UNIT-3

IOTProtocols
 The IEEE 802 Wireless Space
WWAN IEEE 802.22

IEEE 802.20
WMAN
Range

WiMax
IEEE 802.16
WLAN WiFi
ZigBee 802.11
802.15.4 802.15.3
Bluetooth
WPAN 15.4c 802.15.3c
802.15.1

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

ZigBee standard uniquely fills a gap Data Rate (Mbps)
for low data rate applications
 Stateful and Stateless Protocols
• Stateless Protocol:
Stateless Protocols are the type of network protocols in which Client send request to
the server and server response back according to current state. It does not require
the server to retain session information or a status about each communicating
partner for multiple request.
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol), DNS
(Domain Name System) are the example of Stateless Protocol.

• Silent features of Stateless Protocols:

• Stateless Protocol simplify the design of Server.
• The stateless protocol requires less resources because system do not need to keep
track of the multiple link communications and the session details.
• In Stateless Protocol each information packet travel on it’s own without reference to
any other packet.
• Each communication in Stateless Protocol is discrete and unrelated to those that
precedes or follow.
• Stateless Protocols works better at the time of crash because there is no state that
must be restored, a failed server can simply restart after a crash.
 Stateful and Stateless Protocols
• Stateful Protocol:
In Stateful Protocol If client send a request to the server then it expects some kind
of response, if it does not get any response then it resend the request. FTP (File
Transfer Protocol), Telnet are the example of Stateful Protocol.

• Silent features of Stateful Protocol:

• Stateful Protocols provide better performance to the client by keeping track of the
connection information.
• Stateful Application require Backing storage.
• Stateful request are always dependent on the server-side state.
• TCP session follow stateful protocol because both systems maintain information
about the session itself during its life.
• Stateful Protocol does not work better at the time of crash because stateful server
have to keep the information of the status and session details of the internal states.
 SOCKET EXAMPLE

SOCKET= IP ADDRESS + PORT NUMBER

HTTP:
1. It is a web transfer protocol.
2. It suitable for web browsing.
3. It is a stateless protocol.
4. It uses port number TCP: 80 in transport layer.
5. It uses URI to identify HTTP Resources.
6. It uses Request- response model.
7. It uses client server architecture.
8. It uses PUT, GET, POST, DELETE HEAD, TRACE, OPTIONS method to communicate
with the resources

HTTP is an application layer protocol used to deliver resources in distributed

hypermedia information system. In a Web application, the request initiates
activities that are implemented over the middleware. and the response typically
involves returning resources to the browser.
 Many application layer protocols are used on
the Internet, HTTP is only one

Protocol Application

HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Retrieve and view Web pages

Copy files from client to server

FTP: File Transfer
or from server to client
SMTP: Simple Mail
Send email
Transport

POP: Post Office Read email

MQTT:
It has a client/server model, where every sensor is a client and connects to a server,
known as a broker, over TCP.
• Every message is published to an address, known as a topic. Clients may subscribe
to multiple topics.
example: Facebook. MQTT ensures reliability by providing the option of three QoS
levels:
1. Fire and forget: A message is sent once and no acknowledgement is required.
2. Delivered at least once: A message is sent at least once and an acknowledgement
is required.
3. Delivered exactly once: A four-way handshake mechanism is used to ensure the
message is delivered exactly one time.
MQTT:
I. It is a low weight messaging protocol (small message size).
II. Suitable for constrained environment where devices has low processing, capabilities, less
memory and less band width.
III. It uses TCP as transport layer protocol and uses port number TCP 1883.
IV. It uses Publish-subscribe model.
V. It uses client- server architecture.
COAP

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a

simple, low overhead protocol designed for
environments like low-end microcontrollers and
constrained networks with critical bandwidth such
as 6LowPANs (IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless
Personal Area Networks).

The protocol is designed for machine-to-machine

(M2M) applications such as smart energy and
building automation.. It is a web transfer protocol

CoAP has been designed to work on

microcontrollers with as low as 10 KB of RAM
and 100 KB of code space.

CoAP is by default bound to UDP and works on

high bandwidth.

In many CoAP application domains it is essential to

have the ability to address several CoAP resources
as a group, instead of addressing each resource
individually (e.g. to turn on all the CoAP-enabled
lights in a room with a single CoAP request
triggered by toggling the light switch)
CoAP:
I.It is a web transfer protocol.
II. It is suitable for machine to machine communication.
III. It is applicable for constrained environment with constrained device and
Network.It is a stateful protocol.
IV. It uses UDP 5683 port number in transport layer.
V. It uses request- response model.
VI. It uses client server architecture.
VII. It uses PUT, GET, POST, DELETE, HEAD, TRACE, OPTIONS.
VIII. It is designed to work with HTTP.
Architecture Difference of MQTT and CoAP
Websocket:
I. It allows full duplex communication over a single socket connection to provide data
transfer between client and server keeping TCP connection open.
II. It is a stateful protocol.
III. It uses TCP as transport layer protocol.
IV. It uses request-response communication model.
V. It uses client server architecture.

Web sockets are defined as a two-way communication between the

servers and the clients, which mean both the parties communicate
and exchange data at the same time
• XMPP
• The Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) was designed for chatting
and message exchanging.
• XMPP runs over TCP and provides publish/subscribe (asynchronous) and also request/
response (synchronous) messaging systems.
• It provides range of application such as messaging, multiparty chat, voice/ video call,
gaming.
• XMPP has SSL security built in the core of the specification.
• XMPP uses XML messages (eXtensible Markup Language) that create additional
overhead due to unnecessary tags and require XML parsing that needs additional
computational ability which increases power consumption.
• DDS:
• Data Distribution Service is a data-centric middleware standards for
device- to- device or Machine-to-Machine communication.
• DDS uses a publish-subscribe model where publishers(eg. devices that
generate data) create topics to which subscribers(eg. devices that want to
consume data) can subscribe.

• DDS provides quality-of-service (QOS) control and configurable reliability.

• AMQP:

• The Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an open standard application

layer protocol for message-oriented middleware.
• The defining features of AMQP are message orientation, queuing, routing, reliability and
security.
• Designed for the financial industries
• Runs over TCP and follows the Publish and Subscriber architecture. It is same as MQTT
• Difference is that Broker is divided into two components
• 1)Exchange
• 2)Topic
• Exchange is responsible for receiving the data from publisher.
• Topic queue is nothing but the topic & subscribed by the subscriber that receives the
sensory data when its is possible.
• AMQP:
• It provides asynchronous publish/subscribe communication with messaging. Its
main advantage is its store-and-forward feature that ensures reliability even after
network disruptions.
• It ensures reliability with the following message-delivery guarantees :
• 1. At most once: means that a message is sent once either if it is delivered or not.
• 2. At least once: means that a message will be definitely delivered one time,
possibly more.
• 3. Exactly once: means that a message will be delivered only one time.
• Security is handled with the use of the TLS/SSL protocols over TCP
• AMQP can send a larger amount of messages per second.
• JPMorgan which is an American banking and financial services company uses
AMQP to send 1 billion messages per day.
Network layer:
802.15.4-LR-WPAN: Zigbee
It is for low rate wireless personal network. Zigbee supports this protocol. It provides
data transfer rate from 40 kbps to 250 kbps. It is applicable for power constrained device
providing low cost and low speed communication.
 ZIGBEE APPLICATIONS
security
HVAC TV
AMR VCR
lighting control DVD/CD
access control remote
ZigBee
Wireless Control that
Simply Works
patient
monitoring
fitness
monitoring PERSONAL PC &
HEALTH CARE PERIPHERALS

TELECOM
SERVICES
asset mgt security
process m-commerce HVAC
control info services lighting control
environmental object interaction access control
energy mgt (Internet of Things) irrigation
2G/3G/ 4G mobile communications:
There are different generation of mobile communication standards including second
generation (GSM,CDMA), third generation (WCDMA, UMTS, CDMA2000) and fourth
generation (LTE). The IoT devices based on these standards can communicate over
cellular networks. It supports data transfer rate from 9.2 kb/s up to 100 mb/s.
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) :
WiFi is a local area network which is a wireless network there is no wired connection. It is
Proposed by Wi-Fi Alliance. WiFi provides Internet access to devices within a range of 60
feet to 100 feet. It uses high-frequency radio signals for sending and receiving data. It uses
the IEEE 802.11 standard. Its data rate varies from 2Mbps to 1.73Gbps. We can set up PAN
(Personal Area Network) or LAN (Local Area Network) or WAN (Wide Area Network) in IoT
systems. By Routing, we can increase the network area.
802.16-WiMAX :The acronym WiMAX stands for “Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access”. This technology is based on IEEE 802.16. It is used to provide higher
data rates with increased coverage. It is based on MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
technology. Its range is upto 50 Km. It may provide speed upto 70 Mbps and it can
operate in Non-Line-of-Sight. This technology is fast, convenient and cost effective.
802.15.1-Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a PAN (Personal Area Network) or it is a short-range wireless communication
network for exchanging data between the connected devices through that network. It is very
cheaper in price and effective in a performance point of view for short-range distance. It is a
2.4GHz network that works well for personal wireless network communication. It provides a
data transfer rate of 3 Mbps in a range of 50m to 150m. Nowadays Bluetooth is almost
present in all smartphones and it is highly used in wearable devices connected with the
mobile applications.
END