APA - Nail Penetration and Framing Specific Gravity Factors For Shear Walls and Diaphragms (Report T98-22)

A P A
T h e Eng ineered W ood A ssociat ion
APA Report T98-22
Nail Penetration and Framing Specific

Gravity Factors for Shear Walls and
Diaphragms
©1998 APA - The Engineered Wood Association
by Edward L. Keith, P.E.

and Thomas D. Skaggs, Ph.D., P.E.
Technical Services Division
September 25, 1998
Revised October 21, 1998
7011 South 19th Street • P.O. Box 11700 • Tacoma, WA 98411-0700

Telephone: (253) 565-6600 • Fax Number: (253) 565-7265
Nail Penetration and Framing Specific
Gravity Factors for Shear Walls and
Diaphragms
SUMMARY
This report discusses the European-Yield-Method-based analysis that was conducted to

determine the effect that nail penetration and framing species has on the published shear wall
and diaphragm values used by the design, building and code enforcement industries. The
result of this study is the development of simple code change proposals that will allow the user
to more effectively modify currently published shear wall and diaphragm values for framing
species other than Douglas-fir, larch, and southern pine. In addition, these proposed changes
include new fastener minimum penetrations.
Reported by: Reviewed by:
EDWARD L. KEITH, P.E. WILLIAM A. BAKER, P.E.

Senior Engineer Manager, Codes and Engineering
Technical Services Division Technical Services Division
THOMAS D. SKAGGS, Ph.D., P.E.

Associate Engineer
Technical Services Division
This report shall not be reproduced except in full and only with the written approval of
APA - The Engineered Wood Association laboratory management.
APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 1 of 22

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(NVLAP) as outlined in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Handbook
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(NVLAP Lab Code No. 100423-0)
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Organization (Registration No. 89)
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as a Testing Laboratory (NER-QA397 and NER-TL527)
Japanese Agricultural Services, Foreign Testing Division (JAS), as a Foreign Testing
Organization (Nos. 5-471, 3-1565, 7-2341, 3531 and 3532)
City of Los Angeles, as a Compliance Assurance and Testing Agency (No. 22192)
Metro - Dade County, as a Testing Laboratory (Certification No. 97-1021.06)
This report contains data generated through testing of engineered wood products according to
various test methods. Many test methods conducted by APA are accredited by organizations
listed above. A list of accredited methods is available upon request. Any test data in this report
that is derived from test methods which deviate from accepted accredited procedure are noted.
Accreditation does not constitute endorsement of this report by the accrediting agency or
government.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................4
2. NAIL PENETRATION .............................................................................................................5
2.1 Background ......................................................................................................................5
2.2 Analysis and Discussion...................................................................................................6
2.3 Conclusions......................................................................................................................8
3. FRAMING SPECIES ...............................................................................................................8
3.1 Background ......................................................................................................................8
3.2 Analysis and Discussion...................................................................................................9
3.3 Conclusions....................................................................................................................10
4. RECOMMENDATIONS .........................................................................................................11
APPENDIX A: Calculated Effect of Framing Species on Single-Nail Lateral Design Values

A P A
T h e Eng ineered W ood A ssociat ion
1. OVERVIEW
The shear wall and diaphragm tables used in all three of the major model building codes and
proposed for the International Building Code, were developed over 40 years ago and were
based primarily on empirical studies. The tests that formed the basis for these tables were
conducted almost exclusively on Douglas-fir framing because that was the primary species
used for structural applications at that time. Two decades ago, as other framing species
became commercially viable, the current framing species adjustments contained in various
footnotes of the shear wall and diaphragm tables were developed.
New products, wood species, and fastening techniques introduced into the building industry
over the last 20 years are not well served by the traditional methods and “rules of thumb”
currently in the codes. The two areas addressed by this report concern the framing species
shear capacity adjustments currently addressed in the shear wall and diaphragm tables and
requirements for minimum nail penetration. The current step-wise reductions in shear wall and
diaphragm capacities for various specific gravities of lumber can unnecessarily increase the
cost of construction by their excessively conservative nature. Such a situation is unnecessary
when recognized analytical tools are available to provide more refined solutions. Similarly, the
use of some wood I-joists, flat-wise blocking, parallel-chord trusses and lumber nailing-plates
are some examples where the current nail penetration requirements cannot always be met.
The current species adjustments were based on single fastener design values first nationally
recognized in the 1962 Edition of the National Forest Products Association’s publication entitled
1
the National Design Specification for Stress-Grade Lumber and Its Fastening . The nail design
values given in the NDS at that time were developed from a single design equation for nail
lateral load capacity based on the diameter of the fastener, the specific gravity of the framing,
and predicated on a minimum penetration of the nail into the framing. For lumber Species
Group II, which contained Douglas-fir framing, this minimum nail penetration was equal to
eleven times the diameter of the nail.
The initial shear wall and diaphragm testing, as well as subsequent testing, has shown that
there are a number of different fastener-related yield modes present in failed specimens.
Fastener head pull-through, fastener pull-out (nail tip withdrawal), fastener bending as well as
crushing failures in both the wood structural panel and framing are all different yield modes
observed in shear wall and diaphragm tests. A single equation based solely on fastener
diameter and specific gravity (G) cannot predict the performance of a fastener with any great
certainty in a system or systems with diverse yield modes.
In addition, the requirement for a minimum eleven nail diameters (11D) of penetration into the
framing for all purposes - from 5/16-inch-thick roof or wall sheathing to 1-1/8-inch-thick floor
sheathing, was simply not rational. Experience had shown that thinner panels displayed yield
modes not related to the embedment of the fastener - crushing and/or head pull-through of the
panel. Even thicker panels generally display failures not specifically related to fastener
embedment.

With the recent acceptance of the European Yield Method (EYM), a more sophisticated method
became available by which to evaluate the effect of fastener depth of penetration and framing
specific gravity on the performance of shear walls and diaphragms. While it can be argued that
several of the yield modes actually seen in shear wall tests such as nail head pull-through and
nail tip withdrawal, are not represented by the EYM yield modes. The EYM yield modes more
effectively represent the performance of the fasteners at the design level for shear wall and
diaphragms.
This report covers the development of EYM-based minimum fastener penetrations and the
quantification of the effect of framing specific gravity on the performance of shear walls and
diaphragms.
2. NAIL PENETRATION
2.1 Background
2
Before the introduction of the 1991 National Design Specification (NDS ), nail lateral load
design values were based on a simple empirical equation. The empirical equation predicted the
design load of a single-nail connection which was defined as the load at which the fastener
3
deformation (joint slip) was 0.015 inch. According to the USDA Wood Handbook , the empirical
equation was intended to apply to connections in which the side member was at least one half
the thickness of the penetration of the nail in the main member. In many cases, a joint which
contains wood structural panels may have a side member that is less than assumed when the
original empirical equation was developed. According to the Wood Handbook, the
recommended minimum penetration was implemented “to maintain a sufficient ratio between
ultimate load and the load at 0.015-inch deformation.” Eleven nail diameters penetration was
required for lateral connections of Douglas fir-larch or southern pine. Other wood species had
other (greater) required minimum penetrations. Since the basis of the shear wall and
diaphragm tables are Douglas fir-larch and southern pine framing, 11D penetration was applied
to the tables. The commonly assumed diameter for 10d common nail is 0.148 inch; thus the
required penetration for full capacity of the connection was taken as: 11 x 0.148 inch = 1.628
inches which rounds to 1-5/8 inches.
The 1991 NDS made significant changes to the method by which connections are designed.
4,5
These changes were based on work conducted by the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory . New
equations were introduced which accounted for the bearing stress of the side member, the
bearing stress of the main member, and the yield stress of the nail. Another significant change
was that the minimum penetration was slightly increased to 12 nail diameters (12D) regardless
of the species of framing. The 12D minimum penetration was implemented as a conservative
simplified approach (the previous version of the NDS had various minimum penetration depths
for different framing species). Unfortunately, the change caused a conflict with the minimum
penetration (11D) specified in the shear wall and diaphragm tables.
6
The newest version of the NDS (1997) made no further changes in the method with which
nailed connections are designed. For nailed connections, four modes of failure should be
checked:

• Mode Is - crushing of side member
• Mode IIIm - nail rotation in main member, nail forms a plastic hinge in the side
member
• Mode IIIs - nail rotation in side member, plastic hinge forming in the main member
• Mode IV - two plastic hinges forming in the nail
Since the framing receives and anchors the point of the nail, it acts as the main member. The
wood structural panel is thinner than the penetration of the nail in the main member, so it acts
as the side member in EYM calculations.
The design value for a single nail is based on the minimum of the four yield modes. If the
penetration is less than 12D, but greater than 6D, then a depth of penetration factor, Cd, should
be used. The NDS does not clearly state to which yield modes this linear reduction should be
applied. However, it follows that if the panel (side member) limits the connection strength,
reducing the connection design value for penetration depth in the main member is not
necessarily appropriate since the yield mode is controlled by the side member.
2.2 Analysis and Discussion

Figure 1 is a plot of single-nail calculated design connection strength for various penetration
depths and various thicknesses of side members. A 10d common nail (nail diameter
0.148 inch) was assumed. The side member and the main member were assumed to be
Douglas fir-larch (specific gravity (G) of 0.50). The four modes of failure given for nails in the
NDS were considered. The Cd factor applies only to the equation that is controlled by the
fastener rotating in the main member (i.e. Mode IIIm). The graph shows three distinct regions:
1. There is zero strength for connections with penetration less than 6D (0.89 inch); it is
assumed that there is not enough penetration to reliably develop lateral resistance.
2. The sloped portion of the graph where penetration is a factor (penetration greater than or
equal to 6D), Mode IIIm controls the connection design.
3. The horizontal portion of the graph represents panel crushing (Is)as limiting the strength of
the connection, which increases with the thickness of the side member. Again, since the
side member limits the strength of the connection, no penetration adjustment needs to be
taken.

120
100
Lateral load (lbs)

80
60
1-1/8-inch side
40
3/4-inch side
20
1/2-inch side
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
Penetration Depth (inches)
Figure 1. Lateral load of a single 10d nail as a function of nail penetration and side
member thickness. Side member and main member are Douglas fir-larch.
From Figure 1, no penetration reduction in the lateral connection allowable load is needed for 1-
1/8 inch panels applied to framing that is as thin as 1.35 inches. For thinner panels, the
minimum framing thickness is slightly less.
Table 1 illustrates the sensitivity of the yield equations to different main member specific
gravity. If the main member specific gravity is less than that of SPF (i.e. G < 0.42), a similar
analysis should be conducted. However, framing lumber generally has a specific gravity that is
equal to or greater than G = 0.42.
Table 1 Minimum nail penetration (inches) for shear walls and diaphragms
that do not require an adjustment for depth of penetration.
Common Nail Nominal Southern Douglas fir- Hem-fir (N) SPF

Size Panel pine larch
Thickness
(inches) (G = 0.55) (G = 0.50) (G = 0.46) (G = 0.42)
1-1/8 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.50
10d 3/4 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.40
1/2 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.30
1-1/8 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35
8d 3/4 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30
1/2 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.20
It should be noted that American Forest & Paper Association is developing an alternative
approach. The steps are similar, but two yield equations are added to the current four, and the

Cd term is totally eliminated. Analysis shows that APA recommendations (see Table 2) provides
conservative results compared to the anticipated AF&PA approach.
2.3 Conclusions
Based on the yield equations, it is not always necessary to apply a penetration adjustment for
the lateral design of shear walls and diaphragms. The minimum penetration required to realize
the maximum joint strength is a function of the main member specific gravity and the side
member (panel) thickness. Table 1 is a detailed table which can be used to determine the
minimum penetration required without reducing the values in the shear wall and diaphragm
tables. The design recommendations in Table 2 are based on the minimum penetrations listed
in Table 1 and can be used as a simplified and conservative guideline.
Table 2 Minimum nail penetration (inches) for shear walls and

diaphragms, for framing species with G ≥ 0.42, based on
panel (side plate) thickness.
Nominal 8d common 10d common

Panel nail nail
Thickness (diameter = 0.131 inch) (diameter = 0.148 inch)
(inch)
1-1/8 and less 1-3/8 1-1/2
3. FRAMING SPECIES
3.1 Background
In a manner similar to the nail penetration issues discussed above, the acceptance of the
European Yield Method (EYM) also gave further means to analyze the impact of the variation of
species of the framing in the shear walls or diaphragms. Currently, in both the shear wall and
diaphragm tables, footnotes provide a rather crude step-wise reduction to the tabular values
based in single fastener nail lateral load values for the framing species of the framing members.
These reductions have been a part of the shear wall and diaphragm tables for over 20 years
and are based solely on the specific gravity of the framing member.
As discussed in Section 2.1 above, the European Yield Method requires the designer to
account for a number of different yield modes that may be present at any wood connection.
After considering each of the appropriate yield modes for a specific application, the mode with
the lowest allowable load controls for that application; and gives the capacity of that connection.
For example, the EYM calculations for a situation where a 5/16-inch wood structural panel is
nailed to Douglas-fir framing with 6d nails determine that fastener yielding in the main member
with bearing failure in the 5/16-inch panel provides the minimum allowable load and, therefore,
Mode IIIs controls and determines the capacity for the connection.
APA conducted an analysis using the EYM to determine the impact of the specific gravity of the
framing used in shear walls and diaphragms. The study showed that the net capacity of the

shear wall and diaphragm connection is relatively insensitive to the specific gravity of the main
member. While the specific gravity of the main member has a great impact on Mode IIIm, the
connections are generally controlled by Modes Is, IIIs, and occasionally, Mode IV. This is due
to the relatively thin side members in relation to the depth of penetration in the main members.
As discussed in Section 2.1, Cd was applied only to the Mode IIIm equations. In addition, the
reduced nail penetration values recommended in Table 2 were used in this analysis.
In conducting this analysis, the dowel bearing strength of the Structural I plywood is that of
Douglas-fir-larch lumber (Fes = 4650 psi). Structural I wood structural panels are fabricated out
of oriented strand board (OSB); or plywood fabricated out of southern pine or Douglas-fir-larch
veneer. Because both southern pine and OSB (based on testing conducted at APA’s Tacoma
7
Laboratory ) have higher specific gravities and dowel bearing strengths than Douglas-fir, this
assumption was conservative.
For the non-Structural I wood structural panels, the analysis is based on the dowel bearing
strength of spruce-pine-fir (Fes = 4650 psi). Spruce-pine-fir was selected because it is
equivalent to a Group 3 species for plywood production. Structural grades of plywood are
almost exclusively Group 1 and 2 (Group 1 being the most dense and strongest group). The
dowel bearing strength of non-Structural I OSB is only marginally less than Structural I OSB
and considerably higher than Group 3 plywood.
The result of this study was the development of a simple equation that can be used to
determine the impact of the specific gravity on the lateral capacity of a single fastener. As the
shear wall and diaphragm capacities are directly related to single fastener lateral capacities, the
same relationship may be used to adjust the published shear wall and diaphragm tabulated
values.
3.2 Analysis and Discussion

For each panel thickness, nail size, framing species, and panel specific gravity (G) combination
represented by the established shear wall and diaphragm tables, single-fastener lateral
capacities were determined using the EYM. These values were determined for framing specific
gravities varying from 0.40 to 0.50 in increments of 0.01. This range includes the vast majority
of the commercially viable species currently used in wood-frame construction in the United
States.

As mentioned above, for each combination (panel thickness, nail size and panel G) the design
lateral nail capacity was calculated for 11 specific gravities ranging from 0.40 to 0.50. Note that
the nail penetration values seen in Table 2 of this report were used for the 8d and 10d nails.
Since these depths of penetration were slightly less than the currently recognized values, this
was judged to be conservative. After the determination of the single-fastener values for each
combination and framing G, each design value was compared with the nail capacity generated
for framing with a G = 0.50. This relationship is represented by:
Capacity G x
Capacity G 0.50
This relationship represents the capacity reduction factor that may be applied to a single-nail
lateral capacity based on Douglas-fir, larch, or southern pine to obtain a lateral capacity for the
G of the framing in question. (Individual calculation sheets can be found in Appendix A)
After this calculation was conducted for every combination of panel thickness, nail size, and
panel G, the results of all of the combinations were analyzed to see if a single equation could
be developed that would conservatively apply to all of the relationships in every combination.
The result of this study was the development of a single equation that can be used to determine
the impact of the specific gravity on the lateral capacity of a single fastener (see 3.3).
Since this equation was selected to be conservative for each combination of panel thickness,
nail size and panel G, the equation can be applied directly to any cell in the wood structural
panel shear wall or diaphragm tables. Current reductions are applied only to the Structural I
value of the same thickness and this resultant is used for either Structural I or Rated Sheathing
panels.
3.3 Conclusions
A simple equation can be used to determine the impact of the specific gravity on the lateral
capacity of a single fastener. As the shear wall and diaphragm capacities are directly related to
single-fastener lateral capacities, the same relationship may be used to adjust the published
shear wall and diaphragm tabulated values. The proposed equation is as follows:
Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = (1 - (0.5 - G)),
Where G = Specific Gravity of the framing. This adjustment

factor shall not be greater than 1.

4. RECOMMENDATIONS
Propose changes to the International Building Code including:
a. New nail penetration values as seen in Table 2
b. Replace existing shear wall and diaphragm table footnotes with the following:
x
For framing of other species: (1) Find specific gravity for species of framing in the
AF&PA National Design Specification. (2) Find shear value from table above for nail size.
(3) Multiply this value by the following adjustment factor:
Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = (1 - (0.5 - G)),
Where G = Specific Gravity of the framing. This adjustment factor shall not be greater
than 1.
________________________________
1
National Forest Products Association. 1962. National Design Specification for Stress-Grade Lumber and
Its Fastening, NFPA: Washington, DC.
2
American Forest & Paper Association. 1991. National Design Specification for Wood Construction,
AF&PA: Washington, DC.
3
Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. 1987. Agriculture Handbook 72. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
4
Aune, P. and Patton-Mallory, M. 1986. Lateral Load-Bearing Capacity of Nailed Joints Based on the Yield
Theory: Theoretical Development. Res. Pap. FPL 469. USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products
Laboratory, Madison, WI.
5
Aune, P. and Patton-Mallory, M. 1986. Lateral Load-Bearing Capacity of Nailed Joints Based on the Yield
Theory: Experimental Verification. Res. Pap. FPL 470. USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory,
Madison, WI.
6
American Forest & Paper Association. 1997. National Design Specification for Wood Construction,
AF&PA: Washington, DC.
7.
APA - The Engineered Wood Association. 1997. White paper entitled Bearing Strength of OSB To Be
Used For The EYM Design Method, APA: Tacoma, WA.

Appendix A
Calculated Effect of Framing Species on Single-Nail

Lateral Design Values
(Sample Calculation and Tables)

Calculated Effect of Framing Species on Single-Nail
Lateral Design Values
Sample Calculation
Assume:
Structural I side member (G = 0.50, dowel bearing strength (Fes) = 4650 psi)
Panel thickness = 5/16” ( 0.3125”)
Fastener = 6d (0.113” diameter = D)
Fastener penetration = 1.25”
Specific gravity of main member = 0.45, dowel bearing strength (Fem) = 3800 psi)
Notation in accordance with 1997 Edition of the NDS.
Calculation:
Re = Fem/Fes = 3800/4650 = 0.8172

2 2 0.5
k1 = -1 + {2 * (1 + Re) + (2 * Fyb * (1 + 2 * Re) * D ) / (3 * Fem * p )}
2 2 0.5
= -1 + {2 * (1 + 0.8172) + (2 * 100,000 * (1 + 2 * 0.8172) * 0.113 ) / (3 * 3800 * 1.25 )}
= 1.003
2 2 0.5
k2 = -1 + {(2 * (1 + Re)) / Re + (2 * Fyb * (2 + Re) * D ) / (3 * Fem * ts )}
2
= -1 + {(2 * (1 + 0.8172)) / 0.8172 + (2 * 100,000 * (2 + 0.8172) * 0.113 ) / (3 * 3800 *
2 0.5
0.3125 )}
= 2.303
Cd = p / 12 * D
= 1.25 / (12 * 0.113) = 0.922
KD = 2.2
Mode Is:
Z = (D * ts * Fes) / KD
= (0.113 * 0.3125 * 4650) / 2.2
= 74.6 lb/nail
Mode IIIm:
Z = (k1 * D * p * Fem) / (KD * (1 + 2 * Re))

= (1.003 * 0.113 * 1.25 * 3800) / (2.2 * (1 +2 * 0.8172))
= 92.89
Adjusted for nail penetration:
Z * Cd = 92.89 * 0.922 = 85.6 lb/nail
Mode IIIs:

Z = (k2 * D * ts * Fem) / (KD * (2 + Re))
= (2.303 * 0.113 * 0.3125 * 3800) / (2.2 * (2 + 0.8172))
= 49.9 lb/nail
Mode IV:
2 0.5
Z = (D / KD) * {(2 * Fem * Fyb) / (3 * (1 + Re))}
2 0.5
= (0.113 / 2.2) * {(2 * 3800 * 100000) / (3 * (1 + 0.8172))}
= 68.5 lb/nail
The most limiting of the Modes calculated = 49.9 lb/nail
• Calculate ratio Capacity G-0.45 / Capacity G-0.50 from the above:

(Capacity G-0.50 calculated as above using Fem = 4650 psi)
49.9 / 52.3 = 0.95
• Proposed reduction factor:

Specific Gravity Reduction Factor = (1 - (0.50 - G))
= (1 - (0.50 - 0.45))
= 0.95
• Nail capacity based on proposed equation:

Capacity G-0.50 * Proposed reduction factor =
52.3 * 0.95 = 49.7 lb/nail
• Variation between calculated capacity and capacity based on proposed adjustment

factor:
100% * (calculated ratio - proposed red. factor) / calculated ratio =

100% * ( 0.9541 - 0.95) / 0.9541 = 0.42% (conservative)

STRUCTURAL I SIDE MEMBER
Fyb nail = 100000

KD = 2.2
Specific Gravity side mem. = 0.5
Dowel brng. strng. side mem. = 4650
STRUCTURAL I, 5/16" w/ 6d
NAILS
SP.GR. Dowel
6d (G) Brng Re K1 K2 Cd Mode Mode Mode Mode Calc. CapacityGx Proposed Proposed %
Panel Fastener Fasten. Main Main Is IIIm IIIs IV Use / Adjustment Use Conservative
Thickness Diameter Penet. Member Member CapacityG.50 Factor Variation
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
0.3125 0.113 1.25 0.4 3100 0.67 0.93 2.54 0.92 75 74 47 65 47 0.90 0.90 47 0.5
0.3125 0.113 1.25 0.41 3200 0.69 0.94 2.50 0.92 75 75 48 65 48 0.91 0.91 48 0.2
0.3125 0.113 1.25 0.42 3350 0.72 0.96 2.44 0.92 75 78 48 66 48 0.92 0.92 48 0.4
0.3125 0.113 1.25 0.43 3500 0.75 0.97 2.39 0.92 75 81 49 67 49 0.93 0.93 49 0.4
0.3125 0.113 1.25 0.44 3650 0.78 0.99 2.35 0.92 75 83 49 68 49 0.94 0.94 49 0.4
0.3125 0.113 1.25 0.45 3800 0.82 1.00 2.30 0.92 75 86 50 69 50 0.95 0.95 50 0.4
0.3125 0.113 1.25 0.46 4000 0.86 1.02 2.25 0.92 75 89 50 69 50 0.97 0.96 50 0.6
0.3125 0.113 1.25 0.47 4150 0.89 1.04 2.21 0.92 75 91 51 70 51 0.97 0.97 51 0.4
0.3125 0.113 1.25 0.48 4300 0.92 1.05 2.18 0.92 75 94 51 71 51 0.98 0.98 51 0.2
0.3125 0.113 1.25 0.49 4450 0.96 1.07 2.14 0.92 75 96 52 71 52 0.99 0.99 52 0.0
0.3125 0.113 1.25 0.5 4650 1 1.09 2.10 0.92 75 100 52 72 52 1.00 1.00 52 0.0
STRUCTURAL I, 3/8" w/ 8d
NAILS
SP.GR. Dowel
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.4 3100 0.67 0.95 2.46 0.87 104 90 64 87 64 0.91 0.90 64 0.6
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.41 3200 0.69 0.96 2.43 0.87 104 92 64 88 64 0.91 0.91 64 0.3
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.42 3350 0.72 0.97 2.37 0.87 104 95 65 89 65 0.92 0.92 65 0.4
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.43 3500 0.75 0.98 2.33 0.87 104 99 66 90 66 0.93 0.93 66 0.5
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.44 3650 0.78 1.00 2.28 0.87 104 102 67 91 67 0.94 0.94 66 0.5
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.45 3800 0.82 1.01 2.24 0.87 104 105 67 92 67 0.95 0.95 67 0.4
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.46 4000 0.86 1.03 2.18 0.87 104 109 68 93 68 0.97 0.96 68 0.6
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.47 4150 0.89 1.05 2.15 0.87 104 112 69 94 69 0.97 0.97 69 0.4
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.48 4300 0.92 1.06 2.11 0.87 104 115 69 95 69 0.98 0.98 69 0.2
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.49 4450 0.96 1.08 2.08 0.87 104 118 70 96 70 0.99 0.99 70 0.0
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.5 4650 1 1.10 2.04 0.87 104 122 71 97 71 1.00 1.00 71 0.0

STRUCTURAL I, 7/16" w/ 8d NAILS
SP.GR. Dowel
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.4 3100 0.67 0.95 2.18 0.87 121 90 66 87 66 0.91 0.90 66 1.0
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.41 3200 0.69 0.96 2.15 0.87 121 92 67 88 67 0.92 0.91 66 0.7
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.42 3350 0.72 0.97 2.10 0.87 121 95 67 89 67 0.93 0.92 67 0.7
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.43 3500 0.75 0.98 2.06 0.87 121 99 68 90 68 0.94 0.93 68 0.7
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.44 3650 0.78 1.00 2.02 0.87 121 102 69 91 69 0.95 0.94 68 0.7
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.45 3800 0.82 1.01 1.98 0.87 121 105 70 92 70 0.96 0.95 69 0.6
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.46 4000 0.86 1.03 1.93 0.87 121 109 70 93 70 0.97 0.96 70 0.7
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.47 4150 0.89 1.05 1.90 0.87 121 112 71 94 71 0.98 0.97 71 0.5
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.48 4300 0.92 1.06 1.87 0.87 121 115 72 95 72 0.98 0.98 71 0.3
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.49 4450 0.96 1.08 1.84 0.87 121 118 72 96 72 0.99 0.99 72 0.1
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.5 4650 1 1.10 1.80 0.87 121 122 73 97 73 1.00 1.00 73 0.0

SP.GR. Dowel
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.4 3100 0.67 0.95 2.08 0.87 130 90 67 87 67 0.91 0.90 67 1.1
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.41 3200 0.69 0.96 2.05 0.87 130 92 68 88 68 0.92 0.91 67 0.8
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.42 3350 0.72 0.97 2.00 0.87 130 95 69 89 69 0.93 0.92 68 0.9
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.43 3500 0.75 0.98 1.96 0.87 130 99 70 90 70 0.94 0.93 69 0.8
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.44 3650 0.78 1.00 1.92 0.87 130 102 70 91 70 0.95 0.94 70 0.8
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.45 3800 0.82 1.01 1.88 0.87 130 105 71 92 71 0.96 0.95 70 0.7
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.46 4000 0.86 1.03 1.84 0.87 130 109 72 93 72 0.97 0.96 71 0.8
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.47 4150 0.89 1.05 1.81 0.87 130 112 72 94 72 0.98 0.97 72 0.6
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.48 4300 0.92 1.06 1.78 0.87 130 115 73 95 73 0.98 0.98 73 0.3
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.49 4450 0.96 1.08 1.75 0.87 130 118 73 96 73 0.99 0.99 73 0.1
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.5 4650 1 1.10 1.71 0.87 130 122 74 97 74 1.00 1.00 74 0.0

Fyb nail = 90000
SP.GR. Dowel
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.4 3100 0.67 0.94 2.18 0.84 147 107 80 105 80 0.91 0.90 79 1.0
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.41 3200 0.69 0.95 2.15 0.84 147 109 81 106 81 0.92 0.91 80 0.7
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.42 3350 0.72 0.97 2.10 0.84 147 113 82 108 82 0.93 0.92 81 0.7
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.43 3500 0.75 0.98 2.06 0.84 147 117 83 109 83 0.94 0.93 82 0.7
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.44 3650 0.78 1.00 2.02 0.84 147 120 83 110 83 0.95 0.94 83 0.7
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.45 3800 0.82 1.01 1.98 0.84 147 124 84 112 84 0.96 0.95 84 0.6
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.46 4000 0.86 1.03 1.93 0.84 147 129 85 113 85 0.97 0.96 85 0.7
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.47 4150 0.89 1.04 1.90 0.84 147 133 86 114 86 0.98 0.97 86 0.5
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.48 4300 0.92 1.06 1.87 0.84 147 136 87 115 87 0.98 0.98 86 0.3
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.49 4450 0.96 1.07 1.84 0.84 147 140 87 116 87 0.99 0.99 87 0.1
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.5 4650 1 1.09 1.80 0.84 147 144 88 118 88 1.00 1.00 88 0.0
RATED SHEATHING SIDE

MEMBER
Fyb nail = 100000

KD = 2.2
Specific Gravity side mem. = 0.42
Dowel brng. strng. side mem. = 3350
Rated Sheathing, 1/4" w/ 6d NAILS

SP.GR. Dowel
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
0.2500 0.113 1.25 0.4 3100 0.93 1.09 3.12 0.92 43 70 43 60 43 0.99 0.90 39 9.0
0.2500 0.113 1.25 0.41 3200 0.96 1.10 3.08 0.92 43 72 43 61 43 1.00 0.91 39 8.7
0.2500 0.113 1.25 0.42 3350 1 1.12 3.02 0.92 43 74 43 61 43 1.00 0.92 40 8.0
0.2500 0.113 1.25 0.43 3500 1.04 1.14 2.97 0.92 43 76 44 62 43 1.00 0.93 40 7.0
0.2500 0.113 1.25 0.44 3650 1.09 1.16 2.92 0.92 43 79 44 63 43 1.00 0.94 40 6.0
0.2500 0.113 1.25 0.45 3800 1.13 1.18 2.87 0.92 43 81 45 63 43 1.00 0.95 41 5.0
0.2500 0.113 1.25 0.46 4000 1.19 1.20 2.81 0.92 43 84 45 64 43 1.00 0.96 41 4.0
0.2500 0.113 1.25 0.47 4150 1.24 1.22 2.77 0.92 43 86 46 65 43 1.00 0.97 42 3.0
0.2500 0.113 1.25 0.48 4300 1.28 1.24 2.74 0.92 43 88 46 65 43 1.00 0.98 42 2.0
0.2500 0.113 1.25 0.49 4450 1.33 1.26 2.70 0.92 43 91 46 66 43 1.00 0.99 43 1.0
0.2500 0.113 1.25 0.5 4650 1.39 1.28 2.66 0.92 43 94 47 66 43 1.00 1.00 43 0.0

SP.GR. Dowel
6D (G) Brng Re K1 K2 Cd Mode Mode Mode Mode Calc. CapacityGx Proposed Proposed %
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
0.3750 0.113 1.25 0.4 3100 0.93 1.09 2.14 0.92 65 70 44 60 44 0.92 0.90 43 1.9
0.3750 0.113 1.25 0.41 3200 0.96 1.10 2.11 0.92 65 72 44 61 44 0.92 0.91 43 1.6
0.3750 0.113 1.25 0.42 3350 1 1.12 2.07 0.92 65 74 45 61 45 0.93 0.92 44 1.5
0.3750 0.113 1.25 0.43 3500 1.04 1.14 2.03 0.92 65 76 45 62 45 0.94 0.93 44 1.4
0.3750 0.113 1.25 0.44 3650 1.09 1.16 1.99 0.92 65 79 45 63 45 0.95 0.94 45 1.3
0.3750 0.113 1.25 0.45 3800 1.13 1.18 1.96 0.92 65 81 46 63 46 0.96 0.95 45 1.1
0.3750 0.113 1.25 0.46 4000 1.19 1.20 1.92 0.92 65 84 46 64 46 0.97 0.96 46 1.1
0.3750 0.113 1.25 0.47 4150 1.24 1.22 1.89 0.92 65 86 47 65 47 0.98 0.97 46 0.8
0.3750 0.113 1.25 0.48 4300 1.28 1.24 1.86 0.92 65 88 47 65 47 0.98 0.98 47 0.5
0.3750 0.113 1.25 0.49 4450 1.33 1.26 1.83 0.92 65 91 47 66 47 0.99 0.99 47 0.2
0.3750 0.113 1.25 0.5 4650 1.39 1.28 1.80 0.92 65 94 48 66 48 1.00 1.00 48 0.0

SP.GR. Dowel
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.4 3100 0.93 1.10 2.44 0.87 75 86 58 81 58 0.91 0.90 57 1.6
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.41 3200 0.96 1.11 2.41 0.87 75 88 58 81 58 0.92 0.91 57 1.2
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.42 3350 1 1.13 2.36 0.87 75 90 59 82 59 0.93 0.92 58 1.2
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.43 3500 1.04 1.15 2.32 0.87 75 93 59 83 59 0.94 0.93 59 1.2
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.44 3650 1.09 1.17 2.27 0.87 75 96 60 84 60 0.95 0.94 59 1.1
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.45 3800 1.13 1.19 2.24 0.87 75 99 61 85 61 0.96 0.95 60 0.9
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.46 4000 1.19 1.21 2.19 0.87 75 103 61 86 61 0.97 0.96 61 1.0
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.47 4150 1.24 1.23 2.16 0.87 75 105 62 87 62 0.98 0.97 61 0.7
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.48 4300 1.28 1.25 2.13 0.87 75 108 62 87 62 0.98 0.98 62 0.4
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.49 4450 1.33 1.27 2.10 0.87 75 111 63 88 63 0.99 0.99 63 0.1
0.3750 0.131 1.375 0.5 4650 1.39 1.30 2.06 0.87 75 114 63 89 63 1.00 1.00 63 0.0

SP.GR. Dowel
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.4 3100 0.93 1.10 2.13 0.87 87 86 59 81 59 0.92 0.90 58 2.0
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.41 3200 0.96 1.11 2.10 0.87 87 88 59 81 59 0.92 0.91 58 1.6
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.42 3350 1 1.13 2.06 0.87 87 90 60 82 60 0.93 0.92 59 1.5
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.43 3500 1.04 1.15 2.02 0.87 87 93 60 83 60 0.94 0.93 60 1.4
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.44 3650 1.09 1.17 1.98 0.87 87 96 61 84 61 0.95 0.94 60 1.3
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.45 3800 1.13 1.19 1.95 0.87 87 99 62 85 62 0.96 0.95 61 1.1
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.46 4000 1.19 1.21 1.91 0.87 87 103 62 86 62 0.97 0.96 62 1.1
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.47 4150 1.24 1.23 1.88 0.87 87 105 63 87 63 0.98 0.97 62 0.8
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.48 4300 1.28 1.25 1.85 0.87 87 108 63 87 63 0.98 0.98 63 0.5
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.49 4450 1.33 1.27 1.82 0.87 87 111 64 88 64 0.99 0.99 63 0.2
0.4375 0.131 1.375 0.5 4650 1.39 1.30 1.79 0.87 87 114 64 89 64 1.00 1.00 64 0.0

SP.GR. Dowel
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.4 3100 0.93 1.10 2.01 0.87 94 86 60 81 60 0.92 0.90 58 2.1
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.41 3200 0.96 1.11 1.98 0.87 94 88 60 81 60 0.93 0.91 59 1.8
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.42 3350 1 1.13 1.94 0.87 94 90 61 82 61 0.94 0.92 60 1.7
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.43 3500 1.04 1.15 1.91 0.87 94 93 61 83 61 0.94 0.93 60 1.6
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.44 3650 1.09 1.17 1.87 0.87 94 96 62 84 62 0.95 0.94 61 1.4
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.45 3800 1.13 1.19 1.84 0.87 94 99 62 85 62 0.96 0.95 61 1.2
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.46 4000 1.19 1.21 1.80 0.87 94 103 63 86 63 0.97 0.96 62 1.2
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.47 4150 1.24 1.23 1.77 0.87 94 105 63 87 63 0.98 0.97 63 0.9
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.48 4300 1.28 1.25 1.74 0.87 94 108 64 87 64 0.99 0.98 63 0.5
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.49 4450 1.33 1.27 1.72 0.87 94 111 64 88 64 0.99 0.99 64 0.2
0.4688 0.131 1.375 0.5 4650 1.39 1.30 1.69 0.87 94 114 65 89 65 1.00 1.00 65 0.0

Fyb nail = 90000
SP.GR. Dowel
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.4 3100 0.93 1.09 2.13 0.84 106 101 71 98 71 0.92 0.90 70 2.0
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.41 3200 0.96 1.11 2.10 0.84 106 104 72 99 72 0.92 0.91 71 1.6
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.42 3350 1 1.13 2.06 0.84 106 107 72 100 72 0.93 0.92 71 1.5
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.43 3500 1.04 1.15 2.02 0.84 106 111 73 101 73 0.94 0.93 72 1.4
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.44 3650 1.09 1.17 1.98 0.84 106 114 74 102 74 0.95 0.94 73 1.3
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.45 3800 1.13 1.18 1.95 0.84 106 117 75 103 75 0.96 0.95 74 1.1
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.46 4000 1.19 1.21 1.91 0.84 106 122 75 104 75 0.97 0.96 74 1.1
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.47 4150 1.24 1.23 1.88 0.84 106 125 76 105 76 0.98 0.97 75 0.8
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.48 4300 1.28 1.25 1.85 0.84 106 128 76 106 76 0.98 0.98 76 0.5
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.49 4450 1.33 1.27 1.82 0.84 106 131 77 107 77 0.99 0.99 77 0.2
0.4688 0.148 1.5 0.5 4650 1.39 1.29 1.79 0.84 106 136 78 108 78 1.00 1.00 78 0.0

SP.GR. Dowel
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
0.5938 0.148 1.5 0.4 3100 0.93 1.09 1.77 0.84 134 101 75 98 75 0.92 0.90 73 2.5
0.5938 0.148 1.5 0.41 3200 0.96 1.11 1.75 0.84 134 104 75 99 75 0.93 0.91 74 2.1
0.5938 0.148 1.5 0.42 3350 1 1.13 1.71 0.84 134 107 76 100 76 0.94 0.92 75 2.0
0.5938 0.148 1.5 0.43 3500 1.04 1.15 1.68 0.84 134 111 77 101 77 0.95 0.93 76 1.8
0.5938 0.148 1.5 0.44 3650 1.09 1.17 1.64 0.84 134 114 78 102 78 0.96 0.94 76 1.6
0.5938 0.148 1.5 0.45 3800 1.13 1.18 1.61 0.84 134 117 78 103 78 0.96 0.95 77 1.4
0.5938 0.148 1.5 0.46 4000 1.19 1.21 1.58 0.84 134 122 79 104 79 0.97 0.96 78 1.3
0.5938 0.148 1.5 0.47 4150 1.24 1.23 1.55 0.84 134 125 80 105 80 0.98 0.97 79 1.0
0.5938 0.148 1.5 0.48 4300 1.28 1.25 1.53 0.84 134 128 80 106 80 0.99 0.98 80 0.6
0.5938 0.148 1.5 0.49 4450 1.33 1.27 1.51 0.84 134 131 81 107 81 0.99 0.99 80 0.2
0.5938 0.148 1.5 0.5 4650 1.39 1.29 1.48 0.84 134 136 81 108 81 1.00 1.00 81 0.0

SP.GR. Dowel
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
0.7190 0.131 1.375 0.4 3100 0.93 1.09 1.46 0.87 143 85 66 77 66 0.93 0.90 64 3.1
0.7190 0.131 1.375 0.41 3200 0.96 1.10 1.44 0.87 143 87 67 77 67 0.93 0.91 65 2.7
0.7190 0.131 1.375 0.42 3350 1 1.12 1.40 0.87 143 89 67 78 67 0.94 0.92 66 2.5
0.7190 0.131 1.375 0.43 3500 1.04 1.14 1.38 0.87 143 92 68 79 68 0.95 0.93 66 2.2
0.7190 0.131 1.375 0.44 3650 1.09 1.16 1.35 0.87 143 95 68 80 68 0.96 0.94 67 2.0
0.7190 0.131 1.375 0.45 3800 1.13 1.18 1.33 0.87 143 98 69 81 69 0.97 0.95 68 1.6
0.7190 0.131 1.375 0.46 4000 1.19 1.20 1.29 0.87 143 102 69 82 69 0.97 0.96 68 1.5
0.7190 0.131 1.375 0.47 4150 1.24 1.22 1.27 0.87 143 104 70 82 70 0.98 0.97 69 1.1
0.7190 0.131 1.375 0.48 4300 1.28 1.24 1.25 0.87 143 107 70 83 70 0.99 0.98 70 0.7
0.7190 0.131 1.375 0.49 4450 1.33 1.26 1.24 0.87 143 110 71 84 71 0.99 0.99 70 0.3
0.7190 0.131 1.375 0.5 4650 1.39 1.28 1.21 0.87 143 113 71 84 71 1.00 1.00 71 0.0

SP.GR. Dowel
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
0.7190 0.148 1.5 0.4 3100 0.93 1.09 1.56 0.84 162 101 80 98 80 0.93 0.90 78 2.9
0.7190 0.148 1.5 0.41 3200 0.96 1.11 1.54 0.84 162 104 81 99 81 0.93 0.91 79 2.5
0.7190 0.148 1.5 0.42 3350 1 1.13 1.51 0.84 162 107 81 100 81 0.94 0.92 79 2.3
0.7190 0.148 1.5 0.43 3500 1.04 1.15 1.48 0.84 162 111 82 101 82 0.95 0.93 80 2.1
0.7190 0.148 1.5 0.44 3650 1.09 1.17 1.45 0.84 162 114 83 102 83 0.96 0.94 81 1.8
0.7190 0.148 1.5 0.45 3800 1.13 1.18 1.42 0.84 162 117 83 103 83 0.96 0.95 82 1.5
0.7190 0.148 1.5 0.46 4000 1.19 1.21 1.39 0.84 162 122 84 104 84 0.97 0.96 83 1.4
0.7190 0.148 1.5 0.47 4150 1.24 1.23 1.37 0.84 162 125 85 105 85 0.98 0.97 84 1.1
0.7190 0.148 1.5 0.48 4300 1.28 1.25 1.35 0.84 162 128 85 106 85 0.99 0.98 85 0.7
0.7190 0.148 1.5 0.49 4450 1.33 1.27 1.33 0.84 162 131 86 107 86 0.99 0.99 85 0.3
0.7190 0.148 1.5 0.5 4650 1.39 1.29 1.30 0.84 162 136 86 108 86 1.00 1.00 86 0.0

SP.GR. Dowel
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
0.8750 0.148 1.5 0.4 3100 0.93 1.09 1.40 0.84 197 101 88 98 88 0.93 0.90 85 3.2
0.8750 0.148 1.5 0.41 3200 0.96 1.11 1.38 0.84 197 104 88 99 88 0.94 0.91 86 2.8
0.8750 0.148 1.5 0.42 3350 1 1.13 1.35 0.84 197 107 89 100 89 0.94 0.92 87 2.6
0.8750 0.148 1.5 0.43 3500 1.04 1.15 1.33 0.84 197 111 90 101 90 0.95 0.93 88 2.3
0.8750 0.148 1.5 0.44 3650 1.09 1.17 1.30 0.84 197 114 90 102 90 0.96 0.94 89 2.0
0.8750 0.148 1.5 0.45 3800 1.13 1.18 1.28 0.84 197 117 91 103 91 0.97 0.95 89 1.7
0.8750 0.148 1.5 0.46 4000 1.19 1.21 1.25 0.84 197 122 92 104 92 0.98 0.96 90 1.6
0.8750 0.148 1.5 0.47 4150 1.24 1.23 1.23 0.84 197 125 92 105 92 0.98 0.97 91 1.2
0.8750 0.148 1.5 0.48 4300 1.28 1.25 1.21 0.84 197 128 93 106 93 0.99 0.98 92 0.7
0.8750 0.148 1.5 0.49 4450 1.33 1.27 1.19 0.84 197 131 94 107 94 0.99 0.99 93 0.3
0.8750 0.148 1.5 0.5 4650 1.39 1.29 1.17 0.84 197 136 94 108 94 1.00 1.00 94 0.0
Rated Sheathing, 1-1/8" w/ 10d NAILS

SP.GR. Dowel
(in.) (in.) (in.) (psi)
1.1250 0.148 1.5 0.4 3100 0.93 1.09 1.27 0.84 254 101 102 98 98 0.91 0.90 97 1.0
1.1250 0.148 1.5 0.41 3200 0.96 1.11 1.25 0.84 254 104 102 99 99 0.92 0.91 98 0.7
1.1250 0.148 1.5 0.42 3350 1 1.13 1.22 0.84 254 107 103 100 100 0.93 0.92 99 0.8
1.1250 0.148 1.5 0.43 3500 1.04 1.15 1.19 0.84 254 111 104 101 101 0.94 0.93 100 0.8
1.1250 0.148 1.5 0.44 3650 1.09 1.17 1.17 0.84 254 114 105 102 102 0.95 0.94 101 0.8
1.1250 0.148 1.5 0.45 3800 1.13 1.18 1.15 0.84 254 117 105 103 103 0.96 0.95 102 0.7
1.1250 0.148 1.5 0.46 4000 1.19 1.21 1.12 0.84 254 122 106 104 104 0.97 0.96 103 0.8
1.1250 0.148 1.5 0.47 4150 1.24 1.23 1.10 0.84 254 125 107 105 105 0.98 0.97 104 0.6
1.1250 0.148 1.5 0.48 4300 1.28 1.25 1.09 0.84 254 128 108 106 106 0.98 0.98 105 0.3
1.1250 0.148 1.5 0.49 4450 1.33 1.27 1.07 0.84 254 131 108 107 107 0.99 0.99 107 0.1
1.1250 0.148 1.5 0.5 4650 1.39 1.29 1.05 0.84 254 136 109 108 108 1.00 1.00 108 0.0


APA - Nail Penetration and Framing Specific Gravity Factors For Shear Walls and Diaphragms (Report T98-22)

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APA - Nail Penetration and Framing Specific Gravity Factors For Shear Walls and Diaphragms (Report T98-22)

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A P A

T h e Eng ineered W ood A ssociat ion

APA Report T98-22

Nail Penetration and Framing Specific

by Edward L. Keith, P.E.

7011 South 19th Street • P.O. Box 11700 • Tacoma, WA 98411-0700

This report discusses the European-Yield-Method-based analysis that was conducted to

Reported by: Reviewed by:

EDWARD L. KEITH, P.E. WILLIAM A. BAKER, P.E.

THOMAS D. SKAGGS, Ph.D., P.E.

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 1 of 22

National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP), as a Testing Organization

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 2 of 22

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 3 of 22

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 4 of 22

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 5 of 22

2.2 Analysis and Discussion

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 6 of 22

Lateral load (lbs)

Common Nail Nominal Southern Douglas fir- Hem-fir (N) SPF

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 7 of 22

Table 2 Minimum nail penetration (inches) for shear walls and

Nominal 8d common 10d common

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 8 of 22

3.2 Analysis and Discussion

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 9 of 22

Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = (1 - (0.5 - G)),

Where G = Specific Gravity of the framing. This adjustment

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 10 of 22

Propose changes to the International Building Code including:

a. New nail penetration values as seen in Table 2

Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = (1 - (0.5 - G)),

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 11 of 22

Calculated Effect of Framing Species on Single-Nail

(Sample Calculation and Tables)

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 12 of 22

Re = Fem/Fes = 3800/4650 = 0.8172

Z = (k1 * D * p * Fem) / (KD * (1 + 2 * Re))

Adjusted for nail penetration:

Z * Cd = 92.89 * 0.922 = 85.6 lb/nail

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 13 of 22

The most limiting of the Modes calculated = 49.9 lb/nail

• Calculate ratio Capacity G-0.45 / Capacity G-0.50 from the above:

49.9 / 52.3 = 0.95

• Proposed reduction factor:

• Nail capacity based on proposed equation:

• Variation between calculated capacity and capacity based on proposed adjustment

100% * (calculated ratio - proposed red. factor) / calculated ratio =

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 14 of 22

Fyb nail = 100000

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 15 of 22

STRUCTURAL I, 15/32" w/ 8d NAILS

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 16 of 22

RATED SHEATHING SIDE

Fyb nail = 100000

Rated Sheathing, 1/4" w/ 6d NAILS

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 17 of 22

Rated Sheathing, 3/8" w/ 8d NAILS

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 18 of 22

Rated Sheathing, 15/32" w/ 8d NAILS

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 19 of 22

Rated Sheathing, 19/32" w/ 10d NAILS

APA Report No. T98-22 Revised October 21, 1998 Page 20 of 22