Professional Documents
Culture Documents
G Research Guidelines
G Research Guidelines
STUDENT RESEARCH
GUIDELINES
2021
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
Appendices
2 spacing
2 spaces
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3
3 spaces
spaces
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
Title Page i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgments iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Conceptual Framework 00
Theoretical Framewrok 00
Definition of Terms 00
2
2 spaces
spaces
First topic 00
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
Second topic 00
Third topic… 00
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
Research Design 00
Conclusions 00
Recommendations 00
References 00
Appendices 00
Curriculum Vitae 00
2
2 spaces
spaces
LIST OF TABLES
3 spaces
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
1 Sample title 00
2 Sample title 00
NOTE: Table and Figure numbering should be continuous throughout the text.
2
2 spaces
spaces
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Sample title 00
2 Sample title 00
NOTE: Table and Figure numbering should be continuous throughout the text.
General format of a figure is the same as tables. This means each should include:
Figure number
Title
. Figure
Note
Use the same formatting tables use for the number, title, and note. Only include a figure
if it adds value to your paper. If it will truly help with understanding, include it! Either
include a figure OR write it all out in the text. Do not include the same information
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
twice.If a note is added, it should clearly explain the content of the figure. Include any
reference information if its reproduced or adapted.
2 spaces
LIST OF APPENDICES
X Certification 00
2 spaces
CHAPTER 1
2
2 spaces
spaces
3 spaces
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
This section is intended to provide the reader with critical information about the topic
being studied, such as, highlighting and expanding upon foundational studies conducted in the
past, describing important historical events that inform why and in what ways the research
problem exists, or defining key components of your study such as concepts, people, places,
things. You may include some data that will justify your study. Just make sure that sources of
your supporting data must properly cited using the APA format and as much as possible your
The next few paragraphs should contain some background information or related
literatures and recent findings about the topic. It may not be that long, some of the detailed
3
3 spaces
spaces
This section will include the (a) identification of research gaps in knowledge or activities
that must be filled to move field forward, (b) how these research gaps/problems are being
addressed, and (c) as researchers, how will you address such gaps and problems. Just make sure
that sources of your supporting data must properly cited using the APA format and as much as
3 spaces
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
The aim of the study is to………. (general objective)…… (The study generally aims to
determine the effects of independent variables to the dependent variables; this is actually
repetition of your title which states the general objective of the study.)
1. Objective 1
2. Objective 2
3. Objective 3
2
2 spaces
spaces
Most of the time, we get confused about the difference between the theoretical
framework (TF) and the conceptual framework (CF). Sometimes we use these terms
The theoretical and conceptual framework explains the path of research and grounds it
firmly in theoretical constructs. The overall aim of the two frameworks is to make research
findings more meaningful, acceptable to the theoretical constructs in the research field, and
Theoretical framework
TF is the blueprint or guide for research (Grant & Osanloo, 2014). It is a blueprint often
borrowed by the researcher to build his/her own house or research inquiry. It is based on an
existing theory or theories (e.g. theory of motivation, Theory of consumer’s behavior, the
contextualizing formal theories into their studies as a guide (Ravitch & Carl, 2016).
In a thesis or paper, we take the help of any established theory (theories) which is
relationships between things in a given phenomenon. By doing a thorough LR, we can get a fair
idea of TF and which will again pave a way to develop our conceptual framework. The TF
dwells on time tested theories that embody the findings of numerous investigations on how
phenomena occur.
3 spaces
Conceptual framework
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
The CF, on the other hand, is something we can develop ourselves based on the theory.
Hence, in CF, we add our own concepts/ constructs/ variables that we think are relevant and then
proceed to explore or test the relationship between them. A CF is a structure that the researcher
believes can best explain the natural progression of the phenomenon to be studied .While
developing our CF, it should be logical and backed up by enough LR. A CF is the researcher’s
idea of how the research problem will have to be explored. This is founded on the theoretical
framework, which lies on a much broader scale of resolution. Statistically speaking, the CF
describes the relationship between specific variables identified in the study. It also outlines the
3
3 spaces
spaces
Hypotheses
The following hypotheses will be tested to accept or reject the proposed study on….
1. First null hypothesis. The hypothesis should be stated negatively, assuming negative
3 spaces
The study will focus on the effects of the following different concentrations; you may
enumerate here the different levels of the independent variables to the dependent variables. The
dependent variables should also be specified here and should be explained when will be observed
3 spaces
or measured. The scope sets the boundaries of your research. You may also include here the
duration, in weeks, of the experimental procedure. This paragraph is all about the limitations or
By developing an accurate and reliable understanding of your topic here, you may
You may cite some of the groups or direct beneficiaries from your study and explain also
3
3 spaces
spaces
Definition of Terms
The following important terms are defined based on context or how they were used in the
Term 1. The definition should be based on how it was used in the study; it should be in
complete sentence.
Term 2. The definition should be based on how it was used in the study; it should be in
complete sentence.
Term 3. The definition should be based on how it was used in the study; it should be in
complete sentence.
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
2 spaces
CHAPTER 2
2 spaces
3
3 spaces
spaces
limit to the number of cited references but all should be relevant to the objectives of the research
study. Just make sure that sources of your supporting data must properly cited using the APA
format and as much as possible your sources should not be older than 10 years ago.
3
3 spaces
spaces
The arrangement of topic should be from general to specifics. Mostly, these literatures
3
3 spaces
spaces
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
limit to the number of cited references but all should be relevant to the objectives of the research
study.
2
2 spaces
spaces
One should integrate and synthesize all local and foreign related studies coherently to
link the past studies to the current study being undertaken. Just make sure that sources of your
supporting data must properly cited using the APA format and as much as possible your sources
3
3 spaces
spaces
NOTE: The RRL should be in an argumentative approach. Focus on building an argument based
on the literatures you have read. The focus of your literatures is to help develop your own study
and contribute to the actual literature as well. This will avoid annotated bibiliography and
plagiarism.
Synthesis
the entire citation, but rather building your own literature presentation.
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
2
2 spaces
spaces
CHAPTER 3 2 spaces
METHODOLOGY
3 spaces
Research Design
descriptive) of your proposed study. You may also include the different levels/sets of groups
Give a detailed description of the the place where the study will be conducted. Explicitly
describe also the sampling sites. This portion may only be required if the area is important or is a
3
3 spaces
spaces
Procedure 1
Explain here how you will be doing this particular step in a way that your reader can
replicate your work by just following this particular part. Therefore, each step should be written
in detail. It is also important to acknowledge your source or basis using the CSE format.
3
3 spaces
spaces
Procedure 2
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
Explain here in detail how would go about this particular step of your methodology.
2
2 spaces
spaces
Procedure 3
Explain here in detail how would go about this particular step of your methodology.
Remember also that the arrangement of steps should be on how you actually conducted your
study.
3 spaces
For each objective, enumerate here all data that you will gather and how they will be
analyzed .This paragraph should contain the specific statistical tool that you employed in the
analysis and interpretation of results. Mention also the probability level used in the analysis, like
2
2 spaces
spaces
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
CHAPTER 4 2
2 spaces
spaces
3 spaces
This section summarizes the data that was collected and the statistical analyses that were
performed. The goal of this section is to report the results without any type of subjective
interpretation.
(Combined results and discussion. State directly your results. You don’t have to
summarize the methods that you used to generate data. This section describes the trends or
patterns of your results and not a mere description of the content of the table/figure). Either
present the data in a tabular form (which is more meaningful) or figure (never both if they say
the same thing). Always write text then prompt your reader to the Table or Figure.
3
3 spaces
spaces
NOTE: Do not include the raw data in the results section. Remember, you are summarizing the
results, not reporting them in full detail. The results section should be a relatively brief overview
of your findings, not a complete presentation of every single number and calculation. You may
Just as your results section should sufficiently justify your claims, it should also provide
an accurate look at what you found in your study. Be sure to mention all relevant information. If
your hypothesis expected more statistically significant results, don't omit the findings if they
Even if your study did not support your hypothesis, it does not mean that the conclusions
you reach are not useful. Provide data about what you found in your results sections, then save
your interpretation for what such results might mean in the discussion section. While your study
might not have supported your original predictions, your findings can provide important
Always assume that your readers have a solid understanding of statistical concepts. There
is no need to explain what a t-test is or how a one-way ANOVA works. Your responsibility is to
report the results of your study, not to teach your readers how to analyze or interpret statistics.
Your results section should include both text and illustrations. Presenting data in this way
makes it easier for readers to quickly look at your results. Structure your results section
around tables or figures that summarize the results of your statistical analysis. In many cases, the
easiest way to accomplish this is to first create your tables and figures and then organize them in
a logical way. Next, write the summary text to support your illustrative materials.
2
2 spaces
spaces
CHAPTER 5
2
2 spaces
spaces
Conclusions and Recommendations
3 spaces
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
Conclusions
Conclusions should be the direct answer to each of the specific questions or objectives or
the study. Each conclusion should be qualitative statement or without the use of the quantitative
values of your findings. These are what you should put in this section
3. Address opposing viewpoints and explain why readers should align with your position,
(You can also include here the implications of your research findings.)
Recommendations
The following recommendations were drawn based on the results and conclusions of the study:
Example:
1. Further study of other metals present in the dumpsite is suggested. Studies may also be
done in different seasons to see if weather or temperature may affect the availability of
3. Effects of eating plants cultivated in the dumpsite may also be taken into consideration by
References
1.
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
OR
2.
Reference list entries contain all the information that is required to follow up your source.
Journal article in print: Sohrabi, H. R., Weinborn, M., Badcock, J., Bates,
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
Journal article online: First citation: Almeida, R. A., Dickinson, J., Maybery, M. T.,
Digital Object Identifier (Almeida, Dickinson, Badcock, J. C., & Badcock, D. R. (2010).
supplied Maybery, Badcock, & Visual search performance in the autism
Badcock, 2010) spectrum ii: The radial frequency search
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
(Best & Queen, 1989) Best, C. T., & Queen, H. F. (1989). Baby it's in
your smile: Right hemiface bias in infant
emotional expressions. Developmental
Psychology, 25(2), 264-276. Retrieved from
The University of Western Australia
Journal article online:
Learning Management System.
LMS
[Note: This format only applies to articles actually
housed in the LMS. If the full text is in an external
database other rules in this section need to be
applied e.g. the LMS article has a DOI or the link
opens in an external database such as Education
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
Full Text.]
This is a complete guide to APA (American Psychological Association) in-text and reference list
citations. This easy-to-use, comprehensive guide makes citing any source easy
A reference list is a complete list of references used in a piece of writing including the author
name, date of publication, title and more. An APA reference list must:
In-text references must be included following the use of a quote or paraphrase taken from
another piece of work.
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
In-text citations are citations within the main body of the text and refer to a direct quote or
paraphrase. They correspond to a reference in the main reference list. These citations include the
surname of the author and date of publication only. Using an example author James Mitchell,
this takes the form:
The structure of this changes depending on whether a direct quote or parenthetical used:
Direct Quote: The citation must follow the quote directly and contain a page number after the
date, for example (Mitchell, 2017, p.104). This rule holds for all of the variations listed.
Two Authors:
The surname of both authors is stated with either ‘and’ or an ampersand between. For example:
Mitchell, Smith, and Thomson (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell, Smith, & Thomson, 2017).
Further cites can be shorted to the first author’s name followed by et al:
Only the first author’s surname should be stated followed by et al, see the above example.
No Authors:
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
If the author is unknown, the first few words of the reference should be used. This is usually the
title of the source.
If this is the title of a book, periodical, brochure or report, is should be italicised. For example:
If this is the title of an article, chapter or web page, it should be in quotation marks. For example:
Works should be cited with a, b, c etc following the date. These letters are assigned within the
reference list, which is sorted alphabetically by the surname of the first author. For example:
If these works are by the same author, the surname is stated once followed by the dates in order
chronologically. For instance:
If these works are by multiple authors then the references are ordered alphabetically by the first
author separated by a semicolon as follows:
For the first cite, the full name of the group must be used. Subsequently this can be shortened.
For example:
In this situation the original author and date should be stated first followed by ‘as cited in’
followed by the author and date of the secondary source. For example:
Lorde (1980) as cited in Mitchell (2017) Or (Lorde, 1980, as cited in Mitchell, 2017)
In-text citation doesn’t vary depending on source type, unless the author is unknown.
Book referencing is the most basic style; it matches the template above, minus the URL section.
So the basic format of a book reference is as follows:
Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to citation. London, England: My
Publisher
Jones, A.F & Wang, L. (2011). Spectacular creatures: The Amazon rainforest (2nd ed.). San
Jose, Costa Rica: My Publisher
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
This reference format is very similar to the book format apart from one extra inclusion: (Ed(s)).
The basic format is as follows:
Williams, S.T. (Ed.). (2015). Referencing: A guide to citation rules (3rd ed.). New York, NY:
My Publisher
Edited books are collations of chapters written by different authors. To reference a single
chapter, a different format is needed. The basic structure is as follows:
In the following example, B.N. Troy is the author of the chapter and S.T. Williams is the editor.
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T, Williams (Ed.). A guide to citation rules (2nd ed.,
pp. 50-95). New York, NY: Publishers.
An E-Book reference is the same as a book reference expect the publisher is swapped for a URL.
The basic structure is as follows:
Author surname, initial(s) (Ed(s).*). (Year). Title (ed.*). Retrieved from URL
*optional.
E-Book example:
Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to citation. Retrieved from
https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager
This follows the same structure as an edited book chapter reference except the publisher is
exchanged for a URL. The structure is as follows:
Last name of the chapter author, initial(s). (Year). Chapter title. In editor initial(s), surname
(Ed.). Title (ed., pp.chapter page range). Retrieved from URL
Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T, Williams (Ed.). A guide to citation rules (2nd ed.,
pp. 50-95). Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-
manager
Articles differ from book citations in that the publisher and publisher location are not included.
For journal articles, these are replaced with the journal title, volume number, issue number and
page number. The basic structure is:
Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley Journal, 67(2), 81-95
Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley Journal, 67(2), 81-95.
Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager
Author surname, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title. Title of Newspaper, column/section, p. or
pp. Retrieved from URL*
Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Changes to citation formats shake the research world. The Mendeley
Telegraph, Research News, pp.9. Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/reference-
management/reference-manager
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
Author surname, initial(s). (Year, month day). Title. Title of the Magazine, pp.
Mitchell, J.A. (2017). How citation changed the research world. The Mendeley, pp. 26-28
Image Example:
Producer surname, initial (Producer), & Director surname, initial (Director). (Year of Release).
Title of film [Motion Picture]. Country of Origin: Studio.
Film Example:
Hitchcock, A. (Producer), & Hitchcock, A. (1954) Rear window. United States of America:
Paramount Pictures.
Writer surname, initial(s) (Writer), & Director surname, initial(s) (Director). (Year of Release).
Episode title [Television series episode]. In Executive producer surname, initial(s) (Executive
Producer), TV series name. City, State of original channel: Network, Studio or Distributor
TV Programme Example:
Catlin, M., and Walley-Beckett, Moire (Writers), & Johnson, R (Director). (2010). Fly
[Television series episode]. In Schnauz, T. (Executive Producer). Breaking bad. Culver City,
CA: Sony Pictures Television
Song Example:
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San
Beyonce, Diplo, MNEK, Koenig, E., Haynie, E., Tillman, J., and Rhoden, S.M. (2016) Hold up
[Recorded by Beyonce]. On Lemonade [visual album]. New York, NY: Parkwood Records
(August 16)
Author surname, initial(s). (Year, month day). Title. Retrieved from URL
Website example:
Mitchell, J.A. (2017, May 21). How and when to reference. Retrieved from
https://www.howandwhentoreference.com.
Source: https://www.mendeley.com/guides/apa-citation-guide#
Prepared by:
Conforme:
Approved by:
SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
KnPedro City, Laguna
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San