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    10 views61 pages

    Lipinska DeB - II Thutmosis - III 1977

    Uploaded by

    Артём Друид

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    ‘ZAKEAD ARCHEOLOGIL SRODZIEMNOMORSKIES POLSKIES AKADEMII NAUK POLSKA STACIA ARCHEOLOGII SRODZIEMNOMORSKIES W ARABSKIEY REPUBLICE EGIPSKIE W KAIRZE Redaktor: Kazimierz Michalowski DEIR EL-BAHARI I JADWIGA LIPINSKA Swiatynia Totmesa III Architektura wv PWN —PANSTWOWE WYDAWNICTWO NAUKOWE Warszawa 1977 ‘CENTRE D’ARCHEOLOGIE MEDITERRANEENNE DE L'ACADEMIE POLONAISE DES SCIENCES (CENTRE POLONAIS D'ARCHEOLOGIE MEDITERRANEENNE, DANS LA REPUBLIQUE ARABE D'EGYPTE AU CAIRE. sous ls duction de Kazimierz Michalowski DEIR EL-BAHARI I JADWIGA LIPINSKA The Temple of Tuthmosis III Architecture w PWN EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES DE POLOUNE Vareovie 1977 cover et gute do ve ‘Kept Rac Ate hoteaph, uae oat te, ae by adn Laos ‘Althedaine a gn sep Pan hy Sask Nasaand Wy sal ees etre by Jin tio ee ‘Waa Caner Noe 1-6 81051733, 25 27-52,3635, Pl tet Fanon (Nos 51-55, Par IVE, VD nine Lewae (Nor 7,16 26 3830-4) Magen Linton (Noe 1, 36 3,373 540) stl szcerson (an) Pastrowe Wyéawscino Naskowe — Wares 1977 6 tow on eee eel [= = Se ee is Ba eee im nd Bede lee fee fp |= T= | Contents ‘Te abbeevinons . 1 Desipi of i nae 1 Tieton wie 2 Thetecton Tae porn 5. Teco seuss the socalled gant of Kapaaion mars nts oss aks inh iene 1. Sin ein of ee 2. Tecate capl 2 Tene cha ‘ thesotonete soup OD) cme com oP 5. Theoret of he tele 1 The ee fe porte td he nie out the mp anh ons in Wy Ete eed rane te mies pr pete 6 Thecasenay Hono Vly tng 1, Remarks on he ory a aig le Pe B The _. Amoto,Dee Tempel ds Kosi Meise, evi Navi, The atl f Dei Bahar abbreviations ‘thon Temps der Neen Rh, MAS 2 195 Diner Anon, Der Tepe x Koi ety 08 ‘Bache Verafeetichuneen 8 Devéiches Archiologschen Bias t Tass, Tae de Cate Arig MES The Meopaian Mazcum of Ae, Now York. ~ Blowasd Navi, Te tle of Der Bakr, Vo VT Txt Exploration Fund Vol 12-16 16,77, 3, Lonion ord Nasa, H.R. Hau, The Xb Dyas temple {tot stars ll, Cp Exloaon Foe Vo 3, 50.32, Lando 1907-3. Preface “The discovery ofa temple, ove i this isa dstoyed temple, presents an enormous number of problems and years of studies are necesary to elear wpa pat of them. The discovery of the temple of Tuthmoss I at Deire!- Bahari bythe expedition of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology in Cairo ld by Professor Kazimierz Macuaowsxt, resulted in an abundance of importnt artistic end scent material, which were a the same time of «great complexity. ‘Among te fade there were votive objects of all srt, pottery, tools, esteaa of the New Kingdom ‘ate and much ater Coptic ones, a great collection of birati graft of majo sient import- ‘nce writen upon the femple walls and columns (already published by M. Marciniak in the first volume of the Deir eb-Bahar sree), and—shove all-several thousand broken temple lments beating fragmentary inscriptions and reli. Before thes canbe properly studied and (if possibe,reconsteucte, i wil be necessary to lari the criginal design of the temple. ‘Studies onthe reconstruction, history and eeaning of thie temple have been carried ou from the moment of ie discovery. The author bas taken pat inthe excavation fom the Beginning, having been appointed by Professor K. MIcHaLowst to conduct the fk-work and record the finds, and during the absence ofthe Chie of the expedition, was charged with che dreting the works ofthe ns three campaizns "The site ofthe excavations was the Inst part of Dei l-Bahari which had been let unexplored by former expeditions which ad dug tere sine the ime when Mirete began to clear the temple ‘of Hatshepsat in 1858, Especially important in respect of our work were the excavations eave ‘ut in the temple of Mentuotpe-Nebhepere ofthe Xith Dynasty, which was situated diec}y ‘othesouthof the Tuhmosis Il emple, at a much lover level, Unfortunately forthe sts on the Tuthmosr IK dic, almost all the materials oxsinatig from it, But Found below in the temple of Mentubotpe, retain unpublished. Only some ofthe finds were mentioned in the reports ofthe expedition ofthe Egypt Exploration Fund, which dirovered the Meatubotpe temple and ‘eared it in 1903-1907; the resorde ofthe expedition ofthe Metropolitan Museum of Art (1920— 1931) ae ell ia the notebooks of Wilock inthe possesion of the Metropolitan Museum. In 1967 thanks tothe courtesy of Dr. H, FISCHER, t0 whom Tome a debt of gratitude, Twas able to study these notebooks. ‘The discovered temple was so closely connected with the older buildag of Mentuhotpe, ‘atin the studying ofthe problems oftheiriaterrelations th recent publication of Dr. D. ARNOLD {Der Tempel des KGnigs Meatubotep von Deir Bahari, Hand I, 1974) proved to be of great bp, and it must be stressed ere, tht al the meesoements and pats ofthe Mentuhotpe building drawn in my plans are taken From this publication, “There is one more point to mention since the seiviy ofthe Polish expedition began at Dec ‘Lihat, there have always been a numberof aotitects among the members ofthe team. Tt Should therefore be expected, that «publication oa such an architectural subject asthe recon- ‘trction of temple shouldbe written by aa. architet, ora east in close cooperation with one. Tn thisease it was oherie. Al thearhitects were concerned primarily with important problems ofthe reconstruction of the temple of Halshepsut and hase taken part in the documentation of the Tuthmosis IU temple only onthe margin of theirmain work. There were several of them, but there was no one who wat sifiently interested in studying th remains ofthe Tuthmosis IIL temple to work overtime on i As the result, the author was let withthe plans ofthe excavated ares and its eross-sctons, but with nothing ele all the details and drawings ofthe reconstruc- tion of the building have been elaborated sinle-handed by the author, whois solely responsible for any errors in them. Some ofthe problems were only discussed with the architects and col- Jeagues—Eayptoogits, to whom the author feels indebted for some valuable suggestions. ‘Special thanks are due my Profesor—Kazinierz Micaatowse!—for hs hep and unlimited vneroity in backing my studies, and also to Professors Jerzy Hnywiewiecxs and Fritz Haze, {or their extemely valle and helpful remarks onthe subject presented in this book Warszawa, October 1974 I. EXCAVATIONS “The excavations of the Tuthmosis HL temple at Deir el-Babari were iniisted in February 1962, and ‘were completed in April 1967 Tn the sutumn of 1961, the group of specialists from the Polish Contre of Mediterranean Archaeology in Cairo began reconstruction works in the temple of “Hatshepsut at Deirel-Bahari on behalf ofthe Exyptinn ‘Antiquities partment. As the works from the begin sing were concentrated on the uppermest part ofthe temple, it soon became apparent to the chief of the Expedition, Professor Kazimierz MiciALOWSEr, that the huge mound of debris towering above the south ‘western part of the temple should be cleared a8 soon 5 possible (phot. 1). Apaet from the obvious eason— the necessity of clearing the temple surroundings —it ‘vas expected that perhaps some Hatshepsut blocks of importance for the reconstruction could be un- cathed there. “The works on the clearance started atthe beginning ‘of February 1962, and in a short time, some pavement and foundation slabs as well asthe lower drums of polygonal columns standing on their bases appeared (phot. 2-3). Since then the “clearance” has become the excavations, and the digging as beon cerred out independently ofthe reconstruction of the Hatshepsut temple ‘The first season lasted until April 21st 19622 The most important finds were the votive statues of Amene- rmone® and Piay (phot. 4), and about a thousand fragments of limestone and sandstone decorated wall blocks--some 200 ofthese originating from the Hat- shepsut temple ‘The second season* (November 1962-May 1963), brought the Further clearance of the gest colonnaded hall Plan D, and the discovery of the fist pair of great bases in its centre," and hundreds of fragments of broken wall blocks architraves, ceilings and poly- gonal columns. In a hollow, ouside the outer wall ofthe Southern Hall of Oflerings of the Hatshepsut temple, en interesting coletion of broken ars bering erate insertions in black ink was discovered,” together with some fragments of wooden sarcophagi and pices of fariture and palm-leaf mats—evidently fn ancient damp. ‘The third season* (November 1963-April 1968), resulted inthe further clearance ofthe great colonnad 7" sowie, Prema ep oa he eanstucon wore af be Have temple wt Dar Babar Grog be 1I- 196 ses, ASAE 58 0960, pp. 3740. 2 The aff emers heed Wy Profesor Kaziniers MACKALONSI, were allows: Lesa Dasnowaxi—cie cic; \Wojses Kocqas architect; Jigs riser Eeyplsopst: Tomase MaGwea —acchiet; Ramadan Swi>—Eeypolgs ams, Lit of obec found t Der e-ahat, Tele of Tothmoss Mf, euson 196-1982, ASAE 39 IS) p (ato. 133 Hasina of Amenemone trom the emp of Tuto at Dei Babar, ZAS 96 (195), Pt 19-28-05 Atenemons, baller of he Rasa, ET I (96) pp. 1-8. fee ta mamrs headed by Profesor Kasnies Mciuuovn: L- Dgnowsk—letaclvet; E, DamowseeSmx- ‘une Eeyplogt, W-Kotwtar-arcieet; -LiesieaEepolgst;M, MARewe-Epypblogist; M. Nnsontt= Soe edit: Reman Soe 62196) and 198-1964, ASAB €D (96, p. 15137 SE DimowaeSvervan, Lit of obec founda Dec e-barfa he ates of the Tuthmoss HI reply son 1962 1963 and 1965-1964, ASAE 60 (96D, pp. 95150. To be publibe shonly by M. Mateo “The tll meres beaded fy Profrnt Kase MicusLowec: L DaMowect— temple, but in the Hatshepsot temple to. The xeaations of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition revealed some column drums otgiating from the Tuthmosie TIL building, deep luner the surface ofthe mile cour infront of the Punt Portico of Hatshepsut, where they had evidently ‘sen pt atthe time when a Ptolemaic eostacion vas founded tere” ‘After the stonecutters had completed thet tatk, and ihe ground was being used as acemetery the sr2¥e5 ‘had evidently aso not been lft alone but disturbed by plunder and the embalmers who wsed the cofins for soring the materials used ia embalming,” and ‘hove had leo deposited dozens of jar ld withthe same materials in evry svalbl place. Thee dasings 26 NLR HR. HAL, The Dy. ele pp. M-16:D, Anna, Der Tena ds Kis Menta 1,55, 2s appt in the ene of Hab i 150. 2p hunite The tapi eel Bat p85, p2¢ 1, Wooo, The mony of Epa at Tees 2° DnzinarRoonn, Many of 4 wana fwd he penn of Tete itp Dat eta, ET IV re pat hry. cores Tian, nt ne pol ae mamas, TV (7D, 0 " in the debris had disturbed the lower layer consider shy mre. ‘So fat, the temple wall reliefs have bon meationsd only Briy. These ae, However, the most important finds. More than 5.00 larger (ragments ave teen recovered, and fmmerable quantity of small fakes tnd chips. The relies were polychrome, and in most uses the colours ae preserved intact. Tae artistic ‘alue ofthis material i exceptional, and as studies india, thor ra possitity of reconstructing rome Parts ofthe orginal temple decorations and iscrip- ios. But only very seldom did we fn the satred Fragments of individual decorated blocks cose one to ather—this probaly occured nly in such a ca- se, when the Block ad cracked inthe course of remo val and was considerod uses for recuting, andthe Sagments were by some lucky chance aot swept aay ‘The piecing together of them was done the spot, ‘bul this happened vey rarely. The abundance ofthe cacticlly mised, brolen fegments—togetber with the lack of availble space for sorting them out im: mediately after recovery—makes it more dificult to reconstruct the seenes. Non, this gigantic jigsaw puzzle is ia bands ofthe author of his volume, ho has hope of being exer able to fnsh the work. ‘Another typeof finds has not been mentioned & bove—the votive tus and stele, a ls the pottery snd faiace vesels and other small objects which fmeeged ia great guanity. These wil be published Separately. Il. DESCRIPTION OF THE TEMPLE 1. The temple units “The pan ofthe exavatd part ofthe temple is very simple andthe recognition of the penoral yout of i caused no dificulty (Plans Tand 1D, Fist ofl there isa great colonnaded bal of which the northern als preseved in state that permis its reconstruction. Behind i exactly along the temple in there was chamber with four columns, vieaty the Hall ofthe Sacred Bark. Furor tothe west ‘small chamber was located, presumably the Hal of the Offering Table. To the aorth of i 2 doorway ‘opened ont ie chamber, presumably the sanctur- ‘Another similar chamber vas laeted fo the south, find this coud bave been another sanctuary for Amu Kamut, There ar also to chambers t the north, and the to the south ofthe Bark Hl. "To the temple there certainly abo telooged the ator sine builtin corer behind the NW end ‘of the Moattotp temple platform and discovered bby Navi in 1904 Ge bstow, Chapter I, 4), andalso ramp cleared by Navill im the courted between the temples (Chapter IM, 5). These two structures as ‘well a the causeway will be described in connetion ‘vith the reconstruction of the tere 2. The location “The temple was bul Facing cas, ke the wo older ctifoes a De ebebarl is longitudinal ais wae practaly parallel to that of the temple of Meat re. "The level ofthe temple pavement was marked by us ‘nthe inner aort-esten corner ofthe eolonnaded all as “zero”, and all the subsequent measurements were taken according to this. This point is roughly $15880 m.above se level, 35 m. higher than te level of the third terrace of the Hatbeprut temple, B snd 1285 m, higher than the Menthotpe temple platform, The Tuthmori I empepltfora covered ‘rectangle some 50 metres wide (NS direction) and vas over 50m. long. "The temple platform occupied the ene area be ‘oveen tho two older edie. From te 20 i was founded ditty sbove the northern wall ofthe far hull of the Mentahotpe temple, fom the eas again the northern part ofthe Mentubotpe patorm Linited ‘x spall, fom north and west the elit bordered the structe and only a. aarow passage was lft ‘between the Southern Hall of Oferins ofthe Hatshop- st temple and the northeastern corer ofthe temple ‘of Tutmosi 1, 3. Building materials “The stractre wat bul of Gebel Sie sandstone, local Theban limestone, somtimes of poor quali, snd rd Aswan granite. Avast majority af the presev led wall Blocks and of the subtretare blocks is of limestone, The sraite was wed to make a doorway in tho rear wal ofthe clonnaded alli slis also of gran, Sandstone was wie in some parts ofthe fbeteactuce (it seems, that it was specially ai in places where the pressure wasBevie), andi the fo: Towing elements" pavements and wall foundations, ‘use of columns ad thei unk, pier, archive, comics, eling slab, the mullions of eleretory Svindows as wel asin the wall, Te som, that the Hathor shrine was but exusivel of sandstone, while the walle of the remaining prt ofthe building wee bul of limestone and sandstone a a pattem that is Aiea to resoenize no, but posbly the reconstruc tion ofthe rls il provide he slaon to tis. ‘ny ease, come of the sbambers inthe waseramost purtof the temple ere faced with decorated sandstone tla, there are also blocks decorted on Both faces fromthe parton val, the only remaining i sar pat ofthe lower cous ofthe walls equally of sand- ‘Rone. It isabo posible, tha both materials were used ina single wall” “The sandstone of th temple sulleed the worst dam- ‘age. Ie would seem, that the stoneutterspefewed 1 use it and this is easily explainable: the limestone ‘qucries were at hand, in the Theban Gebel, wile Sandstone had to be brought from 2 distance of 150 dolometres away. Moreover, sandstone is a titer material for the grinders, whieh were 40 extensively produced ia the temple ruins. The lesions was ‘ecaialy ued for bowie as wel, bat he Socks daring the proces of dismantling the wal often racked und were ejected as useless. This acounts fr the much larger number of limestone roifs being presered ina beter state than thoee of sandstone. Thowsands land thoussnde of sandstone chips and small icon. ost pies ear witnes 0 the fate of the once icy adorned oct. 4, The platform ‘When the temple of Hatshepsut was built the orth ofthe Mestubotpe temple, a rock promontory sloping dowe south and eastwards was Tet between ‘wo buildings. Towards the end of his reign Tuthmo- is ordered his eiice tobe located inthe centre of the valley, Beane the olde oes The ler of Tuthmosi I levelled the ci ana anticialy extended the space by eating into the rock ‘on the north and west sie. Ashe platform thus made twas narrow and iru in shape, twas eniarsed by the bullng of tong supporting wall from the east and south, and filing in this frame with & mass of ‘afl agilaceousshal), rubble bouldersandocks (i 1)-Someof eserocs, to beans tobe hauled up (ot. 19) had evidently been thee before the work on the tong stated, some had certainly been pase from the higher cock promontory when it was lee In tome cases their upper surfaces, protrading above the planed level ofthe platform, were eut in aeordance ‘vith The supporting wal fom the south was bul fon the ridge of rock slongsde the western part ofthe ‘Menthoipe temple the remains of the eastern wall show tht this sractare wan very tick (Plan V). The ‘ling mass was found empty of any objects of terest, the rubble aod raff had probably oriinated ftom some contemporary excavation and only a few ofthe 2 Bg oe mole of Tn I st Mest Hato I he soutien ear al fe te ‘acy XVII Dyoasty posters were recovered from the pat checked ‘The stone blocks ofthe supporting structures were both of limestone and sandstone only roughly drsted snd lid in rater gular courses (phot. 20) Inthe places, where they met the rock face his was cut ia ‘eps to provide the blocks with support (phot. 21). ‘The rork bere it Kind of shale, very sof ad sy to ‘eat even with wood hoe. ‘At rough estimallon, one thied ofthe temple was tilt on this artical platform, the remaining pare was, founded on the leveled bd-rock. Whea the temple ‘war beiog demolithed, the supporting walle were ismaned, The huge mass of ling material together ‘wth what as then left ofthe southeastern past of the building slid down, partly to the Mentubotpe temple, partly 10 its Northern Court. Nothing remain- ‘din ple of what once had been but om the aria platform, and only parts ofthe lower courses of the outher supporting wall were unearthed, while on the southeastern slope of rock there are several couree running N-S and E-W (phot. 2, Plas IV. [None of them, however, seach their orginal eight facie Se ate “Th poset soos oy expan and in mane may ce th copies el ‘Sto foe pun cme he eres utr (U Hace, The enon of Mesiet Ht, lO = ‘Ste Pebeome Xp. 4 5. The pavement ‘When the platform was prepared it was entirely coved with sandstone block, and the plan of the temple ia a 1:1 scale was painted on them. Inthe places where column bases Were planned, the Books ‘vere then eut 10 shape, the femainig space was thinned and the courses ofthe acre walls were cis ed out gue lines for the masons (phot. 2) ‘There wor slays two such lines en each side of the all: the oster lie was for undresed blocks, the ier one served to chock the dresing af the surface (phe 29. ‘The empleais wat leo carefully chiseled a8 sis le striate and this ine was found on eo pave ‘ment slabs inthe ental wexteramest chamber (phot 40) lnseverl parts of the temple platform there are _prosered longer or shorter strtches of paving blocks fearing guide lines forthe nowenistng walls and doorways. With the Belp of these lines i is posible to reconstruct the plan of the temple, though, its lubifl, where the guide lines disappeared. 6. The walls ‘The only preserved inst pat ofthe lower course of the wall is but of thee huge sandstone Bock, two of them in its thickness (phot. 24 and fg. 2), that ie 1.37 m The fron, Le ante book, i 12m. high and ite fae is smoothly dread and Heavily whitewashed Some pilgrims fa later drawn rough skstees of boats oni: There is one det of thee blocks worth ‘mentioning: ech of them has a vertcal groove pasty Ale with mortar onits shore side sem, tat hs was « standard constructional festure end ligui mor {ar used to be poured through these grooves ofl in the gape between the ikSicing Bock. "The other walls bave disappeared and only tiny snd very low fragmeat of the western wall of great tll has survived. But the guide lines on the sidstone paving indicate the couse and thickness of some ‘ters ‘The cstern wall ofthe colonnaded hall (Plan D, eas LST m thick, eNenty centimetres less than the Aesrted northern wall, The western wall of the teat hall wat 214m thick—and only the presence of ‘ihe in fe could have accounted for such an enor mous breadth. Running paral to it urker tothe vest, there was a wall which was almost s thick this was 209 m, wide. The remaining fragments of mark forthe walls dividing the chambers ofthe wes- fmm part of the temple weee either 1.08 m. thick (exactly 2 royal cubits), oF 109 m. thick. Thre are our such wallmarkiags preseved in 2 measurable 7. The columns ‘The columns ofthe temple were entaly f the po ‘ygonal Kind, but among them two types were lized: skeen and thiy-ewosided The sxteensided columes were smaller. These ha ‘once stood in the great eolonnaded ball (ig. 3) and inthe evo chambers tothe west of i. Inthe other, ‘much narrower chamber, no traces of them existed Seat asge rene pat he ne

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