7 Class 8th Bo ts | Chemistry a - _, ATOMIC STRUCTURE So Bye ~ + - Maam Arpita ChatterjeeOo | LE eres ‘This theme focuses on developing children’s understanding about the atom as the building block of all types of matter. Therefore, in science, it becomes important to know about ‘the atom ond its structure. In fact, everything on this earth is made up of atoms. It is the atom of an element that ‘takes part in chemical reactions. Children will be able to: WE ance tak en item coats bi eectons pectin ard inestromes Y define atomic number and mass number; Gi iocae valency of laments and radicals with respect to the number of hycogea stems ‘combining with one atom of the element, > Fundamental subatomic particles present in an| discovery of electrons, protons and atom: electrons, protons, | neutrons teutrons. > Nucleus and extra nuclear |> Identifying that a nucleus consists of parts protons. and neutrons. Electrons are present in its extra nuclear part. > Atomic number and mass | Describing that atomic number (2) is number the number of protons in an atom. Its also equal tothe numberof electrons tn anatom > Mass number: it is the sum of the twumber of protons and neutrons ivan atom. Integration: Physics. structure of atomThe theory of Democritus held that everything is composed of "atoms," which are physically, but not geometrically, indivisible; that} between atoms, there lies empty space; that atoms are indestructible, and have always been and always will be in motion; that there is an infinite number of atoms and of kinds of atoms66 Vaisheshika Darshana Kanada proposes that paramanu (atom) is an indestructible particle of matter. The atom is indivisibl because it is a state at whic! no measurement can be attributed. He used invarianc arguments to determine properties of the atoms. Estimated to hav i 2 ‘ le is known about his life.[4][5]16] His traditional name "Kanada" means atom eater’ [7] and he is known for developing the foundations of an atomistic approach to physics and philosophy in the Sanskrit text Vaisesika Sitra{8]19Dalton’s atomic theory was the first complete attempt to describe all matter in terms of atoms and their properties. Dalton based his theory on the law of conservation of mass and the law of constant composition The first part of his theory states that all matter is made of atoms, which are indivisible. The second part of the theory says all atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties. The third part says compounds are combinations of two or more different types of atoms The fourth part of the theory states that a chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms. Parts of the theory had to be modified based on the discovery of subatomic particles and isotopes. John Dall2 -Electron @-Proton (_)-Neutron Structure of an atomMOLECULE WATER - H,OAtoms vs Molecules ® a £0) Atom Molecule CompoundInteresting Facts on Matter* An atomi\is abctit.~ -- 99,999999999% empty space. If you removed the empty space fromthe atoms Of all people, the entire human race could fit in the volume of a sugar cube.THAN GRAINS _ _ OF SAND ON4 No. of atoms - =3xno. of teaspoons ofI Matter may feel solid, but it’s mostly empty space! This is because most of the volume of an atom is empty. The atomic nucleus is very dense and accounts for nearly all of an atom’s mass. It take 1,836 electrons to equal the mass of a single proton, so electrons don’t add much mass. The electrons orbit so far away from the nucleus that the atom is 99.9% space. To put it into perspective, if the atomic nucleus was the size of a pea, the atom would be the size of a sports arena.There are over 100 different kinds of atom - 92 natural and.8 man made. The different kinds of atom are based on its number of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Atoms can also be changed through undergoing chemical reactions and combine to make molecules