KOMPUTER DAN MASYARAKAT (KP047)

PERTEMUAN 5
FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI UNIVERSITAS BUDI LUHUR

CONTENT BY : GOENAWAN B, JOKO CHRISTIAN

REVIEW AND CONTENT

• Pada pertemuan sebelumnya kita telah membahas :

1. Computer and works, bagaimana TIK mempengaruhi pekerjaan, dan masalah-

masalah umum terkait

• Pada pertemuan ini, kita akan membahas :

1. Can we trust the computer?

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 Can We Trust The Computer
WHAT CAN GO WRONG?

•Facts About Computer

Errors
• Error-free software is not possible.
• Errors are often caused by more than
one factor.
• Errors can be reduced by following
good procedures and professional
practices.
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WHAT CAN GO WRONG?

• The Roles of People in Computer-related Problems:

• Computer User

• At home or work, users should understand the limitations of computers and the need for proper training
and responsible use.

• Computer Professional

• Understanding the source and consequences of computer failures is valuable when buying, developing,
or managing a complex system.

• Educated Member of Society

• Personal decisions and political, social, and ethical decisions depend on understanding computer risks.

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WHAT CAN GO WRONG?

• Categories of Computer Errors and Failures falls to three major type:

1. Problems for Individuals

2. System Failures

3. Safety-Critical Applications

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1.PROBLEMS FOR INDIVIDUALS:
usually in their role as consumers.
Such as:
• Billing Errors : inappropriate
amounts.
• Database Accuracy Problems :
who are incorrectly identified by
inaccurate law enforcement
databases.
Incorrect information resulting
in wrongful treatment or acts.
• Causes :
• Lack of tests for inconsistencies
• Large population.
• Human common sense not part of
automated processing.
• Overconfidence in the accuracy of data
from a computer.
• Errors in data entry.
• Information not updated or corrected.
• Lack of accountability for errors.
• Lack of proper training for the system
users

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 BILLING ERRORS

• Woman billed $6.3 million for electricity; IRS (Internal Revenue

Services - pajak) generated erroneous bills for almost 5000
people;

• Chicago cat owners billed for failure to register dachshunds

(anjing kaki pendek).

• Errors in design and/or implementation of the programs. Some

could have been avoided with care or if programs had included
tests.
2. SYSTEM FAILURES
• Example of areas where system
failures bring big impact
• Communications:
• Telephone, online, and broadcast • Causes:
services. • Insufficient testing and debugging time.
• Business: • Significant changes in specifications
• Inventory and management software. (during and after project begun).
• Financial: • Overconfidence in system.
• Stock exchange, brokerages, banks, • Mismanagement of the project.
etc..
• Transportation:
• Reservations, ticketing, and baggage
handling.

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SYSTEM FAILURE EXAMPLE

•The Denver Airport baggage system—infamous computer-controlled baggage-handling system, ($193

million). Each bag put into a car bar-coded for its destination. Laser scanners track cars and send info
about location to computers. Did not work as planned. Cars crashed into each other, luggage misrouted,
dumped and flung about, cars needed to move luggage were mistakenly routed to waiting pens.
•Specific problems: real-word problems—scanners got dirty or knocked out of alignment; problems in
other systems—airport’s electrical system could not handle power surges associated with baggage
system. Software errors—routing of cars to waiting pens. Two main problems led to delay: The time
allowed for development and testing of system insufficient. Significant changes in specifications were
made after project began.

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3. SAFETY-CRITICAL APPLICATIONS

• Applies to :
• Causes:
• Military
• Overconfidence.
• Power Plants
• Lack of override features.
• Aircraft • Insufficient testing.
• Trains • Sheer complexity of system.
• Automated Factories • Mismanagement.
• Medicine
• …others.

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CASE STUDY: THE THERAC-25
ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED (AECL)

• The Therac-25 was a software-controlled radiation-therapy machine used to

treat people with cancer. (1985 – 1987)
• Overdoses of radiation

• Normal dosage is 100–200 rads.

• It is estimated that 13,000 and 25,000 rads were given to six people.

• Three of the six people died.

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CASE STUDY: THE THERAC-25

• Therac-25 Radiation Overdose

• Multiple Causes:

• Poor safety design.

• Insufficient testing and debugging.

• Software errors.

• Lack of safety interlocks.

• Overconfidence.

• Inadequate reporting and investigation of accidents.

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 INCREASING RELIABILITY AND SAFETY

• What Goes Wrong?

• Computer Systems Fail Because:
• The job they are doing is inherently difficult, and

• The job is done poorly.

• Compounding the Reliability Issue:

• Developers and users exhibit overconfidence in the system.

• Reused system software may not work in different environments.

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INCREASING RELIABILITY AND SAFETY

• Professional Techniques
• Follow good software practices.

• Exhibit professional responsibility at all levels of development and use.

• Construct well-designed user interfaces.

• Take human factors into account.

• Include built-in redundancy.

• Incorporate self-checking where appropriate.

• Follow good testing principals and techniques.

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INCREASING RELIABILITY AND SAFETY

• Law and Regulation

• Criminal and Civil Penalties:

• to recover loss from faulty or unsafe systems.

• Liability and Civil Laws:

• to provide incentives to produce reliable and safe systems.

• Warranties:

• to guarantee a certain level of quality.

• Federal or State Regulations:

• to protect the public.

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INCREASING RELIABILITY AND SAFETY

• Law and Regulation (cont’d)

• Database Accuracy Enforcement:
• to protect the public from inaccurate information maintained by private companies and government.
• Some specific work needs Mandatory Licensing of Software Developers:
• to ensure proper training, competency, and continuing education.
• Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)
• Oracle Certified Associate (OCA)
• Oracle Certified Professional (OCP)
• Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator (MCSA)
• Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS)
• The Microsoft Certified IT Professional (MCITP)
• The Microsoft Certified Professional Developer (MCPD)
• Microsoft Certified Systems Engineers (MCSEs)
• Microsoft Certified Application Developers (MCADs)

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THE FUTURE

• Self driving cars

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KESIMPULAN

• ICT adalah buah karya manusia, yang tidak mungkin sempurna.

• Sebagai consumer, adalah tindakan yang disarankan untuk tidak sepenuhnya

tergantung pada sebuah layanan/produk baru yang belum kredibel, atau belum teruji

• Sebagai developer, adalah tanggung jawab professional, dan moril untuk

menghasilkan sebuah sistem / solusi yang memiliki jumlah error minimal / bebas dari
error yang membahayakan.

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PENGAYAAN

• Tenaga Nuklir

• Seberapa menguntungkan tabungan anda?

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 WHY NUCLEAR

P
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G • pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir dapat mengurangi 155 juta ton
A metrik CO2 yang sedianya akan dihasilkan oleh pembangkit
tenaga bahan bakar fosil (minyak dan batubara).
Y
• pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir yang ada saat ini dapat
A menyebabkan hilangnya 59 juta metrik ton CO2 pada tahun
A 2020
N
Pro – Kontra !
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 NUCLEAR – DITINGGALKAN !

P
E •Ironisnya, di beberapa negara maju, justru teknologi ini mulai
N ditinggalkan. Inggris bahkan secara tegas telah mengumumkan kebijakan
G Nuclear Phase Out hingga tahun 2024 dan menggantinya dengan tenaga
A angin. Sementara Jerman, sejak tahun 1990-an, telah berkomitmen untuk
Y tidak lagi membangun pembangkit nuklir baru dan menutup pembangkit
A
lama yang sudah tidak beroperasi. Komitmen yang sama juga berkembang
A
di negara-negara Eropa lainnya seperti Swedia dan Prancis.
N

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P
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G •Rotor: 112 m
A •6 Megawatt
Y •4000 home
•Gearless system
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 GENERASI TURBIN BARU

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 BERPARTISIPASI MELAWAN GLOBAL WARMING

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• Gunakan listrik dengan bijak , dan
A
Y • Gunakan solar panel dirumah anda
A
A
N

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 22 Okt 2013 28 Maret 2016 18 Agustus 2016

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LINK MATERI

Materi dapat di-download pada link berikut :

• https://sites.google.com/site/jokocc/materi-
ajar/komputerdanmasyarakat

Atau link langsung :

• https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B_Qb7Utm
UVDLaF9qZHNTN2w0LUE

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