MIHAIELA LUPEA ANDREEA MINIS cc f Baal [nu as i :Dears CIP a Biblotec Nvlonalea Ronni LOPES, MIBATELA-ANA ica cist logice tore exemple Lape ee rs Mii Aden Dis.» BS, 4 3 0¥.— Cig Naps: Era ASS, 2017 Bion. IBN 978.973.65020621 L Mii, Andes Dina roi3i2 fee te rot Uns. De, Dol Tar ates Babe Bl, Cp Ny Fewwetadensa ened frets Dice et Seats Danepearg\C Teor computa Bite Aba = Hl Tost oir Asst ret arf de CNCSIS (Contint Nebo! al Cre fresercmece Seis din vt Sipe) Ecsta Rao de As oe sre Tir — or Dipole ives “Tevet asp Ted sts Ne epario he a Cask de Eau " hes eps pl ena cat care ee pot ua ots a iasraior in 2a Nas. aol real ser al Care CUPRINS nnn PREFATA INTRODUCERE enn 9 1. LOGICA PROFOZITHLOR 1 Sina lose proporifionsle cece i 1 Semantion on propoztionste 2 13. Bchivalene lope a loge popotosis 5 14. Forme nonnale n ginproporior 20 [ 5: Sitenct sromate Gedy forma a cick proportional 25 16. Rein operon de east clas ie 17 Teor oe dedi invesa . ooh 11 Proprio proposition cm oe 2. LOGICA PREDICATELOR DE ORDINULL rownum 37 2A Siem axiomatic, formal) AU git peti de rial | - 31 22, Seman oucl predictor de ori] 3 25. enialne login cll preietele oa 71k Rome nonnae ale forulelrpeicalve. Coen 0 25 Propraiielops presi eed} oa 26 Suet gtnietot r 56 25; pce de demons tata peor i random BL 3. METODATABELELOR SEMANTICE IN LOGICILE CLASICE 68 M\TrAbordenclaid meted! abelsor semis o ae oer ine aupa meade belle sean crn 84 4: METODASECVENTELOR SI METODAANTISECVENTELOR 91 TS Mero eevee leet eon ‘Sa: Metan ensetwnslat oom io |. METODAREZOLUTIELIN LOGICILE CLASICE ne 198 “Reza Ty agion ropoxiior een 1S 52 Storgila frst rele : marty 45. Reel lotr Lek rslaton) nm ia 34 Rena ara Loveland 1970 acim 7 5.5 Reson in ogi predistelar aes ‘8 temple de modetrearajonasentish ieee imsALGEBRE BOOLEEN aucun aooLzENe 91 FUNCT BoOLENE 5:2 Fue boceene 1SIMPLIFICAREA FUNCTIILOR BOOLEENE, fetoda diagramelor Veitch Kammaugh ao 73. Metoda analiticd a lui Quine-Me'Clusky_ e ae 7.4, Metoda lui Moisi) 7 ee 25: Aoteae acted oe oe aati 6. Consider privind simpificarcafuncilor boaleene 1, g. CIRCUITE LOGICE i 8.1. Notivni de baz. Secretly 8.2. Exemple utile a ne ‘01 Probleme ia lopiee popoaifign 92 Probleme dia lope predator ‘9.3. Probleme cu algebre booleene, func me 3a Prien dsmeitaenfonmenht etree a 95 cipal im : i INDEXALFARETIC non ae BIBLIOGRAFIE pec cee eee) PREFATA sen sel en pre Ble ot 6 seen amt Noga petamer ge oid Re, oven oe aa ee vee Set Mo tna mama 6 Pr gone: omelet prooues exer gir evens ‘ombiionge tn ein recent spc arctic ae Incl Sgt sicher ope mn exec 6 BOA @ Frobleme prope spre ecb. apa 1 xe det ope propane, ATG SNS ete ae teva, aie, ees, SA cue ct pci sex evra Ce fame aan ate) cre moesen poe! mune feta propoat et opt lor de ord ene ee opal oe vers eerie ort! ese preent w En SS a a nic rene eich i Ce erat ie Oo ae meee ce aie eet Owns eS ities, Metnds bad pe torn reduce. problens prea Mel emule peat lash PoP ae dent mend aber somatic, © es denned in rege. Fool sat emp (SS amt Sy ca soa sem mel weson. Aten ASS pal cnt pts ing wine ee Unica ment oo abi, and fini TP, PEAS © 1 BS a mn go een a ers ed eo ras acto Cosine axa comple sec atl onsale, late pet Semon vata! secret Sipe nevada ogc a Te ath soda rei, © as, Ae aeons ee pigs foarte efi oe Ge implemen: evasre depose see smn mal) ten dn pues oe one rset gate sotegie eoel (sl e v, SN aero Sp nl Geant oth zal ar) oP ea sutra process react gt tthe lr fier ele ore ets a foi tokens vr wiz since a Namen de etn pts beak Dia, eile sneeze chee oie Mes poet ee create top snp, Beall 7 sus csc wel mak dt snpere 4 filo olen. Meld sa eich Karmangh ea Gels av Tereza SE cn ps a al Ge aie ods hu ne hay pose Fane pnt fet de mute is saci crab Cust. Meads svar rom, Ongoe iene legen propor pone opment or ‘Captia B i eed incre ole S pret ee de x, etal su Gua exenple Ge cee wnt partes has felsoacer, Tela st cmp lzae. ample fectilr ews, cte modes fecjaaen eer Top pen posts cr ece st ma ipl ‘Util apo soso bat poten pepss pst liar te seri St! pe sud div, oend al police rt cnn eorete recep are Prin comin sau acest eae se retezh tutor eso eres in neaeres logo elesze $i «ceielor loge, dome indent In nica. Peta speiaig a ifermaicd ese fer 0 Bat corte In ec aplieiva de ans sur ssteme de demons ume et emai, apne sf, age! ntligea robo, linbaje patra, vedere eal Dorin sa sducem cage munis dosrnsi Prof, Univ, Dr. Daina ar per scale valrose in dame logo clase sf demons re, pes pn cere cose ase pe rca borariiacestel lucri. ae j-Naraca ital Ana Li ian ra Lupe Androea‘Dana Minis INTRODUCERE Din cele wal vehi apes, stay Iacrat st stuceze 9st ‘ncrstze lle gin cre gueresos module opens inh 9 al {ox ina erp! de st ogi Florofel gree Aree pee pi ‘ae cain pindtea core, aie procesee rato pete, Te fleas epee sgemel Apt inal ea domenis de stil loot, logic «puns 9 2 omen de suis i tingle exact materia lft, eu seep 4s trenspane canoqinle infcmale i termen formal 8 ratona asap ‘cestor, fring al psibiiatea moder pani rangle, Logie lace (lela propoctina gi call prentelor de ‘rina sn etde female de ronment muta, valida a bam ‘meodsar de reprecetae acunoie alogilr nese eps Ueno Altus de Tope casice ce descr 9 lume perf, fo care fuctioneztfideaura un rairsment val, 20 apatite else (oestandad, Aceste loge nceeh sh modeeze nt cet Ge fue ie. are amen, fie imperect, Iimiate gl sbiectve, sot sup! canner incomplete, eon incest, la desale cae weve hate i aeete ond Sit desea ivalae de ol infomai Fie dice ace logit nectaoe ‘neeareh st supins st modeleze spect i ela soins eotdans Ecinzind lgilechsie, dor pstnd career de monotonie ‘jonamentts model, au spina: pile maven yi ante, osc ‘modale i cmpoae. Aces loge foe pate din cls Yoga onsen eonece’maljimes concuzilor derivate eee odith tu athugnee de no pote ogi mullet cele mame ou mai exe dose dou valor 4 adevdr penta varie propezionae, sur inroaie fei grade de ‘devi. Act loi sunt ulate pei tres infra incomplete sa gue Logie mode formalized arma i afonsmeat in cr rofirile de necestate gi pose. Scopl Loic temporal, drivel Sin legis modal, ete de 8 models ealonamentl eh: propos exe sein ‘ales deat ting. Close legitor nemontone modeleaas ratonmentl ta cae oncurile derivate sunt dear pose (onsiente), na nepal adore (ali), aeestea pind falter invalid prin nugecn Ge aol iotatonamewl una, ction, guverat de eux incomplete, ambigue say har incorecte eum raionsment de ip nemonoton Login, moicuee manent pi denesaes stoma st onc de urs ingen mica sere icind cro malo 4 mi trie dtl tel de Tafonanen, pee mie de auomaere 4 proce Sst feat ale m seen icine: inj oul, vedere ail, gen elgen eas 7333) Froblera deciolt 2 logiee verficrea doed_ 0 format avec) ee ese lege main th formate ae rch at mult stat ner Ge pcan exits cans prpcese or oe de enone ‘Meo cecmonsrare cls Inmet rece meted prin singers: Mel eee de cmos node soar po conmree davonstaa cance! (eles) din ame Hoes ode de damorance in eapngre Bodleian sd, ar denansrafa coms tai rep coma Conscceh ude tere onol code come 1 1565, bison a propus 0 metst sac de denontae prin iat, sin or de mgt mnt ree, Uno eed od fot fat ola vena, esa nr tls sey sepa elena proms el Matos tebelor senate eR, Small nan 1968, se zak pe caseli seas. Demons pen tepingre& nce i chan me scan pe hes cee Geren props melds deena, to meta dec cic, ine beth site tsomate cae femelanel eet ct” a imbare seciel tem a cls do vane cme conplemere cll none seal ented eae ila penta demote alscndeticny eee alder nop cases ‘toa coe! se bear po carcteiae mace a aba ts de-chure'n demonscnit eee 6 repens spe gt cee meodet abllrsemtce Tot tod de dmersrse ops pena oie csc a ost st theo pn ope meee wiki tones eae Dept api sumer de eae, ice de eee» contivn plement tudlr de denestne pope 9 sade dar tunes stone de demonsnore automata coe ee feibe din diverse domenii : He peblene Beer ee ree eee rer Eee eee eee eee Matematica a benefit de eeaele anor satel de siteme de onan saat set Tn Decombre 196, pt 8 ile decir, emanate EOP a demonsta lun pipe atone fren ban algetlor ool rau saitoee de Robbus nc ins 1983, + Sitemil OTTER a denonset dv nut detpre gut pur {Renate poi tn geomet euchins au fet Semone a sual sionals Geometry Exper. In domes sees 9 veh prone so, seo de eonsore tot oat net de asp 1 Siem KIDS (Reve! Ie) ~ esr ne lori de Plaine ear dpi ete ao spre en ta. + Pree AMPHION Gpomocsat de NASA) = genres nor inept ge so + Riv Ofer fit veer sof sade gin donei Indus of perspire eu de ates an ‘eater mar jsf pene ton To sig coment fran veil pl + INS'OIASA) "wenieares sofa care ceoiosss sore sie. Cea mai mare spliabiliate Indus & sisterelor de demonstare tutor @ eons domes verifeti ar © Sinemal ACL2 ~ veers cored) codusipeuru Irpiie Invigul mbit a mlropeceserl AMDSKS, + ANALYTICA vei crcl de inpitie cre mplennteank + Siem HOL este ula de Bell Laboratories pene verfea Domeni poten ale wisi demon stmt sn: bilo tine sea mein, came In 1854 George Boole a pubiat A Imesigation ofthe Las of Thowghs, on Which ae Founded the Meshematcol Theorie of Loge ond Probably” ineraze cae roduc sigbrelebolene $1 copie Were Ia ale Logi. Dupt mat bine deo sud de an, algebra dezot de mmnematiaol ener + devent secs terete a proveau lope ‘aleulataelor digitale In 1938 Clade Shannen a denorsat ch algebra boolean birt poste deree opel ce soe Ivan eeu elacie ca dou aloe (wees hn wee cura kes) nersae ant ami, Gre Moin aa oon deni neil tee Lasiovcehsei, pier Saceeg rote pie la Sinica i oes ee a) © dt inprat spipr ce sm ba non caesntass 0m crass bee Fe Sayan fed sn» eel occa pce st 9 ae a eee wun deece ch n sp bene Sn te fon tg teers eee tle rina pea tind pate tena nan snp pean nes moreno eee mice cto a ‘Sechinaen, ati serie: CConecivele logic (oper bool’) sun prelate dn tbat ual, lar proven aoesora in ordie detereateae ete Fp-mulfinen formuttor propionate ort connie, ee cea ai ied malin de ore cre aise regu base pi 8 Fmd inde: (acs Use Fp uncAU e Fp, UnV eFp, UW € Fp, U4! 6 Fp, Ue Ve Fp: = Incidre: ton frmulele dia Fp se ebin doar prin pcan, regulr precedente Go un auf .2, Semantica logicii propozitionale Propose lyice sunt formalin le afimafilorpropoiionse din jul etal, crest fe deat, fle, Scopl efi semantic loge propozioale ete de @ srbu un les ovaloare de ade formullor propecponsle, Domenislsemartc este multimen valrlor de adevir: (Fly, (me, devia) cace tis lal “Fe Mego conectvelor logics asta conetve wil a peoestnes resto dil. + Tend tae”, mma Scat) unde tg "2 stn.n4) + Ler coat or, *rch-Peee, inde pl "2 (ove) + © sor sm exci), nde p29 “S porg) ‘Semana conectvlr et fusizatt de urmtoaele ale de dei ne [ees [ova [pra [pera | ta | ala [pea serail +O conjuetie ese devil dosr ctnd ambit peri sunt devi, +O digunctte (sav ins est lsh doer end ambit oan nd ambi pera Gereralizind o conjunctive cv un name erecare de perand) exe aievirtalet doar endl psen ace Sesto ete bserta nd eyes cpa ‘este falsfadevdrar ee a Imptictin p> gee fs doar cin poten peste adevia onclais ¢ ee fs adevir poate implica") SEE EEE EEE Peer Pee ee eee Pere Reeeeeeee eee, + Baoslenta peo este ade dct 4 numa dat pg a8 sccletivalor d adv + Nivel" et adevrat dar cndcldi opera au valor de deer ope Denia © intrpretare 2 formes Up,Pavmapa)E Fp ese 0 tance 1), Pays Pql—e4FT cae asa alr de aca varibleer ropoatovale cupocet pote eine Ia fc #: Fp -> (FT ose lie: Hop) =KP) Kean =iaiey Kpva=tpvK) Kp>a=io)-i0) wen=WoW) Interpret eves formule ropozitonse, conform sean ‘orectlor componente, abundirle lo de ade “abel de sdevir 3 une forte propeaonle Up, paresPy) © FP cvsspune evalu formule intone cele 2" inept. etna 1.2. (oncepesemantice) Fe fomula popeavonall UCP, PrP) 1. 0 inept 1 (21 Pa0-» a) (FT cae vases formula ee acess, (UT, venue made free 2, Fora Use nm consent realeabli) dak ji nama dacs free! pinot del, dct pote 1 evahnh en aleve: BtsfPLePen dy) P16 7) atl ne HOT |. Formula Use numegt valde fologi), oa: U dct mat dace U eae esha on evi Ia oe nerve tien: Wet paePn)-91FT) KOT, Tose inert Fora’ Usa mode orl 4. O imerpreare12{21,Pa0— Pal (FoT coe eens formula ca alt, AUF, tera antmoel a orl 5, Fonmuls Use ameste nconsioentd (ere) doa ual (sch U rae nich mode, adh U este mere tau ca Fst Wi 01 P20 Pads KOE. Forma se ae cong uma ee bober Dik il de dear capstone foul U conte dee abu de ears! Ue wsloge + Bit tel e sein corpinare Rei U conioe ‘valoares de adevit F, atunci U este 0 formult inconsistent’, on + Fs aut opal: mode op rere Chr din bela ce adr incre free eae dota, ouinnoele corn increas Gn in de tea ne forma crn ta 13. Foie Vet conscin ogi «formal Uae: Uf dace sinus dt once model a omui U exe nace Noses et Ya, VisFp fT) atelnee (ajo ae De Formule Ur P2.mPy)€ Fp $i Honea, chvelene (au sel ine), Table lar de alevar sant AUrAN, empl 1, PnP sunt lgic avai: = «deh numa daca idence. adie, Vis Fp 1.) ‘Sse consis tabelel de adevrae formulae propozitonal: Upari(-osaev ), Mraed= onrivigarwwtgnp). Moan pnavrsi Zips prtragvrsda) 2 fal Tove [vo [OG.009 | Mp9 | aw [Rea eRe : a eb a adeviratd formula 7) deci acesten sunt toate madelete tl Fermin ee co ama Moar» tiger nner gm Phar 0, opt aort avrg ance eT 8 Rar», ore Somricurty anne ee Parl (TH, Do ngrt. neers ae ee SOT SSTancaoaatemsione inet) (= ONO)“ + Renmin gre tale to le ir psi «Rav Sy) ae nes fn ra +O ec tie 9 be ear etie 1 URC wet" ecee howe eres ee ee frm (cadre GIS, orla -yvg ee ci ee ae ‘eine a pope 2. Rene oe emp tate ropictle & 1.3. Echivalente logice in logica propozitionala Fevalenale ogee wntoae exit propel ale cnsetvlor broeciole. Aceon se inet “ket fut lize posta ‘ocr siacice a formolelor cu pstorea seman acest: noc (hor formal ou forme lage esate + Lagledesimpitcare Ue0e U-Uat Unley UvaUer TaUsu fi FuUaU UsTer | i Usha Toueu ” i FoueT vorsy i Verew Vere yi UOFaU Ueu=T 4 UeuEF + Lege de demote Tees be + Legledeaboree Cnuwrau nUvw anew + Lele de comutativiate Unevad gh Uvl ah oUutverty gulvarlu Usveveu qi UeraVeU + Lege deactivate GaryazeUa"a2) § Uvryvzauvevay UV AD aU v¥ynUv2) + Legie wi DeMoogan Wan yeUva gh UN) = Uw + Defines conectvelor Usvesuer BUPA) UsreUeUar) FU 4Pa our) Yor sUaNal 40) i UEP EW +MvW a0) Verewvry-suary WP eUanr) gi Av eu vad) uvrssu-+7 Vara U-+7) susuty siweulu WreUTUTYTY §Uarswlusety WweWLLULY §UnawINtuUty Principia eat enue echivalentt fog U = care contine dar conectivle Av Tb, exit o all ecivalens lgiek Ua, unde U1 suet formule obinwe din U, respect ¥, prin inerchinburea ‘cametvlrlogie dua: (»,) (1,1) a valor de acer. F Se sbsand lle enie mai us 3 © pate din defen Cencctivelor reprerintperech de echivalente logic duale Gone dale (Av), (1b) (end) Yale dc adoro date V4 Corde alg aml nessa Os 15 omer sematpna m Fn min orm + ine Ue) a cont (en) et am ded om Ghent ene ‘costes ade: 31: Fp (TF stl et UA AU) 13a mame mode alin (U.Va 2. © atime (U2.-.Uq) de feral se name incnsivents (orcas, contadtorie) daca si numa daca formule UjnUpnaUly exe feonsisens, ated Vi: Ap -+ fF HU, Up AAU )=R, 138 mimeo antkmode! al mul Waren) 3 Focus ¥ "se conscin® opt mint de forma Wy aently) $5 aeleasd UyLla,Uqh ¥, $808 mo acd VISE p > (TE) asl Inde Uy AU2 AAU Ts a8 oe AOPT. Prmulele Uj. 58 Ramee: promise, pote, epic ¥ se mse conse ‘Teorema Fle 8={UjU3e.Ug) oman de formal propechionae 1 Daca Sesto maine contin atici ¥, 122m, Sy) eo maine coment 2 Dad $ exe 0 mujime contend ti ¥ este 0 formal valid tueimalinea SUP) ete commstonts 4 Dacd $ este 0 muline incomisents, ancl VY & Fp mlineo SU) este incomes 4 Dad Sexe 0 mutine incase Uy este o formu voli nde 1 jm. ten malinea SU) exe nconsiven Demonstrate 1 Dac Sesto makin consistent => 3F-imerpeae a (U,V Avs AUg)=T => 31 -imerprette 24. XU) =iU2) =.= (Up) = > 3 lnerpre a. Wj J, AS—(U J) => ‘Yj jm, ultines S(O) exe conse 2, Daca Sexo muting consistent => BUsinerpete a (Uy AU 2 AAU) =T si ete orm valish => 9 nerpretare VATBIAMU, AU AAU AVI “HO AU ac AUp ANU) ieee, HU; AU An. AUy)=F => F-iterprotare, 3k}, MU) =F 1 Uy este formu vali unde 1}

Writers, i(U,) “7, imereetae 2k tame Jah (Ug) fuer Weinerpretre 3 Uhm ko Jay oS (Uy) AU) =F Yi -imerpetare, (S(U)) =F ‘Deel muimes $Y) est inconsistent, Teorema 1.2. Fie UWay lly UY formae propeienal 1. Vac st munaldast =U este inconssond 0 fermi ese tn Perl te tlie deh 3 mma dacd nega 0 exe 9 2 Ube Yack x nvm dace 0-97 dect $num deca ‘linea (1) ese nconsiems 2. Ud ect sina decd fo oY Ur Vas mane doce FU, AUp aw AUy = ¥ dad st mat dace idtnes UA Uaeye-P) extention 0 mnenennel Demonstrafi 2 dak Ue V atanci = Uo ‘Conform defn rei de cone oi: ‘ie mere co (UT, vem VIR T = otess Peon demonara|=U-»V webuie evan formule U-»¥ indoun cana 3) acts) “7 ate conform poz aver: (RTS) KO AU) -4)~T > ToT ) ck XU) -F arn KU SY AU) 0)F4T Dec Vi-nerpreare. (U-> 7) asl U->¥ ese otmaogle “ack (Us) este o maine inconsistent atunelU= Daca malimes (J, est inconsistent tna! lave AU a7) =F ist dot ca 2) AUy=Feazcare nue reevnt b) MU)=T $1 Mo) =F, deci aloe HUY=T MVI=T ate Uv 3. SUV daca ginuma dash Ue" ac nual ach Yaar, KIA aca na acd ‘Yesacrpreare, (U6) =U) O4H)=MU} e HOYT uc maa aed 4, Mache Up AU2 Aww AUy-9Y stuns ies {UUgeaUy PY este inconsistent UY AU AoeAUy PPT i inept, (WAU Any) -91P) = > cnt 2) UAV y Andy) =F > KU, AU, nL g W)=IC AU nA) “PalN)=P b) KU) AUy aanUgh@T AMT => KU, aU, Rong) = P= Pome KU} AU, n= AUy AV)=MU, Ua AAU) Y= TAPE Dee Winer, {U) aU nat 0-1 mines Wy lay Ug Pe icone