ;'s} s'/f n]l vPsf] eP tfklg pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf]
cbfntdf sfg"gåf/f tf]lsP adf]lhd ph'/ gk/L ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf nflu ePsf] s'g}
lgjf{rg ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g .
-$_ o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;+ljwfg ;efsf]
lgjf{rg k|s[of k|f/De ePkl5 lgjf{rg cj?4 x'g] u/L s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg]
5}g .
efu !!
clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
!!(= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u M -!_ g]kfndf Ps clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u /xg] 5 h;df k|d' v cfo'Qm / cfjZos ;+Vofdf cGo cfo'Qmx¿ /xg]5g\ . k|d'v
cfo'Qmsf cltl/Qm cGo cfo'Qm lgo'Qm ePdf k|d'v cfo'Qmn] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf] cWoIf eO{ sfd ug]{ 5 .
49
✔
-@_ /fi6«kltn]] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|d' v cfo'Qm / cGo cfo'Qmx¿sf]
lgo'lQm ug{]5 .
-#_ pkwf/f -&_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+ zsf] v08 -s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL k|d'v
cfo'Qm / cGo cfo'Qmx¿sf] kbfjlw lgo'lQmsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 .
t/,
-s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f x'g' cufj} k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qmsf] pd]/ k}+ ;¶L
jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg] 5}g .
-v_ k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'QmnfO{ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg
cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 .
-$_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf k|d' v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qmsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M–
✔
-v_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf]
kbdf g/x]df,
-%_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} JolQm k|d' v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qmsf] kbdf
lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]U o x'g] 5}g M–
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dfGotf k| fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]kflw k| fKt
u/]sf],
-v_ lgo'lQm x'Fbfsf avt s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf],
-u_ n]vf, /fhZj, OlGhlgol/Ë, sfg"g, ljsf; jf cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf
sDtLdf aL; jif{ sfd u/L cg'ej / Voflt k|fKt u/]sf],
-3_ k}+tfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] , /
-ª_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] .
-^_ k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmsf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{ x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f
eP adf]lhd x'g] 5g\ . k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qm cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x];Dd lghnfO{ dsf{ kg]{
u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{ x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ .
✔
50
-&_ k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qm eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'gsf]
lgldQ u|fXo x'g] 5}g .
t/,
-s_ clVtof/ b' ¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cfo'QmnfO{ k|d'v cfo'Qmsf]
kbdf lgo'Qm ug{ o; pkwf/fn] jfwf k'¥ ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g / ;f]
adf]lhd s'g} cfo'Qm k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf]df lghsf]
kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ cfo'Qm ePsf] cjlwnfO{ ;d] t hf] 8L u0fgf
ul/g]5 .
-v_ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfF ra'em jf
5fglag ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo
jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf
n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] jfwf k'¥ ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
!@)= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
clwsf/M
sf/M -!_ s'g} ;fj{ hlgs kb
wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf
clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u n] sfg"g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ jf
u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
t/ o; ;+ljwfgdf 5'6\6} Joj:yf ePsf] kbflwsf/L / cGo sfg"gn] 5'6\6} ljz]if
Joj:yf ePsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g] 5}g .
-@_ v/fa cfr/0fsf cfwf/df dxfleof]u k|:tfj kfl/t eO{ kbd'Qm x'g] ;+j}wflgs
kbflwsf/Lx¿, Gofo kl/ifb\af6 ;f] xL cleof] udf kbd'Qm x'g] GofofwLzx¿ / ;}lgs P]g
adf]lhd sf/afxL x'g] JolQmsf xsdf lghnfO{ kbd'Qm eO;s]kl5 sfg"g adf]lhd
cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ u/fpg ;lsg]5 .
-#_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg' ;Gwfg / txlssftaf6 ;fj{ hlgs kb wf/0f
u/]s f] s'g} JolQmn] sfg"g adf] lhd cg'lrt sfo{ dflgg] s'g } sfd u/L clVtof/sf]
b' ¿kof]u u/]s f] b]l vPdf clVtof/ b' ¿kof]u cg' ;Gwfg cfof] un] lghnfO{ ;r] t u/fpg,
ljefuLo sf/afxL jf sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]l hd cGo cfjZos sf/afxLsf] nflu
clVtof/jfnf ;dIf n] vL k7fpg ;Sg] 5 .
-$_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssftaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f
u/]sf] s'g} JolQmn] sfg"g adf]lhd e|i6frf/ dflgg] s'g} sfd u/]sf] b]lvPdf clVtof/
51
b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] To:tf] JolQm / ;f] ck/fwdf ;+nUg cGo JolQm pk/ sfg"g
adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt cbfntdf d'2 f bfo/ ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
-%_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg' ;Gwfg / txlssftaf6 ;fj{ hlgs kb wf/0f
u/]sf] JolQmsf] sfd sf/afxL cGo clwsf/L jf lgsfosf] clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t kg{]
k|s[ltsf] b]lvPdf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u n] cfjZos sf/afxLsf] nflu
;DalGwt clwsf/L jf lgsfo ;dIf n] vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 .
-^_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof] usf] cGo sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g] 5 .
-&_ cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug]{ jf d'2f rnfpg] cfˆgf] sfd, st{ Jo /
clwsf/dWo] s'g} sfd, st{ Jo / clwsf/ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] k|d'v
cfo'Qm, cfo'Qm jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k| of] u tyf
kfng ug{ kfpg] u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 .
!@!= jflif{s k|ltj]bgM
gM -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg' ;Gwfg cfof]u n] cfk"mn]
✔ ✔
u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6«klt ;dIf k] z ug{]5 / /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t
To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+ ;b ;dIf k] z ug]{ Joj:yf ug{]5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm clVtof/
b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof] udf jif{ e/L k/]sf ph'/L, cg';Gwfg txlssft u/L sfg"g
adf]lhd clwsf/ k| fKt cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] / tfd] nLdf /fv]s f] d'2fsf] ;+Vof, cg'lrt
sfo{ u/]sf]df ;r]t u/fPsf] jf ljefuLo sf/afxL jf cGo sf/afxLsf nflu n] vL k7fPsf]
;+Vof, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf ;DaGwdf ePsf] pknlAw tyf ;f] ;DaGwdf eljiodf ug'{ kg{]
;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{ kg{]5 .
efu !@
!@
dxfn]vfk/LIfs
!@@= dxfn]vfk/LIfsM -!_ g]kfndf Ps dxfn] vfk/LIfs x'g]5 .
✔
-@_ /fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df dxfn] vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 .
-#_ pkwf/f -&_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+ zsf] cwLgdf /xL dxfn] vfk/LIfssf]
kbfjlw lgo'lQmsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 .
✔
52
t/,
-s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f x'g' cufj} dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] pd]/ k}+;¶L jif{ k"/f
ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg] 5}g .
-v_ dxfn] vfk/LIfsnfO{ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg
cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 .
-$_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5 M–
✔
kbdf g/x]df,
-%_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} JolQm dxfn] vfk/LIfssf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf]
nflu of]U o x'g] 5}g M–
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 Joj:yfkg,
jfl0fHozf:q jf n] vfdf :gftsf] kflw k|fKt u/L jf rf6{8{
PsfpG6]G ;L k/LIff pQL0f{ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLdf
sfd u/]sf] jf n] vf k/LIf0f ;DaGwL sfddf sDtLdf aL; jif{
cg'ej k| fKt u/]sf] ,
-u_ k}+tfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] , /
-3_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] .
-^_ dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] kfl/>lds / ;]j fsf cGo zt{ x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP
adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . dxfn]vfk/LIfs cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x] ;Dd lghnfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L
kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{ x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ .
-&_ dxfn]vfk/LIfs eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]j fdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ
u|fXo x'g] 5}g .
53
t/ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fglag ug]{ jf

s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k] z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm
eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
!@#= dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfnt, Joj:yflksf–;+ ;b,
;+ljwfg ;ef, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof] u, dxfn] vfk/LIfs, nf]s ;]j f cfof] u,
lgjf{rg cfof]u , /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u , dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no tyf cGo
;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] sfof{no / g]kfnL ;]gf Pj+ ;z:q k| x/L jf g]kfn k| x/L nufotsf ;a}
;/sf/L sfof{ no / cbfntsf] n] vf sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t tl/sf adf]lhd lgoldttf,
ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTo ;d]tsf] ljrf/ u/L dxfn]vfk/LIfsaf6
n]vfk/LIf0f x'g]5 .
-@_ krf; k|ltzteGbf a9L z]o/ jf hfoh]yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf]
;+ul7t ;+: yfsf] n] vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm ubf{ dxfn] vfk/LIfs;F u k/fdz{
ul/g]5 . To:tf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n] vfk/LIf0f ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ;DaGwdf
dxfn] vfk/LIfsn] cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ dxfn] vfk/LIfsnfO{ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfdsf] nflu n]vf ;DaGwL
sfuhkq h'g;'s} avt x]g{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . ;f] cg';f/ dxfn] vfk/LIfs jf To;sf
s'g} sd{rf/Ln] dfu u/]sf] h'g;'s} sfuhkq tyf hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg' ;DalGwt
sfof{ no k|d'vsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
-$_ pkwf/f -!_ cg';f/ n] vfk/LIf0f ul/g] n]vf ;DalGwt sfg"gsf cwLgdf /xL
dxfn] vfk/LIfsåf/f tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf /flvg]5 .
-%_ pkwf/f -!_ df pNn] v ePsf sfof{ nox¿sf] n]vfsf cltl/Qm cGo s'g}
sfof{ no jf ;+: yfsf] dxfn] vfk/LIfsaf6 n] vfk/LIf0f ug'{ kg]{ u/L sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf ug{
;lsg]5 .
✔
!@$= jflif{s k|ltj]bgM -!_ dxfn] vfk/LIfsn] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6«klt
✔
;dIf k] z ug{]5 / /fi6«kltn] k| wfgdGqL dfkm{t To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf
k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]l hd k] z ul/g] k|l tj]bgdf cGo s'/ fsf] cltl/Qm
dxfn] vfk/LIfsaf6 jif{e/Ldf n] vfk/LIf0f u/]s f lgsfosf] ljj/0f, n] vfk/LIf0faf6
✔
54
b]l vPsf] a]? h'sf] l:ylt, a] ?h' km5\ of}{ 6 ug{ u/]s f] k| of; / a] ?h' km5\ of}{ 6sf ;DaGwdf
k| fKt pknlAw tyf n] vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwdf eljiodf ug' { kg{] ;' wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn] v ug'{
kg{ ] 5 .
efu !#
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
!@%= nf]s ;]jf cfof]uM -!_ g]kfndf Ps nf]s ;]j f cfof]u x'g] 5 h;df cWoIf / cfjZostf
cg';f/ cGo ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\ .
-@_ 4/fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df nf]s ;]j f cfof] usf cWoIf /
;b:ox¿sf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 .
-#_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ;b:ox¿dWo] sDtLdf krf; k|ltzt ;b:ox¿ aL; jif{
jf ;f] eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf JolQmx¿ dWo]a f6 / afFsL ;b:ox¿
lj1fg, k|ljlw, snf, ;flxTo, sfg"g, hgk|zf;g, ;dfhzf:q jf /fli6«o hLjgsf cGo
If]qdf zf] w, cg';Gwfg, cWofkg jf cGo s'g} dxTjk"0 f{ sfo{ u/L Vofltk|fKt u/]sf
JolQmx¿ dWo]a f6 lgo'Qm x'g]5g\ .
-$_ pkwf/f -*_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+ zsf] v08 -s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 .
t/,
-s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/ f x'g cufj} nf]s ;]jf cfof] usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf]
pd]/ k};¶L jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg] 5}g .
-v_ nf]s ;]j f cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:onfO{ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf]
GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg
;lsg]5 .
-%_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf nf]s ;]j f cfof] usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kb l/Qm ePsf]
dflgg]5M–
✔
-v_ pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf]
kbdf g/x]df,
✔
55

-^_ b]xfo adf]lhd geO{ s'g} JolQm nf]s ;]jf cfof] usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kbdf
lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]U o x'g] 5}g M–
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k| fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ pkflw
k|fKt u/]sf],
-&_ nf]s ;]jf cfof] usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿
sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:o cfˆgf] kbdf
axfn /x] ;Dd lghx¿nfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{ x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ .
-*_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:o eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]j fdf
lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ u|fXo x'g] 5}g .
t/,
-s_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:onfO{ cWoIfdf lgo'Qm ug{ o; pkwf/fn]
jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g / ;f] adf]lhd s'g} ;b:o cWoIfsf] kbdf
lgo'Qm ePdf lghsf] kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ ;b:o ePsf] cjlwnfO{
;d]t hf]8L u0fgf ul/g]5 .
5fglag ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo
jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf
!@^= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd,
s fd, st{Jo / clwsf/M
clwsf/M -!_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ
pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{ nf]s ;]j f cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
:ki6Ls/0fM
:ki6Ls/0fM o; wf/fsf] k| of]hgsf] nflu ;}lgs clws[t jf hjfg / ;z:q k| x/L jf k| x/L
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf jf kb tyf lghfdtL ;]j f jf kb xf]Og egL P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cGo ;]jf
jf kb afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf c? ;a} ;] jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]j f jf kb dflgg]5 .
56
-@_ lghfdtL ;]j fsf] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] kbdf nf]s ;]j f cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lagf
:yfoL lgo'lQm ul/g] 5}g .
-#_ b]xfosf ljifodf nf]s ;]j f cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{5M–
-s_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf,
-v_ lghfdtL ;]j f jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{
ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ljifodf,
-u_ lghfdtL kbdf 5 dlxgfeGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu lgo'lQm ubf{
pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf,
-3_ s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]j fsf] kbaf6 csf]{ k|s f/sf] lghfdtL
;]jfsf] kbdf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;?jf jf
a9'jf ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf,
-ª_ nf]s ;]j f cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' gkg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf]
sd{rf/LnfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf
:yfoL ;?jf jf a9'jf ug]{ ljifodf, /
-r_ s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ljifodf .
-$_ pkwf/f -#_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg wf/f !!$ adf]lhd Gofo ;]jf
cfof]usf] clwsf/If]qleq kg{] ljifodf ;f] xL adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-%_ ;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L ;]j f jf k| x/L ;]jf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbdf
lgo'lQm / a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{
lng' kg{]5 .
-^_ s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]j fsf zt{ ;DaGwL k| rlnt sfg"g
/ To:tf] ;]jfsf kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo
l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]j f cfof]u ;Fu To:tf] ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ lng rfx]d f nf]s ;]jf
cfof]u n] k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg]5 .
:ki6Ls/0fM
:ki6Ls/0fM o; wf/fsf] k| of]hgsf nflu æ;fj{ hlgs ;+:yfÆ eGgfn] krf; k|ltzt jf
;f]eGbf a9L z] o/ jf hfoh]yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] ;+ ul7t
;+:yfnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
57
-&_ nf]s ;]jf cfof] un] cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ dWo] s'g} sfd, st{ Jo /
clwsf/ cfˆgf] s'g} ;b:o jf ;b:ox¿sf] ;ldlt jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{
tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug]{ u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg] 5 .
-*_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL nf]s ;]j f cfof]usf] cGo sfd, st{ Jo / sfo{ljlw
sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g] 5 .
!@&= jflif{s k|ltj]bgM
gM -!_ k|To]s jif{ nf]s ;]j f cfof]u n] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg
✔ ✔
/fi6«klt ;dIf k] z ug{]5 / /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–
;+;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]l hd k] z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm nf]s ;]j f
cfof] un] jif{e/Ldf pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ lnPsf] k/LIffsf] ljj/0f, ;f] k/LIffdf pQL0f{
k/LIffyL{ ;DaGwL ljj/0f, ljleGg lgsfonfO{ k/fdz{ lbPsf] ljj/0f, lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{
ljefuLo sf/afxL / ;hfo ubf{ lbPsf] k/fdz{sf] ljj/0f / k/fdz{ adf]l hdsf] sfd eP
gePsf] ljj/0f, s'g} ;/sf/L ;]j fsf] kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'j f / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{
ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] af/]d f k/fdz{ lbPsf] eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f / eljiodf
lghfdtL ;]j fsf] ;' wf/sf] ljj/0f ;d]t pNn] v ug'{ kg{] 5 .
efu !$
lgjf{rg cfof]u
!@*= lgjf{rg cfof]uM -!_ g]kfndf Ps lgjf{ rg cfof]u x'g ] 5 h;df k|d' v lgjf{ rg cfo'Qm
/ cGo rf/ hgf;Dd lgjf{ rg cfo'Qmx¿ /xg] 5g\ . k|d ' v lgjf{ rg cfo'Q msf cltl/Qm
cGo lgjf{ rg cfo' Qm lgo'Qm ePdf k| d' v lgjf{ rg cfo'Qmn] lgjf{ rg cfof] usf] cWoIf
eO{ sfd ug{] 5 .
✔
-@_ /fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|d' v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg
cfo'Qmsf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 .
-#_ pkwf/f -&_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+ zsf] v08 -s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL k|d'v
lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmsf] kbfjlw lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltn] 5 jif{s f] x'g] 5 .
t/,
✔
✔
58
-s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f x'g' cufj} k|d' v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm jf lgjf{rg
cfo'Qmsf] pd]/ k} ;¶L jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg]
5}g .
-v_ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'QmnfO{ ;jf{] Rr cbfntsf]
GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg
;lsg]5 .
-$_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf k|d' v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M–
✔
kbdf g/x]df,
-%_ b]xfo adf]lhd geO{ s'g} JolQm k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmsf] kbdf
lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]U o x'g] 5}gM–
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]kflw k| fKt
u/]sf],
-^_ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmsf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{ x¿ sfg"gåf/f
lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . k|d' v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / cfo'Qm cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x] ;Dd
lghx¿nfO{ dsf{ kg{] u/L kfl/>lds / ;]j fsf cGo zt{x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ .
-&_ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qm eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]j fdf
lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ u|fXo x'g] 5}g .
t/,
-s_ lgjf{rg cfo'QmnfO{ k|d' v lgjf{rg cfo'Qmdf lgo'Qm ug{ o;
pkwf/fn] jfwf k'¥ ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g / ;f] adf]lhd s'g} cfo'Qm
59
k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePdf lghsf] kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{

cfo'Qm ePsf] cjlwnfO{ ;d]t hf] 8L u0fgf ul/g]5 .
5fglag ug{] jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo
jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug{] s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf
!@(= lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M
clwsf/M -!_ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL
;+ljwfg ;ef, wf/f !%& adf]lhd x'g] hgdt ;ª\u|x tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf]
;~rfng, /]vb]v, lgb{]zg / lgoGq0f lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 x'g]5 . ;f] k| of] hgsf] nflu
dtbftfx¿sf] gfdfjnL tof/ ug{] sfo{ lgjf{ rg cfof]un] ug{]5 .
-@_ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf] nflu pDd]bjf/Lsf] dgf]gog btf{ eO;s]sf] t/ lgjf{rg
k"/f gx'Fb} s'g} pDd]bjf/ wf/f ^% cg';f/ cof]U o 5 jf x'g uPsf] 5 eGg] k|Zg p7]df
To;sf] lg0f{o lgjf{rg cfof]u n] ug]{ 5 .
-#_ lgjf{rg cfof]u n] cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ dWo] s'g} sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/ k|d' v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm, lgjf{rg cfo'Qm jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf]
zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug{ kfpg] u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg] 5 .
-$_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL lgjf{rg cfof]usf cGo sfd, st{ Jo / clwsf/
tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ .
!#)= g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgjf{rg cfof]u nfO{ cfjZos sd{rf/L pknAw u/fpg' kg{]M o; ;+ljwfg
adf]lhd lgjf{rg cfof]u nfO{ cfˆgf] sfd k"/f ug{ cfjZos kg{] sd{rf/L / cGo s'/fx¿
g]kfn ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg]5 .
efu !%
/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
!#!= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u M -!_ g]kfndf Ps /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u x'g]5 h;df
b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\M–
-s_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf] If]qdf ljlzi6
of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf ;jf{] Rr cbfntsf] k| wfg GofofwLz jf
GofofwLz kbaf6 ;] jf lgj[Q JolQm jf dfgj clwsf/sf]
60
;+/If0f / ;+j4{g jf ;dfh;]j fsf If]qdf lqmofzLn /xL

ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ ofPsf Vofltk|fKt JolQmx¿ dWo]a f6 – cWoIf
-v_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g jf ;dfh;]jfsf
If]qdf lqmofzLn /xL ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ ofPsf
Vofltk|fKt JolQmx¿ dWo]a f6 rf/hgf – ;b:o
-@_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lQm ubf{ dlxnf ;lxt
ljljwtf sfod ug'{ kg{]5 .
✔
-#_ /fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf
cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 .
-$_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lQm ePsf]
ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 .
t/ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:onfO{ ;jf{] Rr cbfntsf]
GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 .
-%_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kb l/Qm
ePsf] dflgg]5M–
✔
-v_ pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf]
kbdf g/x]df,
-^_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of] Uotf geO{ s'g} JolQm /fli6« o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kbdf lgo'l Qm x'g of]U o x'g] 5}gM–
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k| fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]kflw
xfl;n u/]sf] ,
-v_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] .
-&_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;]j fsf cGo
zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] usf cWoIf /
✔
61
;b:o cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x];Dd lghx¿nfO{ dsf{ kg{] u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf zt{ x¿
ablng] 5}gg\ .
-*_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf jf ;b:o eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L
;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] nflu u|fXo x'g] 5}g .
t/ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fglag ug{] jf
To:tf] ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug{] s'g} kbdf
lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
!#@= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg,
;+/If0f / ;+j 4{g tyf To;sf] k|e fjsf/L sfof{G jognfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ /fli6«o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ df plNnlvt st{ Jo k"/f ug{sf] nflu /fli6« o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]u n] b]] xfosf sfd ug{]5M–
-s_ s'g} JolQm jf ;d" xsf] dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3 g jf To;sf]
b'? T;fxg ePsf] df kLl8t JolQm cfkm}+ jf lghsf] tkm{a f6 s;} n]
cfof] u ;dIf k| :t't jf k| ]lift u/]s f] lgj]bg jf ph'/ L jf s'g}
;| f]t af6 cfof]u nfO{ k| fKt ePsf] hfgsf/L jf cfof] usf] cfˆg}
:jljj]sdf To;sf] 5fglag tyf cg' ;Gwfg u/L bf]i fL pk/
sf/afxL ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{] ,
-v_ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3g x'gaf6 /f] Sg] lhDd]j f/L jf st{ Jo
ePsf] kbflwsf/Ln] cfˆgf] lhDd] j f/L k"/ f gu/]d f jf st{Jo kfng
gu/] df jf lhDd] j f/L k"/ f ug{ jf st{ Jo kfngf ug{ pbfl;gtf
b] vfPdf To:tf] kbflwsf/L pk/ ljefuLo sf/afxL ug{ ;DalGwt
clwsf/L ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{] ,
-u_ dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g ug{] JolQmsf lj?4 d'2f rnfpg' kg{]
cfjZostf ePdf sfg"g adf]lhd cbfntdf d'2 f bfo/ ug{
l;kmfl/; ug{],
-3_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ gful/s ;dfh;Fu ;dGjo
/ ;xsfo{ ug{],
62
-ª_ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3gstf{nfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL tyf ;hfo

ug{ sf/0f / cfwf/ v'nfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfo ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{,
-r_ dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cfjlws ¿kdf
k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] tyf To;df ug'{ kg{] ;'wf/ tyf ;+zf]wgsf
;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{],
-5_ dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6« o ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] g]kfn
kIf aGg' kg{] ePdf To;sf] sf/0f;lxt g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/;
ug{] / kIf alg;s]sf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog eP jf
gePsf] cg'udg u/L sfof{G jog gePsf] kfOPdf ;f]s f] sfof{Gjog
ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{],
-h_ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3gsf ;DaGwdf /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]u n] u/]sf] l;kmfl/; jf lgb{]zg kfngf jf sfof{Gjog gug{]
kbflwsf/L, JolQm jf lgsfosf] gfd sfg"g adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs u/L
dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gstf{sf] ¿kdf clen]v ug{] .
-#_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u n] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ jf st{Jo kfngf ubf{
b]xfosf] clwsf/ k| of] u ug{ ;Sg]5M–
-s_ s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfof]u ;dIf pkl:yt u/fO{ hfgsf/L jf aofg lng] jf askq
u/fpg], k|d f0f a' ‰g], bzL k|d f0f bflvnf ug{ nufpg] ;DaGwdf cbfntnfO{ eP ;/xsf]
clwsf/ k| of] u ug{],
-v_ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g x'g nfu]sf] jf eO;s]sf] ;"rgf cfof]u n]
s'g} lsl;daf6 k|fKt u/]df s'g} JolQm jf lghsf] cfjf; jf sfof{nodf ljgf ;"rgf k| j]z
ug{], vfgtnf;L lng] tyf To;/L vfgtnf;L ln+bf dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3g;Fu ;DalGwt
lnvt, k|df0f jf ;a'b sAhfdf lng],
-u_ s'g} JolQmsf] dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g eO/x]sf] s'/f hfgsf/L eO{ tTsfn
sf/afxL ug{' kg{] cfjZos b]lvPdf lagf ;"rgf ;/sf/L sfof{no jf cGo 7fpFd f k|j]z ug{]
/ p4f/ ug{],
-3_ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3gaf6 kLl8t ePsf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd
Ifltk"lt{ lbg cfb] z lbg],
63
-ª_ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cGo clwsf/sf] k|of]u / st{Josf] kfngf ug{]
jf u/fpg] .
-$_ o; wf/fdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]l vPsf] eP tfklg ;}lgs P]gsf] If]q flwsf/sf]
ljifodf /fli6« o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ If]q flwsf/ x'g] 5}g .
t/ dfgj clwsf/ jf dfgjLo sfg"gsf] pNnª\3g ePsf] ljifodf sf/afxL rnfpg
jfwf kg]{ 5}g .
!##= jflif{s k|ltj]bg M -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] cfk"m n] u/]sf]
✔ ✔
sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6«klt ;dIf k] z ug{]5 / /fi6«kltn] k| wfgdGqL dfkm{t To:tf]
k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+ ;b ;dIf k] z ug]{ Joj:yf ug{]5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm /fli6«o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]udf jif{ e/L k/]sf ph'/L, To:tf] ph'/Lsf] ;DaGwdf u/]sf] 5fglag /
cg';Gwfgsf] ljj/0f, g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ljleGg ljifodf u/]sf] l;kmfl/;sf] ljj/0f, dfgj
clwsf/ pNnª\3g ug{] JolQm lj?4 s'g} d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] eP ;f]sf] ;+ Vof, dfgj clwsf/sf]
;+/If0f / k|jw{gsf ;DaGwdf eljiodf ug'{ kg{] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{ kg{] 5 .
efu !^
dxfGofoflwjQmf
!#$= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] lgo'lQm M -!_ g]kfndf Ps dxfGofoflwjQmf /xg] 5 h;sf] lgo'lQm
✔
k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 x'g]5 . dxfGofoflwjQmf k| wfgdGqLsf] OR5fg';f/sf]
cjlw;Dd cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg]5 .
-@_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz x'g ;Sg] of]U otf geO{ s'g} klg JolQm
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf lgo'l Qmsf] nflu of] U o dflgg] 5}g .
-#_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M–
✔
-s_ lghn] k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t /fi6«klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,
✔
-v_ k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6« kltaf6 lghnfO{ kbd'Qm ul/Pdf,
✔
64
-$_ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwf ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz

;/x x'g]5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;] jfsf cGo zt{ x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd
x'g]5g\ .
!#%= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_ dxfGofoflwjQmf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo
sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ x'g]5 . ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/n]
tf]lslbPsf] cGo clwsf/LnfO{ /fo ;Nnfx lbg' lghsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
-@_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xs, lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2 fdf dxfGofoflwjQmf jf
lghsf] dftxtsf clws[t x¿af6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ul/g]5 . o; ;+ljwfgdf
cGoyf n]lvPb]lv afx]s s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/L ;dIf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{
x'g]5 .
-#_ pkwf/f -@_ sf] cwLgdf /xL dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ cfˆgf] st{Jo kfng ubf{
b]xfosf sfd ug{] clwsf/ x'g]5M–
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL jf k|ltjfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf d'2f dfldnfdf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|lt/Iff ug]{ ,
-v_ d'2f dfldnfsf /f] xdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof jf
k|ltkfbg u/]sf] sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjog eP jf gePsf]
cg'udg ug]{ u/fpg],
-u_ lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL dfgjf]lrt
Jojxf/ gu/]sf] jf To:tf] JolQmnfO{{ cfkmGt;Fu jf sfg"g Joj;foL
dfkm{t e]63f6 ug{ glbPsf] eGg] ph'/L k/]df jf hfgsf/L x'g
cfPdf 5fglag u/L To:tf] x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{
cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg] .
-$_ o; wf/fdf n]lvPsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] cltl/Qm dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-%_ cfˆgf] kbLo st{Josf] kfngf ubf{ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ g]kfnsf] h'g;'s }
cbfnt, sfof{no / kbflwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt x'g] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
65
-^_ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] of] wf/f adf]lhd cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf]
zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u / kfng ug]{ u/L dftxtsf clws[t nfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 .
!#^= jflif{s k|ltj]bg M -!_ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] k|To]s jif{ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g adf]lhd
✔
cfk"m n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L /fi6« klt ;dIf k] z ug]{5 /
✔
/fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k] z ug]{ Joj:yf
ug]{5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm
dxfGofoflwjQmfn] jif{e/Ldf ;+j} wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL ljifodf lbPsf] /fo ;Nnfxsf] ;+ Vof,
;/sf/ jfbL eO{ rn]s f d'2f ;DaGwL ljj/0f, g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL jf k|ltjfbL eO{ bfo/
ePsf d'2f dfldnfdf k|lt/Iff u/]sf] ljj/0f, ck/fw ;DaGwL ljj/0f tyf ;/sf/ jfbL eO{
rNg] d'2fdf eljiodf ul/g' kg{] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{ kg{] 5 .
!#&= Joj:yflksf
Joj:yflksf–
:yflksf–;+;bdf pkl:yt x'g kfpg]M dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ Joj:yflksf–;+;b, ;+ljwfg
;ef jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt eO{ s'g} sfg"gL k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf /fo
JoQm ug{] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
t/ dt lbg] clwsf/ eg] x'g] 5}g .
efu !&
/fHosf] 9fFrf / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
!#*= /fHosf] cu|u fdL k'g;{+/ rgfM -!_ juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}lËs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s /
If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ug{ /fHosf] s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf]
;dfj] zL, nf]stflGqs ;+3 Lo zf;g k| 0ffnL ;lxtsf] cu|u fdL k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 .
❒
-!s_ dw] zL hgtf nufot cflbjf;L hghflt / lk5l8Psf tyf cGo If]qsf
hgtfsf] :jfoQ k|b] zsf] rfxgfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L g] kfn ;+3 Lo nf]s tflGqs u0ftGqfTds
/fHo x'g ] 5 . k| b] zx? :jfoQ / clwsf/;DkGg x'g ] 5g\ . g] kfnsf] ;fj{e f} ldstf, Pstf /
cv08tfnfO{ cIf'0 0f /fVb} :jfoQ k|b] zx?sf] ;Ldf, ;+ Vof, gfd / ;+ /rgfsf cltl/Qm
s]Gb| / k|b] zsf] ;" rLx?sf] k"0 f{ ljj/0f, ;fwg–;| f]t / clwsf/sf] af“ f8kmf“ 8 ;+ljwfg
;efaf6 lgwf{ /0f ul/g] 5 .
✔
klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .
❒
66
▲
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ / -!s_ adf]lhd /fHosf] k'g;+{/ rgf ug{sf] nflu ;'emfj lbg Ps
pRr:t/Lo cfof]usf] u7g ul/g]5 . To:tf] cfof]usf] u7g, sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / ;]jfsf
zt{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .

-#_ /fHosf] k'g;{ +/rgf tyf ;+3 Lo zf;g k|0 ffnLsf] :j?k ;DaGwL ljifosf]
clGtd 6' Ëf] ;+ljwfg ;efn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]l hd x'g] 5 .
!#(= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] Joj:yfM
Joj:yfM -!_ :yfgLo :t/b]l v g} hgtfsf] ;fj{ e f}d ;Qfsf]
k| of] u ug{] cg's " n jftfj/0f agfO{ d' n's sf] zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfsf] a9LeGbf a9L
;xeflutf k| j w{g ug{ / hgtfnfO{ :yfgLo :t/df g} ;]j f pknAw u/fpg tyf
nf]s tGqsf] :yfgLo :t/b]l v g} ;+ : yfut ljsf; ug{ ljs] Gb|Ls/0f tyf clwsf/sf]
▲
lgIf] k0fsf cfwf/df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfosf] lgjf{ rg ul/g] 5 .
▲
-@_ :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg geP;Ddsf nflu :yfgLo txdf lqmofzLn
/fhg}lts b/x?sf] ;xdlt / ;xeflutfsf cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f lhNnf, gu/ / ufp“
:t/df cGtl/d :yfgLo lgsfo u7g ul/g]5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; pkwf/fsf] k| of]hgsf] nflu æ:yfgLo txdf lqmofzLn /fhg}lts bnÆ
eGgfn] ;+ljwfg ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ePsf / ;f] ;efsf] lgjf{ rgdf klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]
lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t ;DalGwt lhNnfdf pDd]bjf/L lbPsf /fhg}lts bnnfO{ ;Demg'
k5{ .
-#_ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfosf] ;+u 7gfTds ;+/rgf, To;sf] :j¿k /
k|fb]lzs Onfsf tyf u7g ljlw sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
!$)= /fhZj kl/rfng / Joj:yfM
Joj:yfM -!_ :yfgLo ljsf;sf] nflu :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL
lgsfonfO{ ;Ifd agfpg ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng, ljlgof] hg / ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf]
;Gt'lnt tyf Gofof]lrt ljt/0fdf ;dfgtf sfod /fvL :yfgLo :t/sf of] hgfsf] klxrfg,
th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ;DalGwt :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfonfO{ g} hjfkmb]xL
agfpg sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL
lgsfo aLr lhDd]j f/L / /fhZj kl/rfng tyf afF 8kmfF8 x'g] 5 .
▲
▲
67
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd /fhZj kl/rfng / afF8kmFf8 ubf{ d' n'ssf] ;Gt'lnt /
;dfg ljsf; x'g] u/L ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0faf6 lk5l8Psf ju{ tyf ;d'bfosf]
;du| pTyfgsf nflu ljz]if Wofg lbg' kg{]5 .
efu !*
/fhg}lts bnx?
!$!= /fhg}lts bnnfO{ k|ltaGw nufpg aGb]h M -!_ ;dfg /fhg}lts ljrf/wf/f, bz{g /
sfo{qmddf k|lta4 JolQmx¿n] wf/f !@ sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+z -#_
cGtu{t ag]sf] sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL cfˆgf] OR5fg' ;f/ /fhg}lts bn vf]Ng, ;~rfng ug{
/ ;f] sf] ljrf/wf/f, bz{g / sfo{qmdk|lt hg;fwf/0fsf] ;dy{g / ;xof]u k|fKt ug{sf] nflu
To;sf] k| rf/ / k|;f/ ug{, u/fpg jf ;f] k| of]hgsf nflu cGo s'g} sfd ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
To:tf] s'g} sfo{df s'g} k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L agfOPsf] sfg"g jf ul/Psf] s'g} Joj:yf jf
lg0f{o of] ;+ljwfgsf] k|lts"n dflgg] / :jtM cdfGo x'g]5 .
-@_ s'g} Pp6} /fhg}lts bn jf Ps} lsl;dsf] /fhg} lts ljrf/wf/f, bz{ g jf
sfo{ qmd ePsf JolQmx¿n] dfq lgjf{ rg, b] zsf] /fhg}l ts k| 0 ffnL jf /fHo Joj:yf
;~rfngdf efu lng kfpg] jf ;lDdlnt x'g kfpg] u/L agfPsf] sfg"g , ul/Psf] s'g}
Joj:yf jf lg0f{ o o; ;+l jwfg k|lts" n / :jtM cdfGo x'g ] 5 .
-#_ of] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfsf] d" n efjgf / dd{ k|lts"n p2]Zo /fv]sf kf6L{ x¿ bn
btf{sf] lglDt of]U o dflgg] 5}gg\ .
!$@= /fhg}l ts bnsf] ¿kdf lgjf{rgsf] nflu dfGotf k|fKt ug{ btf{ u/fpg
u/fpg'' kg{]M -!_lgjf{rgsf]
k|of] hgsf] nflu lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 dfGotf k| fKt ug{ rfxg] k| To]s /fhg}lts bnn]
lgjf{rg cfof] uåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L lgjf{rg cfof] udf btf{ u/fpg'
kg{]5 . o; cg';f/ btf{ gug]{ /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] gfd lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ;"rLaf6
x6fOg]5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd btf{sf] nflu lgj]bg ubf{ k|:tfj btf{ ug{ ul/Psf]
/fhg}lts bnsf] ljwfg, 3f]if0ffkq / lgodfjnL k] z u/L cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf]
ljj/0f v' nfpg' kg{]5M–
-s_ /fhg}lts bnsf] gfd / To;sf] k|wfg sfof{no /xg] 7]u fgf,
68
-v_ /fhg}lts bnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt jf ;f] ;/xsf] ;ldltsf ;b:o

tyf cGo kbflwsf/Lsf] gfd / 7]ufgf,
-u_ /fhg}lts bnsf] cfo;| f]tsf] sf]if / ;f] h' 6fpg] ;|f]tsf] ljj/0f .
-#_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd btf{sf] nflu lgj]bg lb+bf s'g} klg /fhg}lts bnn]
b]xfosf zt{x¿ k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kg{] 5M–
-s_ /fhg}lts bnsf] ljwfg / lgodfjnL nf]stflGqs x'g' k5{ ,
-v_ /fhg}lts bnsf] ljwfg jf lgodfjnLdf sDtLdf kfFr jif{df Ps
k6s ;f] bnsf k|To]s txsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgjf{rg x'g] Joj:yf
x'g' k5{,
-u_ ljleGg :t/sf sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltdf dlxnf, blnt nufot pk]lIft
/ pTkLl8t If]qsf ;b:ox¿ ;d]t /xg] ;dfj]zL Joj:yf ul/Psf]
x'g' k5{,
-3_ bnsf] ljwfgdf bnsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ cg'zfl;t t'N ofpg] k|e fjsf/L
Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g' k5{ .
-$_ s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug{ s]jn wd{ , hft, hflt, efiff jf
lnËsf] cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/s pk/ e]befjk"0f{ aGb]h nufOPsf] jf s'g} /fhg}lts ;+u7g
jf bnsf] gfd, p2]Zo, lrGx jf em08f d' n'ssf] wfld{s jf ;fDk|bflos PstfnfO{ vnn kfg{]
jf d'n'snfO{ ljvl08t ug{] k|s[ltsf] jf To:tf] bnsf] ljwfg jf lgodfjnLdf lgb{nLo jf
PsbnLo Joj:yfsf] ;+j4{g / ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zo /x] 5 eg] lgjf{ rg cfof]u n] To:tf] ;+u 7g
jf bnnfO{ btf{ ug{] 5}g .
-%_ lgjf{rgsf] lglDt bn btf{ ug]{ k| of] hgsf] nflu sDtLdf b; xhf/
dtbftfx¿sf] ;dy{g ;lxtsf] x:tfIf/o'Qm lgj]bg cfjZos kg]{5 .
t/ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ bnx¿sf] xsdf of] k| fjwfg nfu"
x'g] 5}g .
-^_ o; efudf n]lvPb]lv afx]s /fhg}lts bnsf] :yfkgf, btf{, dfGotf tyf cGo
s'/fx¿ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
efu !(
;+s6sfnLg clwsf/
69
!$#= ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ M -!_ g]kfn /fHosf] ;fj{e f}d;Qf, cv08tf jf s'g} efusf] ;'/Iffdf
o'4, afXo cfqmd0f, ;z:q ljb|f]x jf r/d cfly{s lj>[ª\vntfsf] sf/0fn]] uDeL/ ;Í6
✔
pTkGg ePdf g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] g]kfn /fHoe/ jf s'g}
vf; If]qdf nfu" x'g] u/L ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ jf cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb] z ;f] cfb] z ePsf] ldltn] Ps
dlxgfleq cg'df]bgsf] nflu Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] a}7sdf k] z ul/g]5 .
-#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd cg'df]bgsf] nflu k]z ePsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z
Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{–ltxfO ax'dtn] cg'df]bg u/]df
3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgf;Dd nfu" /xg]5 .
-$_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf]] a}7sdf cg'df]bgsf] nflu k]z
ePsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd cg'df]bg gePdf ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z :jtM
lgliqmo ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-%_ pkwf/f -!_ sf] cj:yf cem} ljBdfg 5 egL pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhdsf] Dofb
e'Qmfg gx'Fb} Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{–ltxfO ax'dtn]
k|:tfjåf/f lg0f{o u/L csf{] Ps k6s tLg dlxgfdf ga9fO{ ;f] k|:tfjdf tf]lsPsf] cjlwsf]
nflu ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]zsf] Dofb a9fpg ;Sg]5 .
-^_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ePkl5 To:tf]
✔
cj:yfsf] lgjf/0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6« kltn] cfjZos cfb]z
hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . To;/L hf/L ePsf] cfb]z ;Í6sfnLg cj:yf axfn /x] ;Dd sfg"g ;/x
nfu" x'g]5 .
✔
-&_ /fi6«kltaf6 pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z
ul/+bf ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z axfn /x];Ddsf] nflu efu # df Joj:yf ePsf df}lns xs
lgnDag ug{ ;lsg]5 .
t/ wf/f !@ sf] pkwf/f -!_, -@_ / pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -u_ / -3_, wf/f !# / !$,
wf/f !% sf] pkwf/f -@_ / -#_, wf/f !^, !&, !*, @), @!, @@, @#, @$, @^, @(, #) / #!
tyf To:tf wf/f;Fu ;DalGwt wf/f #@ adf]lhd ;+j} wflgs pkrf/sf] xs / aGbL
k|ToIfLs/0fsf] pkrf/ k| fKt ug{] xs lgnDag ul/g] 5}g .
✔
✔
70
-*_ pkwf/f -&_ adf]lhd o; ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/f lgnDag ul/Psf]df ;f] wf/fn]
k|bfg u/]sf] df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu s'g} cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg jf To; ;DaGwdf
s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g .
-(_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z axfn /x]sf] cj:yfdf s'g}
kbflwsf/Ln] sfg"g ljk/Lt jf ablgot;fy s'g} sfd u/]af6 s;}nfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] Iflt
ePsf] /x] 5 eg] lghn] ;f] 3f]i f0ff jf cfb]z ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq cfk"mnfO{
k/]sf] Iflt jfkt Ifltk"lt{sf] bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 / bfaL dgfl;a 7x/fPdf cbfntn] plrt
Ifltk"lt{ e/fOlbg ;Sg] 5 .
-!)_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]i f0ff jf cfb]z g] kfn
✔
;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\s f] l;kmfl/;df /fi6« kltaf6 ;f] 3f]i f0ff jf cfb] z axfn /x] ;Dd
h'g;'s } avt klg lkmtf{ lng ;lsg]5 .
efu @)
;]gf;DaGwL Joj:yf
!$$= g]kfnL ;]gfsf] u7g M -!_ g]kfndf g]kfnL ;]g fsf] Ps ;+u 7g /xg]5 .

-!s_ /fi6«klt g]kfnL ;]g fsf] ;jf]{ Rr k/dflwklt x'g] 5 .
✔
-@_ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6« kltn]
ug]{5 .
✔
-#_ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg sfg"g adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
l;kmfl/;df /fi6« kltn] ug]{5 . dlGqkl/ifb\n] /fhg}lts ;xdlt / Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf]
;DalGwt ;ldltsf] ;'emfj lnO{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] nf]stflGqs/0fsf] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf th'{df
u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{5 .
-$_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd sfo{ of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ubf{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
pko'Qm ;ª\Vof, nf]stflGqs ;+/rgf / /fli6«o / ;dfj] zL rl/q lgdf{0f u/L nf]stGq /
dfgj clwsf/sf] d"Noåf/f ;]gfnfO{ k|lzlIft ug]{ sfd ul/g]5 .
❒
-$s_ g]kfnL ;]g fnfO{ /fli6«o :j?k k|bfg ug{ / ;dfj]zL agfpg dw]zL,
cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dlxnf, lk5l8Psf If]q nufotsf hgtfsf] k| j]z ;dfgtf /
;dfj] zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/L ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .
✔

71
-%_ g]kfnL ;]gf ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
!$%= /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\
kl/ifbM\ -!_ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kl/rfng, ;~rfng / k| of]u ug{sf] nflu
dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{ g]kfndf Ps /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\ /xg]5 h;df b]xfo
adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ /xg] 5g\ M–
-s_ k|wfgdGqL – cWoIf
-v_ /Iff dGqL – ;b:o
-u_ u[x dGqL – ;b:o
▲
-3_ dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]sf /fhg}lts b/x?dWo] km/s–
km/s bnsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L k|wfgdGqLn]
tf]s]sf tLghgf dGqL – ;b:o
t/ dlGqkl/ifb\df tLgeGbf sd /fhg}lts bnsf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] cj:yfdf
;f]eGbf sd /fhg}lts bnsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ u/L tf]Sg afwf k'u]s f] dflgg] 5}g .Æ
-@_ k|wfgdGqL / /Iff dGqL Ps} JolQm /x]s f] cj:yfdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] jl/i7td
;b:o /fli6« o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\sf] ;b:o x'g]5 .
-#_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\n] cfˆgf] a}7sdf cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo JolQmnfO{
a}7sdf cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\sf] ;lrjsf] sfd /Iff dGqfnosf] ;lrjn] ug{]5 / lghsf]
cg'kl:yltdf k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf] clws[t n] ug{]5 .
-%_ k|fs[lts ljkt k/]sf] sf/0fn] g]kfnL ;]gf kl/rfng ePsf]df afx]s ;]gf
kl/rfng ;DaGwL g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\\af6 ePsf] lg0f{o Ps dlxgfleq Joj:yflksf–
;+;bn] tf]s]sf] ljz]if ;ldltdf k|:t't eO{ cg'df]bg x'g' kg]{5 .
-^_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\n] cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm}+ Jojl:yt ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!$^= n8fs'x¿sf] ;ª\
;ªqmd0fsfnLg
\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf M dfcf]jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs' x¿sf] /]vb] v, ;dfof]hg /
σ
k'g:yf{kgfsf lglDt ;+ljwfg ;efdf k|ltlglwTj u/]sf k|d' v /fhg}lts bnx?sf]
k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L dlGqkl/ifb\n] ljz]if ;ldlt agfpg]5 / To:tf] ;ldltsf] sfd, st{ Jo
/ clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g] 5 .
❒
▲
72
!$&= Joj:yfkg / cg'udg M ;]gf / xltof/ Joj:yfkg / cg'udg ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf g]kfn
;/sf/ / g]=s=kf= -dfcf]j fbL_ aLr ;DkGg @)^# ;fn dª\l;/ % ut]sf] …lj:t[ t zflGt
;Demf}tfÚ / @)^# ;fn dª\l ;/ @@ ut]s f] …;]gf / xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf] cg'udg ;DaGwL
;Demf}tfÚ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g] 5 .
efu @!
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg
!$*= ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgM
g M -!_ ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug]{ ljw]os
Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bdf k| :t't ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ePsf] ljw]os Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf tTsfn sfod
/x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+ Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:ox¿sf] ax'dtaf6 :jLs[t ePdf ljw] os
kfl/t ePsf] dflgg]5 .
efu @@
ljljw
!$(= ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\
kl/ifbM\ -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQmsf]
l;kmfl/; ug{ Pp6f ;+j} wflgs kl/ifb\\ x'g]5 h;df b] xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿
/xg]5g\ M–
-s_ k|wfgdGqL –cWoIf
-v_ k|wfg GofofwLz –;b:o
-u_ Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ;efd' v –;b:o
▲
-3_ dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]sf /fhg}lts bnx?dWo] km/s–km/s
bnsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf
tLghgf dGqL – ;b:o
t/ dlGqkl/ifb\df tLgeGbf sd /fhg}lts bnsf]
k|ltlglwTj ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]eGbf sd /fhg}lts
bnsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ u/L tf]Sg afwf k'u]s f] dflgg]
5}g .Æ
▲
73
❒
-ª_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf ljkIfL bnsf g]tf – ;b:o
-@_ k|wfg GofofwLzsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] cj:yfdf k| wfg GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQmsf]
l;kmfl/; ubf{ ;+j} wflgs kl/ifb\\df Gofo dGqL ;b:osf] ¿kdf /xg] 5 .
-#_ ;+j}wflgs cËsf kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, ;+j} wflgs kl/ifb\\sf]
cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrjn] ;+j} wflgs kl/ifb\sf] ;lrj eO{ sfd ug{] 5 .
✔
tlglwM dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] g]kfnL /fhb"t /
!%)= g]kfnL /fhb"t / ljz]if k|ltlglwM
s'g} vf; k|of]hgsf] nflu ljz]if k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 .
✔
!%!= dfkmLM dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] h'g;'s} cbfnt, ljz]if cbfnt, ;}lgs
cbfnt jf cGo s'g} Goflos, cw{ Goflos jf k| zf;sLo kbflwsf/L jf lgsfon] u/]sf]
;hfonfO{ dfkmL, d' ntjL, kl/jt{g jf sd ug{ ;Sg]5 .
✔
!%@= p kflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0fM -!_ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6« kltaf6 /fHosf tkm{af6 lbOg]
pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0fx¿ k|bfg x'g]5g\ .
-@_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[lt k| fKt gu/L g]kfnsf] s'g} gful/sn] s'g} ljb]zL
d'n'ssf] ;/sf/af6 k|bfg ul/g] pkflw, ;Ddfg jf lje"if0f u| x0f ug{ x'Fb}g .
!%#= ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] u7gM g]kfn ;/sf/n] d' n'ssf] k| zf;g ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;] jf /
cfjZos cGo ;/sf/L ;] jfx¿sf] u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf ;]jfx¿sf] u7g, ;~rfng /
;]jfsf zt{ x¿ P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/P adf]lhd x'g] 5g\ .
!%$= cfof]usf] u7gM
u7gM g]kfn ;/sf/n] dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, ckfË, dhb'/ jf
ls;fg nufot ljljw If]qsf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f / k| jw{g ug{ cfjZos cfof]u x¿ u7g
ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf cfof]u x¿sf] u7g, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf sfg"gåf/f
lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
•
!%$s= lgjf{rg
rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]u M -!_ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ug]{ k| of]hgsf] nflu
lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Ps lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof] u u7g ug{
;Sg]5, h;df b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox? /xg] 5g\ M–
-s_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntaf6 ;] jflgj[Q GofofwLz – cWoIf
-v_ e"uf]nljb\ – ;b:o
❒
✔
•
74
-u_ ;dfhzf:qL jf hg;+ Vofljb\ – ;b:o

-3_ k|zf;gljb\ jf Joj:yfkgljb\ – ;b:o
-ª_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]j fdf /x]sf] /fhkqflÍt ljlzi6
>]0fLsf] clws[t – ;b:o–;lrj
-@_ lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]usf cWoIf tyf ;b:osf] lgo'lQm g]kfn ;/sf/n]
ug]{5 .
-#_ lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof] usf] sfof{jlw ;f] cfof]u u7g ubf{sf avt g]kfn
;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 / To:tf] sfof{jlw cfjZostfg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] yk ug{
;Sg]5 .
-$_ pkwf/f -!_ sf] ;j{dfGotfdf k|lts"n gx'g] u/L b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of] Uotf geO{
s'g} klg JolQm lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof] usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g of] Uo
x'g] 5}g M–
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotfk| fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DalGwt ljifodf
sDtLdf :gftsf] kflw xfl;n u/]sf],
-v_ sDtLdf k}+t fnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf],
-u_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] .
-%_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]usf cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kb l/Qm
ePsf] dflgg]5 M–
-s_ lghn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,
-v_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf .
-^_ lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]un] o; wf/f adf]lhd lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{
wf/f ^# sf] pkwf/f -#_ / -#s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL To:tf lhNnfx?sf] hg;+Vof / ;+ljwfg
;ef ;b:o ;+ VofaLrsf] cg'kft oyf;Dej ;dfg x'g] u/L k|+To]s lhNnfsf] hg;+ Vofsf]
cfwf/df ;f] lhNnfaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] To:tf] ;b:o ;+ Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{5 / ;f] ;+ Vof a/fa/
;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:osf] lgjf{ rgsf] nflu lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
-&_ pkwf/f -^_ adf]lhd lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;dfg hg;+Vof / ef}uf]lns
cg's"ntf tyf ljlzi6tfsf] cfwf/df k| To]s k|zf;sLo lhNnfsf] l;dfgf, ef} uf]lns cj:yf,
75
hg;+Vofsf] 3gTj, oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf / To:tf] lhNnfdf a;f]af; ug]{ jfl;Gbfx?sf]

;fd'bflos tyf ;f+:s[lts kIfnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbg' kg]{5 .
-*_ pkwf/f -&_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]l vPsf] eP tfklg of] ;+ljwfg k| f/De x'Fbfsf
avt lgjf{rg lhNnfdf sfod /x]sf lgjf{ rg If]qeGbf sd x'g] u/L lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f
ug{ ;lsg] 5}g .
-(_ lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]uåf/f lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] Ψjf pkwf/f
-!)u_ adf]lhd k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] ljifodf s'g} cbfntdf s'g} k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg]
5}g .
-!)_ lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]un] cfkm"n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg
k|wfgdGqL ;dIf a'emfpg]5 .
Ψ
-!)s_ k|wfgdGqLn] pkwf/f -!)_ adf]lhd k|fKt k|ltj]bg dlGqkl/ifb\ ;dIf
/fVg]5 / dlGqkl/ifb\n] k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgjf{rg cfof]u tyf cGo ;Da4
lgsfodf k7fpg] 5 .
Ψ
-!)v_ pkwf/f -!)s_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkwf/f -!)_ adf]lhd
k|wfgdGqL ;dIf a'emfPsf] k|ltj]bgdf k|fljlws ?kdf gldn]sf] b]lvPsf] lhNnfsf] xsdf
k'g/fjnf]sg x'g cfjZos ePsf] dlGqkl/ifb\n] 7fg]df pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ul7t cfof]usf
cWoIf / ;b:onfO{ lglZrt ;dofjlw tf]s L dlGqkl/ifb\n] To:tf] ljz]if kl/l:yltdf ;f]
k|ltj]bg Psk6ssf] nflu k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg]5 .
Ψ
-!)u_ pkwf/f -!)v_ adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\n] cg'/f]w u/]d f To:tf] cfof]usf]
cWoIf / ;b:on] ;f] xL cjlwleq dlGqkl/ifb\n] cg'/f]w u/]sf] ljifodf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L
;f]sf] k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
Ψ
-!)3_ pkwf/f -!)u_ adf]lhd k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePsf]df To:tf] k|ltj]bg pk/
pkwf/f -!)s_ adf]lhdsf] sf/afxL ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
Ψ
-!)ª_ o; wf/fdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkwf/f -!)u_
adf]lhd k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu pkwf/f -!)v_ sf] cjlwe/sf nflu
lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]u sfod /x]sf] dflgg]5 .
-!!_ lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]un] cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm}+ lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
-!@_ lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf
qmdzM lgjf{rg cfof]usf k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qm ;/x x'g]5 .
Ψ
76
-!#_ lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]u nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L g]kfn ;/sf/n]
pknAw u/fpg]5 .
∗
Joj:yfM -!_ o; ;+ljwfg
!%%= ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;'g'jfO / gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yfM
adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df lgo'Qm x'g] ;+j}wflgs kb tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf
GofofwLz / /fhb'tsf] kbdf lgo'lQm k"j{ lghx¿sf] sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;+;bLo
;'g'jfO x'g] 5 .
-@_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd lgo'Qm x'g] ;+j} wflgs kbx¿df j+ zh jf hGdsf gftfn]
g]kfnsf] gful/s ePsf] JolQm jf cËLs[t gful/stf k| fKt u/L sDtLdf b; jif{ g]kfndf
a;f]jf; u/]sf] JolQm dfq lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]U o dflgg]5 .
!%^= ;lGw jf ;Demf}t fsf] cg'd f]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{gM -!_ g]kfn /fHo jf
g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf x'g] ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g
sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g] 5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd sfg"g agfpFbf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf ljifosf
;lGw jf ;Demf}t fsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bdf tTsfn
sfod /x]s f ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtn] ug'{ kg{] zt{ /flvg]5M–
-s_ zflGt / d}q L,
-v_ ;'/Iff Pj+ ;fdl/s ;DaGw,
-u_ g]kfn /fHosf] l;dfgf, /
-3_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf To;sf] pkof]usf] afF8kmfF8 .
t/ v08 -s_ / -3_ df plNnlvt ljifosf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf dWo] /fi6«nfO{ Jofks,
uDeL/ jf bL3{sfnLg c;/ gkg{] ;fwf/0f k|s[ltsf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng,
:jLs[lt jf ;dy{g Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf] ;fwf/0f ax'd taf6
x'g ;Sg]5 .
-#_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 x'g] s'g} ;lGw jf ;Demf}t f o; wf/f adf]lhd
cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g geP;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn /fHosf] xsdf
nfu" ePsf] dflgg] 5}g .
∗
bf];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .
77
-$_ pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg g]kfn /fHosf] k|fb]lzs
cv08tfdf k|lts" n c;/ kg{] u/L s'g} ;lGw jf ;Demf}t f ul/g] 5}g .
!%&= hgdt ;ª\
;ªu|\ux| af6 lg0f{o ug{ ;lsg] M -!_ o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoq Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s
/fli6«o dxTjsf] s'g} ljifodf hgdt ;ª\u|xaf6 lg0f{o ug{ cfjZos 5 egL ;+ljwfg ;efn]
tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0 f{ ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:osf] ax'dtaf6 lg0f{o u/]df To:tf]
ljifodf hgdt ;ª\u|xaf6 lg0f{ o lng ;lsg]5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] k|lqmofaf6 lg0f{o lnOg] sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f
eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
▲
!%*= jfwf c8\
c8sfp clwsf/M of] ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ s'g} jfwf c8\sfp k/]df
\sfp k'msfpg] clwsf/M
/fi6«kltn] dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df To:tf] jfwf c8\sfp k'msfpg cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5
✄
/ o:tf] cfb]z Joj:yflksf–;+;baf6 ========== Ps dlxgfleq cg'df]bg u/fpg' kg{]5 .
efu @#
;ª\
;ªqmd0fsfnLg
\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf
✔
!%(= ;DklQ 6«i6 agfO{ /flvg] M -!_ tTsflng /fhf lj/]Gb|, /fgL P]Zjo{ / lghx?sf kl/jf/sf]
;DklQ g]kfn ;/sf/ dftxt NofO{ 6«i6 agfP/ /fi6««lxtdf k|of]u ul/g]5 .
-@_ tTsflng /fhfsf] x}l;otn] 1fg]Gb| zfxnfO{ k|fKt ePsf ;a} ;DklQx?
-h:t} ljleGg :yfgsf b/jf/x?, jg tyf lgs'~hx?, P]]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf
;Dkbfx? cflb_ /fli6«os/0f ul/g]5 .
!^)= dlGqkl/ifb\
dlGqkl/ifb\ ;DaGwL Joj:yfM
Joj:yfM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]s f] dlGqkl/ifb\
o;} ;+ljwfg cGtu{t u7g ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-@_ wf/f #* adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g geP;Dd pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf]
dlGqkl/ifb\ sfod /xg]5 .
!^!= Joj:yflksf–
Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;DaGwL Joj:yfM
Joj:yfM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g f;fy o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf]
Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] u7g x'g] 5 .
▲
✄
✔
78
-@_ of] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 tTsfn sfod /x]sf] k|ltlglw;ef / /fli6«o;ef :jtM
lj36g x'g]5 / ;f]xL lbg o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] klxnf] a}7s
a:g]5 .
-#_ of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fb fsf] avt k|ltlglw;efdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf ljw] osx¿ o;
;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bdf x:tfGt/0f x'g]5g\ .
-$_ of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf] ;+ ;b ;lrjfno / ;f] ;lrjfnodf
sfo{/t kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/L o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd sfod x'g] Joj:yflksf–;+;b
;lrjfno / lgo'lQm ePsf kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/L dflgg]5g\ .
!^@= Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k| f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf
;jf]{ Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx¿ o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd :yfkgf
ePsf] dflgg]5 / of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g' cl3 bfo/ ePsf d'2 fx¿ tt\ tt\ cbfntaf6
lg¿k0f ug{ of] ;+ljwfgn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-@_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 ;jf{] Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf
cbfntx¿df axfn /x]sf GofofwLzx¿n] of] ;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4tfsf] zky g]kfn ;/sf/n]
lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd u|x0f ug'{ kg]{5 . zky u| x0f ug{ OGsf/ ug]{ GofofwLz :jtM cfˆgf]
kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5 .
-#_ :jtGq, :jR5, lgikIf / ;an Gofokflnsfsf nflu nf]stflGqs d"No
dfGotfsf cfwf/df Gofo If]q nfO{ ;'wf/ ub}{ n} hfg cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
!^#= ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;DaGwL Joj:yfM
Joj:yfM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k| f/De x'Fbfsf avt
sfod /x]sf ;+ j}wflgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿ dWo] o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn] v gul/Psf ;+j}wflgs
lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿ of] ;+ljwfg k| f/De ePkl5 sfod /xg] 5}gg\ .
-@_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ o;} ;+ljwfg
adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] dflgg] 5g\ / k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd tL lgsfox¿df ljrf/fwLg
/x]sf ljifox¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg o; ;+ljwfgn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . ;+j}wflgs cË
/ ltgsf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf cg'¿k ;' wf/ ub}{ n}hfg cfjZos
sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
-#_ of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd Joj:yf ul/Psf] /fli6« o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u u7g
geP;Dd k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ul7t /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u sfod /xg]5 / o;
;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] /fli6« o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u u7g ePkl5 ;f] cfof]uaf6 km5\ of}{ 6 x'g
79
afFsL /x]sf lgj]bg / ph'/Lx¿ o; cfof]udf ;g{]5g\ / ;f] cfof] un] To:tf lgj]bg /
ph'/Lx¿ pk/ of] ;+ljwfg / o; cGtu{t ag]sf] sfg"g adf]lhd sf/afxL ug{]5 .
!^$= jt{d fg sfg"g nfu" /xg]M -!_ k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;efåf/f eP u/]sf lg0f{o / sfd
sf/afxL of] ;+ljwfg;F u gaflemPsf] xb;Dd o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgg]5g\ .
-@_ of] ;+ljwfg nfu" x'Fb fsf avt sfod /x]sf sfg"gx¿ vf/]h of ;+ zf]wg
geP;Dd sfod /xg]5g\ .
t/ of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] tLg dlxgfkl5
aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM cdfGo x'g]5 .
efu @$
kl/efiff
!^%= kl/efiffM
kl/efiffM -!_ ljifo jf k| ;Ën] csf{] cy{ gnfu]d f o; ;+ljwfgdf,–
-s_ æwf/fÆ eGgfn] of] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ;Demg' k5{ .
-v_ æg]kfnÆ eGgfn] g]kfn /fHo ;Demg' k5{ .
-u_ ægful/sÆ eGgfn] g]kfnsf] gful/s ;Demg' k5{ .
-3_ æljw]osÆ eGgfn] Joj:yflksf–;+;b jf ;+ljwfg ;efdf k]z ePsf]
;+ljwfg jf P]gsf] d:of}bf ;Demg' k5{ .
-ª_ ækfl/>ldsÆ eGgfn] tna, eQf, lgj[lQe/0f / cGo s'g} lsl;dsf]
kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf ;d]t ;Demg' k5{ .
-@_ ljifo jf k|;Ën] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; ;+ljwfgdf JoQm ePsf s'/fx¿sf]
cwLgdf /xL sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfn sfg"gsf] JofVofdf nfu"
eP ;/x o; ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofdf klg nfu" x'g]5 .
efu @%
;+lIfKt gfd, k|f/De / vf/]hL
!^^= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM
/DeM -!_ of] ;+ljwfgnfO{ æg]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#Æ elgg]5 .
-@_ of] ;+ljwfg k|ltlglw;efåf/f hf/L x'g] 5 / cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+ ;båf/f
cg'df]bg ul/g]5 . o;sf] sfof{ Gjog ;DaGwL lj:t[t Joxf]/f cg';"rL–# df pNn]v eP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
80
-#_ ldlt @)^# dª\l ;/ % ut] g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg
…lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfÚ / ldlt @)^# dª\l;/ @@ ut] ;DkGg …xltof/ / ;]gfsf]
Joj:yfkgsf] cg'udg ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfÚ cg';"rL–$ df /flvPsf] 5 .
-$_ of] ;+ljwfg ;+jt\ b'O{xhf/ lq;¶L ;fn df3 dlxgfsf] Ps ut] ;f]daf/b]lv
k|f/De x'g]5 .
!^&= vf/]hLMLM g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .
81
cg';"rL – !
-wf/f ^ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
/fli6«o em08f
-s_ lsgf/fleqsf] cfsf/ agfpg] tl/sf
-1_ Pp6f l;ld|s /Ësf] /ftf] sk8fdf tNnf] efudf rflxPsf] hlt nDafOsf] /] vf afofFaf6
bflxg]lt/ lvRg] / o;nfO{ s v gfd /fVg] .
-2_ s af6 ;Lwf dfly u ;Dd s v sf] nDafO hltdf s v s} t[tLof+ z yKbf hlt x'G5 Tolt
nfdf] x'g] u/L s u /]vf lvRg] . s u df s af6 s v sf] nDafO hlt lnO{ 3 lrGxf]
nufpg] . v / 3 hf] 8\g] .
-3_ v 3 /]vfdf v af6 s v hlt lnO{ ª lrGxf] nfpg] .
-4_ ª x'Fb} s v sf] ;dfgfGt/ kf/]/ s u df kg]{ laGb' r af6 z'? u/L bflxg]lt/ 5 ;Dd s v
sf] nDafO hlt /] vf lvRg] .
-5_ u / 5 nfO{ hf] 8\g] .
- v_ rGb| agfpg] tl/sf
-6_ s v sf] rt' yf+{ z hlt s af6 bflxg]df h lrGxf] nfpg] / ToxfFaf6 dfly s u sf]
;dfgfGt/ kf/]/ u 5 nfO{ em df 5'g] /]vf lvRg] .
-7_ u r sf] cfwf ` af6 s v sf] ;dfgfGt/ kf/]/ /]vf bfofFlt/ lvrL u 5 nfO{ 6 df 5'g] .
-8_ ` 6 / h em /]vf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf 7 lrGxf] /fVg] .
-9_ ` / 5 hf]8\g] .
-10_ ` 5 / h em sfl6Psf] laGb'df 8 lrGxf] nfpg] .
-11_ 8 nfO{ s]Gb| dfgL v 3 /]vfnfO{ Go"gtd cGt/ kg]{ u/L :kz{ ubf{ x'g] hlt b"/L kg]{ u/L h
em /]vfsf] tNnf] efudf 9 lrGxf] nufpg] .
-12_ 8 df 5f]O{ s v sf] ;dfgfGt/ /] vf afofFaf6 bfofFlt/ lvRg] / o;n] s u nfO{ 5f]Psf]
ljGb'sf] gfd 0f /fVg] .
-13_ 7 s]Gb| lnP/ 7 9 Jof;f4{n] tNnf] efudf j[Q v08 lvRg] / 0f 8 af6 uPsf] /]vfnfO{ o;n]
5f]Psf] b'j} 7fpFdf qmdzM t / y gfd /fVg] .
82
-14_ 8 nfO{ s]Gb| dfgL 8 y Jof;f4{ n] tNnf] efudf cw{ j[Qfsf/ t y nfO{ 5'g] u/L lvRg] .
-15_ 9 s]Gb| dfgL 9 8 sf] Jof;f4{ n] t 9 y j[Q v08sf] b'j}tkm{ 5'g] u/L j[Q v08 lvRg] /
o;n] t 9 y nfO{ 5f]Psf] ljGb'x¿sf] gfd qmdzM b / 9 /fVg] . b w nfO{ hf]8\g] . b 9 /
h em sfl6Psf] ljGb'sf] gfd g /fVg] .
-16_ g nfO{ s]Gb| dfg]/ Jof;f4{ g w n] t 9 y sf] dflyNnf] efudf b'j} 7fpFdf 5'g] u/L cw{
j[Qfsf/ lvRg] .
-17_ g nfO{ s]Gb| dfg]/ Jof;f4{ g 8 n] t 9 y sf] dflyNnf] efudf b'j} 7fpFdf 5'g] u/L j[Q
v08 lvRg] .
-18_ of] cg';"rLsf] g+= -!^_ sf] cw{ j[Qfsf/ leq / g+= -!&_ sf] j[Q v08 aflx/ rGb|dfsf]
cf7j6f a/fa/sf sf]0 f agfpg] .
-u_ ;"o{ agfpg]
agfpg] tl/sf
-19_ s r sf] cfwf k af6 s v sf] ;dfgfGt/ kf/]/ v ª df 5'g] u/L k km /] vf lvRg] .
-20_ h em / k km sfl6Psf] laGb' a s]Gb| dfg]/ 8 9 sf] Jof;f4{ n] j[Qfsf/ k"/f lvRg] .
-21_ a nfO{ s]Gb| dfg]/ 7 9 Jof;f4{ n] j[Q fsf/ k"/f lvRg] .
-22_ of] cg';"rLsf] g+= -@)_ sf] j[Qfsf/ aflx/ / of] cg';"rLsf] g+= -@!_ sf] j[Qfsf/leq k/]sf]
uf]n 3]/fsf] aLr efudf ;"o{s f] afx| j6f a/fa/sf sf]0 fx¿ b'O{ r'Rrfx¿n] h em /]vfdf
5'g] u/L agfpg] .
-3_ lsgf/f agfpg] tl/sf
-23_ g 9 sf] rf} 8fO hlt uf9f gLnf] /Ësf] lsgf/f em08fsf] cfsf/sf] aflx/L ;a}lt/sf] ;Ldfdf
yKg], t/ em08fsf] kfFr sf]0fx¿df rflx+ aflx/L sf]0 fx¿ klg leq} ;/xsf agfpg] .
-24_ em08f 8f]/L nufO{ k| of] u u/]df dfly atfOPs} kl§ /fVg] . em08f n6\7Ldf 3';fg]{ xf] eg] s
u kl§ cfjZos k/] hlt lsgf/f rf}8\ofpg] . 8f]/L jf n6\7Lsf] k|of]udf s u sf] kl§df
Kjfn /fVg] .
:ki6Ls/0fM
:ki6Ls/0fM em08f agfpFbf lvlrPsf h em b w, r ª, ª 3, ` 5, 0f y, ` 6 / k km /]vfx¿
slNkt x'g\ . To:t} ;"o{sf aflx/L / leqL j[Qfsf/x¿ tyf v'k]{ rGb| afx]s c? j[Q v08 klg
slNkt x'g\ . lognfO{ v08df b]vfOFb}g .
83

cg';"rL – !s=
-wf/f #^r= / wf/f
wf/f #êm= sf] pkwf/f -@_ ;u ;DalGwt_
/fi6«k lt tyf pk/fi6«k ltn] lng] kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zkysf] 9f“

9frf
“rf
d -/fi6«klt÷pk/fi6«kltsf] k"/f gfd_ == === === == === === == d'n's / hgtfk|lt k"0f{ akmbf/
/xL ;Tolgi7fk"j{s k|lt1f u5'{÷O{Zj/sf] gfddf zky lnG5' ls g]kfnsf] /fhsLo ;Qf /
;fj{e f}d;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# k|lt k"0 f{ akmfbf/ /x“b}
/fi6«klt÷pk/fi6«klt kbsf] sfdsfh k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL d' n's / hgtfsf] ;f]emf]
▲
lrtfO{, s;}sf] 8/ gdfgL, kIfkft gu/L, k"j f{u| x jf v/fa efjgf glnO{ OdfGbf/Ltfsf ;fy ug]{5'
/ cfkmgf] st{Jo kfngfsf] l;nl;nfdf cfkm"nfO{ hfgsf/LdfcfPsf] s'/f d kbdf axfn /xbf jf
g/xbf h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg sfg"gsf] kfngf ubf{ afx]s c? cj:yfdf s'g} lsl;daf6 klg k|s6
jf ;+s]t ug]{ 5}g\ .
gfd, y/ M =====================
ldlt M ========================= ;xL M ===========================

▲
84
ᴲ
cg';"rL–@
========================
cg';"rL–#
-wf/f !^^ sf] pkwf/f -@_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
ldlt @)^# ;fn dª\l;/ % ut] g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg …lj:t[t
zflGt ;Demf}tfÚ / ldlt @)^# ;fn dª\l ;/ @@ ut] ;DkGg …xltof/ tyf ;]gfsf] Joj:yfkgsf]
cg'udg ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfÚ adf]lhd xltof/sf] Joj:yfkg / cg'udg ;'? ePkl5 k|ltlglw;efåf/f
of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g]5 / cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+ ;båf/f cg'df]bg x'g] 5 .
ᴲ
85
cg';"rL – $
-wf/f !^^ sf] pkwf/f -#_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]j fbL_ aLr ePsf]

lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf
k|:tfjgf
g]kfnL hgtfn] @))& ;fn klxn]b]lv xfn;Dd k6s k6s ub}{ cfPsf P]ltxfl;s ;+3if{ /
hgcfGbf] ng dfk{mt\ nf]stGq, zflGt / cu|udgsf kIfdf k|s6 ePsf] hgfb] zsf] ;Ddfg ub}{,
;ft /fhgLlts bn / g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/L, * a'Fb] ;xdlt,
g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg @% a'Fb] cfrf/;+l xtf, @)^# ;fn sflt{s @@ ut]
;ft /fhgLlts bn / g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf zLif{ g]tfx?sf] a}7ssf lg0f{ox? nufot g]kfn ;/sf/ /
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg ;a} ;Demf}tf, ;xdlt, cfrf/;+lxtf / ;+ o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 nfO{ k|]lift
;dfg wf/0ffsf] kqfrf/k|lt k"0 f{ k|ltj4tfsf] k'gk'{li6 ub}{ ,
b]zdf ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, If]q Lo, n}+lus ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ /fHosf] cu|u fdL
k'g{;+/rgf ug]{ ;+sNk ub}{,
k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/,
dfgj clwsf/, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf tyf sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff nufot nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotf
k|ltsf] k"0f{ k|ltj4tfnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpb},
dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]i f0ffkq, !($* tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g tyf
dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cfwf/e" t l;4fGt / dfGotfx?k|lt k|l tj4 /xFb},
:jtGq, lgikIf / eod'Qm jftfj/0fdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg]
g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ub}{,
nf]stGq, zflGt, ;d[l4, cu|u fdL cfly{s–;fdflhs kl/jt{g tyf b] zsf] :jtGqtf,
cv08tf, ;fj{e f}ldstf / :jfledfgnfO{ s]Gb|df /fVb},
@)^$ ;fn h] 7 dlxgfleq :jtGq / lgikIf ?kn] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug]{
k|ltj4tfnfO{ sfof{G jog ug]{ b[9tf JoQm ub}{ ,
86
;+ljwfg ;efdfkm{t\ g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fj{e f}d;Qfsf] ;'lglZrttf, cu|ufdL /fhgLlts

lgsf;, /fHosf] nf]stflGqs k'g;{+/rgf / cfly{s –;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0f ug{ b'j} kIfaLr
ePsf] /fhgLlts ;xdltsf cfwf/df b]zdf @)%@ ;fnb]lv rNb} cfPsf] ;z:q åGånfO{ cGTo
u/L zflGtk"0f{ ;xsfo{sf] gofF cWofo k|f/De ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub}{,
g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf aLr ePsf] o'4lj/fdnfO{ bL3{sfnLg zflGtdf kl/0ft
ug]{ k|ltj4tfsf;fy g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]j fbL_ sf aLr of] lj:t[ t zflGt ;Demf}t f ;DkGg
ul/Psf] 5 .
!= k|f/lDes M
!=! o; ;Demf}t fsf] gfd ælj:t[ t zflGt ;Demf}tf, @)^#Æ /x]sf] 5 . 5f]6s/Ldf o;
;Demf}tfnfO{ zflGt ;Demf}tf elgg] 5 .
!=@ of] ;Demf}tf ;/sf/ kIf / dfcf]jfbL kIfsf] ;fj{hlgs 3f]if0ff dfkm{t\ cfh}sf
ldltb]lv nfu" x'g] 5 .
!=# b'j} kIfn] cf–cfˆgf] dftxtsf ;a} lgsfonfO{ of] ;Demf}tf tTsfn sfof{ Gjog tyf
kfngf ug{ cfjZos lgb]{zg hf/L ug]{5g\ / sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] 5g\ .
!=$ cg';"rLdf ;ª\ nUg ;ft /fhgLlts bn, ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL kIf aLr ePsf ;a}
;xdlt, ;dembf/L, cfrf/;+lxtf / lg0f{ox? o; ;Demf}tfsf] cleGg cË dflgg]
5g\ .
!=% of] ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/ kl5 ul/g] ;xdlt / ;Demf}tfx?
klg o;}sf c+u dflgg] 5g\ .
@= kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;+u n] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]d f o; ;Demf}t fdf M–
-s_ æo'4lj/fdÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf g]=s=kf= -dfcf]j fbL_ aLr Ps csf{nfO{
nlIft u/L ul/g] ;a} k|sf/sf cfqmd0f, ckx/0f, a]kQf, y'g5]s, ;z:q anx?sf]
kl/rfng, ;'b[9Ls/0f, cfqmfds Pj+ lx+ ;fTds sf/jfxL tyf h'g;'s} dfWodaf6
;dfhdf ljWj+z km}nfpg], pQ]lht kfg{] Pjd\ e8\s fpg] lqmofsnfk lgif]w ug]{
sfo{nfO{ hgfpF 5 .
-v_ æcGtl/d ;+ljwfgÆ eGgfn] ;+ljwfg ;efåf/f gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eO{ nfu"
geP;Ddsf] nflu hf/L ul/g] æg]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#Æ nfO{ hgfpF 5 .
87
-u_ æcGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\Æ eGgfn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg adf]lhd u7g x'g] æcGtl/d
dlGqkl/ifb\Æ nfO{ hgfpF5 .
-3_ æb'j} kIfÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf / g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ kIfnfO{
hgfpF5 .
-ª_ …k|rlnt sfg'gÚ eGgfn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# / o;;Fu gaflemPsf
k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'gnfO{ hgfpF 5 . t/ o; kl/efiffn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# hf/L
x'g' cl3sf] sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ jfwf k'¥ofpg] 5}g .
-r_ …k|df0fLs/0fÚ eGgfn] ;+ o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] ;]gf, n8fs' / xltof/sf] k|df0fLs/0f u/L
oyfy{ nut tof/ kfg]{ ljifonfO{ hgfpF 5 .
#= /fhgLlts –cfly{s– ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f / åGå Joj:yfkg M b'j} kIf b]xfoadf]lhd
/fhgLlts–cfly{s– ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd cjnDjg ug{ / b]zdf
ljBdfg åGåsf] ;sf/fTds 9Ën] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xdt 5g\ M
#=!= @)^# sflt{s @@ ut] ;DkGg ;ft bn / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf zLif{ g]tfx?sf] a}7ssf
lg0f{ox? -cg';"rL–^_ sf cfwf/df b]zdf cu|ufdL /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs
kl/jt{g ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
#=@ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/df cGtl/d Joj:yflksf –;+ ;b u7g ug]{ / cGtl/d
;/sf/åf/f cfufdL @)^$ h] 7 dlxgfleq :jtGq / lgikIf ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf]
lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug]{ / g]kfnL hgtfdf cGt/lglxt ;fj{e f}d;Qfsf] Jojxfl/s
k|Tofe"lt ug]{ .
#=# d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf ;DaGwL s'g} klg clwsf/ /fhfdf g/xg] . :juL{o /fhf
jL/]Gb|, /fgL P]Zjo{ / lghx?sf kl/jf/sf] ;DklQ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf NofO{
6«i6 agfP/ /fi6«lxtdf k| of]u ug]{ . /fhfsf] x}l ;otn] /fhf 1fg]Gb|nfO{ k|fKt ePsf
;a} ;DklQx? -h:t} ljleGg :yfgsf b/af/x?, jg tyf lgs'~hx?, P]ltxfl;s /
k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf ;Dkbfx? cflb_ /fli6«os/0f ug]{ . /fh;+:yf sfod /fVg] of
g/fVg] af/] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a} 7såf/f ;fwf/0f ax' dtn] 6'+uf] nufpg] .
#=$ ljZjJofkL ?kdf :jLs[t cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/, ax'b nLo k|lt:kwf{ Tds
nf]stflGqs k|0ffnL, hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ ef}d;Qf / hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, ;+j} wflgs
;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f, ljlwsf] zf;g, ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf,
cfjlws lgjf{rg, gful/s ;dfhsf] cg'udg, k"0f{ k|] ; :jtGqtf, hgtfsf] ;" rgfsf]
88
clwsf/, /fhgLlts bnx?sf lqmofsnfkx?df kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xLtf,

hg;xeflutf, lgikIf, ;Ifd tyf :jR5 k| zf;gtGqsf cjwf/0ffx?sf] k"0f{
kl/kfngf ug]{ /fhgLlts k|0ffnL cjnDjg ug]{ / e|i6frf/ tyf åGblxgtfsf] cGTo
ub}{ ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ .
#=% juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}lËs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ub}{
dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt,dw] zL, pTkLl8t, pk]lIft / cNk;ª\ Vos
;d'bfo,lk5l8Psf If]q nufotsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;+jf] wg ug{ /fHosf] jt{dfg
s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj] zL, nf]stflGqs / cu|ufdL
k'g;{/rgf ug]{ .
#=^ ;fdGtjfbsf ;j} ?kx?sf] cGTo ug]{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] Go"gtd ;femf
sfo{s|d cfk;L ;xdltn] to u/]/ nfu" ub}{ hfg] .
#=& ;fdGtL e":jfldTjsf] cGTo ub}{ j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfo{s|d nfu" ug]{ gLlt
cjnDjg ug]{ .
#=* /fli6«o pBf]uwGbf / ;fwg>f]tsf] ;+/If0f / k| jw{g ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{ .
#=( lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L / vfB ;'/Iffdf ;j} gful/ssf] clwsf/ :yflkt
ug]{ gLlt lng] .
#=!) ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, xlnof, x/jfr/jf nufotsf cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kn] k5fl8
k/]sf ju{nfO{ hUuf nufot cfly{s ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt lng] .
#=!! ;/sf/L nfesf] kbdf /x]/ e|i6frf/ u/L cs"t ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{x? pk/ s8f
sf/afxL u/L bl08t ug]{ gLlt lng] .
#=!@ b]zsf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f Pj+ Gofosf ;fy} b]znfO{ l56f] ;d'Ggt / cfly{s
?kn] ;d[4zfnL jgfpg Ps ;femf ljsf; cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ug]{ .
#=!# >ldssf k]zfut clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ub}{ pBf]u wGbf, Jofkf/, lgof{t k|jw{g
cflbsf nflu nufgL j[l4 u/L /f] huf/L Pj+ cfo cfh{gsf cj;/x?sf] Jofks j[l4
ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{ .
$= ;]gf / xltof/ Joj:yfkg M ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{ rgnfO{ zflGtk"0f{ , lgikIf / eo/lxt
jftfj/0fdf ;DkGg ug{ / ;]gfsf] nf]stflGqs/0f tyf k'g ;{+/rgf ug{ ljutdf ePsf afx«
a'Fb] ;dembf/L, cf7 a'Fb] ;xdlt, kRrL; a'Fb] cfrf/;+lxtf, ;+ o'Qm /fi6« ;+3nfO{ k7fOPsf]
89
kfFr a'Fb] kq / sflt{s @@ ut] ;DkGg zLif{ g]tfx?sf] a}7ssf lg0f{ox? cg'?k lgDg
sfdx? ug]{ –
Dffcf]
Dffcf]jfbL ;]gfsf] ;DaGwdf –
$=!= @)^# ;fn ;fpg @$ ut] g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] tk{maf6 ;+o'Qm
/fi6« ;+3nfO{ k7fOPsf] kqdf JoQm k|ltj4tf cg' ;f/ dfcf]j fbL ;]gfsf n8fs'x?
(Combatants) lgDg lnlvt :yfgx?df c:yfoL lzlj/x? (Cantonments)
df ;Lldt /xg] . ;+ o'Qm /fi6« ;+3åf/f pgLx?sf] k|d f0fLs/0f / cg'udg ug]{ .
d'Vo lzlj/x? lgDg :yfgx?df /xg] 5g\ M–
!= s}nfnL @= ;'v]{t #= /f]Nkf $= gjnk/f;L %= lrtjg
^= l;Gw'nL &= Onfd
d'Vo lzlj/x? jl/kl/ #÷# j6fsf b/n] ;xfos lzlj/x? /xg] 5g\ .
$=@= dfcf] jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs' x? lzlj/df /x]kl5 lzlj/sf] ;'/Iffy{ rflxg] xftxltof/ /
uf]nLu¶f jfx]s cGo ;j} xltof/x? lzlj/ leq} ;'/lIft e08f/0f ug]{ / Psn
tfNrf nufO{ rfjL ;DalGwt kIfn] g} /fVg] . ;f] tfNrf nufpg] k|lqmofdf ;+o'Qm
/fi6« ;+3sf] lgu/fgLsf nflu p;sf] /]s8{, ;fO/g ;lxtsf] ;+ oGq (Device)
;lDdlnt ug]{ . e08f/0f ul/Psf xftxltof/x?sf] cfjZos hfF r ug'{ kbf{ ;+o'Qm
/fi6« ;+3n] ;DalGwt kIfsf] /f]xj/df ug]{ . Sofd/f cg'udg nufot o; ;DaGwsf
cGo lj:t[t k|fljlws ljj/0f ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 , g]=s=kf= -dfcf]j fbL_ / g]kfn
;/sf/sf ;xdltn] tof/ ug]{ .
$=#= dfcf] jfbL ;]g fsf n8fs'x? c:yfoL lzlj/df al;;s]kl5 pgLx?sf] /;bkfgL
nufot cGo cfjZos Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug]{ .
$=$ dfcf] jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs'x?sf] /]vb]v, ;dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgf lglDt cGtl/d
dlGqkl/ifb\n] ljz]if sld6L agfP/ sfd ug]{ .
$=% dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?sf] ;'/Iff Joj:yf ;/sf/;Fusf] ;xdltn] ug]{ .
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;DaGwdf –
$=^ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3nfO{ k|]lift kqdf JoQm k|ltj4tf cg' ;f/ g]kfnL ;]gf Aof/]sleq
;Lldt /xg] . p;sf xltof/x? s;}sf] klg kIf of ljkIfdf k| of]u gx'g] s'/fsf]
90
k|Tofe"lt ug]{ . dfcf]j fbL ;]gfsf tk{maf6 e08f/0f ePsf xltof/sf] a/fa/L
;+Vofdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] klg cfˆgf xltof/x? ;'/lIft e08f/0f ug]{ / Psn tfNrf
nufO{ rfjL ;DjlGwt kIfn] g} /fVg] . ;f] tfNrf nufpg] k|lqmofdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«
;+3sf] lgu/fgLsf] nflu p;sf] /]s8{, ;fO/g ;lxtsf] ;+oGq (Device) ;lDdlnt
ug]{ . e08f/0f ul/Psf xftxltof/x?sf] cfjZos hfFr ug'{ kbf{ ;+ o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n]
;DalGwt kIfsf] /f]xj/df ug]{ . Sofd/f cg'udg nufot o; ;DaGwsf cGo
lj:t[t k|fljlws ljj/0f ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf]
;xdltn] tof/ ug]{ .
$=&= g]kfnL ;]g fsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg gofF ;}lgs P]g adf]lhd
dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug]{ . cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] /fhgLlts ;xdlt / cGtl/d
Joj:yflksfsf] ;DalGwt ;ldlt;d]tsf] ;' emfj lnP/ g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
nf]stflGqs/0fsf] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ . o; cGtu{t g]kfnL
;]gfsf] pko'Qm ;+ Vof, nf]stflGqs ;+/rgf, /fli6«o / ;dfj]zL rl/q lgdf{0f ub}{
nf]stGq / dfgjclwsf/sf] d"Noåf/f ;]gfnfO{ k|lzlIft ug]{ nufotsf sfdx? ug]{ .
$=* g]kfnL ;]gfn] ub}{ cfPsf ;Ldf ;'/Iff, cf/If, lgs'~h, a}+s, ljdfg:yn, ljB'tu[ x,
6]lnkmf]g 6fj/, s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfno, ljlzi6 JolQmx?sf] ;'/Iff nufotsf sfdx?nfO{
lg/Gttf lbg] .
%= o'4lj/fd M
%=! ;}Go sf/jfxL / ;z:q kl/rfngsf] cGTo M
%=!=!= b'j} kIf b]xfodf plNnlvt sfo{ gug]{ k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5g\ M–
s_ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kdf Ps csf{]k|lt nlIft s'g} klg lsl;dsf] xft
xltof/sf] k| of]u jf cfqmd0f ug{] sfo{,
v_ b'j} kIfsf] ;xdltn] xftxltof/ e08f/0f ul/Psf] :yfgdf
xftxltof/;lxt of /lxt?kdf csf]{ kIfsf] xftxltof/ vfgtnf;L
jf j/fdbL ug{] sfo{,
u_ s'g} JolQmnfO{ gf] S;fgL ug]{ jf dfgl;s bjfj k'¥ofpg] sfo{ ,
3_ Ps csf{ nfO{ nlIft u/L w/fk -PDa';_ yfKg] sfo{ ,
ª_ xTof tyf lx+;fTds sf/jfxLx?
91
r_ ckx/0f÷kqmfp÷ y'g5]s÷a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{

5_ ;fj{hlgs÷lghL÷;/sf/L jf ;}lgs ;DklQ gf]S;fgL,
h_ xjfO{ cfqmd0f jf aDaf/L,
em_ hldg d'gL af?b lj5\ ofpg] sfo{ -dfOlgË_ / ljWj+;fTds sfo{ -
:ofjf]6]h_,
`_ Ps csf{sf] ;}lgs ultljlwsf] ;'/fsL ug{] sfo{ .
%=!=@ b'j} kIfn] yk ;}Go etL{ ug{] 5}gg\ / xftxltof/, uf]nLu¶f tyf ljikmf]6s
kbfy{ cf] ;f/ k;f/ jf Ps csf{ lj?4 ;}lgs xs{t ug{] 5}gg\ .
t/, cGt/f{li6« o ;Ldf / eG;f/ ljGb' df xft xltof/, ljikmf] 6s kbfy{
jf To;sf] c+ z jf sRrf kbfy{ h:tf ;fdfgx? u}/sfg"g L ?kdf cf] ;f/
k;f/ ug{] sfo{ /f] Sg] ;DaGwdf cGtl/d ;/sf/n] ;'/Iff lgsfo
kl/rfng u/L u:tL ug{ , vfgtnf;L ug{ jf j/fdbL ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
%=!=# s'g} klg JolQm jf ;d"x cj}w xft xltof/, uf]nLu¶f / ljikmf]6s kbfy{
;fydf lnO{ cfjthfjt ug{] 5}gg\ .
%=!=$ b'j} kIf o' 4sf] ;dodf k| of]u ul/Psf w/fk tyf af?bL ;'? Ëx?sf] /]vfÍg,
e08f/0f #) lbgleq Ps csf{nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg / ^) lbgleq lgis[o /
lgd"{n ug{ Ps csf{ nfO{ ;xof]u ug{] 5g\ .
%=!=% s'g} klg gful/s ;ef jf /fhg}lts ;ef jf ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf b'j }
kIfsf ;]gf xltof/ jf sDJof6 kf] zfs;lxt pkl:yt x'g] 5}gg\ .
%=!=^ g]kfn k|x/L / ;z:q k| x/Ln] hgcfGbf] ng / zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] dd{ / efjgf
cg'?k tyf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd sfg"g Joj:yf / zflGt ;'Joj:yf Pj+
ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{ rfn' /fVg] 5 .
%=!=& Ps kIfsf ;z:q JolQmn] csf{] kIfsf ;z:q JolQmnfO{ …zq'Ú egL
;Daf]wg ug{ / Jojxf/ ug{ ;d]t /f]s nufpg] u/L cf–cfˆgf ;z:q
lgsfo / JolQmnfO{ kl/kq ug{] 5g\ .
%=!=* ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf sAhf ul/Psf, tfnf nufOPsf jf k|of]u ug{
glbOPsf ;/sf/L, ;fj{ hlgs, lghL ejg, hldg tyf cGo ;DklQx? nut
v8f u/L tTsfn lkmtf{ ug{ b'j} kIf ;xdlt JoQm ub{5g\ .
92
%=@ l:ylt ;fdfGoLs/0fsf pkfox?M

%=@=! OR5f ljk/Lt tyf k|rlnt sfg'g k|lts"n gub tyf lhG;L ;+sng / s/
c;" nL ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
%=@=@ cfˆgf sAhfdf /x]s f dflg;x?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs u/L !%
lbgleq ;a}nfO{ d'Qm ug{ b'j} kIf d~h'/ ub{ 5g\ .
%=@=# b'j} kIfåf/f j]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx?sf] tyf o'4sf] ;dodf dfl/Psfx?sf]
jf:tljs gfd,y/ / 3/sf] 7]ufgf ;Demf}t f ePsf] ldltn] ^) lbgleq
;"rgfx? ;fj{hlgs u/L kl/jf/hgnfO{ ;d] t hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg
d~h'/ ub{5g\ .
%=@=$ b'j} kIf ;z:q åGåaf6 pTkGg ljifd kl/l:yltnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ub{} ;dfhdf
zflGt sfod u/fpg tyf o'4af6 kLl8t / lj:yflkt JolQmx?sf] nflu /fxt
sfo{ / k'g:yf{ kg u/fpg /fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kg cfof]u u7g ug{ /
To;dfkm{t\ o;;DaGwL sfd cufl8 a9fpg ;xdt 5g\ .
%=@=% b'j} kIf ;z:q åGåsf qmddf dfgj clwsf/sf] u+eL/ pNn+3g ug]{ tyf
dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUgx?sf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug{ / ;dfhdf
d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ cfk;L ;xdltaf6 pRr:t/Lo ;To
lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] u7g ug{ ;xdt 5g\ .
%=@=^ b'j} kIf g]kfnL ;dfhdf nf]stGq, zflGt / cu| ufdL kl/jt{g ;'lglZrt ug]{
k|ltj4tfsf;fy b]zdf ljBdfg ;a} :j?ksf o' 4, cfqmd0f, k| Tofqmd0f,
lx+;f / k|ltlx+;f kl/Tofu ug]{ k|lt1f ub{5g\ . zflGt :yfkgf / zflGt
;'/Iffsf] Joj:yfdf b'j} kIfn] Ps csf{ nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ s'/fdf ;xdlt
/x]sf] 5 .
%=@=& b'j} kIf ljleGg JolQmx?nfO{ /fhgLlts sf/0fn] nufOPsf cf/f]k, bfjL,
ph'/L / ljrf/fwLg /x]sf d'2fdfldnf lkmtf{ lng / y'gfdf /flvPsf
aGbLx?sf] l:ylt tTsfn} ;fj{ hlgs u/L t'?Gt l/xf ul/g] Uof/]G 6L ub{5g\ .
%=@=* b'j} kIf ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf lj:yflkt JolQmx?nfO{ /fhgLlts k"jf{u|x lagf
:j]R5fn] cf–cfˆgf] k}t[s jf k"j{ a;f]af;sf] :yfgdf kms{g lbg, o'4sf
93
sf/0fn] gi6 ePsf k"jf{ wf/x? k'glg{df{ 0f ug{ / lj:yflkt JolQmx?nfO{ ;;Ddfg
k'g{:yfkgf tyf ;fdfhLs/0f ug{ k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5g\ .
%=@=( pk/f] Qm ;Gbe{df pTkGg ;d:ofx? cfk;L ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ;dfwfg ug{ Pj+
cfk;L ;DaGw ;fdfGoLs/0f tyf d] nldnfk ug{ cg's'n jftfj/0f >[hgf ug{]
sfo{df ;a} /fhlglts bnx?, gful/s ;dfh / :yfgLo ;+3 ;+:yfx? ;d] tsf]
;xof]udf JolQmut tyf ;fd'lxs ?kdf pQ/bfloTj lnO{ sfof{ Gjog ug{ u/fpg
b'j} kIf ;xdt 5g\ .
%=@=!) b'j} kIf kl/jf/sf s'g} ;b:o Ps csf{ kIf;F u ;Dj4 ePsf cfwf/df kl/jf/sf
cGo ;b:ox?dfly s'g} klg lje]b gug{ / s'g} klg bjfj glbg k|lta4tf
hfx]/ ub{5g\ .
%=@=!! g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ b] zsf] s'g} klg
efudf :jtGq ?kdf cfjthfjt ug{, cfˆgf] st{Jo kfng ug{ tyf cfkm\gf]
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] qmddf ltgLx?nfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] jfwf cj/f] w v8f
gug{ / To:tf] cj/f]w v8f x'g glbg tyf pgLx?sf] sfddf ;xof] u ug{ b'j}
kIf ;xdt 5g\ .
%=@=!@ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, cGt/f{li6«o bft[ ;d'bfo nufot g]kfn l:yt s"6g}lts
lgof]u, /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, k|];, dfgj clwsf/jfbLx?,
lgjf{rg ko{j]Ifs tyf ljb]zL ko{6sx?nfO{ g]kfn /fHoleq sfg'g adf]lhd
lgjf{w cfjt hfjt ug{ lbg] s'/fdf b'j} kIf ;xdt 5g\ .
%=@=!# b'j} kIf k|rf/–k|;f/sf sfo{qmdx? lzi6 / dof{lbt 9Ën] ;+rfng ug{
k|lta4 5g\ .
^= o'4 ;dflKt M
^=! @)^# sflt{s @@ ut] ;ft /fhgLlts bn / g]skf -dfcf]j fbL_ aLr ;DkGg
P]ltxfl;s ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ;/sf/ dfcf]j fbLaLr rfn" o'4lj/fdnfO{ :yfoL ?k
lbb} @)%@ ;fnb]lv rlncfPsf] ;z:q o' 4 ;dfKt ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub{ 5f}+ .
^=@ ;ft bn / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf zLif{ g]tfx?sf] @)^# ;fn sflt{s @@ ut]sf]
a}7saf6 ePsf lg0f{ox? bL3{sfnLg zflGtsf] nflu d"n gLltut cfwf/ x'g]5g\ .
94
^=# g]kfnL ;]gf Aof/]sdf / dfcf]j fbL ;]gfsf n8fs'x? c:yfoL lzlj/df cfO;s]kl5
;xdlt, ;Demf}tf / sfg'g k|lts"n xltof/ /fVg, k|bz{g, 8/qf; / s'g} klg ?kdf
lx+;f / xltof/sf] k|of]u ug{ sfg"gtM b08gLo x'g]5 .
^=$ b'j} kIfsf ;]gfn] s;}s f] kIf jf ljkIfdf k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ / kIf ljkIfdf nfUg
kfpg] 5}gg\ . t/ pgLx?nfO{ dtflwsf/af6 jl~rt ul/g]5}g .
&= dfgj clwsf/, df}lns clwsf/ / dfgjLo sfg"gsf] kl/kfngf M dfgj clwsf/sf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"g / dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL
cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / dfGotfx?k|lt k|ltj4 /xFb} b'j} kIf b] xfosf ljifox?df cfkm\gf]
;xdlt hgfpF 5g\ M
&=! dfgj clwsf/ M
&=!=! b'j} kIfn] dfgj clwsf/k|ltsf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo
sfg"gk|ltsf] k|ltj4tfsf] k'gMk'li6 ub{5g\ / s'g} klg JolQm pk/ j0f{, lnË,
efiff, wd{, pd]/, hft hflt, /fli6«o jf ;fdflhs pTklQ, ;DklQ, ckfËtf,
hGd / cGo x}l;ot, ljrf/ jf cf:yfsf] cfwf/df e]befj x'g' x'Fb}g eGg]
s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5g\ .
&=!=@ b'j} kIf g]kfnL hgtfsf] gful/s, /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts
clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;xdt 5g\ / eljiodf s'g}
klg cj:yfdf o:tf clwsf/ xgg gx'g] jftfj/0f agfpg k|ltj4 5g\ .
&=!=# b'j} kIf ;Demf}tf kqdf pNn] v ePsf clwsf/sf] pkef]udf afwf k'¥ ofpg]
lhDd]jf/ JolQmx? dfly sfg'g cg';f/ lgikIf 5fgjLg tyf sf/jfxL x'g]5
egL k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ub{5g\ / b08lxgtfnfO{ k|>o glbg] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg
ub{5g\ . o;sf ;fy} åGå / oftgf kLl8t tyf j]kQf kfl/Psfx?sf]
kl/jf/sf] /fxt k| fKt ug{] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t ;'lglZrt ub{ 5g\ .
&=!=$ b'j} kIfn] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ oftgf lbg], ckx/0f ug{], ha/h:tL s'g} sfddf
nufpg] sfd ug]{ 5}gg\ / To:tf sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ cfjZos sf/afxL
;d]t ug{]5g\ .
&=!=% b'j} kIfn] wd{ lg/k]Iftfsf] d"No dfGotfsf cfwf/df s'g} klg ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts, wfld{s ;+j]bgzLntf, wfld{s :yn / JolQmsf] wfld{s cf:yfsf]
;Ddfg ug{]5g\ .
95
&=@ afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ M

&=@=!= b'j} kIfn] JolQmsf] afF Rg kfpg] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f
ub{5g\ . s;} nfO{ klg of] cfwf/e" t clwsf/af6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g tyf
d[To'b08 lbOg] u/L s'g} klg sfg'g agfOg] 5}g .
&=# j}olQms dof{bf, :jtGqtf / cfjthfjtsf] clwsf/
&=#=!= b'j} kIfn] j}olQms dof{bfsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / /Iff ub{5g\ . o;
l;nl;nfdf sfg"g adf]lhd :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ug{af6 jl~rt JolQm
nufot sf]xL klg oftgf jf cGo q'm/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf
;hfosf kfq x'g] 5}gg\ . sfg'gtM gful/ssf] uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/nfO{
;Ddfg ul/g]5 .
&=#=@= b'j} kIfn] JolQmsf] :jtGqtf / ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/sf] k"0f{ ;Ddfg ub}{ s;}nfO{
klg :j]R5frf/L jf u}/sfg"gL y'gfdf /fVg], ckx/0f ug]{ jf aGws agfpg]
5}gg\ . b'j} kIfn] a]kQf kf/]sf / sAhfdf /fv]sf k|To]s JolQmsf] cj:yf
;fj{hlgs ug{ / ltgLx?sf kl/jf/hg, sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ / cGo
cflwsfl/s JolQmnfO{ o;;+u ;DalGwt hfgsf/L lbg ;xdt 5g\ .
&=#=# b'j} kIfn] k| To]s gful/ssf] :jtGqtfk"j{s cfjthfjt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
tyf cfˆgf] a;f]af;sf] :yfg sfg'gL dof{bfdf /xL 5fGg] :jtGqtfnfO{
;Ddfg tyf ;+/If0f ub}{ åGåaf6 lj:yflkt ePsf JolQm / lghsf kl/jf/x?
cfˆgf] d"n af;:yfgdf kms{g kfpg] jf ltgLx?n] rfx] cg';f/ cGo s'g}
7fpFd f a;f]af; ug{ kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{] k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5g\ .
&=$ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/
&=$=! b'j} kIf k|To]s JolQmsf] ljrf/, cleJolQm, ;+3;+: yf vf]Ng] tyf zflGtk"j{s
e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf tyf zf]if0f lj?4sf] xssf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ug{
k|ltj4 5g\ .
96
&=$=@ b'j} kIf k|To]s gful/snfO{ k|ToIf jf cfk"mn] OR5fPsf] k|ltlglw dfkm{t \
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf efu lng], dtbfg ug{], lgjf{lrt x'g] /
;fj{hlgs ;]j fdf k|j] zsf] ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ub{5g\ .
&=$=# b'j} kIf JolQmsf] ;';"lrt x'g] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{ k|ltj4 5g\ .
&=% cfly{s– ;fdflhs clwsf/
&=%=! JolQmn] :jtGq?kn] 5fg]sf] jf :jLsf/]sf] /f]huf/L u/L hLjg ofkg ug{]
clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg tyf ;+/If0f ug{ b'j} kIf k|ltj4 5g\ .
&=%=@= b'j} kIf ;a} hgtfsf] vfB ;'/Iff ;DaGwL xssf] ;Ddfg Pjd\ k| Tofe"lt ug{
k|ltj4 5g\ . vfBj:t' , vfB pTkfbg, vfBfGgsf] k|of]u, cf] ;f/k;f/ tyf
ljt/0f sfo{d f s'g} x:tIf]k gul/g] ;'lglZrttf ub{5g\ .
&=%=# b'j} kIf gful/ssf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL xssf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ug'{k5{ eGg]
s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft ub{5g\ . b'j} kIfn] cf}i flwsf] cfk"lt{, ;xfotf Pjd\\
:jf:Yo;DaGwL cleofgdf jfwf k'¥ofpg] 5}gg\ / åGåsf] sf/0faf6 3fOt]
ePsfx?sf] cf}iflw pkrf/ ug{ Pj+ k'g{:yfkgfsf] sfo{ ug{ k|ltj4tf JoQm
ub{5g\ .
&=%=$ b'j} kIfn] ;a}nfO{ lzIff;DaGwL clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt / ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ eGg]
s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft ub{} lzIf0f ;+: yfdf pko'Qm z}lIfs jftfj/0f sfod ug{
k|ltj4 5g\ . b'j} kIf lzIff;DaGwL xssf] pNn+3g gx'g] s'/fsf]
;'lglZrttf ug{ ;xdt 5g\ . lzIf0f ;+:yfnfO{ sAhfdf lng] Pjd\ k|of]u
ug{] / lzIfs ljBfyL{x?nfO{ a]kQf kfg{] jf sAhf jf ckx/0f ug{] sfo{
tTsfn /f]Sg / ljBfno tyf c:ktfnnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ u/L ;}G o Jof/]s
g/fVg ;xdlt JoQm ub{5g\ .
&=%=% sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s;}sf] klg JolQmut ;DklQ hkmt jf sAhf ul/g]
5}g eGg] s'/fdf b'j} kIf ;xdlt JoQm ub{5g\ .
&=%=^ b'j} kIf d'n'sdf cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0fnfO{ gvNjNofO{ pTkfbg sfo{nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg, cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgdf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf] xs Pj+ ;fdflhs
;'/Iffsf] ;Ddfg ug{, cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fg / >ldsaLr s'g} ;d:of pTkGg
ePdf pgLx?nfO{ zflGtk"0f{ ?kdf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ k|]l/t ug{] s'/fdf
97
ljZjf; ub{5g\ / cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] to u/]sf] sfdsf] clwsf/sf]

;Ddfg ub{5g\ .
&=^ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/
&=^=! b'j} kIf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf clwsf/x?sf] ljz]if ;+/If0f ug{, s'g} klg
k|sf/sf] of}ghGo zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ nufot dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf lj?4
x'g] jfn>d nufotsf ;a} vfn] lx+;fTds sfo{x?dfly tTsfn /f]s nufpg /
c7f/ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf d'lgsf s]6fs]6Lx?nfO{ s'g} klg ;}Goandf ;dfj]z jf
pkof]u gug{ k"0f{ ?kdf ;xdt 5g\ . o;/L k|efljt afnaflnsfx? t'?Gt
p4f/ ul/g] 5g\ / ltgLx?sf] k'g:yf{kgsf] nflu cfjZos / oyf]lrt ;xof]u
k|bfg ul/g]5 .
&=&= j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/
&=&=!= b'j} kIf cf:yf / ljrf/sf] :jtGqtf, jfs tyf k|sfzg :jtGqtf,
zflGtk"j{s / lagf xftxltof/ e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf, cfjfudgsf] :jtGqtf,
cfkm"v'zL k]zf Joj;fo ug{, ;DklQ cfh{g / ef]urng ug]{ :jtGqtf,
zflGtk"0f{ /fhgLlts s[ofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g] :jtGqtf, sfg'gsf] gh/df
;a} ;dfg x'g] / ;lxi0f'tfk"0f{ Gofo Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{ u/fpg ;xdt
5g\ .
*= dte]b lg?k0f tyf sfof{
sfof{Gjog ;+oGq M
*=! b'j} kIf ljutdf eP u/]sf q'l6x?nfO{ eljiodf gbf]xf]¥ofpg] / qmlds ?kdf
;Rof+pb} n}hfg] u/L j}olQms Pjd\ ;fd'lxs ?kdf pQ/bfoL x'g] ;xdlt k|s6
ub{5g\ .
*=@ /fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{ kg cfof]un] zflGt cleofgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg
cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+ oGqx?sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] 5 . cfof] usf] u7g / sfo{ljlw
cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] to u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
*=# b'j} kIf jt{dfg / eljiodf x'g ;Sg] ;a} lsl;dsf kf/:kl/s dte]b jf
;d:ofnfO{ cfk;L ;Djfb, ;dembf/L, ;xdlt tyf jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ;dfwfg ug{
k|lta4 5g\ .
98
*=$ of] ;Demf}tf, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tyf ;ft bn Pj+ g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_
aLr ePsf ;a} lg0f{o, ;xdlt / ;dembf/Lx? sfof{Gjog ug{ cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n]
/fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kg cfof] u, ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof] u, /fHosf]
k'g;{+/rgf ;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo ;'emfj cfof]u nufot cfjZostf cg' ;f/sf cGo
;+oGqx?sf] u7g ug]{ / ltgLx?sf] sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] s'/fdf b'j} kIf
k|lta4tf JoQm ub{ 5g\ .
(= sfof{G jog tyf cg'udg M o; ;Demf}t fdf pNn]v ul/Psf ;xdltsf] sfof{Gjog tyf
To;sf] cg'udgsf] nflu lgDg Joj:yf ug{ b'j} kIf ;xdt ePsf 5g\ –
(=! b'j} kIf ;+ o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Lo dfgj clwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] g]kfn l:yt sfof{ noaf6
o; ;Demf}t fdf pNn]lvt dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx?sf]] cg'udgsf] sfdnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg ;xdt 5g\ .
(=@ b'j} kIf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] g]kfn l:yt ldzgaf6 k"j{ k|]lift kfFr a'Fb] kq / o;
;Demf}tfdf pNn] v eP cg';f/ ;}G o tyf xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf] cg'udg u/fpg
;xdt 5g\ / To; sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{ 5g\ .
(=# b'j} kIf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3af6 ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ko{ j]If0f u/fpg ;xdt
5g\ .
(=$ /fli6« o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] un] sfg" g adf]l hd lgjf{ x ug' { kg{] bfloTjsf ;fy}
o; ;Demf} tfdf pNn] v ul/Psf dfgj clwsf/ cg' udg ;DaGwL sfo{ x? klg
;Dkfbg ug] { 5 . cfof] un] cfkm\g f] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ qmddf dfgj clwsf/
;DaGwL /fli6« o tyf cGt/f{li6« o ;+3 ;+ : yf;F u cfjZos ;dGjo u/L ;xof] u lng
;Sg] 5 .
(=% dfly pNn]lvt ;a} lgsfon] lbPsf k|ltj]bgx? a' ‰g, cg'/f] w u/]sf ;"rgfx?
pknAw u/fpg tyf ltgn] lbPsf ;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/;x?sf] sfof{G jog ;xdlt /
5nkmnsf] cfwf/df ug{ b'j} kIf ;xdt 5g\ .
!)= ljljw M
!)=! sflt{s @@ ut]sf] lg0f{osf] dd{ / zflGt ;Demf}t fsf] efjgf cg'?k ;/sf/ jf /fHo
;+oGqsf s'g} klg If]qdf ;dfgfGt/ jf cGo :j?ksf] ;+ oGq ;~rfng gug{ b'j}
kIf ;xdt 5g\ .
99
!)=@ b'j} kIf k|: t't ;Demf} tfsf] sfof{G jogsf nflu cfjZostfg' ;f/ cGo k"/s
;xdltx?df x:tfIf/ ug{ d~h'/ ub{ 5g\ .
!)=# b'j} kIfsf] ;xdltaf6 k|:t' t ;Demf}t fdf s'g} klg ;dodf ;+ zf] wg ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
;+zf]wg ug{ rfx]d f ;f] sf] lnlvt ;" rgf csf]{ kIfnfO{ k|bfg ug{ b'j} kIf ;xdt
5g\ . To;/L ;" rgf k|fKt ePkl5 b'j} kIfsf] ;xdltaf6 ;+ zf] wg ug{ ;lsg]5 .
To:tf] ;+ zf] wgn] ug]{ Joj:yf dfGotf k| fKt Go"gtd cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/,
dfgjLo sfg"gsf] dfkb08 tyf zflGt :yfkgfsf] d"n dd{eGbf Go"g x'g] 5}g .
!)=$ of] ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} JofVofdf s'g} ljjfb pTkGg ePdf of] ;Demf}tfsf] k|:tfjgf /
cg';"rLdf ;ª\nUg b:tfj]hx?sf cfwf/df b'j} kIf ;lDdlnt ;+o'Qm ;+oGqn] JofVof
ug]{ 5 / of] JofVof clGtd x'g]5 .
!)=% cGtl/d Joj:yflksf –;+;b u7g eP kl5 o; ;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt …b'O{ kIfÚ sf]
cjwf/0ff tyf l:ylt :jtM ;dfKt x'g]5 . o;kl5 o; ;Demf}tfdf pNn]l vt ;Dk"0f{
cleef/f sfof{G jog ug]{ u/fpg] bfloTj cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd
x'g]5 . ;Demf}t fsf] kfngf tyf sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k'¥ ofpg' ;a} /fhgLlts
bnx?sf] sQ{ Jo tyf lhDd]jf/L x'g]5 .
!)=^ l;Ëf] d' n's ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] d' Vo cleofgdf s] lGb|t eO/x] sf] a] nf
cfkm\g f ;d:of / dfux?nfO{ ;+j fb / jftf{s f] dfWodaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ tyf
;+ ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg tyf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:yltnfO{ ;xof] u k'¥ ofpg ;a}d f
xflb{s cg'/ f] w ub{ 5f}+ .
!)=& ;z:q åGånfO{ cGTo ub}{ ;+ l jwfg ;efsf] lgjf{ rgåf/f gofF nf]s tflGqs
g] kfnsf] lgdf{0 f tyf lbuf] zflGt + : yfkgfsf] of] P] ltxfl;s cleofgdf ;s[ o
;xeflutf hgfO{ ;kmn agfpg gful/s ;dfh, k] zfut ;d'b fo, hgjuL{ o
;Ëu7gx?, kqsf/ hut, j'l 4hLjLx? / cfd g] kfnL hg;d' b fodf xflb{s
ckLn ub{ 5f} + .
!)=* k"0f{ nf]stGq / lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfsf] of] cleofgdf g]kfnnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;a}
ldq /fi6«x? tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 nufot cGt/f{li6« o ;d'bfonfO{ xflb{s cfu|x
ub{5f}+ .
100
b]z / hgtfsf] eljiok|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L af]w ub}{ / o; lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf k|lt k"0f{ k|lta4
x'+b} xfdL–g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ sf tk{maf6 x:tfIf/ u/L of] lj:t[t zflGt
;Demf}tf ;fj{hlgs ub{5f+} .
k|r08 lul/hf k|;fb sf]O/fnf
cWoIf k|wfgdGqL
g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]j fbL_ g]kfn ;/sf/
x:tfIf/ ldlt M– @)^#÷*÷%
101
Agreement
on Monitoring of the Management of Arms and Armies

8 December 2006
Preamble
In keeping with the letters to the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General of 9 August
and the Comprehensive Peace Accord of 21 November 2006;
Guaranteeing the fundamental right of the Nepali people to take part in the constituent
assembly elections in a free and fair environment without fear;
Declaring the beginning of a new chapter of peaceful democratic interaction by

ending the armed conflict taking place in the country since 1996, based on the
Comprehensive Peace Accord between the two parties in order to accomplish,
through the constituent assembly, certainty of sovereignty of the Nepali people,
progressive political outlet, democratic restructuring of the state, and social-
economic-cultural transformation; and,
Affirming the will to fully observe the terms of this bilateral agreement witnessed by
the United Nations:
The parties agree to seek UN assistance in monitoring the management of the arms
and armies of both sides by the deployment of qualified UN civilian personnel to
monitor, according to international norms, the confinement of Maoist army
combatants and their weapons within designated cantonment areas and monitor the
Nepal Army (NA) to ensure that it remains in its barracks and its weapons are not
used against any side.
1. Modalities of the Agreement
1.1 Principles
Neither of the parties shall engage in movement or redeployment of forces

resulting in tactical or strategic advantage.
102
Any claims or reports of violations of this agreement will be reported to UN

monitors, substantiated or not substantiated, and subsequently reported to the
parties through the appropriate representative of the UN Mission in Nepal.
The security forces deployed by the interim government shall have authority to
conduct routine patrol, explore in order to prevent illegal trafficking of the
weapons, explosives or raw materials used in assembling weapons at the
international border or custom points and seize them.
Both parties agree to allow the United Nations, international donor agencies
and diplomatic missions based in Nepal, national and international non-
governmental organizations, press, human rights activists, election observers
and foreign tourists to travel unrestricted according to law in the state of Nepal.
The parties will ensure the safety, security, freedom of movement and well-
being of UN Mission and associated personnel, goods and services in all parts
of Nepal.
The parties shall immediately take all necessary measures to cooperate with
efforts aimed at controlling illicit trafficking of arms and the infiltration of armed
groups.
Both parties fully agree to not include or use children who are 18 years old and
under in the armed forces. Children thus affected would be immediately
rescued and necessary and appropriate assistance will be provided for their
rehabilitation.
1.2 Definitions
The following definitions are accepted:
(1) Cantonment (Maoist army) is a temporarily designated and clearly

defined geographical area for encampment and provision of services for
the Maoist combatant units including weapons, ammunition and
equipment. The cantonments are provided for all echelons of the Maoist
army.
103
(2) Barracking (NA) is the deployment of Nepal Army units to barracks,

including weapons, ammunition and equipment. No units below a
company level will be independently deployed unless for activities
specified elsewhere in this agreement or otherwise mutually agreed by
the parties.
(3) Secure arms storage areas are either military barracks with regular
armoury stores used for storage of weapons, munitions and explosives,
or storage containers established in special perimeters at cantonment
sites controlled and guarded by the responsible unit.
(4) "The parties" refers to the party of Government of Nepal (including the
Nepal Army) and the party of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist),
(including the Maoist Army).
(5) UN Monitoring refers to all efforts by the United Nations Mission to

determine relative compliance with the terms spelled out in this
agreement and to report to all the parties and others concerned its
findings.
(6) The Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee (JMCC) is the

monitoring, reporting and coordinating body chaired by the UN with
membership of the parties. The JMCC is responsible for supervising
compliance by the parties with this agreement in accordance with
provision 6.1 of this agreement.
(7) Joint Monitoring Teams (JMTs) are the bodies which will assist in
monitoring the cessation of hostilities. The Joint Monitoring Teams will be
active at the regional and local level and in mobile teams. Each team will
be comprised of one UN monitor serving as team leader, one monitor from
Nepal Army and one monitor from the Maoist Army. Joint Monitoring
Teams will not be used for weapons storage inspections. Inspections at
Maoist army cantonments will take place with a UN monitoring team and
a representative of the Maoist army. Inspections at Nepal Army barracks
104
will take place with a UN monitoring team and a Nepal Army

representative.
(8) Maoist army combatants: For purposes of this agreement this will
include regular active duty members of the Maoist army who joined
service before 25 May 2006, who are not minors and who are able to
demonstrate their service, including by CPN (M) identity card and other
means agreed by the parties.
1.3 Promotion
The parties shall promote awareness of this agreement, and adherence to its
provisions, among their commanders, members and affiliated groups.
The parties, Government of Nepal, Nepal Army (NA), CPN (M) and the Maoist
army, shall design, in cooperation with the UN Mission, an awareness
programme to ensure that local communities and the parties’ commanders,
members and affiliated groups understand the mandate of the UN Mission and
all of the obligations of the parties spelled out in this agreement. The
information programmes shall include the use of meetings and print and
electronic media in local languages.
1.4 Phases
This agreement shall come into force upon signing. Thereafter it shall be
implemented in phases, as follows:
(1) Reporting and verification;
(2) Redeployment and concentration of forces;
(3) Maoist army cantonment, NA barracking and arms control; and,
(4) Full compliance with the agreement.
A full and practical timeline will be established by the parties for all of these
activities to take place in consultation with the UN.
105
2. Reporting and verification
The parties will report detailed information about their troops and this
information will be treated with appropriate confidentiality by the United
Nations. The parties will provide maps and sketches showing current
dispositions, including:
(1) Order of battle/military structure, organisation, deployment and number

of troops;
(2) Minefields, landmines, unexploded ordnance, standard explosives,

improvised explosive devices and exact location of such items;
(3) All necessary information about roads, tracks, trails and passages
related to encampments;
(4) Information regarding armed or unarmed groups working along with the
parties, the Nepal Army (NA) and the Maoist army, including their
responsibilities; and,
(5) Other information required by the UN for proper monitoring of the

disposition of arms and armies.
The UN Mission shall check this information immediately after monitors are
deployed.
3. Redeployment and concentration of forces
Comprehensive plans, timelines and routes for the redeployment and

concentration of forces will be provided by both the NA and Maoist army to
the UN Mission.
The redeployment and concentration of all combatants in Nepal -- with the NA

in barracks and the Maoist army moving in to cantonment sites -- shall be
carried out in consultation with the UN. The redeployment and cantonment of
forces will be monitored by the UN monitors after they are deployed.
Both sides express an understanding to create a record of government, public

and private buildings, land and other properties and return them immediately.
106
The parties will withdraw all military and paramilitary checkpoints (unless
explicitly permitted in this agreement) to promote and guarantee free
movement and create an environment free of fear and intimidation.
The Nepal Police and Armed Police Force shall continue the task of maintaining
law and order and conduct criminal investigations as per the spirit and sentiment
of the Jana Andolan and peace accord as well as the prevailing law. Both parties
agree not to operate parallel or other forms of mechanism in any areas of the
state or state machinery as per the spirit of the decisions of November 8, 2006
and the essence of the peace accord. All sides agree to let employees of Nepal
Government and public agencies travel freely to any part of the country, to fulfill
their duties and not to create any obstacle or obstruction while executing their
work or not to let obstructions to arise and to facilitate their work.
4. Maoist Army cantonment, barracking of the NA and arms control
4.1 Maoist army cantonment
In accordance with the commitment expressed in the letter sent to the United
Nations, Maoist army combatants and their weapons shall be confined within
designated cantonment areas. The cantonment shall be based on
comprehensive planning and preparation before implementation. After the
Maoist army combatants stay in the temporary cantonments, the Government
of Nepal will provide food supplies and other necessary arrangements. When
implemented, the comprehensive concept shall ensure good communications
and proper logistics. UN monitors will have access to any and all cantonment
sites for purposes of monitoring.
4.1.1 Commanders’ responsibilities
The normal Maoist army chain of command, control, communication and

information will be utilised to control the Maoist army cantonment, using the
normal Maoist army structure in administration of the sites.
There will be seven main cantonment sites and 21 satellite cantonment sites of
three per main cantonment site. The satellite sites will be clustered no more
107
than two hours driving distance from the main sites unless otherwise agreed by
the parties.
The designated seven main sites will be under command, control,

communication and information of the Maoist army site commander and the
satellite sites by the designated satellite commanders. The site commanders shall
provide the following information in detail for each site to the UN Mission:
(1) Command structure for the unit and sub-units plotted on a map;
(2) Names of commanders down to company level;
(3) Communication system;
(4) Complete list of personnel;
(5) Complete list of weapons, i.e. types, numbers, serial number and calibre
under storage at the main cantonment sites;
(6) Ammunition inventory type, lot number and amount; and,
(7) List of names for the site security guards detachment, and complete list
of weapons and ammunition for the detachment (main and satellite
cantonment levels).
Site commanders’ responsibilities include:
(1) Camp security, including access control to the site;
(2) Ensuring the security, freedom of movement and well-being of UN

Mission and associated personnel, goods and services;
(3) Providing information in cooperation with the UN Mission in

accordance with Section 2;
(4) Maintenance of discipline, morale and normal training in the spirit of

the Comprehensive Peace Accord, excluding live fire exercises;
(5) Daily routines and control of troops; and,
(6) Logistics and camp services (in cooperation with the Government of
Nepal and other assisting agencies).
108
4.1.2 Weapons storage and control
The parties agree upon the safe storage of all Maoist army weapons and
ammunition, in the seven main cantonment areas under UN monitoring, except
as provided below for perimeter security purposes. Both sides shall assist each
other to mark landmines and booby-traps used during the time of armed conflict
by providing necessary information within 30 days and to defuse and remove/lift
and destroy them within 60 days. All improvised explosive devices will be
collected at designated sites a safe distance from the main cantonment areas.
These sites shall be agreed by the parties to consultation with the UN
Mission.Unsuitable devices will be destroyed immediately. Stable devices will
be stored safely and under 24-hour armed guard provided for by the guard
agreements cited below. The parties, in consultation with the UN, will determine
a timeline and process for the later destruction of all improvised explosive
devices. To ensure the safety of both monitors and Maoist army personnel, no
improvised explosive devices or crude bombs will be brought inside the
cantonment sites.
In the main cantonment sites the weapons and ammunition storage area will be
secured by the following system:
(1) A solid fence will surround the specified area, including a gate with a
lock. There will be signs on the fence clearly identifying the restricted
area.
(2) The weapons storage depot will be composed of storage containers

painted white and furnished with shelves for safe weapons storage and
easy control, and with a complete inventory (weapon type, calibre and
serial number).
(3) A single lock provided by the UN will secure each storage container. The
key will be held by the designated main cantonment site commander. A
24-hour surveillance camera provided by the UN Mission will cover the
storage site and will be monitored from the UN office in the cantonment
109
site. Floodlights will be switched on automatically during hours of

darkness.
(4) The UN Mission will provide an inspection registration device mounted

on each container door indicating when the storage container has been
opened.
(5) An alarm system provided by the UN Mission will be connected to

sirens in both the UN office and the camp commander’s office. The
system will be activated if the container door is opened without a “safe
button” having been switched off in connection with regular
inspections.
(6) UN monitors will carry out the inspections of the arms storage area and
containers in the presence of a Maoist army representative.
Each main cantonment site will be allowed 30 weapons of the same make and
model to be used only for clearly defined perimeter security by designated guards,
with each satellite allowed 15 such weapons under the same conditions. These
weapons will all be properly registered with make and serial number and locked
in a guardhouse when not in use. The parties, in consultation with the UN, will
periodically review the number of weapons needed for perimeter security
purposes on the basis of a shared threat assessment.
Security provisions will be made for CPN(M) leaders through understanding

with the government.
The UN Mission shall monitor these commitments with a full-time presence at

the Maoist army main cantonment sites and through field visits and regular
inspections. These inspections will be carried out randomly and without
warning.
4.1.3 Registration of Maoist army combatants at cantonment sites
All Maoist army combatants will be registered at the main cantonment sites.
This registration will include the provision of age, name, rank, responsibilities
within unit/formation, date of entry into service and will provide the basis for a
110
complete list of personnel. Maoist combatants will be registered regardless if

they are in possession of weapons or not. If with weapon, the type and
condition of weapon will be specified. The total number of weapons will be
categorized by unit/formation. Only those individuals who were members of
the Maoist army before 25 May 2006 will be eligible for cantonment. The
parties will agree as to how this pre-existing service is to be confirmed in
consultation with the UN.
As part of this registration, all Maoist army combatants will present their
Maoist army identity card to be marked by the UN. The process for marking
the cards will be determined. This registration card will be the basis for any
assistance received by Maoist army members. Unregistered persons will not be
eligible for assistance or permitted to remain in cantonments.
Only those Maoist army combatants who have been properly registered at
cantonment sites will be eligible for possible integration into the security
forces fulfilling the standard norms. Any discharged personnel will be
ineligible for possible integration. Those who are eligible for integration into
the security forces will be determined by a special committee as agreed in the
Comprehensive Peace Accord. This integration process will be determined in
subsequent agreement with the parties.
Upon registration Maoist army combatants, if found to be born after 25 May

1988, will be honourably and automatically discharged.
Discharged Maoist army combatants must: release all weapons, uniforms and
other military gear; and, agree not to return to cantonment sites unless mutually
agreed by UN monitors in consultation with the parties. The assistance packages
to be provided to voluntarily discharged personnel will be agreed by the parties
in advance of cantonment.
The Interim Council of Ministers will form a special committee to supervise,

integrate and rehabilitate the Maoist army combatants.
111
4.2 Barracking of the Nepal Army
4.2.1 General regulations
In accordance with the commitment expressed in the letter sent to the United
Nations, the Nepal Army shall remain in its barracks and its arms are not to be
used in favour of or against any side. UN monitors will have access to any and
all NA barracks for purposes of monitoring whether Nepal Army forces or
weapons are being used for or against any party. Upon visiting any Nepal Army
barracks for inspection, the site commander will be duly notified, and UN
inspections will relate only to matters regarding the disposition of forces and
weapons.
The Council of Ministers will control, mobilise and manage the Nepal Army as
per the Army Act of 2006 (Sainik Ain 2063) or its successor legislation. The
Interim Council of Ministers to prepare and implement the detailed action plan
of the Nepal Army's democratization by taking suggestions from the concerned
committee of the Interim Parliament/legislature. Under this to carry out
activities like assessing the appropriate number of the Nepal Army, to train the
army in democratic and human rights values while developing democratic
structure, national and inclusive character.
4.2.2 Commander responsibilities
The normal NA chain of command, control, communication and information

will be utilised to monitor the NA deployment to barracks. The commanders
shall provide the following information in detail to the UN Mission:
(1) Command structure for the unit and sub-units plotted on a map;
(2) Names of commanders down to company level;
(3) Communication system;
(4) Order of battle/military structure, organisation, deployment and number

of troops;
(5) Minefields, landmines, unexploded ordnance, standard explosives,

improvised explosive devices and exact location of such items; and,
112
(6) Other information required by the UN Mission for proper monitoring of

the disposition of arms and armies.
The NA will ensure the safety, security, freedom of movement and well-being
of UN Mission and associated personnel, goods and services, and provide
information in cooperation with the UN Mission according to Section 2.
The UN Mission shall monitor these commitments through daily presence in

selected NA barracks, field visits and regular inspections.
4.2.3 Weapons storage and control
The Nepal Army will remain within the barracks as per the commitment
expressed in the letter sent to the UN to ensure that their arms are not used for or
against any party. The Nepal Army to store arms in equal numbers to that of the
Maoist army, to seal it with a single-lock and give the key to the concerned
party. In the process of installing the lock, to assemble a mechanism including a
siren and register for the monitoring by the UN. While carrying out the
necessary examination of the stored arms, the UN will do so under the presence
of a Nepal Army representative. The barrack/barracks where NA arms will be
monitored under the conditions spelled out in section 4.1.2 will be identified and
agreed by the parties. The arms will be stored in storage containers.
4.2.4 Deployment and Concentration of Forces – NA permitted activities
In accordance with the spirit of the Comprehensive Peace Accord, continuity

will be given to functions of the Nepal Army including border security,
security of the conservation areas, protected areas, banks, airports, power
houses, telephone towers, central secretariat and security of VIPs. A detailed
list of these institutions and installations will be kept by the Secretary,
Ministry Defence, along with the number and types of forces assigned to such
duties. The list of such institutions and installations will be kept by the NA
under seal, and this list will be made available to UN monitors when they
deemed necessary on a case-by-case basis.
113
Permitted NA activities are as follows:
1. Routine military activities within the barracks and regular training in

barracks and camps. The JMCC will be notified 48 hours in advance
before undertaking limited live fire exercises at designated live firing
ranges.
2. Participation in official ceremonies, parades, etc. as directed by the

Government.
3. Provision of Border Security as directed by the Government.
4. Relief of troops on a one-to-one basis, including transport as mentioned.
5. Regular maintenance and replacement of non-lethal equipment,

including transport as mentioned. Maintenance and replacement of
lethal weapons will take place only with the determination of the
interim government or agreement by both parties.
6. Execution of development and construction tasks as directed by the

civilian authorities, on central, regional and local levels.
7. Provision of support in relief work in times of natural and other

disasters as directed by the Government.
8. Participation in Peacekeeping Operations called for by the United

Nations, and all preparations, transport, training, transfer of equipment,
etc. connected to this.
9. Provision of security for VVIPs and VIPs.
10. Provision of security of vital installations as directed by the

Government.
11. Provision of security of transportation of Nepal Rastra Bank funds.
For all of the above activities the rules regarding notification of troop, air
movements and exercises spelled out in section 5.2 apply.
114
5. Compliance with the Agreement
5.1 Prohibited Activities
In the spirit of the Comprehensive Peace Accord, and in light of this

agreement, after the placement of the Nepal Army in the barracks and the
Maoist Army combatants in cantonment, the parties shall scrupulously refrain
from the following activities:
1. Holding and carrying arms is in violation of the law. Displaying arms,

intimidation and any type of use of violence is prohibited, and use of
arms is legally punishable.
2. Any type of arms and weapons targeted against each other in a direct or
indirect way or any act of attack.
3. Harming or intimidating any person, including internally displaced

persons, humanitarian and development workers and other non-
combatants, and any seizure of their equipment and property.
4. Ambushes, murder or violent operations.
5. Kidnapping, unlawful detention or imprisonment, disappearances;
6. All offensive military flights in and over Nepal.
7. Damaging or seizing public/private/government, military or UN

property and all attacks on UN and associated personnel.
8. Planting mines or improvised explosive devices, conducting sabotage or

military espionage.
9. Recruiting additional armed forces or conducting military activities

against each other, including transporting weapons, ammunitions and
explosives (unless mutually agreed by the parties and notified in
advance according to the terms of this agreement).
10. Collecting cash or goods and services or levying tax against one's
wishes and against the existing law.
115
11. Any actions that impede or delay the provision of humanitarian

assistance or protection to civilians.
12. Any restrictions on the safe, free and unimpeded movement of

humanitarian or development agencies undertaking activities approved
by the interim government or its successor.
13. All acts and forms of gender-based violence.
14. Any restrictions on the free movement of people and goods.
15. All activities that obstruct the efforts of the UN Mission and amount to
a failure to cooperate with the UN Mission, including the prohibition of
the UN Mission patrols and flights over any location.
16. Any attempt by a party to disguise its equipment, personnel or activities

as those of the UN Mission, other United Nations agencies, the
International Committee of the Red Cross/Crescent or any other similar
organisation.
17. Any attempt to redeploy military forces and equipment or occupation of

any positions out of their respective deployment positions without the
consent of the Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee.
18. The use of children who are 18 years old and under in the armed forces.
19. All hostile propaganda and incitement to military action.
The parties shall also refrain from all activities that are prohibited
elsewhere in this agreement.
5.2 Permitted activities
The key principle that shall underpin permitted activities for both sides shall be
to alleviate the effects of the armed conflict on civilians and the war-affected
areas and to galvanise popular support for peace. Permitted activities for both
sides will be conducted as per the decisions of the interim government. Troop,
air movements and exercises have to be properly notified and approved by the
Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee at least 48-hours in advance.
116
Permitted activities include:
(1) De-mining and decommissioning of military hazards;
(2) Development activities to include improvement and opening of roads,

rehabilitation of bridges and passages and airstrips according to the
decisions of the interim government;
(3) Humanitarian relief;
(4) Socioeconomic activities such as assisting free movement of people,

goods and services;
(5) Free movement of unarmed soldiers in plain civilian clothes who are on
granted leave, medical referrals, or visiting families – no more than 12
percent of the total retained force at a given cantonment or barracks will
be on authorised leave at any given time unless mutually agreed by the
parties;
(6) Supply of non-lethal items to military units, food, water, medicine,

petrol, oil and lubricants, stationary, uniforms etc; and,
(7) Medical evacuation.
5.3 Violations
The following acts shall constitute violations of the agreement:
(1) Any act that contravenes this agreement;
(2) Unauthorised troop movements;
(3) Unauthorised recruitment, conscription or mobilisation;
(4) Unauthorised replenishment of military equipment;
(5) Violation of human rights, humanitarian law or obstruction of freedom

of movement of people, goods and services;
(6) Espionage, sabotage, air surveillance and acts of subversion; and,
117
(7) Military flights, or military flights utilising civilian aircraft, over

cantonment sites without 48-hour notification to the parties and the UN
Mission, except in emergency situations or medical evacuations.
6. The United Nations Mission
Monitoring of compliance with this agreement with be carried out:
(1) By UN Monitors; or,
(2) By Joint Monitoring Teams, if so decided by the JMCC and in keeping

with other provisions of this agreement.
The UN Mission will submit reports to the parties on compliance with this
agreement. It will do so either directly or through the JMCC.
6.1 The Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee
The nine-member Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee (JMCC) will

have a chairman appointed by the UN Mission. There will be two Vice-
Chairman, one each from the Maoist Army and the NA. The remaining six
members will be two UN, two NA and two Maoist army, all as selected by
the parties respectively.
The JMCC shall reach its decisions by consensus. In the event of a deadlock,
the representative of the UN Secretary-General shall have final authority for
reporting on the compliance of the parties with this agreement to the Secretary-
General and to the interim government for resolution. The Chairman shall
report regularly to the representative of the Secretary-General and to the
designated representatives of the parties regarding the activities of the JMCC.
The JMCC shall serve three main functions:
(1) To assist the parties in implementing this agreement. The JMCC shall
be the central coordinating body for monitoring arms and armies in
accordance with the terms of this agreement and to approved, where
appropriate those activities specified in section 5.2.
118
(2) To serve as a dispute resolution mechanism. The JMCC shall resolve all
disputes and military or operational difficulties, complaints, questions or
problems regarding implementation of this agreement.
(3) To assist in confidence building. The JMCC shall work to gain the trust
and confidence of the parties and promote the overall goals of this
agreement among the people of Nepal.
In order to achieve these goals, the JMCC shall operate according to the
following basic principles:
(1) Resolve all problems and disputes at the lowest level possible, i.e.
delegation of authority to the JMTs;
(2) Promote joint problem-solving and build trust and confidence through
active efforts to appropriately investigate and report on all incidents of
concern to the parties; and,
(3) Build on lessons learned in the process.
The Joint Monitoring Teams (JMTs), will assist the Joint Monitoring
Coordination Committee at the local level and through site visits. The
JMTs will comprise one international monitor as the team leader and
one monitor from Nepal Army and one monitor from the Maoist Army.
The number of JMTs and their deployment will be determined by the
Chairman of the JMCC in consultations with that body.
The tasks of the JMTs will include:
(1) Village and community visits and liaison with the civilian community;
(2) Cooperation with other UN-agencies, and liaison with international

organisations and non-governmental organisations;
119
(3) Assistance to the parties in creating a favorable operational environment

for the conduct of the ceasefire by information sharing and defusing
local tension;
(4) A pro-active concept for initiation of conflict management at the local

level; and,
(5) Investigation of complaints linked to possible alleged violations of the

agreement, reference paragraph 5.1, and to recommend measures to
ensure compliance.
Joint Monitoring Teams will not be used for designated weapons

storatge inspections.
7. Miscellaneous
This agreement can be revised at any time with the consent of both parties.
Both parties agree to provide to each other prior written information if they
wish to make any change. The amendments can be made to the agreement with
the consent of both parties after receiving the information. The provisions to be
made by such an amendment will not fall below the minimum standards of
accepted international human rights and humanitarian laws.
Both parties consent to sign any complementary understandings, as necessary,

for the implementation of the present agreement.
This agreement will be signed by both parties in Nepali and English. The
United Nations will witness the English language version of this agreement
and, accordingly, the English-language version of this agreement will be
considered as authoritative in matters of dispute.
The spirit of the Comprehensive Peace Accord shall guide the interpretation
and implementation of this agreement by all the parties.
120
This agreement shall come into force upon signature, and it supersedes the
agreement of the same name done on the 28th day of November 2006 (12
Mangsir 2063 BS).
Done in Kathmandu, Nepal on the 8th day of December, 2006 (22 Mangsir
2063 BS)
__________________ ___________________
Krishna Bahadur Mahara Krishna Prasad Sitoula
Coordinator Coordinator
Negotiating team Negotiating team
CPN (Maoist) Government of Nepal
__________________
Witnessed by
Ian Martin
Personal Representative of the Secretary-General
United Nations
121

Interim Constitution On Nepal, 2063 Nepali

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Interim Constitution On Nepal, 2063 Nepali

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.lawcommission.gov.

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

k|: tfjgf M xfdL ;fj{e f}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL hgtfÙ

t/ o; Joj:yf cGtu{t gful/stf k| fKt ug{ k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP

-r_ s'g} k] zf, /f]huf/, pBf] u / Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf .

!%= k|s fzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkfvfgf ;DaGwL xsM

;d'bfo, lk5l8Psf If]q nufotsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf] wg ug{ /fHosf] jt{dfg

/fi6«klt tyf pk/fi6«klt

▲ kfFrf}F ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .

-v_ lgh Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bsf] ;b:o g/x]d f, jf

$$= ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g ePkl5sf] dlGqkl/ifb\

t/ Joj:yflksf–;+;bnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g] u/L lghn] Ifdf ofrgf u/]df Joj:yflksf–

-^_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:ox¿sf] lgjf{rg sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd uf]Ko

-3_ s'g} nfesf] kb wf/0f gu/]sf] .

-@_ o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf Joj:yf ul/Psf]df afx]s ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg

-$_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf cj:yf / zt{df cfkm\gf] km};nf jf

-&_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] d' Vo GofofwLz, GofofwLz tyf lhNnf cbfntsf]

-v_ Gofo dGqL – ;b:o

-u_ ;jf]{ Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkfbg ePsf gofF ghL/x¿sf] ljj/0f,

t/ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fglag ug]{ jf

-u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf .

k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePdf lghsf] kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{

;+/If0f / ;+j4{g jf ;dfh;]j fsf If]qdf lqmofzLn /xL

-ª_ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3gstf{nfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL tyf ;hfo

-$_ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwf ;jf]{ Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz

-v_ /fhg}lts bnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt jf ;f] ;/xsf] ;ldltsf ;b:o

-u_ ;dfhzf:qL jf hg;+ Vofljb\ – ;b:o

hg;+Vofsf] 3gTj, oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf / To:tf] lhNnfdf a;f]af; ug]{ jfl;Gbfx?sf]

/fi6«k lt tyf pk/fi6«k ltn] lng] kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zkysf] 9f“

g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]j fbL_ aLr ePsf]

;+ljwfg ;efdfkm{t\ g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fj{e f}d;Qfsf] ;'lglZrttf, cu|ufdL /fhgLlts

clwsf/, /fhgLlts bnx?sf lqmofsnfkx?df kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xLtf,

r_ ckx/0f÷kqmfp÷ y'g5]s÷a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{

%=@ l:ylt ;fdfGoLs/0fsf pkfox?M

&=@ afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ M

ljZjf; ub{5g\ / cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] to u/]sf] sfdsf] clwsf/sf]

x:tfIf/ ldlt M– @)^#÷*÷%

on Monitoring of the Management of Arms and Armies

Declaring the beginning of a new chapter of peaceful democratic interaction by

1. Modalities of the Agreement

Neither of the parties shall engage in movement or redeployment of forces

Any claims or reports of violations of this agreement will be reported to UN

The following definitions are accepted:

(1) Cantonment (Maoist army) is a temporarily designated and clearly

(2) Barracking (NA) is the deployment of Nepal Army units to barracks,

(5) UN Monitoring refers to all efforts by the United Nations Mission to

(6) The Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee (JMCC) is the

will take place with a UN monitoring team and a Nepal Army

(1) Reporting and verification;

(2) Redeployment and concentration of forces;

(3) Maoist army cantonment, NA barracking and arms control; and,

(4) Full compliance with the agreement.

2. Reporting and verification

(1) Order of battle/military structure, organisation, deployment and number

(2) Minefields, landmines, unexploded ordnance, standard explosives,

(5) Other information required by the UN for proper monitoring of the

3. Redeployment and concentration of forces

Comprehensive plans, timelines and routes for the redeployment and

The redeployment and concentration of all combatants in Nepal -- with the NA

Both sides express an understanding to create a record of government, public

4. Maoist Army cantonment, barracking of the NA and arms control

4.1 Maoist army cantonment

4.1.1 Commanders’ responsibilities