(CHAPTER EIGHT Man in Existential Phenomenology First remark is from Paul Tillich, a leading German Protestant theologian, who found a haven in the United % ope Talon “What Eisen?” Th, Yo e127 oy, ran PIE76 ‘States from the Nazis. He clarifies the main issue between ‘existentialism and essentalism by saying that the quarrel between the two initiated the existentialism of the ‘existentiaists who saw what it had done to the concept of ‘man in a technological society ail existent attacks Is hrs interest in practical or existential thinking by the early Greeks and in his insight into the individual person by Christianity. ‘epiricsts. Man is. being-in-the-world, "No world, no subjective existence" This isa formula they ‘would accept A third remark is There are many not two of them are oxactly alike. Ho writings. These are given below. The ir discussed by Troisfonlaines in his article, "What is Existentialism?” 1, Importance of subjectivity 2. Freedom a value 3. Use of Phenomenology 5 4. Interest in the individual person and his dignity 5, Emphasis on immediate data of experience wther point of clarification from Tilli&h is the distinction between existential and existentialist, though they havea common root: existence. He says: “The former refers to a human attitude, the later to a philosophical school. The opposte of existentialist * pit p30,6 The preference for authentic over inauthentic Something that can hardly be put into words. Gabriel cals it "mystery in contrast to “problem,” ‘his term for object. | Subjectivity is the true Interpretation of ray. Sujectioon is the false 7 Avvareoms| of ood sad. feng: feeling that existence is hard; that Ife is alien and absurd; the feeling of dread. 2. Freedom There are two aspects to be noted, according to ‘Troisfontaines: 10, The faith that man is responsible for his existence ‘and the kind of being he will tar out to be. ‘Troifontanes in his article "What Is Existentialism?” iene asa hat aed Sean ina alone can say yes or no to God. iene eete SE va open eee etal ae ‘Sartre: There were others, like Marcel, who had soccer eee Seed popularized. lis What existentasm is involves the elements of subjectivity, freedom, and phenomenology. 1. Subjecticty referstoa toa person. Oetiy India’ weecting” het om_be Stl om angen Sete es© Use of examples as well as litera vel ny forms: such as fe drama, poetry, short story, and the mover oisfontaines singles out the play or dm favor vide of extensor one af crane 8 as propaganda, inthe hands of See Be, Des and’ Gol he proms ihe owen ey; ‘as metaphysical experiment, as with Marcel. In his lay, La er Tezelt Chapelle Ariente, the theme is fidelity “io Shad st pa Cont gin tnonts! ete om in an montreal eee aan. date opel cE, ew ‘coming out of concealment. Kl may be necessary to say a few words Piflctin. is best to read Maret on seers 2 Chapter Vof Volume! ofhis book The Mistry Be. Being ics Hay Regnery Company, 1948 p22, a Certain points to remember according to Marcel are: A. Reflection is concerned with something valuable, ‘worth thinking about. 2. Reflection isa personal act. Nobody else can doit Where the bridge has been washed away by a flood. ‘The traveller has no choice but to call a ferryman ‘or a boatman. This ferryman fiction is that of reflection. 4. It is a way of rising from one level to another, recovering the unity lost in the obstacle just ‘surmounted. 5. There are two levels of reflection: ion - is one which tends to break ‘unity of experience which is b.Secondary reflection - is one which is ‘ for it *reconquers that unity.” Examples of Marcel are his treatments of "Who am I? "Texist” and "my body." To Troisfontaines, existentialism has two divergent tendencies: 4. Atheistic or inauthentic, as in the writings of Jean Paul Sartre 2 Christian or Thelstic or Authentic, as in the ‘aritings of Gal reel ‘The example of testimony with its four attitudes is used to illustrate these two tendencies. As a witness to a crime, such as a killing, one can choose one of four attitudes: © Gail Marc, “rinaty and Sandy Reet” The Mysiy ofa. Yes - to testify for the sake of justice This 1s the sand of Chistian extent ‘@ The four characteristics mentioned above are re a found in all men. But the last is one found only in ‘authentic man: Man rises above the lower levels ff his existence and reaches consciously beyond ‘imself into being of which he partakes. 3, Man and his body: "Have" in “I have a body," means possession, Now this is different from "I have a Yes = for amusement. You have no conviction of the truth. You take sides for the fun of it. This is the stand of atheistic existentialism. "Man" by Engelbert J. Van Croonenburg is an excellent ‘statement of the Christian existentialist viewpoint. Here is, ‘a summary ofthe main thoughts he raises:#® ‘can dispose of a book; second, "I’ is not equal to "my body," Tam more than my body. 4. Being-in-the-world: Iam in contact with things and persons. Tam part of the space structure and time there are elements where my free action is decisive: ‘choice of my friends, my interests, my activities. 2 To exist is to stand out: The word “existence” is composed of the Latin words, ex which means “out, Deyond, above,” and sistee which means "to. stand” 6.1 and my life Cam more than my life. "T live my life" is diferent from “My life is lived.” The first ‘means Iam the mast Tam a slave, dicated uy media, ‘a, Through hls existence he is ralsed above the by others, such as the abyss of nothingness. 7.A value to be realized within ourselves: Our authentic growth takes place in the here and now of way to a driver 4. Manis above al cubhuman beings. ue realized only J, Yon Goneestury C5 SMa? a Scat Yn Manca te tea 8 ae en eee ‘on the object level, while values we are on the subject level and, thus, enhance our existence. ‘due to the peculiar structure of man, where ‘haterialty and spirituality are the two antipodes on of man: Simply put, the personal pet man vocation of man is the perfecting of life and personality to the full measure to which he has ‘been destined. conminet | a ‘The Most Prominent Exisentilts namie and creative. “Creativity” refers to tars in Copentagen in ‘being a homo viator and, therefore, in need of ee vp ae tnsionning his fe to. continuous growth ~ to Authenticity, “Creative” also. means man’s abilty to adapt to constantly varying circumstances. gral died in-1855. This Danish thinker was about to Pocome a minister in the Danish church when he sight ri his Ife to writing. ‘This Danish thinker, steeped in the knowledge of Greek philosophy, is accepted as the Father of Existentialism. It does not mean the 2 is tor of alll modern existe! find out their meaning in your Life. fim is richly backed up by ‘most important of these are: ‘a EitherjOr - where he analyzes the aesthetic and 12, Being-untodeatk: As an embodied being, man is alsoa being-for-death. The common man tries to ‘void its very possibility, but the philosopher, who amis f come 1 the timate oot of leat Whee meet arly te Si ahr non fara Pigg —_ ime fe life of which itis the end. Man's view of fife will ustothe an existentialist theme, st Peron tans a ‘2 Karl Jaspers, bor in 1883, was a German professor es es Meteo so ry oo ey ee sein Se tina ies 13.Gain in loss: The unfolding of the human personality is a mixture and pain. It is characteristic of this unfol t the higher can be reached by leaving behind the lower. This is7 ‘considers freedom as a "curse" - and futwrity which ‘aries his concept of involvemeit. 3, Jean Paul Sartre, born in 1905 and died April 15, 1980, is the French philosopher mostly credited with the popularizing of contemporary existentialism. “He claims to represent atheistic ‘existentialism. Man lo persis tok only for himself nen. Thus, belt in maw fesdom though he 6 Pei va OAS es Sah a A ef All these ilustrate reflection. 2 ce Wd, “Basen M, * Marcel recognizes the problems of today’s xeon (contac and anda non Unie ree 19 pS broken world as. primarily philosophical, and he‘counters these with faith and an appeal for men jon 8 ‘with philosophic vision. oat 5. Marin’ Heidegger was bor in 1889. In. Germany. He is closely associated with the development of phenomenology which his teacher, Edmund ‘What do you think (or you may give an example to illustrate ‘what you think) of these key ideas of existentialism? 1. Subjectivity, 2. Freedom ‘proper concept of 1 1 1 t 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 I It 1 I I 1 I ' ! 1 in, and his relation with God, 5" f ! 1 i 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 t 1 i '