Tfkele 1= Hbhdftb >= Labrelmd edjl prbajdhìtknl y rdjlnkþf nbf jl fbrhltkvkele

LNNKÞF S^KNB^BNKLJ [ NBFUDWUB MTQKEKNB

 Nþekob= 53>3>3R<1

Kftdorlftds=

Bjol Junkl Hbftds

Ssknbjboèl

Tfkvdrskele Flnkbflj Lakdrtl y L ekstlfnkl TFLE

Eknkdhard

1313
 

<) Ssknbjboèl
Ssknbjboèl Murèeknl
Murèeknl== ìrdl qud, tlj
tlj nbhb jb
jb dxpjknþ
dxpjknþ Njdhdftd
Njdhdftd (<;7;),
(<;7;), sd gl
gl

edslrrbjjleb pbr jl fdndskele ed kftdrvdfnkþf df edtdrhkflebs lhakdftds, ds

ednkr, lftd edhlfels sbnkljds dspdnè`knls, y sd gl keb nbfsbjkelfeb df uf nudrpb

brolfkzleb ed nbfbnkhkdftbs, nbf uf usb nlel vdz hìs `rdnudftd edj hëtbeb
nkdftè`knb. Lsè hkshb tlhakëf dstuekl jl hlfdrl df qu
qudd jls fbrhls b jdyds

kf`juydf df jls pdrsbfls9 pbr tlftb dj nbfndptb ed Ssknbjboèl Murèeknl edad sdr

dftdfekeb df uf sdftkeb lhpjkb y ekfìhknb ed rdjlnkbfds dftrd jl nkdfnkl edj

nbhpbrtlhkdftb y jl jdy.

1) Jl nbfsujtb
nbfsujtbrèl=
rèl= ds uf sdrvknkb
sdrvknkb ed
ed nbjlabrlnkþ
nbjlabrlnkþf
f prb`dskbflj
prb`dskbflj qud
qud tkdfd
tkdfd nbhb

bamdtkvb ebtlr l fudstrbs adfd`knklrkbs nbf jls gdrrlhkdftls fdndslrkls plrl

 pbedr dxkokr y ed`dfedr sus edrdngbs. Dj prbndsb ed

ed ufl nbfsujtbrèl murèeknl,

 plrtd edsed jl nbfnkjklnkþf, glstl jl prdplrlnkþf ed jl edhlfel sk `udrl dj nlsb,

tlhakëf pbr hdekb ed dstl sd prbvdd kf`brhlnkþf l ek`drdftds kfstlfnkls nbhb

jls nbrtds, jbs edplrtlhdftbs ed pbjknèl, jbs mudnds, jbs labolebs y, df odfdrlj, dj

 pdrsbflj ed dsndflrkbs pskqukìtrknbs `brdfsds y nbrrdnnkbfljds.

>) Jl kfvdstkol
kfvdstkolnkþf=
nkþf= qud
qud pdrhktd
pdrhktd prbvddr
prbvddr lj ^kstdhl
^kstdhl ed Mustknkl
Mustknkl ed rdspudstls
rdspudstls l

 prdouftls sbard dj nbhpbrtlhkdftb guhlfb,

guhlfb, pbr dmdhpjb= ²quë kftdrvdfnkþf ds

hìs d`dntkvl nbf jbs edjkfnudftds sdxuljds2, ²nuìjds sbf jls khpjknlnkbfds ed uf

 prbjbfoleb lausb sdxulj2, ²nuìjds sbf jbs d`dntbs ed sdr tdstkob ed rdpdtkebs

lntbs ed vkbjdfnkl df dj gbolr b ed vkvkr df uf vdnkfelrkb nlrlntdrkzleb pbr jl

vkbjdfnkl nljjdmdrl2, ²quë `lntbrds l`dntlf jls ednkskbfds ed jbs murlebs2 y ²quë

nlrlntdrèstknls nbfeuntuljds l`dntlf jls edjkadrlnkbfds df dj ^kstdhl ed Mustknkl2

L dstd rdspdntb, Nrdspk nbfnjuyd eknkdfeb qud jl kfvdstkolnkþf psknbjþoknl

 puded sdr ed trdhdfeb vljbr plrl jbs skstdhls ed mustknkl y plrl jl sbnkdele lj

b`rdndr hlybr prdnkskþf nkdftè`knl y dftdfekhkdftb lndrnl ed jls hlfdrls hìs

 

d`dntkvls df qud sd puded kftdrvdfkr df dj skstdhl ed mustknkl df nlsbs qud

kfvbjunrdf ekfìhknls psknbjþoknls.

5) Pkntkhbjboè
Pkntkhbjboèl=
l= Kfvdstkolr
Kfvdstkolr y nbftrka
nbftrkaukr
ukr l hdmbrlr
hdmbrlr jl sktulnkþf
sktulnkþf ed jl
jl vèntkhl
vèntkhl y su

kftdrlnnkþf nbf dj skstdhl jdolj9 sd lfljkzl dj nbfmuftb ed `lntbrds qud prbvbnlf

qud jl pdrsbfl sd nbfvkdrtl df vèntkhl, tlftb sk jl sktulnkþf gl skeb prbvbnlel

 pbr ufl sdoufel pdrsbfl b sd edad l jl prbpkl lntulnkþf b lzlr (nbhb uf

lnnkedftd jlabrlj pbr dmdhpjb), jl rdjlnkþf ed jbs gdngbs nbf jl jdy vkodftd y jl

 pbskajd rdplrlnkþf ed elübs y jl rdjlnkþf dftrd jbs lspdntbs qud pudedf prbvbnlr 
prbvbnlr 

qud ufl pdrsbfl sdl vèntkhl y jl bnurrdfnkl edj nrkhdf.

4) @brdfsd=
@brdfsd= odfdrljhdft
odfdrljhdftdd sd tbhl dj nbfndpt
nbfndptb
b ed `brdfsd
`brdfsd nbhb skfþfkh
skfþfkhb
b ed

 murèeknl, tlj nbhb sd gl sdüljleb lftds, dstd ýjtkhb ds hìs lhpjkb y odfërknb,

hkdftrls dj tërhkfb `brdfsd dstì nkrnufsnrktb df dspdnklj df dj kekbhl dsplübj l

jls `ufnkbfds ed dvljulnkþf nbf vljbr prbaltbrkb. Df dstd sdftkeb, jl Ssknbjboèl

@brdfsd sd rd`kdrd l jl vljbrlnkþf y lpbrtd ed prudals rdspdntb lj

nbhpbrtlhkdftb ed uf sumdtb ed kftdrës plrl jl tbhl ed ednkskbfds df dj skstdhl

jdolj.

0) Fbrhltkvl
Fbrhltkvl b ed ltrkau
ltrkaunkþf=
nkþf= dj tdrhkfb
tdrhkfb Fbrhlt
Fbrhltkvl
kvl b rdtrkaunk
rdtrkaunkþf
þf ds jl hdfbs
hdfbs

nktlel ed jls ìrdls, lufqud ds ed pbr sè jl nbjuhfl vdrtdarlj ed jl Ssknbjboèl

Murèeknl, yl qud nbftdhpjl dj dstuekb edj nbhpbrtlhkdftb guhlfb df dj hlrnb

ed jl fbrhltkvl murèeknl y, l su vdz, edj nbhpbrtlhkdftb df rdspudstl l jls

fbrhls dstlajdnkels b pbr dstlajdndrsd.

?) Nrkhkfbjb
Nrkhkfbjboèl=
oèl= nkdfnkl
nkdfnkl kftdreksnkpjk
kftdreksnkpjkflr
flr qud sd bnupl
bnupl edj edjktb,
edjktb, dj edjkfnudftd
edjkfnudftd,, dj

nbftrbj sbnklj y dj ^kstdhl Sdflj, dftrd btrbs. ^d glnd dvkedftd qud su dstuekb

fdndsktl edj nbfnursb ed ekvdrsls eksnkpjkfls9 `ufelhdftljhdftd ed lqudjjls qud

tkdfdf rdjlnkþf nbf lspdntbs murèeknbs, psknbjþoknbs y sbnkljds. Dj bamdtkvb ed

 

dstl rlhl sdrèl lfljkzlr jls ek`drdftds hbtkvlnkbfds b pdr`kjds ed jls pdrsbfls

qud nbhdtdf edjktbs edsed jl psknbjboèl9 l trlvës ed ek`drdftds tdbrèls nbhb jl ed

jl lftknkplnkþf ek`drdfnklj, jls dxpjknlnkbfds psknbekfìhknls, jbs hbedjbs

`lntbrkljkstls y sbnkb-nbfeuntuljds, b tdbrèls edj lprdfekzlmd sbnklj, dtn.

7) Sdfktdfnklrkl= sdoýf Slrrl (1333) ëstl ds jl rlhl ed jl psknbjboèl

Ssknbjboèl Sdfktdfnklrkl=
 murèeknl qud dstuekl dj nbhpbrtlhkdftb ed jls pdrsbfls qud vkvdf y nbfvkvdf df

dj ìhaktb pdfktdfnklrkb9 sus prbajdhìtknls, y jl kftdrvdfnkþf qud sd rdljkzl df dj

fkvdj psknbjþoknb edftrb ed dstd nbftdxtb. Edftrb ed dstl rlhl, sd glnd fdndslrkb

 pjlftdlr `brhls ed trltlhkdftb pdfktdfnklrkb qud tdfolf nbhb bamdtkvb jl

rdsbnkljkzlnkþf edj kftdrfb9 yl qud ëstd eurlftd su nlutkvdrkb df prkskþf su`rd

nbfsdnudfnkls l fkvdj `èsknb, psknbjþoknb y sbnklj.

;) Ssknþjbob
Ssknþjbob `brdfsd=
`brdfsd= Df su rbj prb`dskb
prb`dskbflj
flj dstì bajkol
bajkoleb
eb l dvktlr
dvktlr b`rdndr

nbfnjuskbfds sbard jls jdyds, su kftdrprdtlnkþf b dj skstdhl jdolj. Lskhkshb edad

sdr nlutdjbsb glnkdfeb prdeknnkbfds sbard jl nbfeuntl lftksbnklj9 dxprdslr

njlrlhdftd sus rdnbhdfelnkbfds b nljk`knlnkbfds, mustk`knlfeb df quë hdekel

dstìf sbpbrtlels pbr dj dstleb lntulj ed jl tdbrèl d kfvdstkolnkþf psknbjþoknl9

hlftdfdr su kfedpdfedfnkl y lutbfbhèl prb`dskbflj9 fb prdstlrsd l sktulnkbfds

nbf`usls.

<3) Jl hljl prlxks= nbfjjdvl nbfsdnudfnkls

nbfsdnudfnkls fdoltkvls fb sþjb plrl dj dfnlusleb skfb

tlhakëf plrl dj psknþjbob y plrl jl nbjdntkvkele psknbjþoknl. Slrl dj psknþjbob

rdvkstd nlrìntdr ed edjktb yl sdl pbrqud sd nbfskedrd nbhb `ljsb tdstkhbfkb b

nbhb dxkstdfnkl ed kofbrlfnkl kfdxnuslajd. Df nulftb l jl nbjdntkvkele

 psknbjþoknl, nbhb nbfsdnudfnkl ed jl hljl prlxks sd prbeund ufl edsnbf`klfzl

edsnbf`klfzl

df jl nbfnkdfnkl sbnklj df dj ìhaktb edj edrdngb, dtn.

 

<<) Lordsbr= Ds uf sumdtb qud tkdfd ufl tdfedfnkl

tdfedfnkl glnkl jl gbstkjkele. Sbr nudstkbfds

 psknbjþoknls b sbnkbnujturljds, ufl pdrsbfl puded edslrrbjjlr nbfeuntls qud sd

vkfnujlf l jl lordskvkele, prbvbnlfeb elübs l tdrndrbs. Jl lordskþf puded sdr

fbrhlj y ds sbjb uf kfeknlebr ed ufl df`drhdele suaylndftd nulfeb jbs

sdftkhkdftbs sd vudjvdf dxndskvbs y lasbradftds, d kftdr`kdrdf nbf jl vkel

nbtkeklfl.

<1) Sdrktlmd= ds uf prbndekhkdftb qud

qud nbfskstd df rdljkzlr dvljulnkþf psknbjþoknl e
edd

jls plrtds df nbf`jkntb, plrl qud sd tbhdf ednkskbfds ed bredf mueknklj

rdjlnkbflels, yl sdl df Edrdngb Nkvkj, Sdflj, Lehkfkstrltkvb, Jlabrlj, Sdflj,

Hkjktlr, dtn. Jbs psknþjbobs tlhakëf pudedf dvljulr pdrsbfls qud rdljhdftd

 pledndf trlstbrfbs hdftljds y edadf plslr pbr prbndsbs nkvkjds ed kftdreknnkþf9

b dvljulr jls pdrturalnkbfds psknbjþoknls ed ufl pdrsbfl trls sdr vèntkhl ed uf

edjktb9 b jls ljtdrlnkbfds fdurbpsknbjþoknls ed ufl pdrsbfl qud gl plednkeb uf

trluhl nrlfdbdfnd`ìjknb trls uf lnnkedftd ed trlalmb b ed trìfsktb9 b dvljulr jl

nlplnkele plrl nbftkfulr df jl nlrrdrl hkjktlr b pbjknklj pbr dj surokhkdftb ed

ufl psknbpltbjboèl.

<>) Nbfnkjklnkþf= ds uf hdnlfkshb

hdnlfkshb ljtdrfltkvb ed sbjunkþf e
edd nbf`jkntbs l trlvës edj

nulj, ebs b hìs pdrsbfls, flturljds b murèeknls, ed nlrìntdr prkvleb b pýajknb,

flnkbflj b dxtrlfmdrl), odstkbflf pbr sè hkshls jl sbjunkþf ed sus ek`drdfnkls,

nbf jl lyuel ed uf tdrndrb fdutrlj y nljk`knleb, edfbhkfleb nbfnkjklebr. Df dstd

lspdntb dj psknþjbob puded edsdhpdülrsd nbhb nbfnkjklebr b lsdsbrlr l btrbs

hdeklebrds sbard `dfþhdfbs y tënfknls psknbjþoknls qud kf`juydf df ufl

fdobnklnkþf, y qud tdfol nbfsdnudfnkls mueknkljds.

<5) Hdeklnkþf= ds uf hëtbeb

hëtbeb ljtdrfltkvb ed rdsbjvdr nbf`jkntbs, qud tkdfd nbhb

`kfljkele kftrèfsdnl jjdolr l jl sbjunkþf kftdorlj ed uf nbf`jkntb dftrd plrtds,

 

dvktlfeb ed dstd hbeb jjdolr l jl kfstlfnkl mueknklj, lsè hkshb prbpknkl

sbjunkbfds fdobnklels l jbs nbf`jkntbs murèeknbs9 l trlvës ed ufl kftdrvdfnkþf

hdeklebrl qud nbftrkauyl l pljklr y prdvdfkr dj elüb dhbnkbflj, sbnklj, `èsknb y

dnbfþhknb ed jbs khpjknlebs df dj lsuftb.

<4) Kftdrvdfnkþf= Eksdüb y rdljkzlnkþf ed prborlhls plrl jl prdvdfnkþf

prdvdfnkþf,, trltlhkdftb,

rdglakjktlnkþf d kftdorlnkþf ed jbs lntbrds murèeknbs, tlftb df jl nbhufkele, akdf

df dj hdekb pdfktdfnklrkb, tlftb l fkvdj kfekvkeulj nbhb nbjdntkvb.  Dstd lplrtleb

kfnjuyd tbebs lqudjjbs ds`udrzbs ed nbftrbj sbnklj kf`brhlj y `brhlj, ekrkokebs l

jl rdeunnkþf edj nbhpbrtlhkdftb edjkntkvb, pbr dmdhpjb, jbs prborlhls ed

 prdvdfnkþf d kftdrvdfnkþf ekrkokebs tlftb l hdfbrds

hdfbrds nbhb l leujtbs, l

kfekvkeubs y l orupbs, l kfstktunkbfds y l nbhufkeleds.

<0) Dj nbftdxtb pdfktdfnklrkb= dvljulnkþf,

dvljulnkþf, dxpjknlnkþf d kftdrvdfnkþf df pdrsbfls

qud sd dfnudftrlf prkvlels ed jl jkadrtle pbr jl nbhkskþf ed uf edjktb9 lsè hkshb

sbf jbs dsndflrkbs df jbs nuljds jl `lhkjkl nbf uf kftdorlftd prkvleb ed jl

jkadrtle sd vd kfhdrsl eurlftd y edspuës ed vkvkr jl sktulnkþf hdfnkbflel.

<?) Udstkhbfkb= df dstl ìrdl, jl Ssknbjboèl

Ssknbjboèl sd dfnlrol ed kedftk`knlr jls vlrklajds

rdjlnkbflels nbf jl vljkedz y `klakjkele ed jbs tdstkhbfkbs ed vèntkhls y tdstkobs,

dj prbndsb ed tbhl ed ednkskþf ed bpdrlebrds y lehkfkstrlebrds ed mustknkl, lsè

nbhb ed jbs `lntbrds khpjknlebs df jls tbhls ed ednjlrlnkbfds y ed

kftdrrboltbrkbs mueknkljds.

<7) Jl nbfsujtbrèl= ds uf sdrvknkb prb`dskbflj dspdnkljkzleb df ìrdls, prdstleb pbr

dhprdsls b pbr prb`dskbfljds nbf dxpdrkdfnkl b nbfbnkhkdftbs dspdnè`knbs df uf

ìrdl, lsdsbrlfeb l pdrsbfls, l btrls dhprdsls, l orupbs ed dhprdsls, l plèsds b l

brolfkzlnkbfds df odfdrlj.
 

<;) Nþekob nkvkj= ds uf nbfmuftb ufktlrkb, bredfleb y skstdhltkzleb ed fbrhls ed

Edrdngb prkvleb, ds ednkr, uf nudrpb jdolj qud tkdfd pbr bamdtkvb rdoujlr jls

rdjlnkbfds nkvkjds ed jls pdrsbfls `èsknls, murèeknls, prkvlels b pýajknls. Df dstd

ýjtkhb nlsb skdhprd qud lntýdf nbhb plrtknujlrds edsprbvkstls ed khpdrkuh

13) Ssknbjboèl @brdfsd= nbhb uf ìrdl qud lpjknl jbs prkfnkpkbs psknbjþoknbs lj

nlhpb jdolj y lj dstuekb ed jl kftdrlnnkþf dftrd Ssknbjboèl y jdy. Slrl jl LSL

dstd nlhpb edj nbfbnkhkdftb lalrnl lspdntbs nkdftè`knbs y prb`dskbfljds ed jl

Ssknbjboèl lpjknlebs l nudstkbfds rdjlnkbflels nbf jl jdy y nbf dj skstdhl jdolj

 

Qd`drdftds Akajkborì`knbs

Hbrk-^ìfngdz, H. E. S. (1337). Tfl prbpudstl hdtbebjþoknl plrl jl kftdrvdfnkþf

nbhufktlrkl. Jkadrlakt, <5(<5), 7<-;3. gttp=//www.snkdjb.bro.pd/snkdjb.pgp2

snrkpt8snkRlrttdxt&pke8^<?1;-571?1337333<333<3

Huübz, D. (1330) Dj edslrrbjjb ed jl psknbjboèl murèeknl df Nbjbhakl edsed jl

 pdrspdntkvl ed sus pdrktbs y pkbfdrbs. Lsbnklnkþf jltkfblhdrknlfl ed psknbjboèl

 murèeknl y `brdfsd (LJSM@). gttp=//psknbjboklmurkeknl.bro/psm<7;.gthj

\ukftdrb, J. L. H., & Jþpdz, D. O. (13<;). Ssknbjboèl Murèeknl= qudglndr y

edslrrbjjb. gttps=//www.rdeljyn.bro/lrtknujb.bl2ke80?;<4<53335

Trrl Sbrtkjjb, M. (133?). Ekjdhls ëtknbs ed jbs psknþjbobs murèeknbs. Lfulrkb ed

 psknbjboèl murèeknl, <?(<), ;<-

<3;. gttps=//mburfljs.nbphlerke.bro/lpm/lrngkvbs/<31;;4.pe`