REVEMICIASSIFIED ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS Syllabus Mathematical Notation 5 Sia eden ete Pubkcotions Pte Lid for the Singapore Examinations ond Assessment ™ a ll poi hed ied catabal Wperca Neher ee eget a ere] at beledO-LEVEL CLASSIFIED ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS New Edition 2008 © Singapore Asian Publications (S) Pte Ltd except questions extracted from Singapore-Cambridge GCE 0 Level Past Years’ Examination Papers and Syllabus Support Materials Copyright © 2007 Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sysie, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior peemission ix writing of the Singapore Examination and Assessment Board. 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Printed in Singapore ‘GOOD BOOKS - OUR BUSINESSCONTENTS O Level Additional Mathematics Syllabus _-~---------------------------- i) - (Vv) Mathematical Notation _- -~- -- -----------~-----~~+~-=-=-=++=+=++++++-+ (vi) - G9 Mathematical Formulae (xi) Specimen Papers for examination in 2008 - (SP)1-8 ALGEBRA TOPIC1 Sets --------------+-+ +--+ ++ 2-2 one neneeeeeee es TOPIC 2 _ Irrational Roots (Surds)_------------------------------------ Qu -3 TOPIC3 Inilices ------ ++ -e 0s soe ee eee ee eee ee eee eee eee Gy -2 TOPIC 4 Logarithms ----------------------------------------+----- (41-3 TOPICS Simultaneous Linear Equations -----------++----------------- (S)L-3 TOPIC 6 Solution of Quadratic Equations _----------- (6)1-2 TOPIC 7 __ Simultaneous Linear and Non-linear Equations (7 TOPIC 8 Linear Graphs (8}1 -6 TOPIC 9 Graphs of Linear Absolute Walue Functions ----~-----------~--- (91-2 TOPIC 10 Reduction to Linear Equations -~---------+--++-----+-----+++ Col -4 TOPIC 11 Quadratic Graphs _-- -- -~--~~------~------~------------------ dyi-2 TOPIC 12 Quadratic Inequalities _---~-~------------~-~--~-----------~--- 12)1-2 TOPIC 13 TOPIC 14 TOPIC 15 Roots and Coefficients of Quadratic Equations ------------------ Equations of Circles -------------+-----+----++-+------------+ TOPIC 16 Graphs of y = x" where mis Rational ------------------------- TOPIC 17_ General Graph Sketchin, 71-2 TOPIC 18 Simultaneous Inequalities : Cs} TOPIC 19 Mappings . aon TOPIC 20 Composition of Functions (20)1 - 3 TOPIC 21 Parametric and Cartesian Equations _------~--~--~-------~--------- (11-2 TOPIC 22 Identities --------++-0+ ++ eee ne ee eee eee eee eee (22)1 TOPIC 23 Partial Fractions_------~-------~----~-------------~--------- Q3)1 TOPIC 24 Remainder and Factor Theorem, Solution of Cubic Equations ------ (24)1 -3 TOPIC 25_ Permutations And Combinations ------~-------------~--------- (25)1 -3 TOPIC 26 Binomial Theorem: Positive Integral Index_--------------------- (26)1-2 TOPIC 27_Matrices_--- ----~----~-~-~~---++--- +--+ ee ee ee ee (27)) -5TRIGONOMETRY TOPIC 28 Trigonometric Functions For The General Angle (Q28)1 -2 TOPIC 29. Graphs Of Trigonometric Functions Q29)1 4 TOPIC 30 Trigonometric Identities And Equations -------++-+++++222-222- GO) -2 TOPIC 31 Solution Of Trigonometric Equations ------------------------- GHL-3 GEOMETRY TOPIC 32 Some Geometry Theorems --------=------ 0-255 -0--2 ene eee (32)1-2 TOPIC 33 Circles, Sectors And Segments. --------------------------+--- G3)1-4 TOPIC 34 Vector Geometry ----------------------++--- 2-2 eee sere eee (34)1-5 TOPIC 35 Velocity Vectors ----------------------------------------- GS)1-3 CALCULUS TOPIC 36 Differentiation Of Sum And Product --------+-+---------+----- (36)1 -2 TOPIC 37 Quotient Rule -- - G7) TOPIC 38 Chain Rule - G8) -2 TOPIC 39 Derivatives Of Exponential And Logarithmic Functions G91 TOPIC 40 Derivatives Of Trigonometric Functions -------++-+-+<-+---200+ (40)1 TOPIC 41 Implicit Differentiation ------------------------------------ (iyi TOPIC 42 Tangents And Normals. ---------------------+-++-2+0+205--+ (42)1 -2 TOPIC 43. Stationary Points (43)1 -5 TOPIC 44 Derivatives And Graph Sketching (44)1 TOPIC 45 Derivatives And Parametric Equations --------------------++-- (45)1 -2 TOPIC 46 Small Increments And Approximations ------------------------ (46)1 TOPIC 47 Connected Rates Of Change ----------------+++-+-- 220-2086 Ty -2 TOPIC 48 Indefinite Integrals (481-2 TOPIC 49 Definite Integrals (491-2 TOPIC 50 Plane Areas By Integration - - (Op -4 TOPIC 51 Kinematics (Without Calculus) -+++++++++++++++++---------2- (SIM -2 TOPIC 52 Kinematics (Calculus) ----------------+---------+---------- (52) -2 O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2007 (N2007)1 -9 ANSWERS (separate booklet) ------++--+-+----+2-5--025--- 7255 e o> Al-AI9 Specimen Papers Topie | » 52 Latest Examination PapersO LEVEL ADDITIONAL MA THEMATICS (4038) SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT Paper: Duration Description. Weighting | Paper 1 | 2h There will be 71 — 13 questions of varying marks and lengths testing more on the fundamental skills and concepts. Candidates are required to answer all questions. ae 80 44% Paper 2 2 Nils There will be 9— 11 questions of varying marks and lengths. Candidates are required to answer all questions. 400 56%CONTENT OUTLINE Knowledge of the content cf the O Level Mathematics syllabus is assumed in the syllabus below and will net be tested directly, but it may be required indirectly in respense to questions on other topics Topic/Sub-topics Content Algebra 1.1. | Quadratic equations and | Include: inequalities + conditions for a quadratic equation to have: (i) two real roots {ii}, two equal roats (ili) no real roots and related conditions for a given line to {i) intersect a given curve (ii) be a tangent ta a given curve (lid) not intersect a given curve + solution of quadratic inequalities, and the representation of the solution set on the number line + conditions for ax? +bx+c to be always positive (or always negative) + relationships between the roats and coefficients of the quadratic equation ar2+bx+e=0 1.2 | Indices and surds Include: + four operations on indices and surds + rationalising the denominator + solving equations involving indices and surds 1.3. | Polynomials Include: + multiplication and division of polynomials + use of remainder and factor theorems + factorisation of polynomials + solving cubic equations 1.4 | Simuttaneous equations | Incluge: in two unknowns. + solving simultaneous equations with at least one linear equation, by substitution + expressing a pair of linear equations in matrix form and solving the equations by inverse matrix method 1.5 | Partial fractions Include cases where the denominator is no more complicated than + (axthyex+d) + (ax+byoxtd)? © (axtbyxt+e2) ai)TopiciSub-topics Content Port | 16 | Binomial expansions | Inctude: | | + use ofthe Binomial Theorem for positive integer n | | + use ofthe notations n! ang (") | | ny | | | + use of the general term (° lab O 0} the sel of positive rational numbers and zero, (x © Q: x > O} the set of real numbers the set of positive real numbers, {x © B: x > 0) the set of positive real numbers and zero, {x € Rix = O} the real # tuples the set of complex numbers a subset of a proper subset of is not a subset of is not a proper subset of union intersection the closed interval (x GR: a < x= b} the is erval (x GR: a= x x 45 = ab’, find the value of x and of y. Without using a calculator, evaluate 6*, given that 3°! x 24"! =2""=, Gy (N2002/P2/9) (N2003/P2/2) (N2005/P2/8a) (N2006/P2/9b) (SP08/P2/6i)TOPIC 4 LOGARITHMS FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES won woe If y>0,a>O0and a#1, x is areal number, and y=a" then x is the logarithm of y to the base a. We write x=log,y. yealss’, If y= 10* then x = logioy = Ig y, the common logarithm of y. If y=e* where ¢ = 2-718281828... then x= In y, the natural logarithm of y. 1g001 = 1201 ig | 1g 10 Ig 100 log,a =Ig 10= Ine log,1 =O log,a=b log, y+ logaz # loga(y + z) and loguyz # logay x logyz log, ¥ + logaz = logayz logy Toe? log, y “logez # loge(y ~ z) and log Jogay —logez = loga> b log,» * (log,y) but logy” = bx log,,y logy * log,yz = loguz log, y X logya = logua = 1 Ify=a* then lg y= 1ga* lgy =xelga ley _ toy = na x o= aiBaseof | G.C.E. Keys in logarithm | notation | calculator of y Iny lag a ee hae PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 1. Solve the equation 1g(20 + 5x) - Ig(10- x) = 1. (N97/P2/4b) 2. Solve the equation 2'*' + 2'=9. (N98/2/5a) 3. Solve the equation Ig(y- 8) + le($ =14Ig(4). (N99/P23a) 4. Solve the equation 2'** = 2+ 10. (N2000/P2/3a) 5. (a) Given that 41 g(x sv) = 1-5 + Igy - 1gy, where x and y are both positive, express, in its simplest form, y in terms of x. (b) Given that p = log.g, express, in terms of p, (i) loge), (Gi) loge8g. (N2000/P2/5e, d) 6, Solve the equations (i) Ig(2x +5) = 1 + Igr, (ii) logay + logy (NO1/P27a) 7. (a) At the beginning of 1960, the number of animals of a certain species was estimated at 20 000. This number decreased so that, after a period of n years, the population was 20 000e* Estimate (i) the population at the beginning of 1970, (ii) the year in which the population would be expected to have first decreased to 2000. (b) Solve the equation 3**'~2=8x3""'. (N2004/P WV 12EITHER) 8. (a) Solve logs(17y + 15) =2 + log.(2y - 3). (b) Evaluate log,8 x logic p. (N2005/P1/7) 9, Variables V and 1 are related by the equation V = 100“, where k is a constant, Given that V=500 when r= 21, find (i) the value of 4, (i) the value of V when r= 30. (N2005/P2/1) 10. (a) Solve the equation Ig(x + 12) =1 +1g(2—») (b) Given that log:p = a, logy = b and 4 =2°, express ¢ in terms of a and b. (N2006/P 1/8) 11. Solve the equation logx(2«— 1) - logy(x? — 2) = 4s. (SPO8/P 1/7) a212. An engineering firm buys a new piece of equipment at a cost of $72 000. The value of this equipment decreases with time so that its value, $V, after ¢ months use is given by V = 72 000.8, where & is a positive constant. The value of the equipment is expected to be $40 000 after 30 months use. G@) Calculate the value, to the nearest $100, of the equipment after 20 months use. The equipment is replaced when its value reaches 4 of its original value, (i) Calculate the length of time, to the nearest month, the equipment has been in use when is replaced. (SPOS/P2/1) 3TOPIC 5 SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES 1. To solve a pair of simultaneous lincar equations with two variables is to find the co-ordinates of their point of intersection, if any. 2. There is no solution if the lines are parallel and an infinite number of solutions if the lines coincide. 3. ‘There are generally four nongraphical methods of solutions: (i) Equating two expressions Solve: y=3x-4and2y=7+4y Solution: 2(31-4)=7+4xrete, (ii) Substitution Solve: 3p + 8v= I3.and2x=9-I1y Solution: 3p + 4(2x) =13 3+ 4(9 — 11)) = 13 ete. (iii) Addition or subtraction Solve: Sx—3y-=2and &x+5y=9 Solution: Sv—3y=2... (i) axe Spe (x5: 25r—15y (ii)x3; 0 2d4x415y . iii) + (iv) : 49x =37 ete (iv), Two-by-two determinant Solve: ax +hy =e andex+dy =f eb fd ab ed | eof = aaeb Solution: x= Note: If ad — cb = 0 then the graphs of the pair of equations are either parallel or identical. (5)1WORKED EXAMPLES 1. Solve the equations Sx -4y =84 ,2v+3y= 14. st 4 143 nN Solve the equations 2**! —$* = 131, 2*4+5'7 = 13, qelaosy =131 2 a5h2213 From 2(2")-5 From (ii). H+ 45) = we x =7andy=3 3. Given that log, (ay?) = 10 and log ,(x4y?) = 16, find the value of log, J". log (xy?) = 10+ log,x+3log,y = 10 log (x4y7) = 16 > 3 log x + 2log,y = 16 103 16 2 13 32 log x = Egy jog ,x+ logy) +442 G)2PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 1, A particle starts from rest at a fixed point O and moves in a straight line towards a point 4 The velocity, v ms“, of the particle, r seconds after leaving OQ, is given by v= 6 — 6". Given that the particle reaches.4 when f= In 2, find (i) the acceleration of the particle at 4, (ii) the distance O4. (N2005/P1/6) (5)3TOPIC 6 SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES 1, Iax-bMex-d) =O then x= % or #, ed whtJb? dae 2. ax?+br+e=0 then r= WORKED EXAMPLES 1, Find the value of q such that 2788-29"? = § «24-1, 2243 3g =5e2%-1 e222 aoe 549%41 =O sv -9(2") 41 =0 (8+ 27-12-17) =0 W8+2"-1 =O If 2%-1=0 a a = q q =0 Ans: q=~3or0 2. Solve for vif (gu)? = 17 gx +2. 9{lg.x)? =Ilgr+2 90g x)? = 17Igx 0 lgx+1)Ugx-2) =0 IrQiga+t =0 Iflgx-2=0 lex + Igx =2 x =0:774 x = 100 2. x= 0-774 or 100 3. Solve the equation Yx—5 + 444 Vxo5 + ued G—S)r+4) +044) = 45 i? =x- 20 =4]—-x xtax-20 = 1681 -82v+47 Six x (6)1PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Given that x= |g @ is a solution of the equation 10°**' — 7(10*) = 26, find the value of a. (N97/P2/4c} Solve the equation 9" + 2(9**') = 40, (N99/P2/3b) (i) Sketch the graph of y = Inx. (ii) Determine the equation of the straight line which would need to be drawn on the graph of y = Inx in order to obtain a graphical solution of the equation xe"? = 1. (N2002/P2/8) Solve the equation logex = loga(x— 4) = 2. (N2003/P2/3) Solve the equation logis (3x — 1) = logs (3x) + log. (0.5). (N2004/P2/5) (i) Express the equation 4* — 2"*' = 3 as a quadratic equation in 2" (ii) Hence find the value of x, correct to 2 decimal places. (N2005/P2/8b) (6)2TOPIC 7 SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS WORKED EXAMPLES 1. Solve the equations x? + 2xy + 4y? = 28 and x+2p=6, vty =6>2y=6-x..i) x? + Daye dy? = 28 ox? +x(2y) +P = 28...(ii) From (i) and (ii), x2 +246 -x)+(6-x)? = 28 x? 46xy—a7 4 36= 12vax? = 28 =0 x? -6x+8 =0 (2-4) =o Ifx=2, from (i) y= F(6-x)= $(6~2) = Ifx=4, Ans: x=2,y mlFrom (ii) and (vi) : 3 + l= eps il Wo Bh Mn NR tou (ii)+(v) ay: (vii) “he From (ii) and (vii) 24 Solve the equations 7x —4y = 23 and 49x? — 16y? = 1081. 49x? = 16y? = (Tx dy 7+ dy) = 1081 2 7x+4y) = 1081 Tx+dp Tx-4y =23 (+i) 14x = 70 x = 5..Gii) From (i) and (iii) 7(5)+4)° =47 4y= 12 PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Rup Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the linex + 2y = 10 and the curve 27-Tytx=0, (N9T/PI/L) Solve the simultaneous equations 7 = 27(3), g(x + 2y) = Ig5 + Ip3. (N98/P2/5b) Solve the simultaneous equations 3x — 2y = 1, 9x7 += 7. (N2000/P 1/1) Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the line y = 2x + 3 and the curve Bx? +P 4x = 39. (NOM/PLL) The line dy =~ + 11 int s the curve y'= 2y +7 at the point 4 and &. Find the coordinates of the mid-point of the line AB. (N2003/P2/1) Without using a calculator, solve, for.x and y, the simultaneous equations (N2004/P 1/3) (n2TOPICS LINEAR GRAPHS FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES 1. Let Gy, yy) and Blx2, 2) be the end-points of a line segment. (i) Distance from 4 to B= Gi) The midpoint of AB =( (ii) The angle of inclination (0) of a straight line is the angle which the line makes with the positive direction of the axis of x. ‘The constant a (tan @) is called the gradient (slope) of the line, and m will be positive or negative according as to whether @ is acute or obtuse The gradient of a horizontal line is zero. ‘The gradient of a vertical line is infinite. All parallel lines have the same gradient. The gradients of two perpendicular lines are negative reciprocal of each ather. (iv) The equation of the line throug (v) The equation of the feu hare d@-mPeQenF = ym)? 2, Every pair of values that satisfies the equation of a graph is the co-ordinates of a point on the graph and conversely. Every straight line (linear graph) is represented by an equation of the first degree and conversely. (i) Special form: x =a This is a perpendicular line which crosses the x-axis at (a, 0). The equation of the y-a: x= 0. yeb This is a horizontal line which crosses the y-axis at (0, 6). The equation of the 2-axi y= ae This is a line through the origin with gradient m. xtysa This is a line which intersects both axes at points a un from the origin. (ii) Point-slope form: yey, smile xy) where (ey,y1)is a given point and a is the given gradient of the line, * where (x1, yi) and (x2, 2) are two given Gii) Two-point form: points. (iv) Slope-intercept form: y = mm + b where the gradient is ym and the line crosses the y-axis at (0, 5). (8)!18 ete (Vv) Double intercept fo 1 where the graph crosses the x-axis at (a, 0) and the y-axis at (0, 5). a and & are the x-intercept and \-intercept respectively. (vi) General form: Ax + By + C=O where A, Band © are constants and A and B cannot be both zero. The set of straight lines v= mx + b, where only wr is a constant, is a set of parallel lines which have different y-intercepts for different values of A. ax + h, where only 6 is a constant, is a set of lines through ents for different values of m The lines Av + By = C and Ax + By = D are parallel. If C = D, they coincide. Therefore, the equation of the line that passes through (x), v1) and is parallel to 4x + By = C is 4x + By = Ax, + By. The lines Av + By = C and Bx — Ay = D (or -Bx + Ay = D) are perpendicular ta each other. Therefore, the equation of the line that passes through (x;, y:) and is perpendicular to Ay + By = Cis Bx— Ay = Br — Ay, (or Bx + Ay = =Bxy + AyD). The general form dx +By+C=0 can be transform (i) Slope-intercept form: y (ii) Double intercept form: = If the equations of the four sides or the co-ordinates of the four vertices of a quadrilateral are known, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram if any one of the following can be proved: TA (i) All the opposite sides are parallel, i.e. they have equal gradients. (ii) All the opposite sides are equal. (iii) One pair of opposite sides are parallel and equal. (iv) All the opposite angles are equal. (v) The diagonals bisect each other. If the four vertices of the quadrilateral are (x), y1), (v2, } =) ‘The two interseeting diagonals divide a parallelogram into four triangles with equal areas. A rectangle is an equiangular parallelogram. All the four vertices are right-angled. A rhombus is an equilateral parallelogram. All the sides are equal. A square is both a rectangle and a rhombus, ), Ge ) and (xs, ys} successively this amounts to proving that (- The area of atriangle ABC, where 4 =(xi,y1), 8 = (xa,y2) and C= (3,73) xX} ¥2 03 x) Vive ys yt priya +xay3 Fab) XV; —Kav2—T ys] units? is $I The area of a polygon with vertices (a), vi), (Xs 9), Gs, Jn), Yea) and (ie, ys) is Xp 2 NZ Ke Xe XT Vi v2 VSe0 Vat Ya Ph (8)2PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS lL A line drawn through the point 4(4, 6), parallel to the line 2) point B. — 2, meets the y-axis at the G) Calculate the coordinates of B. A line drawn through 4, perpendicular to 4B, meets the line 2y = x— 2 al the point C, (ii) Calculate the coordinates of C, (N97/P1/2) Solutions to this question by accurate drawing will not be ¥ accepted. The points 4(-1, 4), B(2, 7), C and DC, 0) are the four vertices of a parallelogram. The point £ lies on BC such that BE = +BC. Lines are drawn, parallel to the caf y-axis, from 4 to meet the x-axis at Nand from £ to mect CD at F. (i) Calculate the coordinates of C and of E. (ii) Find the equation of DC and calculate the coordinates of F. (ii) Explain why AEFN is a parallelogram and calculate its area. (N97/PI/15} Nel Ta. oF The line 2y +x =$ intersects the curve 1° +xy = 6 at the points 4 and B. Find (i) the coordinates of A and B, (ii) the distance 4B. (NO8/PI/1) Solutions to this question by accurate drawing will not be accepted. The diagram shows a parallelogram ABCD in which A is (8, 2) and B is (2, 6). The equation of BC is 2y=x+ 10 and ¥ is the point on BC such that AY is perpendicular to BC. Find () the equation of AX, (ii) the coordinates of XY. Given also thal BC = SBN, find (iii) the coordinates of C and of D, (iv) the area of the parallelogram ABCD, (NO8/PT/11) Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the point (-5, 4) to the point (9, —3). (NOWP T/L) + 23 and is 5 units from the point (2, 0). Calculate the ns of P. (NO9/P 1/9) The point P(x, y) lies on the line 7y coordinates of the two possible posi (8)3