‘ZAKEAD ARCHEOLOGIL SRODZIEMNOMORSKIES
POLSKIES AKADEMII NAUK
POLSKA STACIA ARCHEOLOGII SRODZIEMNOMORSKIES
W ARABSKIEY REPUBLICE EGIPSKIE W KAIRZE
Redaktor: Kazimierz Michalowski
DEIR EL-BAHARI
I
JADWIGA LIPINSKA
Swiatynia Totmesa III
Architektura
wv
PWN —PANSTWOWE WYDAWNICTWO NAUKOWE
Warszawa 1977
‘CENTRE D’ARCHEOLOGIE MEDITERRANEENNE
DE L'ACADEMIE POLONAISE DES SCIENCES
(CENTRE POLONAIS D'ARCHEOLOGIE MEDITERRANEENNE,
DANS LA REPUBLIQUE ARABE D'EGYPTE AU CAIRE.
sous ls duction de Kazimierz Michalowski
DEIR EL-BAHARI
I
JADWIGA LIPINSKA
The Temple of Tuthmosis III
Architecture
w
PWN EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES DE POLOUNE
Vareovie 1977cover et gute do ve
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‘Waa Caner Noe 1-6 81051733, 25 27-52,3635, Pl
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nine Lewae (Nor 7,16 26 3830-4)
Magen Linton (Noe 1, 36 3,373 540)
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Pastrowe Wyéawscino Naskowe — Wares 1977
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Contents
‘Te abbeevinons .
1 Desipi of i nae
1 Tieton wie
2 Thetecton
Tae porn
5. Teco
seuss the socalled gant of Kapaaion mars nts oss aks inh iene
1. Sin ein of ee
2. Tecate capl
2 Tene cha
‘ thesotonete soup OD)
cme com oP
5. Theoret of he tele
1 The ee fe porte td he nie out
the mp anh ons in Wy
Ete eed rane te mies pr pete
6 Thecasenay Hono Vly tng
1, Remarks on he ory a aig le
Pe
BThe
_. Amoto,Dee Tempel ds Kosi Meise,
evi
Navi, The atl f Dei Bahar
abbreviations
‘thon Temps der Neen Rh, MAS 2 195
Diner Anon, Der Tepe x Koi ety 08
‘Bache Verafeetichuneen 8 Devéiches Archiologschen
Bias t Tass, Tae de Cate Arig MES
The Meopaian Mazcum of Ae, Now York.
~ Blowasd Navi, Te tle of Der Bakr, Vo VT
Txt Exploration Fund Vol 12-16 16,77, 3, Lonion
ord Nasa, H.R. Hau, The Xb Dyas temple
{tot stars ll, Cp Exloaon Foe Vo 3,
50.32, Lando 1907-3.
Preface
“The discovery ofa temple, ove i this isa dstoyed temple, presents an enormous number
of problems and years of studies are necesary to elear wpa pat of them. The discovery of the
temple of Tuthmoss I at Deire!- Bahari bythe expedition of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean
Archaeology in Cairo ld by Professor Kazimierz Macuaowsxt, resulted in an abundance of
importnt artistic end scent material, which were a the same time of «great complexity.
‘Among te fade there were votive objects of all srt, pottery, tools, esteaa of the New Kingdom
‘ate and much ater Coptic ones, a great collection of birati graft of majo sient import-
‘nce writen upon the femple walls and columns (already published by M. Marciniak in the
first volume of the Deir eb-Bahar sree), and—shove all-several thousand broken temple
lments beating fragmentary inscriptions and reli. Before thes canbe properly studied and
(if possibe,reconsteucte, i wil be necessary to lari the criginal design of the temple.
‘Studies onthe reconstruction, history and eeaning of thie temple have been carried ou from
the moment of ie discovery. The author bas taken pat inthe excavation fom the Beginning,
having been appointed by Professor K. MIcHaLowst to conduct the fk-work and record the
finds, and during the absence ofthe Chie of the expedition, was charged with che dreting the
works ofthe ns three campaizns
"The site ofthe excavations was the Inst part of Dei l-Bahari which had been let unexplored
by former expeditions which ad dug tere sine the ime when Mirete began to clear the temple
‘of Hatshepsat in 1858, Especially important in respect of our work were the excavations eave
‘ut in the temple of Mentuotpe-Nebhepere ofthe Xith Dynasty, which was situated diec}y
‘othesouthof the Tuhmosis Il emple, at a much lover level, Unfortunately forthe sts on
the Tuthmosr IK dic, almost all the materials oxsinatig from it, But Found below in the
temple of Mentubotpe, retain unpublished. Only some ofthe finds were mentioned in the reports
ofthe expedition ofthe Egypt Exploration Fund, which dirovered the Meatubotpe temple and
‘eared it in 1903-1907; the resorde ofthe expedition ofthe Metropolitan Museum of Art (1920—
1931) ae ell ia the notebooks of Wilock inthe possesion of the Metropolitan Museum.
In 1967 thanks tothe courtesy of Dr. H, FISCHER, t0 whom Tome a debt of gratitude, Twas able
to study these notebooks.
‘The discovered temple was so closely connected with the older buildag of Mentuhotpe,
‘atin the studying ofthe problems oftheiriaterrelations th recent publication of Dr. D. ARNOLD
{Der Tempel des KGnigs Meatubotep von Deir Bahari, Hand I, 1974) proved to be of great
bp, and it must be stressed ere, tht al the meesoements and pats ofthe Mentuhotpe building
drawn in my plans are taken From this publication,
“There is one more point to mention since the seiviy ofthe Polish expedition began at Dec
‘Lihat, there have always been a numberof aotitects among the members ofthe team. Tt
Should therefore be expected, that «publication oa such an architectural subject asthe recon-
‘trction of temple shouldbe written by aa. architet, ora east in close cooperation with one.
Tn thisease it was oherie. Al thearhitects were concerned primarily with important problemsofthe reconstruction of the temple of Halshepsut and hase taken part in the documentation of
the Tuthmosis IU temple only onthe margin of theirmain work. There were several of them, but
there was no one who wat sifiently interested in studying th remains ofthe Tuthmosis IIL
temple to work overtime on i As the result, the author was let withthe plans ofthe excavated
ares and its eross-sctons, but with nothing ele all the details and drawings ofthe reconstruc-
tion of the building have been elaborated sinle-handed by the author, whois solely responsible
for any errors in them. Some ofthe problems were only discussed with the architects and col-
Jeagues—Eayptoogits, to whom the author feels indebted for some valuable suggestions.
‘Special thanks are due my Profesor—Kazinierz Micaatowse!—for hs hep and unlimited
vneroity in backing my studies, and also to Professors Jerzy Hnywiewiecxs and Fritz Haze,
{or their extemely valle and helpful remarks onthe subject presented in this book
Warszawa, October 1974
I. EXCAVATIONS
“The excavations of the Tuthmosis HL temple at
Deir el-Babari were iniisted in February 1962, and
‘were completed in April 1967
Tn the sutumn of 1961, the group of specialists from
the Polish Contre of Mediterranean Archaeology in
Cairo began reconstruction works in the temple of
“Hatshepsut at Deirel-Bahari on behalf ofthe Exyptinn
‘Antiquities partment. As the works from the begin
sing were concentrated on the uppermest part ofthe
temple, it soon became apparent to the chief of the
Expedition, Professor Kazimierz MiciALOWSEr, that
the huge mound of debris towering above the south
‘western part of the temple should be cleared a8 soon
5 possible (phot. 1). Apaet from the obvious eason—
the necessity of clearing the temple surroundings —it
‘vas expected that perhaps some Hatshepsut blocks
of importance for the reconstruction could be un-
cathed there.
“The works on the clearance started atthe beginning
‘of February 1962, and in a short time, some pavement
and foundation slabs as well asthe lower drums of
polygonal columns standing on their bases appeared
(phot. 2-3). Since then the “clearance” has become
the excavations, and the digging as beon cerred out
independently ofthe reconstruction of the Hatshepsut
temple
‘The first season lasted until April 21st 19622 The
most important finds were the votive statues of Amene-
rmone® and Piay (phot. 4), and about a thousand
fragments of limestone and sandstone decorated wall
blocks--some 200 ofthese originating from the Hat-
shepsut temple
‘The second season* (November 1962-May 1963),
brought the Further clearance of the gest colonnaded
hall Plan D, and the discovery of the fist pair of
great bases in its centre," and hundreds of fragments
of broken wall blocks architraves, ceilings and poly-
gonal columns. In a hollow, ouside the outer wall
ofthe Southern Hall of Oflerings of the Hatshepsut
temple, en interesting coletion of broken ars bering
erate insertions in black ink was discovered,”
together with some fragments of wooden sarcophagi
and pices of fariture and palm-leaf mats—evidently
fn ancient damp.
‘The third season* (November 1963-April 1968),
resulted inthe further clearance ofthe great colonnad
7" sowie, Prema ep oa he eanstucon wore af be Have temple wt Dar Babar Grog be 1I-
196 ses, ASAE 58 0960, pp. 3740.
2 The aff emers heed Wy Profesor Kaziniers MACKALONSI, were allows: Lesa Dasnowaxi—cie cic;
\Wojses Kocqas architect; Jigs riser Eeyplsopst: Tomase MaGwea —acchiet; Ramadan Swi>—Eeypolgs
ams, Lit of obec found t Der e-ahat, Tele of Tothmoss Mf, euson 196-1982, ASAE 39 IS) p
(ato. 133 Hasina of Amenemone trom the emp of Tuto at Dei Babar, ZAS 96 (195), Pt
19-28-05 Atenemons, baller of he Rasa, ET I (96) pp. 1-8.
fee ta mamrs headed by Profesor Kasnies Mciuuovn: L- Dgnowsk—letaclvet; E, DamowseeSmx-
‘une Eeyplogt, W-Kotwtar-arcieet; -LiesieaEepolgst;M, MARewe-Epypblogist; M. Nnsontt=
Soe edit: Reman Soe
62196) and 198-1964, ASAB €D (96, p. 15137
SE DimowaeSvervan, Lit of obec founda Dec e-barfa he ates of the Tuthmoss HI reply son 1962
1963 and 1965-1964, ASAE 60 (96D, pp. 95150.
To be publibe shonly by M. Mateo
“The tll meres beaded fy Profrnt Kase MicusLowec: L DaMowect— temple, but in the Hatshepsot temple to. The
xeaations of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Egyptian Expedition revealed some column drums
otgiating from the Tuthmosie TIL building, deep
luner the surface ofthe mile cour infront of the
Punt Portico of Hatshepsut, where they had evidently
‘sen pt atthe time when a Ptolemaic eostacion
vas founded tere”
‘After the stonecutters had completed thet tatk,
and ihe ground was being used as acemetery the sr2¥e5
‘had evidently aso not been lft alone but disturbed
by plunder and the embalmers who wsed the cofins
for soring the materials used ia embalming,” and
‘hove had leo deposited dozens of jar ld withthe
same materials in evry svalbl place. Thee dasings
26 NLR HR. HAL, The Dy. ele pp. M-16:D, Anna, Der Tena ds Kis Menta 1,55,
2s appt in the ene of Hab i 150.
2p hunite The tapi eel Bat p85, p2¢ 1, Wooo, The mony of Epa at Tees
2° DnzinarRoonn, Many of 4 wana fwd he penn of Tete itp Dat eta, ET IV
re pat hry. cores
Tian, nt ne pol ae mamas, TV (7D, 0
"in the debris had disturbed the lower layer consider
shy mre.
‘So fat, the temple wall reliefs have bon meationsd
only Briy. These ae, However, the most important
finds. More than 5.00 larger (ragments ave teen
recovered, and fmmerable quantity of small fakes
tnd chips. The relies were polychrome, and in most
uses the colours ae preserved intact. Tae artistic
‘alue ofthis material i exceptional, and as studies
india, thor ra possitity of reconstructing rome
Parts ofthe orginal temple decorations and iscrip-
ios. But only very seldom did we fn the satred
Fragments of individual decorated blocks cose one
to ather—this probaly occured nly in such a ca-
se, when the Block ad cracked inthe course of remo
val and was considerod uses for recuting, andthe
Sagments were by some lucky chance aot swept aay
‘The piecing together of them was done the spot,
‘bul this happened vey rarely. The abundance ofthe
cacticlly mised, brolen fegments—togetber with
the lack of availble space for sorting them out im:
mediately after recovery—makes it more dificult to
reconstruct the seenes. Non, this gigantic jigsaw
puzzle is ia bands ofthe author of his volume, ho
has hope of being exer able to fnsh the work.
‘Another typeof finds has not been mentioned &
bove—the votive tus and stele, a ls the pottery
snd faiace vesels and other small objects which
fmeeged ia great guanity. These wil be published
Separately.
Il. DESCRIPTION OF THE TEMPLE
1. The temple units
“The pan ofthe exavatd part ofthe temple is very
simple andthe recognition of the penoral yout of i
caused no dificulty (Plans Tand 1D,
Fist ofl there isa great colonnaded bal of which
the northern als preseved in state that permis its
reconstruction. Behind i exactly along the temple
in there was chamber with four columns, vieaty
the Hall ofthe Sacred Bark. Furor tothe west
‘small chamber was located, presumably the Hal of
the Offering Table. To the aorth of i 2 doorway
‘opened ont ie chamber, presumably the sanctur-
‘Another similar chamber vas laeted fo the south,
find this coud bave been another sanctuary for Amu
Kamut, There ar also to chambers t the north,
and the to the south ofthe Bark Hl.
"To the temple there certainly abo telooged the
ator sine builtin corer behind the NW end
‘of the Moattotp temple platform and discovered
bby Navi in 1904 Ge bstow, Chapter I, 4), andalso
ramp cleared by Navill im the courted between
the temples (Chapter IM, 5). These two structures as
‘well a the causeway will be described in connetion
‘vith the reconstruction of the tere
2. The location
“The temple was bul Facing cas, ke the wo older
ctifoes a De ebebarl is longitudinal ais wae
practaly parallel to that of the temple of Meat
re.
"The level ofthe temple pavement was marked by us
‘nthe inner aort-esten corner ofthe eolonnaded
all as “zero”, and all the subsequent measurements
were taken according to this. This point is roughly
$15880 m.above se level, 35 m. higher than te
level of the third terrace of the Hatbeprut temple,
B
snd 1285 m, higher than the Menthotpe temple
platform, The Tuthmori I empepltfora covered
‘rectangle some 50 metres wide (NS direction) and
vas over 50m. long.
"The temple platform occupied the ene area be
‘oveen tho two older edie. From te 20 i was
founded ditty sbove the northern wall ofthe far
hull of the Mentahotpe temple, fom the eas again
the northern part ofthe Mentubotpe patorm Linited
‘x spall, fom north and west the elit bordered
the structe and only a. aarow passage was lft
‘between the Southern Hall of Oferins ofthe Hatshop-
st temple and the northeastern corer ofthe temple
‘of Tutmosi 1,
3. Building materials
“The stractre wat bul of Gebel Sie sandstone,
local Theban limestone, somtimes of poor quali,
snd rd Aswan granite. Avast majority af the presev
led wall Blocks and of the subtretare blocks is of
limestone, The sraite was wed to make a doorway
in tho rear wal ofthe clonnaded alli slis also
of gran, Sandstone was wie in some parts ofthe
fbeteactuce (it seems, that it was specially ai in
places where the pressure wasBevie), andi the fo:
Towing elements" pavements and wall foundations,
‘use of columns ad thei unk, pier, archive,
comics, eling slab, the mullions of eleretory
Svindows as wel asin the wall, Te som, that the
Hathor shrine was but exusivel of sandstone, while
the walle of the remaining prt ofthe building wee
bul of limestone and sandstone a a pattem that is
Aiea to resoenize no, but posbly the reconstruc
tion ofthe rls il provide he slaon to tis.
‘ny ease, come of the sbambers inthe waseramost
purtof the temple ere faced with decorated sandstone
tla, there are also blocks decorted on Both faces
fromthe parton val, the only remaining i sarpat ofthe lower cous ofthe walls equally of sand-
‘Rone. It isabo posible, tha both materials were used
ina single wall”
“The sandstone of th temple sulleed the worst dam-
‘age. Ie would seem, that the stoneutterspefewed
1 use it and this is easily explainable: the limestone
‘qucries were at hand, in the Theban Gebel, wile
Sandstone had to be brought from 2 distance of
150 dolometres away. Moreover, sandstone is a titer
material for the grinders, whieh were 40 extensively
produced ia the temple ruins. The lesions was
‘ecaialy ued for bowie as wel, bat he Socks daring
the proces of dismantling the wal often racked und
were ejected as useless. This acounts fr the much
larger number of limestone roifs being presered
ina beter state than thoee of sandstone. Thowsands
land thoussnde of sandstone chips and small icon.
ost pies ear witnes 0 the fate of the once
icy adorned oct.
4, The platform
‘When the temple of Hatshepsut was built the
orth ofthe Mestubotpe temple, a rock promontory
sloping dowe south and eastwards was Tet between
‘wo buildings. Towards the end of his reign Tuthmo-
is ordered his eiice tobe located inthe centre of
the valley, Beane the olde oes
The ler of Tuthmosi I levelled the ci ana
anticialy extended the space by eating into the rock
‘on the north and west sie. Ashe platform thus made
twas narrow and iru in shape, twas eniarsed by
the bullng of tong supporting wall from the east
and south, and filing in this frame with & mass of
‘afl agilaceousshal), rubble bouldersandocks (i
1)-Someof eserocs, to beans tobe hauled up (ot.
19) had evidently been thee before the work on the
tong stated, some had certainly been pase from
the higher cock promontory when it was lee In
tome cases their upper surfaces, protrading above the
planed level ofthe platform, were eut in aeordance
‘vith The supporting wal fom the south was bul
fon the ridge of rock slongsde the western part ofthe
‘Menthoipe temple the remains of the eastern wall
show tht this sractare wan very tick (Plan V). The
‘ling mass was found empty of any objects of terest,
the rubble aod raff had probably oriinated ftom
some contemporary excavation and only a few ofthe
2 Bg oe mole of Tn I st Mest Hato I he soutien ear al fe te
‘acy XVII Dyoasty posters were recovered from
the pat checked
‘The stone blocks ofthe supporting structures were
both of limestone and sandstone only roughly drsted
snd lid in rater gular courses (phot. 20) Inthe
places, where they met the rock face his was cut ia
‘eps to provide the blocks with support (phot. 21).
‘The rork bere it Kind of shale, very sof ad sy to
‘eat even with wood hoe.
‘At rough estimallon, one thied ofthe temple was
tilt on this artical platform, the remaining pare was,
founded on the leveled bd-rock. Whea the temple
‘war beiog demolithed, the supporting walle were
ismaned, The huge mass of ling material together
‘wth what as then left ofthe southeastern past of
the building slid down, partly to the Mentubotpe
temple, partly 10 its Northern Court. Nothing remain-
‘din ple of what once had been but om the aria
platform, and only parts ofthe lower courses of the
outher supporting wall were unearthed, while on
the southeastern slope of rock there are several
couree running N-S and E-W (phot. 2, Plas IV.
[None of them, however, seach their orginal eight
facie Se ate “Th poset soos oy expan and in mane may ce th copies el
‘Sto foe pun cme he eres utr (U Hace, The enon of Mesiet Ht, lO =
‘Ste Pebeome Xp.
4
5. The pavement
‘When the platform was prepared it was entirely
coved with sandstone block, and the plan of the
temple ia a 1:1 scale was painted on them. Inthe
places where column bases Were planned, the Books
‘vere then eut 10 shape, the femainig space was
thinned and the courses ofthe acre walls were cis
ed out gue lines for the masons (phot. 2)
‘There wor slays two such lines en each side of the
all: the oster lie was for undresed blocks, the
ier one served to chock the dresing af the surface
(phe 29.
‘The empleais wat leo carefully chiseled a8 sis
le striate and this ine was found on eo pave
‘ment slabs inthe ental wexteramest chamber (phot
40) lnseverl parts of the temple platform there are
_prosered longer or shorter strtches of paving blocks
fearing guide lines forthe nowenistng walls and
doorways. With the Belp of these lines i is posible
to reconstruct the plan of the temple, though, its
lubifl, where the guide lines disappeared.
6. The walls
‘The only preserved inst pat ofthe lower course of
the wall is but of thee huge sandstone Bock, two
of them in its thickness (phot. 24 and fg. 2), that ie
1.37 m The fron, Le ante book, i 12m. high and
ite fae is smoothly dread and Heavily whitewashed
Some pilgrims fa later drawn rough skstees of
boats oni: There is one det of thee blocks worth
‘mentioning: ech of them has a vertcal groove pasty
Ale with mortar onits shore side sem, tat hs
was « standard constructional festure end ligui mor
{ar used to be poured through these grooves ofl in
the gape between the ikSicing Bock.
"The other walls bave disappeared and only tiny
snd very low fragmeat of the western wall of great
tll has survived. But the guide lines on the sidstone
paving indicate the couse and thickness of some
‘ters
‘The cstern wall ofthe colonnaded hall (Plan D,
eas LST m thick, eNenty centimetres less than the
Aesrted northern wall, The western wall of the
teat hall wat 214m thick—and only the presence of
‘ihe in fe could have accounted for such an enor
mous breadth. Running paral to it urker tothe
vest, there was a wall which was almost s thick
this was 209 m, wide. The remaining fragments of
mark forthe walls dividing the chambers ofthe wes-
fmm part of the temple weee either 1.08 m. thick
(exactly 2 royal cubits), oF 109 m. thick. Thre are
our such wallmarkiags preseved in 2 measurable
7. The columns
‘The columns ofthe temple were entaly f the po
‘ygonal Kind, but among them two types were lized:
skeen and thiy-ewosided