UNIT 5

HAVE You Ever Seen?

Grammar Focus

Now I finished eating sometime before now. The

exact time is not important.

X1 X2 Future
Past

X1 = eat X2 = now
PRESENT PERFECT
Form
Positive Negative Interrogative
I/You/We/They have known I/You/We/They have not Have I/you/we/they known?
known
S/he/it has known S/he/it has not known Has s/he/it known?
Form with to be
Positive Negative Interrogative
I/You/We/They have been here I/You/We/They have not been Have I/you/we/they been
here here?
S/he/it has been here S/he/it has not been here Has s/he/it been here?
Indicators
Before Yet
Ever Just
Never Recently
So far For
Already since

Read the passage and identify the use of present perfect tense.

Robotics: How Much do You Know About this Innovative Industry?

Most of us can probably recall humorous depictions of artificial intelligence from movies and science
fiction novels. However, robots and artificial intelligence have progressed by leaps and bounds and
their presence could become much more than imaginative stories. In just the past decade, robotics
has made waves in a wider spectrum of industries and applications than ever imagined and its
development continues to accelerate.

Have you ever seen a robot walk down the street? Are you sure? That notion may be becoming more
realistic every day.

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When Robots Were First Conceived

WIRED magazine marks the first appearance of the word “robot” in a 1921 play written by Karel
Capek entitled R.U.R., or “Rossum’s Universal Robots”. The word was derived from a Czech term for
“‘forced labor.’” Though an official definition for “robot” is difficult to pin down, a few characteristics
help tighten the concept. To be a robot, something must have a physical presence, be able to perceive
as well as traverse or manipulate its environment and make decisions autonomously. Since their
inception, robots have taken countless forms in the imaginations of authors, screenplay writers,
storytellers, and their audiences. And today’s actual prototypes take even more forms.

How Robots Are Helping Right Now

Though robotics may still be considered science fiction by most people you’d talk to on the street,
robots have already made their mark in industries such as manufacturing (think robotic arms on
assembly lines or in labs), as well as initial forays into applications such as delivery, self-driven
vehicles, and even agriculture.

The robots we might read about in the news today are often prototypical; clunky, first-draft machines
that function more as novelties than tools capable of valuable, efficient performance. However, some
robotics applications are highly developed and implemented, humming along in factories, research
facilities, fulfillment centers, and more.

Disaster relief is another area where robotics is having a major impact. Unmanned aircraft systems
(UAS), drones and similar robotics commonly used in rescue efforts following natural disasters. The
robotic technology has become so advanced that a UAS can perform 8 rescue missions within 45
minutes.

The United States government and other official disaster response agencies have overseen an
increasing number of robotic and artificial intelligence (AI) applications during natural disasters and
other similar scenes. Rescue responses to the September 11th terrorist attacks in 2001 mark the first
documented application of robotics in search and rescue efforts. Myriad research and development
firms, agencies, technology creators, and funding pools are spending concerted effort and resources
to develop robotic and AI applications for disaster relief and search-and-rescue operations.

Leaders in Robotics

Many companies are working to advance the field of robotics to new heights. Some you have
doubtless heard of, like Google, Toyota, and Epson. However, other entities that are making
momentous strides in the robotics field include companies like iRobot, creator of household chore
robots including the Roomba Vacuuming Robot and contributor to military defense AI applications

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since 1990. Rethink Robotics, another perennial on lists of most influential robotics companies,
created a humanoid robot called Baxter in 2012 that received lots of favorable attention. The
company has delivered continued offerings since Baxter’s initial release and has greatly contributed
to the advance the field of robotics.

The Future of Robotics

In its 2016 article entitled The Future of Robotics, ZDNet predicts advances in the field of robotics
that include greater applications of collaborative robots (or robots that work in proximity to and
alongside humans), and larger numbers of robots appearing in fields beyond manufacturing that
include ecommerce and healthcare. Transportation industries could also receive a significant facelift
due to the increased implementation of robotics. In fact, municipalities around the world are already
working to implement forms of AI in their public transportation offerings. One of the leading forms
of future transportation includes the hyperloop. Hyperloops are expected to be in operation by 2020
when passenger-carry pods will travel at speeds up to 750 mph.

Similarly, driverless cars have spent their fair share of time in the headlines in recent months, and
though some negative press has tainted the public’s view of these applications, robotic and AI-
propelled transportation are ever improving and will remain an inevitable part of the future
landscape.

Due to the immense advantages that robots and artificially intelligent beings pose in a wide variety
of applications and settings, development in the field of robotics shows no signs of slowing. Robots
may be walking past us on the street, making our meals at restaurants, or working alongside us much
sooner than we may ever have imagined.

(https://readwrite.com/2018/08/23/robotics-how-much-do-you-know-about-this-innovative-
industry/)

Pronunciation
Robotics [rəʊ’bɒtɪk]
Artificial [ɑ:rt̬ə’fɪʃəl]
Intelligence [ɪn’telədʒəns]
Disaster [dɪ’zɑ:tə]
Develop [dɪ’veləp]

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 It’s a new word for me

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Exercise 5.1
Answer the questions below
1. Show the use of present perfect tense in the passage!
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2. Identify three verbs in the passage that are not in the present perfect tense form and make
different sentences in the present perfect tense form!
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3. Use three words in It’s New Words for Me box to make new sentences in present perfect tenses.
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Read this passage carefully.

Have You Even Seen Them?
Amphibians reach their greatest diversity in the tropics, particularly in the moist and hot
environment of tropical rainforest and freshwater swamp forest. Southeast Asia is one of the world's
biodiversity hotspots for amphibians, where a remarkable evolutionary explosion has resulted in

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incredible diversity of form, color and lifestyle: over 700 species occur in the region. Frogs are to be
found in the shallowest puddles, hiding under leaf litter, making their foam nests in streamside
vegetation or calling incessantly from tree holes.
Frogs reach their greatest evolutionary expression in the diverse family of Asian Tree
Frogs (Rhacophoridae), which includes the spectacular 'Flying Frogs', many of which have evolved
extensive webbing between their toes which allows them to glide from tree to tree. Equally
remarkable are the tiny Narrow-mouthed Frogs or Chorus Frogs (Microhylidae): these are often
heard but rarely seen, as they measure just 2 cm long. Their jumping ability is quite remarkable as
they can easily leap more than a meter or so i.e. more than 50 times body length.

Spotted Litter Frog Nusa Tenggara Wart Frog Common Greenback

Characteristics :
The body of this unassuming
species is plump, and the legs
thin and spindly. The dorsal
surface is variable, but
generally dark grey in colour.
The ventral surface is lighter
grey, and along the sides are
dark spots.
Found in :
Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo
and Sumatra
Characteristics :
They possess a pair of sharply
pointed bony projections, or
odontoid processes, at the
front of the lower jaw,
pointing upwards and
backwards into the mouth.
Found in :
Groups of islands in Nusa
Tenggara, central Indonesia
which includes, from west to
east, Lombok, Sumbawa,
Flores, Adonara and Lembata.
Characteristics :
This frog is easily identified by
the pair of white bands
running along the sides of the
body. It is sometimes called
the 'Red-eared Greenback' on
account of the colour of the
tympanum (left). The back
may be green or brown.
Found in :
Its range extends from
Thailand and Indochina to
Peninsular Malaysia and
Singapore, and down to the
islands of Java, Borneo,
Sulawesi and the Philippines.

Exercise 5.2

Find other species of frogs that you have never seen before and search out their characteristics and
where to find them.

put the picture here put the picture here put the picture here

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Characteristics : Characteristics : Characteristics :

Found in : Found in : Found in :

Talking Time

Have you ever eaten a strange food?

Tell us the strangest food that you have ever eaten!