FLUID MECHANICS

FLUID MECHANICS

Study of the behavior of fluids at rest or at motion refers

to fluid mechanics.

Fluids – Substances that are either gas or liquid

Fluid Mechanics is divided into two:

HYDROSTATICS
HYDRODYNAMICS
 FLUID MECHANICS

Important Properties in Fluid Mechanics

DENSITY

Mass Density (ρ) Weight Density (D)

- refers to the mass (m) - refers to the weight
per unit volume (V) of a (mg) per unit volume (V)
substance of a substance

ρ=m/V D = mg / V
ρ is in kg/m3 or g/cm3 D = ρg
D is in N/m3 or dyne/cm3
 FLUID MECHANICS

Important Properties in Fluid Mechanics

SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG)

- ratio of either the (mass or weight) density of the substance to

the (mass or weight) density of water.

SG = ρS/ρH2O SG = DS/DH2O
ρH2O = 1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3
SG is unitless
 HYDROSTATICS

Study of the behavior of fluids at rest

BUOYANT FORCE (FB)– The upward force that tend to float

objects on fluids.

Weight of Ship = Mg

ρf = mass density of the fluid (liquid)

Vf = Volume of the fluid that was
FB = ρfVfg displaced by the object
 HYDROSTATICS
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

States that (a) the buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the
weight of the fluid that is displaced by the object. (b) The volume of the
displaced fluid is equal to the volume of the submerged object in that
fluid.
WA
WA
Buoyant Force = Weight of displace fluid
FB FB = WDF = mDFg = ρDFVDFg

WF WF
Vsub
WDF VDF
Volume of Submerged Part of Object = Volume of displaced fluid
Vsub = VDF
 HYDROSTATICS
Apparent Weight : “Weight in fluid (liquid)” is the Tension in the wire or rope.

T
T
FB
W
W

W = mg W = mg
ΣFy = 0 ↑+ ΣFy = 0 ↑+
+T – W = 0 +T + FB – W = 0
T = W = mg
T = W – FB = mg – ρF VSub g
In air, we see that T = W T = mg – ρF VSubg
In the liquid, we see that T < W, If we weigh this using a
scale, the scale will register the value of Tension, but the
“real” weight (mg) stays the same
 HYDROSTATICS
Specific Gravity using weight in air and in water

If the fluid is Water

WAir = W = mg = ρsVsubg WW / WAir = 1 – (ρW/(ρS)

WL = T = W – FB = mg – ρF VSub g WW / WAir = 1 – (1/SGS)

WW = WAir [1 – (1/SGS)]
WL = ρsVSubg – ρF VSubg
WW = WAir – (WAir/SGS)
WL = VSubg (ρS – ρF )
WW = WAir – (WAir/SGS)
WL / WAir = [VSubg(ρS – ρF)] /[VSubg (ρS )]
WAir /SGS = WAir – WW

WL / WAir = (ρS – ρF) /(ρS ) 1 /SGS = (WAir – WW )/ WAir

WL / WAir = 1 – (ρF/(ρS) SGS = WAir /(WAir – WW )

 HYDROSTATICS
PRESSURE

P = F/A
Atmospheric Pressure (pO) – Pressure exerted by the weight of air above
that surface at any given point in the earth’s atmosphere.
pO = 1 Atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 14.7 psi
Gauge Pressure (pG) - zero referenced against ambient air pressure (i.e. Tire
pressure & Blood pressure)
pG = ρfgh
Absolute Pressure (pA) - zero referenced against a perfect vacuum (i.e.
Altimeter Pressure & Deep Volume Pressure)
pA = p O + pG
pA = pO + ρfgh
 HYDRODYNAMICS

Study of the behavior of fluids at motion. Also known as

fluid kinetics

CONSERVATION OF MASS – States that in a steady flow

the mass in a tube is constant or conserved.

m1 m2

Δt Given the same time interval and flow is continuous:

The amount of mass flowing in the wider portion of
Δt the tube is the same as the amount of mass flowing
in the narrower portion of the tube.
 HYDRODYNAMICS
v1
v2

m1 A1 m2 A2

s2
s1
Continuity Equations :
m1 = m 2 m =ρV A1 v1 = A2v2
ρV1 = ρV2
V1 = V2 V = As V/Δt = Av Volume Flow Rate
A1 s1 = A2s2 s = velocity x time = (v)(Δt) m/Δt = ρAv Mass Flow Rate
A1 v1 Δt = A2v2 Δt
 HYDRODYNAMICS
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

p1 + ρgh1 + ½ ρv12 = p2 + ρgh2 + ½ ρv22 = constant

Simplifying & Rearranging :
(p2 – p1) + ρg(h2 – h1) + 0.5(ρ)(v22 – v12) = 0
 HYDRODYNAMICS
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

(p2 – p1) + ρg(h2 – h1) + 0.5(ρ)(v22 – v12) = 0

(p2 – p1) = component due to difference in internal pressure

ρg(h2 – h1) = component due to difference in elevation

0.5(ρ)(v22 – v12) = component due to difference in speed of flow

VERY IMPORTANT NOTE : All values here are in ABSOLUTE values

 HYDRODYNAMICS
TORRICELLI’S THEOREM

A theorem in hydrodynamics relating the speed of fluid flowing out of an opening

to the height of fluid above the opening.

v1
TME1 = TME2
K1 + U1 = K2 + U2
h ½ mv12 + mghT = ½ mv22 + mg(hT – h)
½ v12 + ghT = ½ v22 + g(hT – h)
hT
v2 ½ v12 + ghT = ½ v22 + ghT – gh
½ v12 = ½ v22 – gh
v12 = v22 – 2gh
v22 = v12 + 2gh
 HYDRODYNAMICS
TORRICELLI’S THEOREM

A theorem in hydrodynamics relating the speed of fluid flowing out of an opening

to the height of fluid above the opening.

v1
v22 = v12 + 2gh
u1 is relatively very slow compared to v2
h
Thus : v1 ≈ 0

v22 ≈ 2gh
v2
v2 = 2gh
v2 is called the speed of efflux
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 1: A block of pine wood (ρ B = 0.4 g/cm3) is floating on a pond. The block
is 10cm x 40cm x 5cm thick.
(a) How much of the block protrudes above the water?
(b) If the block is made to carry a load by placing additional mass on top of it,
how much mass must be added to just submerge the block?

ρW = 1 g/cm3

h=?

t = 5cm

VB = (10cm)(40cm)(5cm) VSUBM = VDL = (10cm)(40cm)(5cm – h)

VDL = (2000 – 400h) cm3
VB =2000 cm3
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 2: A block of pine wood (ρ B = 0.4 g/cm3) is floating on a pond. The block
is 10cm x 40cm x 5cm thick.
(a) How much of the block protrudes above the water?
(b) If the block is made to carry a load by placing additional mass on top of it,
how much mass must be added to just submerge the block?

ρL = ρW = 1 g/cm3 ΣFy = 0 ↑+
FB +FB – W = 0 FB = ρLVDLg
h=?
FB = W W = mBg = (ρBVB)g

ρLVDLg = (ρBVB)g
ρLVDL = ρBVB
(1g/cm3)(2000 – 400h)cm3 = (0.4g/cm3)(2000cm3)
W = mBg 2000 – 400h = 800
VB =2000 cm3 1200 = 400h
h = 3 cm
VDL = (2000 – 400h) cm3
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 2: A block of pine wood (ρ B = 0.4 g/cm3) is floating on a pond. The block
is 10cm x 40cm x 5cm thick.
(a) How much of the block protrudes above the water?
(b) If the block is made to carry a load by placing additional mass on top of it,
how much mass must be added to just submerge the block?

ρL = ρW = 1 g/cm3 ΣFy = 0 ↑+
FB +FB – W = 0 FB = ρLVDLg
h=0 M =?
FB = W W= (mB+M) = (ρBVB + M)g

ρLVDLg = (ρBVB+M)g
ρLVDL = ρBVB + M
(1g/cm3)(2000cm3) = (0.4g/cm3)(2000cm3) + M
W = (mB+M)g 2000 = 800 + M
VB =2000 cm3 M = 1200 g = 1.2 kg
If fully submerged : VDL = VB = 2000 cm3
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Problem 3: At a certain point in a horizontal pipeline, the water’s speed is 2.5 m/s
and the gauge pressure is 18,000 Pa. Find the gauge pressure at a second point in
the line if the cross-sectional area at the second point is twice at the first.

v1 = 2.5 m/s v2

A2 = 2A1
A1 A2
pg2 = ?

h1 pg1 = 18,000 Pa h2

p1 = pO + pg1 = 1.01x105 Pa + 18,000 Pa = 119,000 Pa

 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Problem 3: At a certain point in a horizontal pipeline, the water’s speed is 2.5 m/s
and the gauge pressure is 18,000 Pa. Find the gauge pressure at a second point in
the line if the cross-sectional area at the second point is twice at the first.

(p2 – p1) + ρg(h2 – h1) + 0.5(ρ)(v22 – v12) = 0

(p2 – p1) + 0.5(ρ)(v22 – v12) = 0 h1 = h2
(p2 – p1) + 0.5(ρ)(v22 – v12) = 0
(p2 – p1) = (p2 – 119,000 Pa)
(p2 – 119,000 Pa) + (– 2343.75 Pa) = 0
Using Continuity Equation
p2 = 121,343.75 Pa
A1v1 = A2v2
v2 = v1A1 /A2 = (2.5 m/s)(A1/2A1) Change p2 to gauge pressure value
pg2 = p2 – pO = 121,343.75 Pa – 1.01x105 Pa
v2 = 1.25 m/s
pg2 = 20,343.75 Pa
0.5(ρ)(v22 – v12) = 0.5(1000)[(1.25)2 – (2.5)2] = – 2343.75 Pa