Zmgfcf ? Acsj 0 @cuscs fji Trhoijnc

Jicohrcfh Thr;

@crihs _uogih Njzc Crcukh @hf. 34<:1<<034

Fhrgs Pjijmj Zrgoj Ocioîm @hf. 0766?0?6

Gmbrgf Ihrjmc Bðnjz _jmtjrîc @hf. 3336<036:2

Khsç Acogãm Nhmthyc Nhrãm @ðf. 36243173

_utl Ncrijmy _jgmc Ththsî @ðf. 3330040322

Bruph; 640434X 1?

Vuthrc

Ijgfy Khlcmmc Hrtgz

Zmgvjrsgfcf Mc`ghmci Cogjrtc y c Fgstcm`gc ZMCF

Js`ujic fj @gjm`gcs Ph`gcijs Crtjs y Luncmgfcfjs

Trhbrcnc fj Tsg`hihbîc - Trhsh`gcigfcf

Corgi fj ?4?4
 

Gmtrhfu``gðm

Ji prjsjmtj trcockh sj fjscrrhiic ockh ji `rgtjrgh fj Cprjmfgzckj Ocscfh jm prhoijncs, `hm ji

hokjtgvh fj rjarjs`cr y jstcoij`jr ji `hmh`gngjmth prjsjmtj fjmtrh fji bruph, sjbugfh phr um

 prh`jsh fj prhphr`ghmcr tcmtcs jxpig`c`ghmjs, citjrmctgvcs y/h lgpðtjsgs `hnh sjc phsgoij pcrc ji

 prhoijnc, njfgcmtj iiuvgc fj gfjcs y fj hosjrvcr ic gnphrtcm`gcs quj tgjmjm htrhs prhajsghmcijs

jm ic phsgoij shiu`gðm fji `csh, thfh jsth, fjspuçs fj rjcigzcr ics ij`turcs pjrtgmjmtjs y fj lcojr

gfjmtgag`cfh ic prhoijnãtg`c fji `gojrc`hsh y `hnh jstc caj`tc ic sh`gjfcf c`tuci.

  Ic Trhsh`gcigfcf jstã jmah`cfc jm ic prhnh`gðm fji sjmtgfh fj `hnumgfcf y ic

bjmjrc`gðm fj jstrctjbgcs fj c``gðm jm thrmh c ic `hmstru``gðm fj gfjmtgfcf `hnumgtcrgc y tjkgfh

sh`gci, aumfcnjmtcfc jm ji sjmtgfh fj pjrtjmjm`gc, ic `hmjxgðm jnh`ghmci y ic trcmsahrnc`gðm

sh`gci fj ics `hnumgfcfjs fjsfj ihs prh`jshs

p rh`jshs fj pcrtg`gpc`gðm sh`gci y cuthbjstgðm pcrc ic

gfjmtgag`c`gðm, cmãigsgs, carhmtcngjmth y shiu`gðm fj prhoijnãtg`cs.

  Jm ji trcockh sj prjsjmtc um c`jr`cngjmth ci cmãigsgs fj ics `cuscs y ics pjr`jp`ghmjs

quj tgjmjm htrhs prhajsghmcijs shorj ji tjnc y `hnh fjsfj umc ncmjrc crtg`uicfc htrcs

fgs`gpigmcs sj gmtjbrcm ci `hmh`gngjmth y fjscrrhiih fj jstrctjbgcs quj iijvcm c çi carhmtcngjmth

fj jstc prhoijnãtg`c.
 

Hokjtgvh Bjmjrci

_j`hm
_j`hmh`
h`jr
jr y `hnp
`hnprj
rjmf
mfjj ic rj
rjci
cigf
gfcf
cf sh
sh`g
`gci
ci fj c`
c`ujr
ujrfh
fh ci pr
prhoi
hoijn
jncc ps
psg`
g`hs
hsh`
h`gc
gcii quj ji

@gojrc`hsh `cusc, c pcrtgr fj ics brcnãtg`cs fj ic prhsh`gcigfcf, gfjmtgag`cmfh sus gnpig`c`ghmjs

fjmtrh fj ic psg`hihbîc.

Hokjtgvhs jspj`îag`hs

 _jcigzcr umc iiuvgc fj gfjcs shorj ics `cuscs fji prhoijnc fji @gojrc`hsh jm ics rjfjs

sh`gcijs

 _jci
_jcigz
gzcr
cr um
umcc Ig
Igst
stcc fj cq
cquji
ujiih
ih quj sj `h
`hmh`
mh`jj y ih qu
qujj mh sj `hmh`
`hmh`jj c`
c`jr
jr`c
`c fj
fjii

 prhoijnc.

 Gfjmtgag`cr cspj`ths rjic`ghmcfhs `hm ic prhoijnãtg`c fj @gojrc`hsh jm ics rjfjs.

 _jcigzcr c mgvji brupci jm ocsj c ic prhoijnãtg`c gfjmtgag`cfc, ji trcockh `hicohrctgvh

`hm ihs gmsunhs fj ihs cphrtjs prhphr`ghmcfhs phr

ph r `cfc umh fj ihs jstufgcmtjs.
 

Ahrncth Gfjmtgag`c`gðm fj ic prhoijnãtg`c gmfgvgfuci

T_HPH@GCIGFCF

Aj`lc; 37 fj Ncrzh fj
fj ?4?4 Bruph; 640434X 1?
1?

GFJMVGAG@C@GÐM FJ IC T_HOIJNÃVG@C

Vjnc; Trhoijnãtg`c _jfjs sh`gcijs

Trhoijnãtg`c; C`hsh vgrtuci

Iubcr fhmfj sj prjsjmtc Js umc prhoijnãtg`c quj sj prjsjmtc fjmtrh fj ics

(Ocrrgh, `hnumgfcf, @gufcf, jt`.); rjfjs sh`gcijs jm jstj `csh cohrfãmfhic fjsfj umc rjf
sh`gci, qugzã umc fj ics quj nãs tgjmj sus`rgpthrjs js ic
rjf fj Ac`johhe .
Ac`johhe, jstã fgsphmgoij jm jspcóhi fjsfj ajorjrh
fj ?44<
Pj pujfj c``jfjr c Ac`johhe fjsfj umc cnpigc
bcnc fj fgsphsgtgvhs `hm `hmjxgðm c Gmtjrmjt `hnh
@hnputcfhrc pjrshmci (T@), phrtãtgijs, tcoijtcs y
tjiçahmhs gmtjigbjmtjs.
Zmc vjz rjbgstrcfhs, ihs usucrghs pujfjm `rjcr um
 pjragi pjrshmcigzcfh quj gmfgquj su mhnorj, h`upc`gðm,
js`ujics ctjmfgfcs, jt`. Ihs usucrghs pujfjm cbrjbcr c
htrhs usucrghs `hnh «cngbhsµ, gmtjr`cnogcr njmsckjs,
 puoig`cr c`tucigzc`ghmjs fj jstcfh, `hnpcrtgr ahths,
vîfjhs y jmic`js, uscr vcrgcs cpig`c`ghmjs fj shatwcrj
(cpps) y rj`gogr mhtgag`c`ghmjs fj ic c`tgvgfcf fj htrhs
usucrghs. Cfjnãs, ihs usucrghs pujfjm umgrsj c bruphs
fj usucrghs fj gmtjrçs `hnûm hrbcmgzcfhs phr iubcr fj
trcockh, js`ujic, pcsctgjnphs u htrhs tjncs, y
`ctjbhrgzcr c sus cngbhs jm igstcs `hnh «Tjrshmcs fji
trcockhµ h «Cngbhs `jr`cmhsµ.
Ac`johhe `ujmtc `hm nãs fj ??44 ngiihmjs fj

usucrghs c`tgvhslc
Pu phpuicrgfcf njmsucijs
supujsth cc aj`lc fj ncrzh
umc gmbjmtj fj ?43<.
`hojrturc
 

njfgãtg`c fj ic `hnpcóîc, `hnh um js`rutgmgh

sgbmgag`ctgvh shorj ic prgvc`gfcf y ihs jaj`ths
 psg`hiðbg`hs quj tgjmj jm ihs usucrghs. Jm ihs ûitgnhs
cóhs, ic `hnpcóîc sj lc jmarjmtcfh `hm umc gmtjmsc
 prjsgðm shorj ic `cmtgfcf fj acej mjw, ic gm`gtc`gðm ci
hfgh y ics rjprjsjmtc`ghmjs fj vghijm`gc quj prjvcij`jm

jm sus sjrvg`ghs, cspj`ths quj jstã gmtjmtcmfh

`hmtrcrrjstcr.
Thr htrc pcrtj, Vwgtjr js tcnogçm htrc fj ics rjfjs
sh`gcijs cbrjsgvcs phr mcturcijzc, yc quj jstc rjf sh`gci
js utgigzcfc c mgvji phiîtg`h, `hnh pictcahrnc fj
fjoctjs fgsjrtc`ghmjs jspj`gcinjmtj fj `crã`tjr phiîtg`h
y sh`gci, fjkcmfh um njmsckj mjbctgvh jm ji sjmtgfh fj
quj jvgfjm`gcs fgag`uitcfjs jm ic `hm`jrtc`gðm fj
c`ujrfhs fj ihs fgajrjmtjs pumths fj vgstc.

Pus`rgpthrjs fj ic _jf sh`gci Ac`johhe, Vwgtjr,

C`thrjs fgrj`ths; Gmstcbrcn, gm`iush lcy jvgfjm`gc fj `cshs c trcvçs fj
njmsckjs fj tjxth, jncgi jmtrj htrhs

Acngigcrjs jmtrj jiihs pcfrjs fj acngigc, ljrncmhs,

C`thrjs gmfgrj`ths;
mhvgh/c, jsphsh/c, pcrjkc, cngbhs.

Fjs`rgp`gðm fj ic prhoijnãtg`c  Ji c`hsh vgrtuci `hmsgstj jm utgigzcr ic tj`mhihbîc jm

jm
(Gnpc`th); ics rjfjs sh`gcijs pcrc cnjmczcr, cvjrbhmzcr, gmtgngfcr
h `rgtg`cr c htrc pjrshmc. Ztgigzcmfh cnjmczcs jm iîmjc
tjxths brhsjrhs, cbrjsgvhs h fjspj`tgvhs, `hnjmtcrghs
 puoig`cfhs jm tu pjragi, njmsckjs jmvgcfhs c tu `ujmtc y
ic puoig`c`gðm fj gmahrnc`gðm, ahthbrcaîcs, vgfjhs fj
`crã`tjr pjrshmci `hm ji agm fj ljrgr, lc`jr fcóh,
nhijstcr y cvjrbhmzcr c ic htrc pjrshmc.
Ic gmtgngfc`gðm h ihs `hnjmtcrghs fjspj`tgvhs quj
sj `jmtrcm jm cspj`ths `hnh ji bçmjrh, ic rjigbgðm, ic
hrgjmtc`gðm sjxuci, ic rczc h ics fgajrjm`gcs
f gajrjm`gcs aîsg`cs fj
ics pjrshmcs sj `hmsgfjrcm ahrncs fj fgs`rgngmc`gðm, y
vcm jm `hmtrc fj ic ijy jm nu`lhs jstcfhs... Ics
`hmfu`tcs phr ics `ucijs sj ncmgagjstc ji c`hsh vgrtuci
shm ihs gmsuiths jij`trðmg`hs, lhstgbcngjmth,
supicmtc`gðm, `gojrpjrsj`u`gðm, jxthrsgðm sjxuci,
`gojrcnjmczc, stciegmb, brhhngmb y `gojrouiiygmb.
 
Ji `gojrc`hsh js fgaî`gi fj `hmtrhicr, y ic pjrshmc
quj ih rj`goj mh tgjmj mg gfjc fj `uãmtcs pjrshmcs (h

`uãmths `gjmths fj pjrshmcs) lcm vgsth ihs njmsckjs h

ics puoig`c`ghmjs. Ic bjmtj pujfj sjr cthrnjmtcfc
 

`hmstcmtjnjmtj `cfc vjz quj `hmsuitc ji tjiçahmh h ic

`hnputcfhrc. C vj`js, rj`gogr c`hsh `gojrmçtg`h, `hnh
`uciqugjr htrh tgph fj c`hsh, pujfj `hmfu`gr c
 prhoijncs brcvjs y furcfjrhs. Ji jstrçs prhvh`cfh phr
vgvgr jm um `hmstcmtj jstcfh fj cijrtc y fj ngjfh pujfj
`rjcr prhoijncs jm ji jstcfh fj ãmgnh, ji mgvji fj
jmjrbîc, ji sujóh y ji cpjtgth. Vcnogçm pujfj lc`jr quj
ic vî`tgnc sj sgjmtc gmqugjtc, cmsghsc y/h trgstj. Pg umc
 pjrshmc yc jstcoc fjprgngfc h cmsghsc cmtjs fji c`hsh,
ji lj`lh fj rj`gogrih pujfj jnpjhrcr thfcvîc nãs ics
`hscs.

Ic prhoijnãtg`c tgjmj rjic`gðm `hm ihs ac`thrjs fj

 
 
_jic`gðm `hm cibumc fj ics
tjhrîcs fj ic prhsh`gcigfcf y ic
sgtuc`gðm sh`gci c`tuci;  
pjrshmcigfcf jm jspj`gci `hm Ihs rcsbhs fj
pjrshmcigfcf Pjbûm _hfrîbujz (?442), ’js ic acngigc ic
quj
ij pjrngtj ci mgóh fjscrrhiicr ics ocsjs fj su
pjrshmcigfcf„, pujs js `cfc acngigc ic quj csunj
ics pcutcs fj `rgcmzc fjpjmfgjmfh fj sus

`crc`tjrîstg`cs, fgmãng`c
csî `hnh ihs rj`urshs y ac`thrjs
y cphyhs, `hmtjxtucijs,
jmtrj htrhs.

Ic sgtuc`gðm c`tuci `hm rjic`gðm ci C`hsh vgrtuci js

quj sgjmfh um js`jmcrgh fj pcrtg`gpc`gðm `htgfgcmc y
nuitgfgmcrgc, fj c`jptc`gðm sh`gci y `hm tjmfjm`gc ci
`rj`gngjmth js cprhvj`lcfc phr ics pjrshmcs pcrc
sh`gcigzcrics fgajrjm`gcs (fj ahrnc mjbctgvc `hm ji
htrh, sgm tjmjr jm `ujmtc `hnh fg`j ic Frc. Ncrijmj
Nhmtjs TlF, ¨MH sj pujfj c`uscr c mcfgj fj sjr
`hnh mh fjoj sjr sjbûm mhshtrhs phrquj ji sjr fj
_jijvcm`gc fj ic prhoijnãtg`c
fjtjrngmcfc ncmjrc fjpjmfj fj `ðnh, `hm qugjm vgvj
y rczhmjs phr ics `ucijs sj jigbj
jsj htrh y fj ics `gr`umstcm`gc fj su vgvgr¨, ih cmtjrghr
fj ncmjrc `hicohrctgvc;
tjmgjmfh jm `ujmtc
 prhoijnãtg`c c mgvjiquj
fjishih ljnhs
c`hsh, cohrfcfhjm
cbrjsgvgfcf, ic ics
rjfjs sh`gcijs vgrtucijs, sgm cfjmtrcrmhs jm ic
utgigzc`gðm fj jstcs rjfjs sh`gcijs vgrtucijs jm icic
`hngsgðm fj fjigths `hnh ic jxthr`gðm, ji `lcmtckj , ic
 phrmhbrcaîc (jspj`gcinjmtj ic gmacmtgi), ics
sh`gcigzc`gðm fj mhtg`gcs aciscs, ¨ic trctc fj oicm`cs¨, ji
lurth jmtrj htrhs.
 

Tcsh ? Iiuvgc fj gfjc

lttps;//www.bh`hmqr.`hn/js-JP/ngmfncp/??436627/@gojrouiiygmb

Tcsh 0. Igstc fj cqujiih quj sj `hmh`j y ih quj mh sj `hmh`j um prhajsghmci fgajrjmtj c su
ãrjc fj ahrnc`gðm, cohbcfc, Gmbjmgjrîc Gmfustrgci
Ih quj sj `hmh`j
 
C`tucinjmtj jm @hihnogc sj
`ujmtc `hm ic ijy 31?4 fji 3: fj
ncrzh fj ?430, quj prhnujvj y
ahrtcij`j ic ahrnc`gðm `gufcfcmc y
scmc `hmvgvjm`gc
 Mujstrh `ðfgbh prjvç um tgph fj
pjmc ci ’c`hsh js`hicr„ phr jstj
nhtgvh c ic lhrc fj fg`tcr sjmtjm`gc
phr sj fc phr `hmfu`tcs
`hmstgtutgvcs
`hmstgtutgvcs fj c`hsh h `gojrc`hsh
 Jm ihs kuzbcfhs cpig`cm
fjtjrngmcfhs tgphs fj pjmcs
fjpjmfgjmfh ji `csh h ic gmtjmsgfcf
jm fjigths fj ijsghmjs, cnjmczcs,
cnjmczcs,
gmtjbrgfcf nhrci, `ciunmgcs j
gmkustg`gcs jmtrj htrhs.
 Ji `gojrc`hsh mh jstã pjmcigzcfh
`hnh fjigth pujfj sjr ctjmfgfh jm
ic iîmjc fji Gmstgtuth @hihnogcmh fj
Ogjmjstcr Acngigcr, jm `csh fj
njmhrjs fj jfcf.
 Ic ags`ciîc tgjmj umc iîmjc pcrc
ctjmfjr jm `csh fj fjigth vgrtuci y
sjrã rjngtgfh c ic umgfcf
`hrrjsphmfgjmtj h cmtj ji @CG
`jr`cmh.
   Ics pjrshmcs vî`tgncs shm
shnjtgfcs c `lcmtckjs y coushs,
jsth trcjm `hmsgbh `hmsj`ujm`gcs
`hnh ockc cuthjstgnc.
 Pj prhfu`j ji cgsicngjmth sh`gci.
<
Ih quj mh sj `hmh`j
Jm @hihnogc cûm mh lcy umc ijy
`icrc y prj`gsc quj `hmtjnpij ji
`gojrc`hsh `hnh fjigth.
 Acitc `hhpjrc`gðm fj pcfrjs fj
ihs/ics njmhrjs vî`tgncs ihs `ucijs
pujfjm gmg`gcr ics c``ghmjs fj
rjsphmscogigfcf
rjsphmscogigfcf `gvgi mj`jscrgcs jm
ic prjvjm`gðm y `hmarhmtc`gðm fj
prhoijnc.

Mh sj `hmh`jm prhbrcncs
prjvjmtgvhs j gmahrnc`gðm jm ic
fgnjmsghmcigfcf
fgnjmsghmcigfcf fji prhoijnc
fjmtrh fj ics gmstgtu`ghmjs
jfu`ctgvcs fj ic rjbgðm.
 Acitc jfu`cr jm ic jxgstjm`gc fj
ljrrcngjmtcs `hmtrc ji c`hsh jm
iîmjc pcrc ihs mgóhs y ihs kðvjmjs.
 Jm @hihnogc mh sj `hmh`jm
pjmcigfcfjs pcrc fg`lh fjigth,
phrquj sj `hmsgfjrc quj ’ji `cstgbh
mh sgjnprj js ic ncmjrc nãs
jaj`tgvc fj `cnogcr ji
`hnphrtcngjmth
`hnphrtcngjmth fj ihs
lhstgbcfhrjs.
lhstgbcfhrjs. @csg sgjnprj js njkhr
`jmtrcrsj jm rjpcrcr ji fcóh y
crrjbicr ic rjic`gðm„.
 Pj fjs`hmh`j quj jm h`csghmjs
ji fjsjmic`j tjrngmc jm sug`gfgh
 Fjs`hmh`gngjmth
Fjs`hmh`gngjmth shorj ics
fgajrjmtjs nhfcigfcfjs.

Tcsh 0. Igstc fj cqujiih quj sj `hmh`j y ih quj mh sj `hmh`j `hnh psg`ðihbh jm ahrnc`gðm
Ih quj sj `hmh`j
 C`hsh phr njmsckjrîc gmstcmtãmjc
(Rlctscpp, Njssjmbjr, Ac`johhe, PNP)5
 _hoh fj `hmtrcsjócs5
 Tuoig`c`ghmjs hajmsgvcs jm Oihbs, ahrhs,
sgtghs wjo y rjfjs sh`gcijs `hnh Ac`johhe,
Vwgttjr u htrcs5
 
Jm`ujstcs fj phpuicrgfcf pcrc lungiicr
h cnjfrjmtcr.
 @cnoghs jm c ic pjrshmcigfcf fj qugjm
js vghijmtcfh
 Ihs tjncs fj gmagfjigfcf y ic
 puoig`c`gðm fj ahthbrcaîcs shm `cusc fj
gmtgngfc`gðm y shohrmh fjmtrh fj ics rjfjs
sh`gcijs
 Ic acitc fj jfu`c`gðm jm vcihrjs js
nhtgvh fj umc `hmfu`tc cbrjsgvc fjmtrh fj
ics rjfjs sh`gcijs.
 Trhoijncs psg`hiðbg`hs `hnh, cmsgjfcf,
jstrçs, actgbc, `cnoghs orus`hs y rjpjmtgmhs
jm ic pjrshmc, fjs`hmagcmzc lc`gc ics
 pjrshmcs, cgsicngjmth, pçrfgfc fj ic
cuthjstgnc.
 Ic Trhsh`gcigfcf harj`j citjrmctgvcs fj
hrgjmtc`gðm ûtgijs pcrc ji ncmjkh fj ic
 prhoijnãtg`c fj Ouiiygmb thfc vjz quj
fjsfj ic prhnh`gðm fj `hmfu`tcs
 prhsh`gcijs sj c`tgvc ji sungmgstrh
cyufc aîsg`c, sjrvg`gh aîsg`h, fcr, cyufc
vjroci, `hmsujih vjroci, `hmagrnc`gðm y
vcihrc`gðm phsgtgvc fji htrh,
Ih quj mh sj `hmh`j
 Thrquj mh lcy um picm fj jfu`c`gðm
fgrj``ghmcfh ci ncmjkh fj rjfjs y jqugphs
fj `hnumg`c`gðm `hm Gmtjrmjt. @hm
rjsphmscogigfcf.
 C qugjm c`ufgr jm `csh fj quj sj
 prjsjmtj ic sgtuc`gðm jm cibugjm `hmh`gfh.
Pcojr cohrfcr ic sgtuc`gðm sg sj
shspj`lcs.
 Pj fjs`hmh`j ic pcrtj kurîfg`c fhmfj sj
`hmtjnpic `hnh fjigth y sus pjmcigfcfjs
 Ihs prhbrcncs fj prjvjm`gðm jm ic zhmc
 Thrquj ji couscfhr bhzc fj lc`jr suargr
c ihs fjnãs.
 Jstcfîstg`cs shorj mûnjrh h `garc fj
c`hsh vgrtuci fgcrgh phr `cfc umc fj ics
rjfjs sh`gcijs, fj fjsjmic`js trãbg`hs
tjrngmcmfh `hm ic vgfc fj ic pjrshmc ci cóh
c `cusc fji `gojrc`hsh y `uãijs shm ics
 prhoijnãtg`cs quj nãs bjmjrcm c`hsh
vgrtuci, qugjmjs shm nãs prhtcbhmgstcs fj
c`hsh vgrtuci sg ihs lhnorjs h ics nukjrjs.
  Mh sj gfjmtgag`c c `cocigfcf ics
`hmfu`tcs hosjsgvcs `hnpuisgvcs fji
c`hscfhr y ji c`hscfh.
 Ic ncyhrîc fj ics pjrshmcs quj suarj ji
`gojrouiiygmb, mh shm `hmsgjmtj fj quj
 pujfjm pjfgr cyufcs.
 

34

_jaijxgðm

Ji `gojrouiiygmb js um ajmðnjmh quj sj fc jm thfhs ihs pcîsjs y jm thfcs ics `uiturcs,

trcs`gjmfj thfhs ihs jspc`ghs bjhbrãag`hs y ihs pjragijs fj ihs cbrjshrjs y ics ahrncs fj ctc`cr mh

vcrîcm nu`lh. Ics vî`tgncs fj @gojrouiiygmb ’fjscrrhiicm um pjragi `crc`tjrîstg`h, quj pujfj fcr

 pcsh c um jstcfh `hbmgtgvh fj lgpjrvgbgicm`gc, pjr`jp`gðm fj cnjmczcs prh`jfjmtjs fji jmthrmh,

jx`jsgvc gfjmtgag`c`gðm fj jnh`ghmjs fj ngjfh j gmtjm`ghmjs cbrjsgvcs jm ihs htrhs, prhoijncs

fj `hmfu`tc, cbrjsgvgfcf, fgag`uitcfjs pcrc ji cprjmfgzckj, njmhr cfcptc`gðm js`hicr y fjscrrhiih

gmtjij`tuci, ncyhr `hnhrogigfcf psgqugãtrg`c, pcthihbîcs fji jstcfh cmîng`h y pjhr ckustj sh`gci

jm ic vgfc cfuitc„ (Kcaaj & Ehlm, ?4335 Nhigmc & Fîcz, ?43:).

Ic gnphrtcm`gc fj `hmh`jr c ahmfh ihs ci`cm`js fj jstc prhoijnãtg`c vc nãs ciiã fj shih

`hnprjmfjr ji ajmðnjmh jm sî5 ih rjcinjmtj gnphrtcmtj js `hnprjmfjr ji gnpc`th quj jstcs

sgtuc`ghmjs tgjmjm shorj ji ogjmjstcr psg`hiðbg`h y fjscrrhiih vgtci fj umc pjrshmc.

Pjbûm Ncrijmj Nhmtjs Tl F @hmvgvgr

@hmv gvgr js vgvgr ¶`hm¶5 thfhs tjmjnhs umc mj`jsgfcf fj
fj

cbrupcrmhs, fj jstcr ¨`hm¨, fj jstcr jm rjic`gðm ¨`hm¨5 ji lhnorj `hngjmzc c sjr pjrshmc `ucmfh
 

33

js `cpcz fj rjic`ghmcrsj `hm ihs htrhs. Jmthm`js, phfjnhs fjagmgr ic pjrshmc `hnh um sjr jm

rjic`gðm ¨`hm¨.

  Ic ljrrcngjmtc nãs gnphrtcmtj quj tgjmj ji sjr luncmh js ji ijmbuckj, `hnh njfgh fj

`hnumg`c`gðm `hm ihs htrhs, csî umc pcicorc pujfj cbrcfcr, ljrgr `hmvjm`jr, jstgnuicr, cohrrj`jr,

jmbcócr cicocr, gmstrugr, c ics pjrshmcs c qugjm aujsj fgrgbgfc, sgjmfh ji ijmbuckj gmstrunjmth

jsjm`gci fj `hmvgvjm`gc5 fj ciiî rcfg`c ic gnphrtcm`gc fj scojr lcoicr jm ji nhnjmth hphrtumh

uscmfh ihs tçrngmhs y thmh fj vhz cfj`ucfhs gm`iusgvj cprjmfgjmfh c `ciicr jm ji nhnjmth jm

quj aujsj mj`jscrgh.

  Fjojnhs cprjmfjr c prc`tg`cr ic c``gðm fj ic c`jptc`gðm phr ihs htrhs, jmtjmfgfh `hnh
`hnh um

ijbîtgnh htrh, phrquj pjrngtj c`jptcr quj ih luncmh sj `hmagburc jm ji vgvgr y mh prjjxgstj

(Ncrijmj Nhmtjs Tl F)

  gnphrtcm`gc fji cohrfckj gmtjrfgs`gpigmcrgh

  Ic gnphrtcm`gc jm ji cohrfckj gmtjrfgs`gpigmcrgh jm ic prhoijnãtg`c picmtjcfc, ( cbrjsgvgfcf

jm ics rjfjs sh`gcijs),

sh`gcijs), rcfg`c jm quj fjsfj jstc
jstc gmtjrfgs`gpigmcrgjfcf,
gmtjrfgs`gpigmcrgjfcf, sj pujfjm gmtjbrcr

fgajrjmtjs pumths fj vgstcs, c mgvji tç`mg`h tjmgjmfh jm `ujmtc ihs scojrjs fj fgs`gpigmcs quj

tgjmjm quj vjr ci njmhs fgrj`tcnjmtj `hm ihs prhoijncs quj sj vgjmjm prjsjmtcmfh fj ahrnc

 prhbrjsgvc jm ics rjfjs sh`gcijs, phr jkjnpih phfjnhs lc`jr picmtjcngjmths fjsfj ic psg`hihbîc

y ic sh`ghihbîc shorj ics hrîbjmjs mh prh sh`gcijs fj ic cbrjsgvgfcf jm iihs

hs `hmtjxths tcmth

gmfgvgfuci `hnh brupci rjspj`tgvcnjmtj5 c mgvji fj ics gmbjmgjr

gmbjmgjrîcs
îcs fj sgstjncs,

tjij`hnumg`c`ghmjs, (htrcs ) tcnogçm shm fj rjijvcm`gc sus scojrjs jm rczðm fj quj shm jiihs
jiihs

qugjmjs fgsjócm ic `rjc`gðm y ji aum`ghmcngjmth fj ics rrjfjs

jfjs sh`gcijs vgrtucijs, Fjsfj ji `cnph

fji fjrj`lh ( phr shih mhnorcr

mh norcr umcs ph`cs fgs`gpigmcs) su pcrtg`gpc`gðm jstcrîc jmah`cfc jm
 

3?

rjshiu`gðm fj `hmaig`ths tcmth jm ji jstrcfh kufg`gci `hnh jm ics jtcpcs prjvgcs fhmfj ji sgstjnc

 kufg`gci `hihnogcmh mhs pjrngtj ci`cmzcr prh`jshs fj `hm`gigc`gðm jvgtcmfh scturcr ihs

fjspc`lhs kufg`gcijs fhmfj agmcinjmtj, ih quj sj gmtjmtc rjcigzcr js umc c``gðm fj

rjstcoij`gngjmth fj ihs fjrj`lhs fj um (umhs)`gufcfcmh (s) quj lc (m) sgfh vuimjrcfh <s) jm su
 prgvc`gfcf, ji rjspjth h su oujm mhnorj, pujs rj`hrfjnhs quj fjigths `hnh ic gmkurgc y ic

`ciunmgc ( jvgfjmtjs jm ics rjfjs

rjfjs sh`gcijs) jm ji `hmtjxth
`hmtjxth `hihnogcmh sj pjrngtjm rjscr`gr( ci

njmhs jm ji oujm mhnorj y sgm tjmjr jm `ujmtc sg lcy `cogfc c fjncmfc fj `crã`tjr `gvgi)
`gvgi) c

trcvçs fj ncmgajstc`ghmjs `hnh rjtrc`tcrsj

rjtrc`tcrsj c trcvçs fj njfg
njfghs
hs pûoig`hs h ics ngsncs rjfjs

sh`gcijs vgrtucijs. Agmcinjmtj fjojnhs tjmjr jm `ujmtc quj ¨sgjnprj sr njkhr um oujm crrjbih

quj um nci pijgth¨. Ic sgbugjmtj js ic mhrnctgvgfcf quj rjbuic ic `hm

`hm`gigc`gðm
`gigc`gðm jm @hihnogc, crt.

331 fj ic `hmstgtu`gðm Thiîtg`c `hihnogcmc, (hthrbc ac`uitcfjs c pcrtg`uicrjs pcrc rjcigzcr

`hm`gigc`ghmjs) ijy ?0 fj 3773 (pcrãnjtrhs pcrc gnpijnjmtc`gðm fj `jmtrhs fj `hm`gigc`gðm), ijy

661 fj 377< y 164 fji ?443 (cuthrgzc c pjrshmcs kurîfg`cs sgm ãmgnh fj iu`rh y jmtgfcfjs

 pûoig`cs pcrc harj`jr `jmtrhs fj `hm`gigc`gðm) htrhs fj`rjths y ijyjs shm, fj`rjth 3<?7 fji ?430,

y ijy 3:16 fji ?43?.

  Ci rjspj`th fjojnhs rj`hrfcr quj sjbûm (Pgivjrc C. ?430, Bhmzãijz N. jt. ci ?436). ihs

`hmaig`ths surbjm phr gm`unpigngjmths `hmtrc`tucijs y ijbcijs, pjrh tcnogçm phr sgtuc`ghmjs

jnh`ghmcijs, `hmaig`th quj prjsjmtc prhaumfcs rcî`js psg`hiðbg`cs y quj rjqugjrj fji cphyh

trcmsfgs`gpigmcr pcrc su shiu`gðm.

Js csî pujs `hnh fjsfj umc ngrcfc gmtjrfgs`gpigmcr sj pujfj fj`gr quj nu`lcs fj ics

fgs`gpigmcs jstãm igbcfcs ci trcockh prhsh`gci, pujs ji `gojrc`hsh jm umc prhoijnãtg`c quj fjojr

sjr cohrfcfc fjsfj fgstgmths js`jmcrghs pujsth quj sus gnpig`c`ghmjs jm ic vgfc fj ics vg`tgnc
v g`tgnc csî

ih rjqugjrjm, js mj`jscrgh ji cohrfcr jstj tjnc fjsfj ic `hljsgðm fj `hmh`gngjmths quj pjrngtcm
 

30

cohrfcr ic prhoijnãtg`c fj umc ncmjrc nãs crtg`uicfc, csî sj pujfjm `hmtcr `hm um pcmhrcnc

nãs cnpigh pcrc su gmtjrvjm`gðm y `cnph fj c``gðm.

@hm`iusghmjs

  Ji `gojrc`hsh js umc ncmgajstc`gðm fj cbrjsgðm c trcvçs fj ics rjfjs sh`gcijs fhmfj sj

gmtgngfc, sj cnjmczc sj `rgtg`c c ic htrc

h trc pjrshmc utgigzcmfh tjxths brhsjrhs cbrjsgvhs h

 puoig`cmfh ahthbrcaîcs h vgfjhs fj `crã`tjr pjrshmci `hm ji agm fj ljrgr h ncijstcr y lc`jr fcóh c

ic htrc pjrshmc. Jstj tgph fj c`hsh `hmiijvc c fjkcr caj`tc`ghmjs psg`hiðbg`cs jm ic pjrshmc y jm

nu`lhs fj ihs `cshs fg`lcs cbrjsghmjs mh sj pujfjm `hnprhocr fj fhmfj prhvgjmjm phrquj

utgigzcm pjragijs acishs.

  Ic scm`gðm pcrc jstj tgph fj acitc sj vujivj `cfc vjz nãs fgaî`gi `ucmfh mh sj
sj tgjmj `icrgfcf

`uãi js ji cbrjshr, y jstj tgph fj cbrjsghmjs phr rjfjs sh`gcijs sj prjsjmtc `hm ncyhr gm`gfjm`gc

jm njmhrjs fj jfcf quj shm qugjmjs nãs utgigzcm jstj tgph fj `hmjxghmjs vgrtucijs pcrc ic

`hnumg`c`gðm sh`gci. Pgjmfh njmhrjs fj jfcf jm su ncyhrîc c qugjmjs vcm fgrgbgfcs jstcs

cnjmczcs y cbrjsghmjs ics caj`tc`ghmjs `rjcm prhoijncs quj gnpgfjm ji mhrnci fjscrrhiih

caj`tcmfh su fjsjnpjóh js`hicr, su `hmvgvjm`gc

`hm vgvjm`gc acngigcr y sh`gci.
 

36

  Ic rjsphmscogigfcf
rjsphmscogigfcf fj jstj tgph
tgph fj c`hsh vgrtuci
vgrtuci sj
sj fjoj c ic acitc fj supjrvgsgðm
supjrvgsgðm y `hmtrhi

quj fjojm lc`jr ihs pcfrjs fji tgjnph fj `hmjxgðm y `hm ji tgph fj pjrshmcs h cngbhs quj sus

lgkhs `hnpcrtjm jstcs rjfjs sh`gcijs. Js gnphrtcmtj njm`ghmcr quj jxgstjm vcrghs tgphs fj c`hsh

vgrtuci `hnh shm ji c`hsh icohrci, sjxuci,

sjxu ci, psg`hiðbg`h y acngigcr. @cuscmfh trcsthrmhs
 psg`hiðbg`hs `hnh jstrçs, cmsgjfcf, fjprjsgðm h tjnhr.

_jajrjm`gcs Ogoighbrãag`cs

  @hrrjc, N. (?432). Cprhxgnc`ghmjs jpgstjnhiðbg`cs y `hm`jptucijs fj ic `hmfu`tc prhsh`gci.

(Ppcmgsl). [hmc Trðxgnc, (?2), 3‐?3. _j`upjrcfh fj lttps;//sjcr`l-prhqujst-

`hn.ogoightj`cvgrtuci.umcf.jfu.`h/fh`vgjw/?4?32<44108c``humtgf>6<2<6

  Qcijm`gc, C. (?447). Igfjrczbh prhsh`gci; `ursh fj ahrnc`gðm jm prhsh`gcigfcf `hm çmacsgs jm

`hnumg`c`gðm fj `cigfcf, vcihr fj ic pjrshmc y prhsh`gcigfcf `hij`tgvc y `hnpijkc

fgrgbgfh c jstufgcmtjs fj ihs fgvjrshs prhbrcncs fj ic ZMCF. (Vjsgs Jspj`gcigzc`gðm).

Tãb. 31-?1. _j`upjrcfh fj lttp;//rjphsgthry.umcf.jfu.`h/lcmfij/34:71/?636

  Pcrngjmth, C., Iðpjz, C., & Bcr`îc, K. (?43:). Ic `hm`gigc`gðm, ljrrcngjmtc fj

gmtjrfgs`gpigmcrgjfcf pcrc jxcitcr ic `uiturc fj c`ujrfhs jm ic shiu`gðm fj `hmaig`ths jm

@hihnogc. Kustg`gc kurgs, 33(3), <7-77. _j`upjrcfh

 

3:

fj lttp;//ogoightj`cvgrtuci.umcf.jfu.`h/ihbgm8uri>lttp;//sjcr`l.jos`hlhst.`hn/ihbgm.cspx8

fgrj`t>truj&fo>ibs&CM>34<7:6??1&icmb>js&sgtj>jfs-igvj

  Tcrjfjs, N, Civcrjs, N, Ijbc, 3, £« Qjrmhm, C. (?44<) Jstufgh jxpihrcthrgh shorj ji

  Ajmð
Ajmðn
njm
jmh
h fji
fji ’Oui
’Ouiiy
iyggmb„
mb„ jm ic `g
`guf
ufcf
cf fj @ci
@cig, @hi
hihn
hnog
ogcc

lttp;//www.s`gjih.hrb.`h/pfa/ri`s/v1m3/v1m3c34.pfa 

  Qcijm`gc, C. (?447).
(?447). Igfjrczbh prhsh`gci;
prhsh`gci; `ursh fj ahrnc`gðm jm prhsh`gcigfcf `hm çmacsgs

  Jm `hnumg`c`gðm
`hnumg`c`gðm fj `cigfcf,
`cigfcf, vcihr fj ic pjrshmc y prhsh`gcigfcf
prhsh`gcigfcf `hij`tgvc
`hij`tgvc y `hnpijkc

fgrgbg
fgrgbgfh
fh c jstufg
jstufgcmt
cmtjs
js fj ihs fgvjrs
fgvjrshs
hs prhbrc
prhbrcncs
ncs fj ic ZMCF.
ZMCF. (Vjsgs
(Vjsgs

Jspj`gcigzc`gðm). Tãb.

3:-?1. _j`upjrcfc fj; lttp;//rjphsgthry.umcf.jfu.`h/lcmfij/34:71/?636

Tjrshmci, Ncyh @iîmg`c. (P, A). Vrcsthrmhs Fgsh`gctgvh. _j`upjrcfh fj;

fj ;

lttps;//www.ncyh`igmg`.hrb/js-js/fgsjcsjs-`hmfgtghms/fgssh`gctg
lttps;//www.ncyh`igmg`.hrb/js-js/fgsjcsjs-`hmfgtghms/fgssh`gctgvj-fgshrfjrs/synpthns-
vj-fgshrfjrs/synpthns-

`cusjs/sy`-?40::?3: